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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. 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[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409.html "F.Y.I."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites, and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?"</ref>  | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web |url = https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf |title = Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022|publisher = [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |website = www.bea.gov}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Total | demographics2_info1 = US$107.274 billion (2022)  | coordinates = {{coord|40|39|N|73|57|W|region:US-NYC|display=inline,title}} | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] prefix | postal_code = 112 | area_codes = [[Area codes 718, 347, and 929|718/347/929]], [[Area code 917|917]] | blank_name_sec2 = Congressional districts | blank_info_sec2 = [[New York's 7th congressional district|7th]], [[New York's 8th congressional district|8th]], [[New York's 9th congressional district|9th]], [[New York's 10th congressional district|10th]], [[New York's 11th congressional district|11th]] | website = {{URL|https://www.brooklynbp.nyc.gov|brooklynbp.nyc.gov}} | flag_link = Flags of New York City | image_map1 = Map of New York highlighting Kings County.svg | map_caption1 = Brooklyn in New York State }} '''Brooklyn''' is a [[Boroughs of New York City|borough]] of [[New York City]] located at the westernmost end of [[Long Island]] in the [[State of New York]]. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with '''Kings County''', one of twelve original counties established under British rule in 1683 in the then [[Province of New York]]. As of the [[2020 United States census]],<ref name="2020CensusMap"/> the population stood at 2,736,074, making it the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City, the most populous [[Administrative divisions of New York (state)#County|county]] in the state.<ref name=Counties2020NYS>[https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2020/table02.htm Table 2: Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State - 2020], [[New York State Department of Health]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref><ref name="GR1">[http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/county_sub_list_36.txt 2010 Gazetteer for New York State], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed September 18, 2016.</ref><ref name=CensusPopulation2022>[https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=populous Most Populaous States, Counties and Cities (2022)], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref> Brooklyn, at {{Convert|37,339.9|PD/sqmi}}, is the second [[County statistics of the United States#Most densely populated|most densely populated county]] in the U.S. after [[Manhattan]] (New York County), as of 2022.<ref name=CensusDensity2022>[https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref> Had Brooklyn remained an independent city, it would today be the [[List of United States cities by population|fourth most populous]] American city after the rest of New York City, [[Los Angeles]], and [[Chicago]].<ref name=CensusPopulation2022/> Named after the Dutch town of [[Breukelen]] in the Netherlands, Brooklyn shares a border with the borough of [[Queens]]. It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan, across the [[East River]], and is connected to [[Staten Island]] by way of the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]]. With a land area of {{convert|69.38|sqmi}} and a water area of {{convert|27.48|sqmi}}, Kings County is the state of New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area.<ref>[https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_counties_36.txt 2020 Census Gazetteer for New York State], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref> Brooklyn was founded by [[New Netherland|the Dutch]] in the 17th{{nbsp}}century and grew into a busy port city on [[New York Harbor]] by the 19th{{nbsp}}century. On January{{nbsp}}1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public-relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents, [[City of Greater New York|Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed]] (along with other areas) to form the current five-borough structure of New York City in accordance to the new municipal charter of "[[City of Greater New York|Greater New York]]".<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/consolidation-of-the-five-borough-city Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed January 18, 2024. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York..... Resistance was strongest among residents of Brooklyn, who did not want to see their city’s independent identity smothered by New York and their Republican government swamped by the huge numbers of Democrats in Manhattan. The question was put to a public referendum and in the end, the Greater New York movement won by a razor thin margin – 64,744 votes for consolidation, 64,467 against."</ref> The borough continues to maintain some [[Culture of Brooklyn|distinct culture]]. Many [[List of Brooklyn neighborhoods|Brooklyn neighborhoods]] are [[ethnic enclave]]s. With [[Jews in New York City|Jews]] forming around a quarter of its population, the borough has been described as "the most Jewish spot on Earth".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Danailova |first1=Hilary |title=Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth |url=https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ |publisher=[[Hadassah Magazine]] |date=January 2018}}</ref> Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the borough seal and [[Flags of New York City's boroughs#Brooklyn|flag]], is {{lang|nl|Eendraght Maeckt Maght}}, which translates from early modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as '[[Unity makes strength]]'.<ref>Sherman, John. [https://www.bkmag.com/2014/08/06/why-is-brooklyns-flag-so-lame/ "Why Is Brooklyn's Flag So Lame?"], ''[[Brooklyn Magazine]]'', August 6, 2014. Accessed January 18, 2024. "If you aren’t familiar, Brooklyn has a flag. And it’s a bummer. It’s plain white, first of all, with a sort of wonky blue oval shape at the center. Inside the oval is a bored-looking woman in a yellow robe, carrying a fasces, a symbol of unity. The oval is ringed with a motto, in Dutch, Een Draght Maekt Maght ('Unity Makes Strength'), and the words Borough of Brooklyn."</ref> Educational institutions in Brooklyn include the [[City University of New York]]'s [[Brooklyn College]], [[Medgar Evers College]], and [[New York City College of Technology|College of Technology]]. In the first decades of the 21st{{nbsp}}century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for [[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502021525/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How I Became a Hipster|author=Henry Alford|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> with concomitant [[gentrification]], dramatic house-price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brooklyn Home Prices Jump 18% to Record as Buyers Compete|author=Oshrat Carmiel|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg, L.P|date=April 9, 2015|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-09/brooklyn-home-prices-jump-18-to-record-as-buyers-compete|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandatory Inclusionary Housing- DCP |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/mih/mandatory-inclusionary-housing.page |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref> Since the 2010s, parts of Brooklyn have evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship, high-technology [[startup company|startup firms]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/brooklyn-hot-startup-list-investments/|title=19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Start-Up Hotspot|publisher=CB Insights|date=October 19, 2015|access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name=BrooklynDesignHub/> [[postmodern art]],<ref name=BrooklynArt1>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430133339/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html |archive-date=April 30, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice|author=Alexandria Symonds|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 29, 2016|access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> and design.<ref name=BrooklynDesignHub>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/brooklyn-wearables-revolution.html|title=Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution|author=Vanessa Friedman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 30, 2016|access-date=April 30, 2016}}</ref> {{TOC limit}} ==Toponymy== The name Brooklyn is derived from the original [[Netherlands|Dutch]] town of [[Breukelen]]. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands is in a charter of 953 by [[Holy Roman Emperor Otto I]] as ''Broecklede''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manten|first=A. A.|date=June 19, 2020|title=Hoe oud is Breukelen?|url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/215105|journal=Tijdschrift Historische Kring Breukelen|volume=1983, volume 2|pages=72|hdl=1874/215105|via=Utrecht University}}</ref> This form is made up of the words ''broeck'', meaning bog or [[marshland]], and ''lede'', meaning small (dug) water stream, specifically in peat areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Faber|first=Hans|date=June 19, 2020|title=Attingahem Bridge|url=https://www.frisiacoasttrail.com/post/2020/02/16/attingahem-bridge|website=www.frisiacoasttrail.com}}</ref> Breuckelen on the American continent was established in 1646, and the name first appeared in print in 1663.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carroll|first1=Maurice|title=Historical District Named in Brooklyn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/16/archives/historical-district-named-in-brooklyn.html|access-date=July 16, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 16, 1971}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dexter|first1=Franklin B.|title=The History of Connecticut, as Illustrated by the Names of Her Towns|journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society|date=April 1885|page=438|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvpp6hT5QxUC&pg=PA438|publisher=American Antiquarian Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Powell|first1=Lyman Pierson|title=Historic Towns of the Middle States|date=1899|publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/historictownsmi00powegoog/page/n259 216]|url=https://archive.org/details/historictownsmi00powegoog|access-date=July 16, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been ''Bracola'', ''Broccke'', ''Brocckede'', ''Broiclede'', ''Brocklandia'', ''Broekclen'', ''Broikelen'', ''Breuckelen,'' and finally ''Breukelen''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Winter|first1=J. M. Van|title=Sources concerning the hospitallers of St John in the Netherlands: 14th–18th centuries|date=1998|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004108033|page=765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvbw3yYunS0C&pg=PA765|access-date=July 16, 2017|language=en}}</ref> The New Amsterdam settlement of ''Breuckelen'' also went through many spelling variations, including ''Breucklyn'', ''Breuckland'', ''Brucklyn'', ''Broucklyn'', ''Brookland'', ''Brockland'', ''Brocklin'', and ''Brookline/Brook-line''. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed ''breuckelen'' means "broken land".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Edward Robb|title=The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History|date=2011|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465030538|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42|access-date=July 16, 2017|language=en}}</ref> The current name, however, is the one that best reflects its meaning.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rensselaer|first1=Schuyler Van|title=History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century: New York under the Stuarts|date=1909|publisher=Macmillan|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofn02vanr/page/149 149]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofn02vanr|access-date=July 16, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Brooklyn |volume= 4 | pages= 647-649}}</ref> ==History== {{For timeline}} {{Long Island}}{{New Netherland}} The history of [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlement]] in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch-founded]] town of "Breuckelen" on the [[East River]] shore of [[Long Island]], grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to [[Manhattan]] and [[the Bronx]]), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]], to form the modern City of New York. ===Colonial era=== ====New Netherland==== The [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the [[Lenape]], an Algonquian-speaking [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name "[[Canarsie]]". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The ''Breuckelen'' settlement was named after [[Breukelen]] in the [[Netherlands]]; it was part of [[New Netherland]]. The [[Dutch West India Company]] lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):<ref>[http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Town/Bushwick/index.html ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629011359/http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Town/Bushwick/index.html |date=June 29, 2014 }}, "Map of six townships"</ref> *[[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]]: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of [[Anabaptist]] [[Deborah Moody]], named for [['s-Gravenzande]], Netherlands, or [[Gravesend]], England; *[[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]]: chartered as ''Breuckelen'' in 1646, after the town now spelled [[Breukelen]], Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816; *[[Flatlands, Brooklyn|Flatlands]]: chartered as ''Nieuw [[Amersfoort]]'' in 1647; *[[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]]: chartered as ''[[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwout]]'' in 1652; *[[New Utrecht, Brooklyn|''Nieuw Utrecht'']] in 1652, named after the city of [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], Netherlands; and *[[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]]: chartered as ''Boswijck'' in 1661.[[File: Dining table in Brooklyn, c. 1664 IMG 3837.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn, {{circa|1664}}, in [[The Brooklyn Museum]]]] The colony's capital of [[New Amsterdam]], across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of [[Marine Park, Brooklyn|Marine Park]] was home to North America's first [[tide mill]]. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in [[Gabriel Furman]]'s 1824 compilation.<ref>[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/30/ ''Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island''].</ref> ====Province of New York==== [[File:BrooklynMap1766.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766]] Present-day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the [[Kingdom of England|English]] captured the [[New Netherland]] colony in 1664, a prelude to the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]], brother of the then monarch [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] and future king himself as [[James II of England|King James II]]. Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of [[York Shire (Province of New York)|York Shire]] in the [[Province of New York]], one of the [[Middle Colonies]] of nascent [[British America]]. On November 1, 1683, ''Kings County'' was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire, containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island,<ref>N.Y. Col. Laws, ch4/1:122</ref> as one of the [[Province of New York#Counties|"original twelve counties"]]. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity. Lacking the [[patroon]] and tenant farmer system established along the [[Hudson Valley|Hudson River Valley]], this [[agricultural]] county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of [[Slavery in the colonial United States|slaves]] among the population in the [[Thirteen Colonies|"Original Thirteen Colonies"]] along the [[Atlantic Ocean]] eastern coast of [[North America]].<ref>{{cite news | date=December 29, 1891 | title=Slavery Here. Right in Brooklyn and Out on Long Island | work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] | page=2 | url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/50384000 | access-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> ====Revolutionary War==== {{Further|Battle of Long Island|New York and New Jersey campaign}} [[File:Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Battle of Long Island]] was fought across Kings County.]] On August 27, 1776, the [[Battle of Long Island]] (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn') was fought, the first major engagement fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]] after [[United States Declaration of Independence|independence was declared]], and the largest of the entire conflict. [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British troops]] forced [[Continental Army]] troops under [[George Washington]] off the heights near the modern sites of [[Green-Wood Cemetery]], [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], and [[Grand Army Plaza]].<ref name="McCullough, David 2005">[[David McCullough|McCullough, David]]. ''[[1776 (book)|1776]]''. Simon & Schuster. 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-2671-4}}</ref> [[George Washington|Washington]], viewing particularly fierce fighting at the [[Gowanus Canal|Gowanus Creek]] and [[Old Stone House (Brooklyn)|Old Stone House]] from atop a hill near the west end of present-day [[Atlantic Avenue (Brooklyn)|Atlantic Avenue]], was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".<ref name="McCullough, David 2005"/> The [[Fortification|fortified]] American positions at [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]] consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of [[New York Harbor]]. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the [[tactical withdrawal]] of all his troops and supplies across the [[East River]] in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.<ref name="McCullough, David 2005"/> The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in [[British America|North America]] for the remainder of the conflict. The [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] residents largely fled or were cleared from the area, and afterward the British generally enjoyed a dominant [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—[[Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War|Patriot intelligence network]], headed by Washington himself. The British set up a system of [[Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War|prison ships]] off the coast of Brooklyn in [[Wallabout Bay]]. More American [[Patriot (American Revolution)|patriots]] died there than [[Killed in action|in combat]] on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. One result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783 was the [[Evacuation Day (New York)|evacuation of the British from New York City]], which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century. ===Post-independence era=== ====Urbanization==== [[File:Francis Guy - Winter Scene in Brooklyn - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|''Winter Scene in Brooklyn'', {{circa|1819–20}}, by [[Francis Guy]] ([[Brooklyn Museum]])]] The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The [[New York Naval Shipyard|New York Navy Yard]] operated in [[Wallabout Bay]] (border between Fort Greene and Williamsburg) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of [[urbanization]] sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from [[Lower Manhattan]], which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1816. Reliable steam [[List of ferries across the East River|ferry service]] across the East River to [[Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn|Fulton Landing]] converted [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]] into a [[commuter town]] for [[Wall Street]]. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became [[Fulton Street (Brooklyn)|Fulton Street]] to [[East New York]]. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburgh]] in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. [[Industrial deconcentration]] in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburg; it, along with its Town of [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]] hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1855, subsequently dropping the 'h' from its name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 19, 2005 |title=How Williamsburg Got Its Groove |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/19/nyregion/the-new-brooklynstipping-points-how-williamsburg-got-its-groove.html |work=The New York Times |page=5 (section 14) |access-date=January 9, 2024}}</ref> By 1841, with the appearance of ''[[Brooklyn Eagle|The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat]]'' published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat |date=October 26, 1841 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50053690/ }}</ref> It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat |date=October 26, 1841 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50248259/ }}</ref> and the paper was renamed ''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat'' on June 1, 1846.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat |date=October 26, 1841 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |website=bklyn.newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50242374/ |publisher=Newspapers.com}}</ref> On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to ''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle'';<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat |date=October 26, 1841 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50242990/ }}</ref> on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to ''Brooklyn Eagle''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat |date=October 26, 1841 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/55276975/ }}</ref> The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous [[National League (baseball)|National League]] baseball team, the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]], also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of [[Major League Baseball]] in 1957. Agitation against [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pursuitoffreedom.org/abolitionist-brooklyn/|title=Abolitionist Brooklyn (1828–1849) {{!}} In Pursuit of Freedom|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. After the war the [[Henry Ward Beecher Monument]] was built downtown to honor a famous local [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called [[Grand Army Plaza]]. The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830.<ref>''The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol. III'', (1847), London, Charles Knight, p. 852</ref> The city's population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.<ref>Jacob Judd, "Policing the City of Brooklyn in the {{text|1840s}} and {{text|1850s}}", ''Journal of Long Island History'' (1966) (6)2 pp.&nbsp;13–22.</ref> ====Civil War==== Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and [[materiel]] for the [[American Civil War]]. The best-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the [[14th Brooklyn]] ''"Red Legged Devils"''. They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President [[Abraham Lincoln]] called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French [[Chasseur]]s, a light infantry used for quick assaults. As a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad ''[[USS Monitor|Monitor]]'' was built in Brooklyn. ====Twin city==== Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "[[The New Colossus]]" by [[Emma Lazarus]], which appears on a plaque inside the [[Statue of Liberty]]. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival. During this period, the affluent, contiguous districts of [[Fort Greene, Brooklyn|Fort Greene]] and [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]] (then characterized collectively as The Hill) were home to such notable figures as [[Astral Oil Works]] founder [[Charles Pratt]] and his children, including local civic leader [[Charles Millard Pratt]]; [[Theosophical Society]] co-founder [[William Quan Judge]]; and [[Pfizer]] co-founders [[Charles Pfizer]] and [[Charles F. Erhart]]. Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area's most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of such figures as abolitionist clergyman [[Henry Ward Beecher]], [[Congregationalist]] [[theologian]]s [[Lyman Abbott]] and [[Newell Dwight Hillis]] (who followed Beecher as the second and third pastors of [[Plymouth Church (Brooklyn)|Plymouth Church]], respectively), financier [[John Jay Pierrepont]] (a grandson of founding Heights resident [[Hezekiah Pierrepont]]), banker/art collector [[David Leavitt (banker)|David Leavitt]], educator/politician [[Seth Low]], merchant/banker [[Horace Brigham Claflin]], attorney [[William Cary Sanger]] (who served for two years as [[United States Assistant Secretary of War]] under Presidents [[William McKinley]] and [[Theodore Roosevelt]]) and publisher [[Alfred Smith Barnes]]. Contiguous to the Heights, the less exclusive [[South Brooklyn]] was home to longtime civic leader [[James S. T. Stranahan]], who became known (often derisively) as the "[[Georges-Eugène Haussmann|Baron Haussmann]] of Brooklyn" for championing [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] and other public works. Economic growth continued, propelled by [[immigration]] and [[industrialization]], and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from [[Gowanus, Brooklyn|Gowanus]] to [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]] was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the [[Gowanus Canal]] and the canalized [[Newtown Creek]]. {{USS|Monitor}} was the most famous product of the large and growing [[shipbuilding industry]] of Williamsburg. After the [[US Civil War|Civil War]], trolley lines and other transport brought [[urban sprawl]] beyond Prospect Park (completed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and [[Calvert Vaux]] in 1873 and widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier [[Central Park]]) into the center of the county, as evinced by gradual settlement in the comparatively rustic villages of [[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn|Windsor Terrace]] and [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]] in the Town of Flatbush. By century's end, [[Dean Alvord]]'s [[Prospect Park South]] development (adjacent to the village of Flatbush) would serve as the template for contemporaneous "[[Victorian Flatbush]]" micro-neighborhoods and the post-consolidation emergence of outlying districts, such as [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]] and [[Marine Park, Brooklyn|Marine Park]]. Along with [[Oak Park, Illinois]], it also presaged the [[History of the automobile|automobile]] and [[commuter rail]]-driven vogue for more remote prewar suburban communities, such as [[Garden City, New York]] and [[Montclair, New Jersey]]. [[File:Currier and Ives Brooklyn Bridge2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Brooklyn Bridge]] in 1883, by [[Currier and Ives]]]] The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks, including the [[Ridgewood Reservoir]]. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the [[Brooklyn Fire Department]] (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of [[History of the New York City Subway|rail links]] such as the [[BMT Brighton Line|Brighton Beach Line]] in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation. [[Sports in Brooklyn]] became a business. The Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of [[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]] and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to [[Ebbets Field]], beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, [[amusement park]]s, and [[beach resort]]s opened in [[Brighton Beach]], [[Coney Island]], and elsewhere in the southern part of the county. [[File:Currier & Ives Brooklyn2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Currier and Ives]] print of Brooklyn, 1886]] Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city's third "Gold Coast" district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill; notable residents of the era included [[American Chicle Company]] co-founder Thomas Adams Jr. and [[New York Central Railroad]] executive Clinton L. Rossiter. East of The Hill, [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]] coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent (notably exemplified by John C. Kelley, a water meter magnate and close friend of President [[Grover Cleveland]]), with nearby [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city's Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century. Northeast of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick (by now a working class, predominantly German district) established a considerable [[brewery]] industry; the so-called "Brewer's Row" encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14-block area in 1890. On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County, railroads and industrialization spread to [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] (then coterminous with the city's sprawling, sparsely populated Eighth Ward) and adjacent [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]] (hitherto a resort-like subsection of the Town of [[New Utrecht]]). Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of [[New Lots, Brooklyn|New Lots]] in 1886; the Towns of [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], [[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]] and New Utrecht in 1894; and the Town of [[Flatlands, Brooklyn|Flatlands]] in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. =====Seth Low as mayor===== Low's time in office from 1882 to 1885 was marked by a number of reforms:<ref name="Kurland">Gerald Kurland, ''Seth Low: the Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age'' (Twayne, 1971) pp 25–49.. [https://archive.org/details/sethlowreformeri00gera online]</ref> * Secured a degree of "home rule" of the city. Previously, the State Government dictated city policies, hiring, salaries, and other affairs. Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly. * Instituted a number of educational reforms. He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools. He introduced free textbooks for all students, not just those who had taken a pauper's oath. He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers, instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts. He set aside $430,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=430000|start_year=1882|fmt=eq}}) for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10,000 new students. * Introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees, eliminating patronage jobs. * [[German Americans]] wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath, in violation of state "dry" laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy. Low's compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly. At the first sign of rowdiness, they would be closed. * Served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company, the company that built the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], and led an unsuccessful effort to remove [[Washington Roebling]] as the chief engineer on that project.<ref name="GreatBridge">{{Cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/greatbridge0000mccu |title=The Great Bridge |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1972 |isbn=0-671-21213-3 |author-link=David McCullough |url-access=registration}}</ref> * Raised the tax rate from 2.33% of $100 assessed valuation in 1881 to 2.59% in 1883.<ref name=Kurland /> He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes. This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city's debt and increase services. However, raising taxes proved extremely unpopular. =====Mayors of the City of Brooklyn===== {{See also|List of mayors of New York City|Borough President#Brooklyn Borough Presidents|l2=Brooklyn borough presidents}} Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until 1898, after which it was consolidated into the [[City of Greater New York]], whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a [[Borough President]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Mayors of the City of Brooklyn<ref>'' The Encyclopedia of New York City''; (p. 149, 3rd Column.)</ref> !Mayor ! class=unsortable|&nbsp; ! style="border-left-style:hidden;padding:0.1em 0em"|Party !Start year !End year |- |[[George Hall (Brooklyn)|George Hall]] | bgcolor={{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}| | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] |1834 |1834 |- |[[Jonathan Trotter]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| | Democratic |1835 |1836 |- |[[Jeremiah Johnson (mayor)|Jeremiah Johnson]] | bgcolor={{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}| | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] |1837 |1838 |- |[[Cyrus P. Smith]] | bgcolor={{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}| | Whig |1839 |1841 |- |[[Henry C. Murphy]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1842 |1842 |- |[[Joseph Sprague]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1843 |1844 |- |[[Thomas G. Talmage]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| | Democratic |1845 |1845 |- |[[Francis B. Stryker]] | bgcolor={{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}| |Whig |1846 |1848 |- |[[Edward Copland]] | bgcolor={{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}| |Whig |1849 |1849 |- |[[Samuel Smith (mayor of Brooklyn)|Samuel Smith]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| | Democratic |1850 |1850 |- |[[Conklin Brush]] | bgcolor={{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}| |Whig |1851 |1852 |- |[[Edward A. Lambert]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1853 |1854 |- |[[George Hall (Brooklyn)|George Hall]] | bgcolor={{party color|Know Nothing}}| |[[Know Nothing Party|Know Nothing]] |1855 |1856 |- |[[Samuel S. Powell]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1857 |1860 |- |[[Martin Kalbfleisch]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1861 |1863 |- |[[Alfred M. Wood]] | bgcolor=#E81B23| | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |1864 |1865 |- |[[Samuel Booth (politician)|Samuel Booth]] | bgcolor=#E81B23| | Republican |1866 |1867 |- |[[Martin Kalbfleisch]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| | Democratic |1868 |1871 |- |[[Samuel S. Powell]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| | Democratic |1872 |1873 |- |[[John W. Hunter]] | bgcolor=(#3333FF| | Democratic |1874 |1875 |- |[[Frederick A. Schroeder]] | bgcolor=#E81B23| |Republican |1876 |1877 |- |[[James Howell (Brooklyn Politician)|James Howell]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1878 |1881 |- |[[Seth Low]] | bgcolor=#E81B23| |Republican |1882 |1885 |- |[[Daniel D. Whitney]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1886 |1887 |- |[[Alfred C. Chapin]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1888 |1891 |- |[[David A. Boody]] | bgcolor=#3333FF| |Democratic |1892 |1893 |- |[[Charles A. Schieren]] | bgcolor=#E81B23| |Republican |1894 |1895 |- |[[Frederick W. Wurster]] | bgcolor=#E81B23| |Republican |1896 |1897 |} ===New York City borough=== {{further|History of New York City (1898–1945)}} [[File:1897 Brooklyn map.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Brooklyn in 1897]] In 1883, the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of [[Richmond County, New York|Richmond]] and the western portion of [[Queens|Queens County]], and the county of [[Manhattan|New York]], which by then already included [[the Bronx]], to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. [[Andrew Haswell Green]] and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the ''[[Brooklyn Eagle|Daily Eagle]]'' and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.<ref> {{citation |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html |title=The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City |publisher=City of New York |access-date=January 31, 2008}}</ref> Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the "Great Mistake of 1898", and the phrase still elicits Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Brooklyn – and how it got that way|last1=McCullough|first1=David W|last2=Kalett|first2=Jim|date=1983|publisher=Dial Press|isbn=0385274270|location=New York|page=58|language=en|oclc = 8667213}}</ref> ==Geography== [[File:New York City location Brooklyn.svg|thumb|right|Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder yellow)]] [[File:NY Brooklyn 20190925 TM.jpg|thumb|right|[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] map of Brooklyn (2019)]] Brooklyn is {{convert|97|sqmi|km2}} in area, of which {{convert|71|mi2|km2}} is land (73%), and {{convert|26|mi2|km2}} is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City's boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest [[county (New York)|county]] by land area and third-smallest by total area.<ref name="GR1"/> Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including [[Jamaica Bay]]; the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; [[The Narrows]], separating Brooklyn from the borough of [[Staten Island]] in New York City and crossed by the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]]; [[Upper New York Bay]], separating Brooklyn from [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[New Jersey]]; and the [[East River]], separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the [[Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel]], the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Williamsburg Bridge]], and numerous routes of the [[New York City Subway]]. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in that borough's [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn's [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]] neighborhood. ===Climate=== Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Brooklyn experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''),<ref name="Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A">{{cite web |last1=Peel |first1=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification |publisher=The University of Melbourne |access-date=March 29, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |archive-date=January 13, 2015 }}</ref> with partial shielding from the [[Appalachian Mountains]] and moderating influences from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly {{convert|50|in|mm|abbr=on}} yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.<ref>[ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT]. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</ref> Brooklyn lies in the [[USDA]] [[hardiness zone|plant hardiness zone 7b]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |publisher=Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University |access-date=March 29, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date=February 27, 2014 }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK Airport]], New York (normals 1981–2010,<ref>Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.</ref> extremes 1948–present) |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high F = 39.1 |Feb high F = 41.8 |Mar high F = 49.0 |Apr high F = 59.0 |May high F = 68.5 |Jun high F = 78.0 |Jul high F = 83.2 |Aug high F = 81.9 |Sep high F = 75.3 |Oct high F = 64.5 |Nov high F = 54.3 |Dec high F = 44.0 |year high F = 61.6 |Jan low F = 26.3 |Feb low F = 28.1 |Mar low F = 34.2 |Apr low F = 43.5 |May low F = 52.8 |Jun low F = 62.8 |Jul low F = 68.5 |Aug low F = 67.8 |Sep low F = 60.8 |Oct low F = 49.6 |Nov low F = 40.7 |Dec low F = 31.5 |year low F = 47.3 |Jan avg record high F = 56.8 |Feb avg record high F = 57.9 |Mar avg record high F = 68.5 |Apr avg record high F = 78.1 |May avg record high F = 84.9 |Jun avg record high F = 92.1 |Jul avg record high F = 94.5 |Aug avg record high F = 92.7 |Sep avg record high F = 87.4 |Oct avg record high F = 78.0 |Nov avg record high F = 69.1 |Dec avg record high F = 60.1 |year avg record high F = 96.6 |Jan avg record low F = 9.8 |Feb avg record low F = 13.4 |Mar avg record low F = 19.1 |Apr avg record low F = 32.6 |May avg record low F = 42.6 |Jun avg record low F = 52.7 |Jul avg record low F = 60.7 |Aug avg record low F = 58.6 |Sep avg record low F = 49.2 |Oct avg record low F = 37.6 |Nov avg record low F = 27.4 |Dec avg record low F = 16.3 |year avg record low F = 7.5 |Jan record high F = 71 |Feb record high F = 71 |Mar record high F = 85 |Apr record high F = 90 |May record high F = 99 |Jun record high F = 99 |Jul record high F = 104 |Aug record high F = 101 |Sep record high F = 98 |Oct record high F = 90 |Nov record high F = 77 |Dec record high F = 75 |Jan record low F = −2 |Feb record low F = −2 |Mar record low F = 4 |Apr record low F = 20 |May record low F = 34 |Jun record low F = 45 |Jul record low F = 55 |Aug record low F = 46 |Sep record low F = 40 |Oct record low F = 30 |Nov record low F = 19 |Dec record low F = 2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 3.16 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.59 |Mar precipitation inch = 3.78 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.87 |May precipitation inch = 3.94 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.86 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.08 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.68 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.50 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.62 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.30 |Dec precipitation inch = 3.39 |year precipitation inch = 42.77 |Jul snow inch = 0 |Aug snow inch = 0 |Sep snow inch = 0 |Oct snow inch = 0 |Nov snow inch = 0.2 |Dec snow inch = 4.7 |Jan snow inch = 6.3 |Feb snow inch = 8.3 |Mar snow inch = 3.5 |Apr snow inch = 0.8 |May snow inch = 0 |Jun snow inch = 0 |year snow inch = 23.8 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 inch |unit snow days = 0.1 inch |Jan precipitation days = 10.5 |Feb precipitation days = 9.6 |Mar precipitation days = 11.0 |Apr precipitation days = 11.4 |May precipitation days = 11.5 |Jun precipitation days = 10.7 |Jul precipitation days = 9.4 |Aug precipitation days = 8.7 |Sep precipitation days = 8.1 |Oct precipitation days = 8.5 |Nov precipitation days = 9.4 |Dec precipitation days = 10.6 |year precipitation days = 119.4 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 0.2 |Dec snow days = 2.8 |Jan snow days = 4.6 |Feb snow days = 3.4 |Mar snow days = 2.3 |Apr snow days = 0.3 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |year snow days = 13.6 |Jan humidity = 64.9 |Feb humidity = 64.4 |Mar humidity = 63.4 |Apr humidity = 64.1 |May humidity = 69.5 |Jun humidity = 71.5 |Jul humidity = 71.4 |Aug humidity = 71.7 |Sep humidity = 71.9 |Oct humidity = 69.1 |Nov humidity = 67.9 |Dec humidity = 66.3 |year humidity = 68.0 |source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)<ref name ="NWS Upton, NY (OKX)" >{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = February 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NOAA JFK txt">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00094789.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title = Station Name: NY NEW YORK JFK INTL AP |access-date = September 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name = "NOAA RH JFK">{{cite web|title=NEW YORK/JFK, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/74486.TXT|publisher=NOAA |access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref> }} {{Weather box| |location = Brooklyn, New York City (Avenue V) |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high F = 39.7 |Feb high F = 42.4 |Mar high F = 49.7 |Apr high F = 60.5 |May high F = 70.5 |Jun high F = 79.3 |Jul high F = 84.8 |Aug high F = 83.3 |Sep high F = 76.5 |Oct high F = 65.0 |Nov high F = 54.3 |Dec high F = 44.5 |year high F = 62.5 |Jan low F = 27.5 |Feb low F = 29.1 |Mar low F = 35.2 |Apr low F = 44.8 |May low F = 54.4 |Jun low F = 64.0 |Jul low F = 70.3 |Aug low F = 68.9 |Sep low F = 62.4 |Oct low F = 51.2 |Nov low F = 41.4 |Dec low F = 33.2 |year low F = 48.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 3.53 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.97 |Mar precipitation inch = 4.37 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.85 |May precipitation inch = 4.03 |Jun precipitation inch = 4.44 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.85 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.92 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.92 |Oct precipitation inch = 4.02 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.23 |Dec precipitation inch = 4.00 |year precipitation inch = 47.13 |Jan snow inch = 6.5 |Feb snow inch = 8.5 |Mar snow inch = 4.4 |Apr snow inch = 0.6 |May snow inch = 0 |Jun snow inch = 0 |Jul snow inch = 0 |Aug snow inch = 0 |Sep snow inch = 0 |Oct snow inch = 0 |Nov snow inch = 0.2 |Dec snow inch = 4.3 |year snow inch = 24.5 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&station=USC00305796 |title = NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = August 11, 2021}}</ref> }} ===Boroughscape=== {{Wide image|Brooklyn Skyline (9910358874).jpg|1200px|3=<div align=center>The [[Downtown Brooklyn]] skyline, the [[Manhattan Bridge]] (far left), and the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] (near left) are seen across the [[East River]] from [[Lower Manhattan]] at sunset in 2013.</div>|dir=rtl}} {{Wide image|Union Street Gowanus New York October 2021 panorama 2.jpg|700px|View of the Brooklyn skyline from the [[Gowanus Canal]] in 2021}} ==Neighborhoods== {{See also|List of Brooklyn neighborhoods|New York City ethnic enclaves}} [[File:Greenpoint Houses.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street, in [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint Historic District]]]] [[File:Park Slope Houses.jpg|thumb|right|[[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]]]] [[File:Willow Street Brooklyn Heights 2006.jpg|right|thumb|150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century [[Federal architecture|Federal Style]] houses in [[Brooklyn Heights]]]] Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]] had a majority of [[Jews in New York City|Jewish]] residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]] during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic [[Irish American|Irish]], then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani]] enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.<ref name="Gibson2005">Gibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |date=August 12, 2012 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]], February 2005. Retrieved November 19, 2016.</ref> The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[San Francisco]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Boston]], [[Cincinnati]], and [[Seattle]].<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html "African Americans", Encyclopedia of Chicago]. Retrieved March 1, 2008.</ref><ref>Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved November 19, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ritter |first=John |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-08-26-urban-blacks_N.htm |title=San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight |work=USA Today |date=August 28, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12census.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916082045/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12census.html |archive-date=September 16, 2007 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Census Shows More Black Residents Are Leaving New York and Other Cities|date=September 12, 2007|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, California, racial breakdown">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |title=State & County QuickFacts: California |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228054319/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |archive-date=December 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation. Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report, 2002. [http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm www.bedc.org]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022144/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref>Muhammad, Nisa Islam. [https://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/D_C_exodus_sparks_district_renewal_efforts_for_Whi_3633.shtml "D.C. 'exodus' sparks district renewal efforts for Whites"], ''[[The Final Call (newspaper)|The Final Call]]'', June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.</ref> ===Community diversity=== [[File:Imatra Society's summer festival.jpg|thumb|[[Imatra Society]], consisting of [[Finnish Americans|Finnish immigrants]], celebrating its summer festival in [[Fort Hamilton|Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn]], in 1894]] Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and [[domestic partnership|domiciliary partnership]]. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations.<ref>This figure may be too small as members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information. {{cite web | title = County Membership Report Kings County (New York) | url = http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36047&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh | website = The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] | date = 2010 | access-date = January 1, 2020 | archive-date = July 27, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727044309/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36047&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | title = Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014 | url = https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 | website = PennState College of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development | date = December 8, 2017 | access-date = December 30, 2019 | archive-date = December 31, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191231001016/https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below: ====Jewish American==== [[File:Hasidic Family in Street - Borough Park - Hasidic District - Brooklyn.jpg|thumb|The world's largest metropolitan [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jewish]] community resides in Brooklyn.]] {{main|Jews in New York City}} Over 600,000 [[Jews]], particularly [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]], have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], and [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]], where there are many [[yeshiva]]s, [[synagogue]]s, and [[kosher]] restaurants, as well as a variety of Jewish businesses. Adjacent to Borough Park, the [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]] area housed a significant population of [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jews]] (under the aegis of such nationally prominent midcentury rabbis as [[Jacob Bosniak]] and Abraham Heller)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/01/archives/abraham-heller-rabbi-dies-at-76-conservative-led-flatbush-jewish.html |title=Abraham Heller, Rabbi. Dies at 76 |work=The New York Times |date=March 1, 1975 |page=28 |access-date=December 12, 2023}}</ref> when it was still considered to be a subsection of Flatbush; many of their defunct facilities have been repurposed to serve extensions of the Borough Park Hasidic community. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include [[Canarsie, Brooklyn|Canarsie]], [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], home to the [[Chabad]] world headquarters. Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include central Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including [[Maimonides Medical Center]] in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maimonidesmed.org/Main/Public/WeSpeakYourLanguage.aspx |title=We Speak Your Language |work=maimonidesmed.org |access-date=May 16, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094656/http://www.maimonidesmed.org/Main/Public/WeSpeakYourLanguage.aspx |archive-date=May 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/nyregion/thecity/11hosp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511093518/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/nyregion/thecity/11hosp.html |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Scrubs' Near the D Train|date=May 11, 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> According to the American Jewish Population Project in 2020, Brooklyn was home to over 480,000 Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Jewish Population Estimates 2020 - American Jewish Population Project |url=https://ajpp.brandeis.edu/us_jewish_population_2020 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=ajpp.brandeis.edu}}</ref> In 2023, the [[UJA-Federation of New York]] estimated that Brooklyn is home to 462,000 Jews, a large decrease compared to the 561,000 estimated in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gergely |first=Julia |date=2024-05-09 |title=Nearly 1 million Jews live in NYC, new study finds |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/05/09/ny/nearly-1-million-jews-live-in-nyc-new-study-finds |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for decades until the ascendancy of [[Meade Esposito]]'s rival, Canarsie-based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s, playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as [[Speaker of the New York State Assembly]] [[Irwin Steingut]]; his son, fellow Speaker [[Stanley Steingut]]; [[New York City Mayor]] [[Abraham Beame]]; real estate developer [[Fred Trump]]; Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz; and political fixer Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum. Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to [[Atheism|atheists]] of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in [[Ditmas Park, Brooklyn|Ditmas Park]] and [[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]], with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. ====Chinese American==== [[File:Brooklyn_Chinatown.png|thumb|[[Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)#Chinatown|8th Avenue]] in Brooklyn's [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] Chinatown]] {{main|Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Chinese people in New York City}} Over 200,000 [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinese Americans]] live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Bensonhurst]], [[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]], and [[Homecrest, Brooklyn|Homecrest]]. Brooklyn is the borough that is home to the highest number of [[Chinatowns in the Americas#New York City|Chinatowns in New York City]]. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its [[Culture of China|Chinese culture]] since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area. It is called [[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|"Brooklyn's Chinatown"]] and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with [[Cantonese]] speakers being the main [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] population during the late 1980s and 1990s, but since the 2000s, the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority [[Fuzhounese Americans]], which contributed immensely to expanding this Chinatown, and bestowing the nicknames "[[Chinatowns in Brooklyn#Fuzhou Town, Brooklyn|Fuzhou Town]] ({{lang|zh|福州埠}}), Brooklyn" or the "[[Little Fuzhou]] ({{lang|zh|小福州}})" of Brooklyn. Many [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese restaurants]] can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular [[Chinese New Year]] celebration. Since the 2000s going forward, the growing concentration of the [[Cantonese]] speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically shifted to Bensonhurst/Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as "Brooklyn's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong" due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly Cantonese populated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tuder|first=Stefanie|date=February 25, 2019|title=Believe It or Not, New York City Has Nine Chinatowns|url=https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|url-status=live|website=[[Eater (website)|Eater]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226081349/https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc |archive-date=February 26, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Liz|date=April 15, 2015|title=With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416111153/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html |archive-date=April 16, 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ====Caribbean and African American==== {{main|Caribbean immigration to New York City}} [[File:West Indian Day Parade 2008.jpg|thumb|The [[West Indian Day Parade]] marching by the [[Brooklyn Museum]]]] Brooklyn's [[African Americans|African American]] and [[Caribbean people|Caribbean]] communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's [[West Indian]] community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, [[East Flatbush, Brooklyn|East Flatbush]], Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are [[Jamaican American|Jamaicans]], [[Guyanese Americans|Guyanese]] and [[Haitian Americans|Haitians]], there are [[West Indian Americans|West Indian immigrants]] from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands.<ref>Holger Henke, "The West Indian Americans," Greenwood Press: Westport (CT) 2001</ref> Started by natives of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the [[West Indian Day Parade|West Indian Labor Day Parade]] takes place every Labor Day on [[Eastern Parkway]]. The [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]] also holds the [[DanceAfrica]] festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://donyc.com/events/2019/5/25/danceafrica-2019-bazaar|website=donyc.com|title=DanceAfrica 2019 Bazaar in New York at Brooklyn Academy of Music|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/23/arts/dance/danceafrica-bam.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523210635/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/23/arts/dance/danceafrica-bam.html |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=May 23, 2019|first=Gia|last=Kourlas|title=DanceAfrica Celebrates Rwanda and a 'Living Sense of Grace'|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Since the opening of the [[IND Fulton Street Line]] in 1936, [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]] has been home to one of the most famous African American communities in the United States. Working-class communities remain prevalent in [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]], [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]] and [[Coney Island, Brooklyn|Coney Island]], while remnants of similar communities in [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], [[Fort Greene, Brooklyn|Fort Greene]] and [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]] have endured amid widespread gentrification. ====Hispanic American==== {{further|Puerto Ricans in New York City|Nuyorican}} In the aftermath of [[World War II]] and subsequent [[urban renewal]] initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves (most notably on the [[Upper West Side]]), Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in such waterfront industrial neighborhoods as [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] and [[Gowanus, Brooklyn|Gowanus]], near the shipyards and factories where they worked. The borough's Hispanic population diversified after the 1965 [[Hart-Cellar Act]] loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America. [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]] has since emerged as the largest hub of Brooklyn's [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic American]] community. Like other Hispanic neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] presence, along with an influx of many [[Dominican Americans|Dominicans]], [[South America]]ns, [[Central America]]ns and [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]]. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Hispanic, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Hispanic, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Hispanic groups are Puerto Ricans, [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]], Dominicans and [[Ecuadorian Americans|Ecuadorians]]; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]]'s South Side and East New York. Mexicans (especially from the state of [[Puebla]]) now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood's once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. Save for [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] (which remained roughly one-fifth Hispanic American as of the 2010 Census), the South Side and Sunset Park, similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods—including western Park Slope, the north end of Greenpoint,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greenpointers.com/2018/11/02/puerto-ricans-vibrant-history-in-north-brooklyn/|title=Puerto Ricans' Vibrant History in North Brooklyn|date=November 2, 2018|website=Greenpointers}}</ref> and [[Boerum Hill]], long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus—largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization, ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. A Panamanian enclave exists in [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]]. ====Russian and Ukrainian American==== {{main|Russian Americans in New York City}} Brooklyn is also home to many [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]], who are mainly concentrated in the areas of [[Brighton Beach, Brooklyn|Brighton Beach]] and [[Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn|Sheepshead Bay]]. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed ''[[Russian Americans in New York City#Russiantownscape|Little Russia]]'' and ''Little [[Odessa]]'', respectively. In the 1970s, [[Soviet Jewry Movement|Soviet Jews won the right to immigrate]], and many ended up in Brighton Beach. In recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the [[Post-Soviet States|former USSR]]. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Homecrest, Coney Island, and [[Mill Basin, Brooklyn|Mill Basin]]. A growing community of [[Uzbek Americans]] have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kordunsky |first1=Anna |title=Changing Face of Brighton Beach |url=https://forward.com/news/162963/changing-face-of-brighton-beach/ |website=Forward |date=September 17, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Joseph |title=Inside the Brooklyn Uzbek Community |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/11/isis-brooklyn-uzbeks.html |website=NY Magazine |date=November 5, 2015 |access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref> ====Polish American==== Brooklyn's [[Polish-Americans|Polish]] inhabitants are historically concentrated in [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]], home to [[Little Poland, Brooklyn|Little Poland]]. Other longstanding settlements in [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]] and [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities. ====Italian American==== {{main|Italians in New York City}} Despite widespread migration to [[Staten Island]] and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of [[Italian Americans]] continue to reside in the neighborhoods of [[Bensonhurst]], [[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn|Dyker Heights]], [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], [[Bath Beach, Brooklyn|Bath Beach]] and [[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]]. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]] and [[Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn|Carroll Gardens]], where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent [[upper middle class]] residents through the display of small [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of [[Formstone]] in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs. ====Arab American & Muslim ==== In the early 20th century, many [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese]] and [[Christianity in Syria|Syrian Christians]] settled around [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]] west of [[Flatbush Avenue]] in [[Boerum Hill]]; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. More recent, predominantly [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Arab Americans|Arab immigrants]], especially [[Egyptians]] and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], where many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal grocers, Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street. Brighton Beach is home to a growing [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani American]] community, while Midwood is home to ''Little [[Pakistan]]'' along [[Coney Island Avenue]] (recently co-named [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] Way). Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New York's several emerging [[Bangladeshi Americans|Bangladeshi]] enclaves. ====Irish American==== Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation [[Irish Americans]] can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=January 2018}} enduring in the neighborhoods of [[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn|Windsor Terrace]], [[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]], [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], [[Marine Park, Brooklyn|Marine Park]] and [[Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn|Gerritsen Beach]]. Historical communities also existed in [[Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn|Vinegar Hill]] and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the [[New York City Fire Department]]) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the [[professional-managerial class]] and largely shed the Irish American community's distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the [[Catholic Church]] and other social activities, such as [[Irish stepdance]] and frequenting Irish American bars).{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} ====South Asian American==== While not as extensive as the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area#New York City boroughs|Indian American]] population in [[Hindu Temple Society of North America|Queens]], younger professionals of [[Asian Americans|Asian Indian]] origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing. Nearly 30,000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Brighton Beach is home to a growing [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani American]] community, while Midwood is home to [[Little Pakistan]] along [[Coney Island Avenue]] recently renamed [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] way. [[Pakistan Independence Day]] is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]] is one of New York's several emerging [[Bangladeshi]] enclaves. ====Greek American==== Brooklyn's [[Greek Americans]] live throughout the borough. A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas, where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools, businesses and cultural institutions. Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. As in much of the [[New York metropolitan area]], Greek-owned diners are found throughout the borough. ====LGBTQ community==== {{main|LGBT culture in New York City#Brooklyn}} Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. [[Same-sex marriage in New York|Same-sex marriages in New York]] were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626145358/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html |archive-date=June 26, 2011 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law|author1=Nicholas Confessore |author2=Michael Barbaro |name-list-style=amp |work=The New York Times|date=June 24, 2011|access-date=September 4, 2016}}</ref> The [[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]] neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]] has an LGBT residential presence.<ref name="RosenbergDunfordp379">Rosenberg, Andrew and Martin Dunford. ''The Rough Guide to New York''. [[Penguin Books]], January 1, 2011. {{ISBN|184836590X}}, 9781848365902. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ0z8ZSwQ-sC&pg=PA379 379].</ref> Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest [[transgender rights|transgender-rights]] demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from [[Grand Army Plaza]] to [[Fort Greene, Brooklyn|Fort Greene]], focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/nyregion/brooklyn-black-trans-parade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616023003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/nyregion/brooklyn-black-trans-parade.html |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event|author=Anushka Patil|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2020|access-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/shannonkeating/pride-protest-black-trans-rally-brooklyn-liberation-lgbtq|title=Corporate Pride Events Can't Happen This Year. Let's Keep It That Way|author=Shannon Keating|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|date=June 6, 2020|access-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> ====Artists-in-residence==== Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and [[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipsters]] to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, [[Dumbo, Brooklyn|DUMBO]], [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for [[artists-in-residence]]. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] or [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/realestate/moving-out-of-brooklyn-because-of-high-prices.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824173221/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/realestate/moving-out-of-brooklyn-because-of-high-prices.html |archive-date=August 24, 2014 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Life After Brooklyn – Moving Out of Brooklyn Because of High Prices|author=Michelle Higgins|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 22, 2014|access-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Brooklyn}}{{Historical populations |type= US |1731|2150 |1756|2707 |1771|3623 |1786|3966 |1790|4549 |1800|5740 |1810|8303 |1820|11187 |1830|20535 |1840|47613 |1850|138822 |1860|279122 |1870|419921 |1880|599495 |1890|838547 |1900|1166582 |1910|1634351 |1920|2018356 |1930|2560401 |1940|2698285 |1950|2738175 |1960|2627319 |1970|2602012 |1980|2230936 |1990|2300664 |2000|2465326 |2010|2504700 |2020|2736074 |align-fn=center |source=<div style="text-align: center;">U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref></div> |footnote=1731–1786<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/30/|title="Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, i" by Gabriel Furman and Paul Royster (transcriber & depositor)|journal=Faculty Publications, Unl Libraries|publisher=Digitalcommons.unl.edu|date=March 21, 2006|access-date=December 22, 2010|last1=Furman|first1=Gabriel|last2=Royster|first2=Paul}}</ref><br />U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|newspaper=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref><br />1790–1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=January 5, 2015|archive-date=August 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1900–1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ny190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref><br />1990–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> 2010<ref name=BrooklynQuickFacts>[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/36047,00 QuickFacts for Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</ref> 2020<ref name="2020CensusMap"/> }} {{NYC boroughs}} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! Racial composition !! 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf|title=Key Population & Housing Characteristics; 2020 Census Results for New York City|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|date=August 2021|access-date=November 7, 2021|pages=21, 25, 29, 33}}</ref> !! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047.html |title=Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217175357/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047.html |archive-date=February 17, 2016 }}</ref> !! 1990<ref name="Gibson2005" /> !! 1950<ref name="Gibson2005" /> !! 1900<ref name="Gibson2005" /> |- | [[White American|White]] || 37.6% || 42.8% || 46.9% || 92.2% || 98.3% |- |{{nbsp}}—Non-Hispanic || 35.4% || 35.7% || 40.1% || n/a || n/a |- | [[African American|Black or African American]] || 26.7% || 34.3% || 37.9% || 7.6% || 1.6% |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 18.9% || 19.8% || 20.1% || n/a || n/a |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 13.6% || 10.5% || 4.8% || 0.1% || 0.1% |- | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || 8.7% || 3.0% || n/a || n/a || n/a |} At the 2020 census, 2,736,074 people lived in Brooklyn. The [[United States Census Bureau]] had estimated Brooklyn's population increased by 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State's population of 19,542,209.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NY,newyorkcitynewyork,suffolkcountynewyork,nassaucountynewyork,queenscountyqueensboroughnewyork,kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork/PST045218|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New York; New York city, New York; Suffolk County, New York; Nassau County, New York; Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York|website=U.S. Census Bureau|language=en|access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> In 2020, the government of New York City projected Brooklyn's population at 2,648,403.<ref name="NYC Open">{{cite web |last1=NYC Open Data |title=2020 population: View based on Projected Population 2010-2040 |url=https://data.cityofnewyork.us/City-Government/2020-population/t8c6-3i7b |website=data.cityofnewyork.us}}</ref> The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958,567 households with an average of 2.66 persons per household.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=2019 U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork/PST040219|url-status=live|access-date=March 19, 2021|website=U.S. Census Bureau|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514015317/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork/PST040219 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 }}</ref> There were 1,065,399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of $1,426. Citing growth, Brooklyn gained 9,696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program.[[File:Ethnic Origins in Brooklyn.png|thumb|330x330px|Ethnic origins in Brooklyn|center]] ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title = Ancestry in Brooklyn Borough (2014–2018)<ref>U.S. Census Bureau (2018). People Reporting Ancestry American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Retrieved from https://censusreporter.org</ref><ref>U.S. Census Bureau (2014-2018). Asian Alone by Selected Groups American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from https://censusreporter.org</ref><ref>U.S. Census Bureau (2018). Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Retrieved from https://censusreporter.org</ref> {{nonspecific|date=August 2021}} |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Origin |right1=percent |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|[[African American]] (Does not include West Indian or African)|dodgerblue|16.4}} {{bar percent|[[West Indian American]] (Except Hispanic Groups)|lightblue|11.5}} {{bar percent|[[East Asian American]] (Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc.)|black|8.4}} {{bar percent|[[English American]] (*Includes [[American ancestry|"American" ancestry]])|purple|7.6}}{{bar percent|[[Puerto Rican American]]|darkred|5.7}} {{bar percent|[[Italian American]]|lightgreen|4.8}} {{bar percent|Russian and Eastern European (Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union, etc.)|yellow|4.3}} {{bar percent|Central European (Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc.) |orange|4.2}} {{bar percent|[[Mexican American]]|green|4.1}} {{bar percent|[[Irish American]]|pink|3.8}} {{bar percent|[[Dominican American]]|lightred|3.5}} {{bar percent|[[German American]]|blue|2.8}} {{Bar percent|[[South Asian American]]|darkblue|2.4}} {{bar percent|[[South American]] (Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc.)|white|2.3}} {{bar percent||darkgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Central American]] (Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc.)|red|1.9}} {{bar percent|Other{{efn|Mostly [[Multiracial American]], other [[Asian Americans|Asian]] or other [[European Americans|European ancestry]]}}|gray|14.7}} }}The 2020 [[American Community Survey]] estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35.4% [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]], 26.7% [[African Americans|Black or African American]], 0.9% [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian or Alaska Native]], 13.6% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.1% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander]], 4.1% [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]], and 18.9% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latin American]] of any race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf|title=Key Population & Housing Characteristics; 2020 Census Results for New York City|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|date=August 2021|access-date=November 7, 2021|pages=21, 25, 29, 33}}</ref> According to the [[2010 United States census]], Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US36047|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 1, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213012318/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US36047|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demographics.coopercenter.org/DotMap/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921024553/http://demographics.coopercenter.org/DotMap/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 21, 2013|title=The Racial Dot Map: One Dot Per Person for the Entire U.S.}}</ref> ===Languages=== Brooklyn has a high degree of [[Linguistic diversity index|linguistic diversity]]. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke [[English language|English]] at home as a [[primary language]], while 17.2% (393,340) spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 6.5% (148,012) [[Chinese language|Chinese]], 5.3% (121,607) [[Russian language|Russian]], 3.5% (79,469) [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], 2.8% (63,019) [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]], 1.4% (31,004) [[Italian language|Italian]], 1.2% (27,440) [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], 1.0% (23,207) [[Polish language|Polish]], 1.0% (22,763) [[French language|French]], 1.0% (21,773) [[Arabic language|Arabic]], 0.9% (19,388) [[Indo-Aryan languages|various Indic languages]], 0.7% (15,936) [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]] were spoken as a [[main language]] by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a [[mother tongue]] other than English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |title=Kings County, New York |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=August 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815140430/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-date=August 15, 2013 }}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Brooklyn}} {{See also|Culture of New York City|LGBT culture in New York City#Brooklyn|Media of New York City}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum Front Entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Brooklyn Museum]] on [[Eastern Parkway]] ]] [[File:Bridge to Eden.jpg|thumb|right|[[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]]]] [[File:The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch at Grand Army Plaza.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch]] at [[Grand Army Plaza]]]] Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture, including literature, cinema, and theater. [[New York accent|Brooklyn's accent]] has often been portrayed as "the typical New Yorker accent" in American media, although this accent and its stereotypes are supposedly diminishing in currency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2010/02/06/why-the-classic-noo-yawk-accent-is-fading-away/|title=Why the classic Noo Yawk accent is fading away|author=Sheila McClear|newspaper=New York Post|date=February 6, 2010|access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref> Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.<ref>Borough of Brooklyn.[http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2002/apr16.htm blue and gold] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001185349/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2002/apr16.htm |date=October 1, 2006 }}</ref> ===Cultural venues=== Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]], the [[Brooklyn Philharmonic]], and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the [[Brooklyn Museum]]. The [[Brooklyn Museum]], opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5&nbsp;million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the [[American Alliance of Museums]], it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection{{spnd}}over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]] (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. [[Bargemusic]] and St. Ann's Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the [[DUMBO]] arts district. [[Brooklyn Technical High School]] has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after [[Radio City Music Hall]]), with a [[seating capacity]] of over 3,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/ChoicesEnrollment/High/Directory/school/?sid=3330#AdditionalInformationAnchor |title=Brooklyn Technical High School, K430, Borough of Brooklyn|publisher=Schools.nyc.gov |date=October 31, 2008 |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> ===Media=== ====Local periodicals==== Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The ''[[Brooklyn Eagle|Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'', ''[[Bay Currents]]'' (Oceanfront Brooklyn), ''Brooklyn View'', ''[[The Brooklyn Paper]]'', and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]], is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including ''[[The New York Times]]'', the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', and the ''[[New York Post]]''. Several others are now defunct, including the {{anchor|Brooklyn Union}}''Brooklyn Union'' (1867–1937),<ref name="nysl.nysed.gov/nysnp/all/424">{{cite web |title=Kings County (NY) newspapers on microfilm and paper at all New York State locations |url=https://www.nysl.nysed.gov/nysnp/all/424.htm |website=New York State Newspapers |publisher=The New York State Library |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name="brooklyn-union/12381">{{cite news |title=The Brooklyn Union |url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/paper/the-brooklyn-union/12381/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |work=[[Newspapers.com]] |language=en}}</ref> and the {{anchor|Brooklyn Times}}''[[Brooklyn Times]]''.<ref name="nysl.nysed.gov/nysnp/all/424"/> The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly ''[[Brooklyn Rail]]'', as well as the arts and cultural quarterly ''[[Cabinet (magazine)|Cabinet]]''. ''[[Hello Mr.]]'' is also published in Brooklyn. ''Brooklyn Magazine'' is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including ''BKLYN Magazine'' (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), ''Brooklyn Bridge Magazine'', ''The Brooklynite'' (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and ''NRG'' (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/latest-boom-in-brooklyn-is-in-failures-of-glossy/35443/ |journal=New York Sun |title=Latest Boom in Brooklyn is in Failures of Glossy Magazines |author=Leon Neykakh |date=July 5, 2006 |access-date=March 22, 2013 |archive-date=June 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605014745/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/latest-boom-in-brooklyn-is-in-failures-of-glossy/35443/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Ethnic press==== Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. ''[[El Diario La Prensa]]'', the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1&nbsp;[[MetroTech Center]] in [[downtown Brooklyn]].<ref>"[http://www.impremedia.com/contact/ Contact] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612015643/http://www.impremedia.com/contact/ |date=June 12, 2010 }}." [[ImpreMedia]]. Retrieved June 1, 2010.</ref> Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper ''[[The Tablet (Diocese of Brooklyn)|The Tablet]]'', ''[[Hamodia]]'', an Orthodox Jewish daily, and ''[[The Jewish Press]]'', an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly ''[[L'Idea]]'', a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as ''[[Gleaner Company|The Daily Gleaner]]'' and ''[[The Jamaica Star|The Star]]'' of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} ''[[Our Time Press]]'', published weekly by DBG Media, covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local Paper with the Global View". ====Television==== The City of New York has an official television station, run by [[NYC Media]], which features programming based in Brooklyn. [[Brooklyn Community Access Television]] is the borough's [[public access television|public access channel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qptv.org/content/bric-brooklyns-community-access-television|title=BRIC: Brooklyn's Community Access Television {{!}} qptv.org|website=www.qptv.org|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225193016/https://www.qptv.org/content/bric-brooklyns-community-access-television|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its studios are at the [[BRIC Arts Media]] venue, called BRIC House, located on [[Fulton Street (Brooklyn)|Fulton Street]] in the [[Fort Greene]] section of the borough.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bricartsmedia.org/about-bric|title=About BRIC|first=BRIC|last=admini|date=March 9, 2016|website=BRIC}}</ref> ===Events=== * The annual [[Coney Island Mermaid Parade]] (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.<ref name="Ward, Nathan">{{cite journal |author=Ward, Nathan |url=http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2005/4/2005_4_26.shtml |title=Brooklyn Rising |journal=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]] |date=August–September 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527151419/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2005/4/2005_4_26.shtml |archive-date=May 27, 2007 }}</ref> * Coney Island also hosts the annual [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest]] (July 4).<ref name="Ward, Nathan" /> * The annual [[Labor Day Carnival]] (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along [[Eastern Parkway]] in [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]]. * The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartofbrooklyn.org/|title=The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival|website=The Art of Bklyn|access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> ==Economy== {{See also|Economy of New York City}} [[File:The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg|thumb|[[The Brooklyn Tower]], the [[List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn|tallest building in Brooklyn]] and the [[List of tallest buildings in New York City|tallest in New York State outside Manhattan]].]] Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.<ref name="report">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bedc.org/statistics/Dept_Labor_Brookyn_Report_april_2006.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302083558/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/Dept_Labor_Brookyn_Report_april_2006.html|url-status=usurped|title=Dept of Labor Brookyn Report April 2006|archive-date=March 2, 2007|author=Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.<ref name="report" /> Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial [[back office]] operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a [[high-tech]] and entertainment economy in [[DUMBO, Brooklyn|DUMBO]], and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.<ref name="report" /> Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.<ref>New York City Economic Development Corporation, Brooklyn Borough Update March 2004. [http://www.bedc.org/statistics/mfrg_employment_data.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201000455/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/mfrg_employment_data.htm|date=February 1, 2015}}</ref> The pharmaceutical company [[Pfizer]] was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns in packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/business/food-start-ups-flock-to-old-pfizer-factory-in-brooklyn.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328090305/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/business/food-start-ups-flock-to-old-pfizer-factory-in-brooklyn.html |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Food Start-Ups Find a Home in Brooklyn|date=March 28, 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> First established as a [[shipbuilding]] facility in 1801, the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]] employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The ''[[USS Missouri (BB-63)|Missouri]]'', the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the ''[[USS Maine (ACR-1)|Maine]]'', whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the ''[[USS Monitor|Monitor]]'' was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 [[Seatrain Lines|Seatrain Shipbuilding]] was the major employer.<ref>[http://www.BrooklynSteelBloodTenacityAppendix.com/ A Case Study of Seatrain Shipbuilding & the Brooklyn Navy Yard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503164111/http://www.brooklynsteelbloodtenacityappendix.com/ |date=May 3, 2016 }}.</ref> Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest-growing sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bedc.org/statistics/employbyind.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703162321/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/employbyind.htm|url-status=usurped|title=Brooklyn Employment by Industry|archive-date=July 3, 2008|author=Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bedc.org/statistics/firmsbyemployees.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703162433/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/firmsbyemployees.htm|url-status=usurped|title=Brooklyn Firms by Number of Employees|archive-date=July 3, 2008|author=Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> {{As of|2008|alt=As of August 2008}}, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/nyc/index.shtm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005121423/http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/nyc/index.shtm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 5, 2008 |title=New York State Dept of Labor |publisher=Labor.state.ny.us |access-date=October 24, 2010 }}</ref> Brooklyn is also home to many banks and [[credit union]]s. According to the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]], there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fdic.gov/idasp/main.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510085416/http://www2.fdic.gov/idasp/main.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 10, 2000 |title=FDIC Office Directory |publisher=FDIC.gov |access-date=October 24, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.branchspot.com/ny/brooklyn/ |title=Credit Unions in Brooklyn, NY |publisher=Branchspot.com |date=November 9, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113023321/https://www.branchspot.com/ny/brooklyn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Zoning in the United States|rezoning]] of [[Downtown Brooklyn]] has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous [[high technology]] [[start-up company|start-up companies]], as [[Silicon Alley]], the [[metonym]] for New York City's [[entrepreneurship ecosystem]], has expanded from [[Lower Manhattan]] into Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hottest-brooklyn-startups-2015-2|title=These are the 11 hottest tech startups in Brooklyn|author=Maya Kosoff|work=Business Insider|date=February 5, 2015|access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref> ==Parks and other attractions== {{See also|Tourism in New York City}} [[File:Bbg cherry esplande.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Prunus serrulata|Kwanzan Cherries]] in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden]] [[File:Coney Island Beach-1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Astroland]] in [[Coney Island]]]] * [[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]]: adjacent to Prospect Park is the {{convert|52|acre|ha|adj=on}} botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4&nbsp;ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a ''[[bonsai]]'' tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits. * [[Coney Island]] developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The [[Coney Island Cyclone|Cyclone rollercoaster]], built-in 1927, is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance.<ref>[http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=227072 "New park adds rides at Coney Island"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151430/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=227072 |date=July 23, 2013 }}. ''Reading Eagle''. Retrieved June 29, 2010.</ref> * [[Floyd Bennett Field]]: the first municipal airport in New York City and long-closed for operations, is now part of the [[National Park System]]. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including [[salt marsh]] and a restored area of [[shortgrass prairie]] that was once widespread on the [[Hempstead Plains]]. * [[Green-Wood Cemetery]], founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early [[Rural cemetery]]. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers. * [[Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of [[Gateway National Recreation Area]] * [[New York Transit Museum]] displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former [[Independent Subway System]] station in [[Brooklyn Heights]] on the [[IND Fulton Street Line|Fulton Street Line]]. * [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing {{convert|585|acre|km2}}.<ref name="parkstat">{{cite web |title=About Prospect Park |work=Prospect Park Alliance: Official Web Site of Prospect Park |publisher=Prospect Park Alliance |year=2008 |url=http://www.prospectpark.org/ |access-date=November 29, 2008}}</ref> The park was designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and [[Calvert Vaux]], who created Manhattan's [[Central Park]]. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a {{convert|90|acre|ha|adj=on}} meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; [[Litchfield Villa]], [[Prospect Park Zoo]], the [[Boathouse on the Lullwater of the Lake in Prospect Park|Boathouse]], housing a visitors center and the first urban [[National Audubon Society|Audubon Center]];<ref name="auduboncenter">{{cite web|title=Audubon New York |publisher=National Audubon Society |year=2008 |url=http://ny.audubon.org/CentersEdu_ProspectPark.html |access-date=November 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116062220/http://ny.audubon.org/CentersEdu_ProspectPark.html |archive-date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> Brooklyn's only lake, covering {{convert|60|acre|ha|abbr=on}}; the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade. * [[Fort Greene Park]] is a public park in the [[Fort Greene, Brooklyn|Fort Greene]] Neighborhood. The park contains the [[Fort Greene Park#Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument|Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument]], a monument to American prisoners during the Revolutionary War. {{Further|Wildlife of Brooklyn}} ===Sports=== {{Main|Sports in Brooklyn}} [[File:Barclays Center Rain Night.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Barclays Center in [[Pacific Park, Brooklyn|Pacific Park]] within [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], home of the [[Brooklyn Nets|Nets]] and [[New York Liberty|Liberty]]]] Brooklyn's major professional sports team is the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Brooklyn Nets]]. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at [[Barclays Center]] in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in [[Uniondale, New York]] and in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/nets/news/feature/2019/09/10/nets-history-timeline-from-1967-to-today|title=Nets History Timeline: From 1967 to Today|website=[[Brooklyn Nets]]|access-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref> In April 2020, the [[New York Liberty]] of the [[WNBA]] were sold to the Nets' owners and moved their home venue from [[Madison Square Garden]] to the Barclays Center. Barclays Center was also the home arena for the [[National Hockey League|NHL]]'s [[New York Islanders]] full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with [[Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum|Nassau Coliseum]] in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team returned to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to the [[UBS Arena]] in Elmont, New York in 2021. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as [[Joe Paterno]], [[Vince Lombardi]], [[Mike Tyson]], [[Joe Torre]], [[Sandy Koufax]], [[Billy Cunningham]] and [[Vitas Gerulaitis]]. Basketball legend [[Michael Jordan]] was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]]. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today [[Fort Greene Park]] on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's [[Excelsior of Brooklyn|Excelsiors]], [[Brooklyn Atlantics|Atlantics]] and [[Eckford of Brooklyn|Eckfords]] were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at [[Mapleton, Brooklyn|Mapleton Oval]].<ref name="BrooklynBallParks.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.covehurst.net/ddyte/brooklyn/otherparks.html|title=BrooklynBallParks.com - Other Parks|website=www.covehurst.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331205056/http://www.covehurst.net/ddyte/brooklyn/otherparks.html|archive-date=March 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first [[fastball]], first [[changeup]], first [[batting average (baseball)|batting average]], first [[triple play]], [[Jim Creighton|first pro baseball player]], first [[Union Grounds|enclosed ballpark]], first [[Baseball scorekeeping|scorecard]], first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldbrooklynbaseball.com |title=Rare Sport for Connoisseurs: How Baseball Was Born in Brooklyn |publisher=Oldbrooklynbaseball.com |access-date=October 24, 2010 |archive-date=February 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202131230/http://www.oldbrooklynbaseball.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]], named for "trolley dodgers" played at [[Ebbets Field]].<ref>[http://www.ebbets-field.com/FAQ/index.htm Ebbets Field] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009222151/http://www.ebbets-field.com/FAQ/index.htm |date=October 9, 2007 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2007.</ref> In 1947 [[Jackie Robinson]] was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only [[World Series]] for Brooklyn against their rival [[New York Yankees]]. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. [[Walter O'Malley]], the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club. After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the [[Brooklyn Cyclones]], a [[minor league baseball|minor league]] team that plays in [[MCU Park]] in [[Coney Island]]. They are an affiliate of the [[New York Mets]]. The minor-league [[New York Cosmos (2010)|New York Cosmos]] soccer club played its home games at MCU Park in 2017.<ref>Elstein, Aaron. [http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20170911/NEWS/170919987/soccers-historic-new-york-cosmos-team-faces-possible-extinction-amidst-relegation-threat "Renowned Cosmos soccer team faces possible extinction sport's governing body has moved to relegate the team Pele once played for to a lower division"], ''[[Crain Communications|Crain's New York Business]]'', September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. "In 2009 the NASL was revived, and the Cosmos reappeared soon after. But few attended games at Hofstra University on Long Island, and, after piling up about $30 million in losses, the Cosmos were about to shut down again last year when Commisso rescued the team and moved it to [[Coney Island]]'s [[MCU Park]], the 7,000-seat home of the Brooklyn Cyclones minor-league baseball team."</ref> A new [[Brooklyn FC (USL)|Brooklyn FC]] will begin play in 2024, fielding a women's team in the first-division [[USL Super League]] and a men's team in the second-division [[USL Championship]] beginning in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=USL Super League Awards Franchise to Brooklyn for 2024/25 Inaugural Season |url=https://www.uslsuperleague.com/news/2024/02/09/usl-super-league-awards-franchise-to-brooklyn-for-2024-25-inaugural-season/ |website=uslsuperleague.com |publisher=United Soccer League |access-date=April 13, 2024 |date=February 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brooklyn FC Moves to USL Championship Ahead of Men's 2025 Inaugural Season |url=https://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/1303990 |website=uslsoccer.com |publisher=United Soccer League |access-date=April 13, 2024 |date=March 14, 2024}}</ref> Brooklyn once had a [[National Football League]] team named the [[Brooklyn Lions]] in 1926, who played at [[Ebbets Field]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/stadiums/BRK00.htm Ebbets Field History], [[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]. Retrieved September 16, 2017.</ref> In [[rugby union]], [[Rugby United New York]] joined [[Major League Rugby]] in 2019 and played their home games at MCU Park through the 2021 season. Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-living.com/fishing.html|title=Brooklyn Living: Brooklyn Fishing|website=brooklyn-living.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825071839/http://www.brooklyn-living.com/fishing.html|archive-date=August 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mj2fishing.com/|title=Sheepshead Bay Brooklyn New York Party Charter Fishing Boat |author=Marilyn Jean IV|website=mj2fishing.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/8377.html|title=I FISH NY Saltwater Fishing Guide for New York City Area |publisher= NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation|website=dec.ny.gov}}</ref> ==Government and politics== {{See also|Government and politics in Brooklyn}} [[File:Bk Boro Hall summer dusk jeh.JPG|thumb|right|[[Brooklyn Borough Hall]]]] Each of New York City's five counties (coterminous with each [[Borough (New York City)|borough]]) has its own criminal court system and [[District Attorney]], the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. The Brooklyn Borough Government includes a borough government president as well as a court, library, borough government board, head of borough government, deputy head of borough government and deputy borough government president. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid [[Community boards in New York City|community board]] with advisory powers under the city's [[Uniform Land Use Review Procedure]]. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. The [[Kings County Democratic County Committee]] (aka the Brooklyn Democratic Party) is the county committee of the Democratic Party in Brooklyn. The [[United States Postal Service]] operates post offices in Brooklyn. The [[Federal Building and Post Office (Brooklyn)|Brooklyn Main Post Office]] is located at 271 [[Cadman Plaza]] East in [[Downtown Brooklyn]].<ref>"[http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073444/http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm |date=2011-06-06 }}." ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.</ref> {{PresHead|place=<br>Kings County, New York|source1=<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS | title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections }}</ref>|source2=<ref name="NYCBOEPOTUS">{{cite web|url=https://web.enrboenyc.us/CD23464ADI0.html|title=Board of Elections in the City of New York 2020 Election Night Results President/Vice President|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162601/https://web.enrboenyc.us/CD23464ADI0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|source3=<ref name="NYSBOEPOTUS">{{cite web|url=https://nyenr.elections.ny.gov/|title=New York State Board of Elections, 2020 General Election Night Results|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120174014/https://nyenr.elections.ny.gov/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}  {{PresRow|2024|Democratic|219,335|551,633|16,741|New York}} {{PresRow|2020|Democratic|202,772|703,310|9,927|New York}} {{PresRow|2016|Democratic|141,044|640,553|24,008|New York}} {{PresRow|2012|Democratic|124,551|604,443|7,988|New York}} {{PresRow|2008|Democratic|151,872|603,525|4,451|New York}} {{PresRow|2004|Democratic|167,149|514,973|5,762|New York}} {{PresRow|2000|Democratic|96,609|497,513|23,115|New York}} {{PresRow|1996|Democratic|81,406|432,232|26,195|New York}} {{PresRow|1992|Democratic|133,344|411,183|37,067|New York}} {{PresRow|1988|Democratic|178,961|363,916|6,142|New York}} {{PresRow|1984|Democratic|230,064|368,518|2,189|New York}} {{PresRow|1980|Democratic|200,306|288,893|31,893|New York}} {{PresRow|1976|Democratic|190,728|419,382|3,533|New York}} {{PresRow|1972|Democratic|373,903|387,768|1,949|New York}} {{PresRow|1968|Democratic|247,936|489,174|37,859|New York}} {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|229,291|684,839|1,373|New York}} {{PresRow|1960|Democratic|327,497|646,582|3,227|New York}} {{PresRow|1956|Democratic|460,456|557,655|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1952|Democratic|446,708|656,229|18,765|New York}} {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|330,494|579,922|173,401|New York}} {{PresRow|1944|Democratic|393,926|758,270|6,168|New York}} {{PresRow|1940|Democratic|394,534|742,668|8,365|New York}} {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|212,852|738,306|23,143|New York}} {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|192,536|514,172|62,300|New York}} {{PresRow|1928|Democratic|245,622|404,393|29,822|New York}} {{PresRow|1924|Republican|236,877|158,907|102,903|New York}} {{PresRow|1920|Republican|292,692|119,612|49,944|New York}} {{PresRow|1916|Democratic|120,752|125,625|11,080|New York}} {{PresRow|1912|Democratic|51,239|109,748|83,676|New York}} {{PresRow|1908|Republican|119,789|96,756|20,025|New York}} {{PresRow|1904|Republican|113,246|111,855|10,216|New York}} {{PresRow|1900|Republican|108,977|106,232|4,639|New York}} {{PresRow|1896|Republican|109,135|76,882|7,659|New York}} {{PresRow|1892|Democratic|70,505|100,160|5,720|New York}} {{PresRow|1888|Democratic|70,052|82,507|1,430|New York}} {{PresRow|1884|Democratic|53,516|69,264|3,541|New York}} {{PresRow|1880|Democratic|51,751|61,062|516|New York}} {{PresRow|1876|Democratic|39,066|57,556|62|New York}} {{PresRow|1872|Democratic|33,369|38,108|10|New York}} {{PresRow|1868|Democratic|27,707|39,838|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1864|Democratic|20,838|25,726|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1860|Democratic|15,883|20,583|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1856|Democratic|7,846|14,174|8,647|New York}} {{PresRow|1852|Democratic|8,496|10,628|199|New York}} {{PresRow|1848|Whig|7,511|4,882|879|New York}} {{PresRow|1844|Whig|5,107|4,648|77|New York}} {{PresRow|1840|Whig|3,293|3,157|24|New York}} {{PresRow|1836|Democratic|1,868|2,321|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1832|Democratic|1,264|1,741|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1828|Democratic|1,053|1,349|0|New York}} |} <section begin="federal-reps"/>As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] in a national [[United States presidential election|presidential election]] since [[Calvin Coolidge]] in [[1924 United States presidential election in New York|1924]]. In the [[2008 United States presidential election in New York|2008 presidential election]], Democrat [[Barack Obama]] received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican [[John McCain]] received 20.0%. In [[2012 United States presidential election in New York|2012]], Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican [[Mitt Romney]]'s 16.9%. ===Federal representation=== As of 2023, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough.<ref name="govtrack.us 2018">{{cite web | title=New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps | website=GovTrack.us | date=May 21, 2018 | url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives | access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> * [[Nydia Velázquez]] (first elected in 1992) represents [[New York's 7th congressional district]], which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of [[Boerum Hill]], [[Brooklyn Heights]], [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]], [[Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn|Carroll Gardens]], [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Dumbo, Brooklyn|Dumbo]], [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]], [[East Williamsburg, Brooklyn|East Williamsburg]], [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]], [[Gowanus, Brooklyn|Gowanus]], [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], and [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]]. The district also covers a small portion of [[Queens]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/> * [[Hakeem Jeffries]] (first elected in 2012) represents [[New York's 8th congressional district]], which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]], [[Bergen Beach, Brooklyn|Bergen Beach]], [[Brighton Beach]], [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]], [[Canarsie, Brooklyn|Canarsie]], [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]], [[Coney Island]], [[East Flatbush, Brooklyn|East Flatbush]], [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]], [[Fort Greene, Brooklyn|Fort Greene]], [[Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn|Gerritsen Beach]], [[Marine Park, Brooklyn|Marine Park]], [[Mill Basin, Brooklyn|Mill Basin]], [[Ocean Hill, Brooklyn|Ocean Hill]], [[Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn|Sheepshead Bay]], and [[Spring Creek, Brooklyn|Spring Creek]]. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/> * [[Yvette Clarke]] (first elected in 2006) represents [[New York's 9th congressional district]], which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], [[East Flatbush, Brooklyn|East Flatbush]], [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]], [[Park Slope]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], [[Prospect Lefferts Gardens]], and [[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn|Windsor Terrace]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/> * [[Dan Goldman]] (first elected in 2022) represents [[New York's 10th congressional district]], which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Bensonhurst]], [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]], [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]], and [[Mapleton, Brooklyn|Mapleton]]. The district also covers the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of [[Manhattan]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/> * [[Nicole Malliotakis]] (first elected in 2020) represents [[New York's 11th congressional district]], which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, [[Bath Beach, Brooklyn|Bath Beach]], [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], and [[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn|Dyker Heights]]. The district also covers all of [[Staten Island]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/><section end="federal-reps"/> {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;" |+ Party affiliation of Brooklyn registered voters<br /> ''(relative percentages)'' |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;" !Party !2005 !2004 !2003 !2002 !2001 !2000 !1999 !1998 !1997 !1996 |- style="background:#B0CEFF;" |align="left"|[[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] |69.7 |69.2 |70.0 |70.1 |70.6 |70.3 |70.7 |70.8 |70.8 |71.0 |- style="background:#FFB6B6;" |align="left"|[[United States Republican Party|Republican]] |10.1 |10.1 |10.1 |10.1 |10.2 |10.5 |10.9 |11.1 |11.3 |11.5 |- |align="left"|Other |3.7 |3.9 |3.8 |3.6 |2.9 |2.8 |2.5 |2.8 |2.3 |2.3 |- style="background:white;" |align="left"|No affiliation |16.5 |16.9 |16.1 |16.2 |16.3 |16.5 |15.9 |15.5 |15.4 |15.2 |} ==Housing== Brooklyn offers a wide array of private housing, as well as public housing, which is administered by the [[New York City Housing Authority]] (NYCHA). Affordable rental and co-operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the [[Mitchell–Lama Housing Program]].<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/hpd/services-and-information/mitchell-lama-program.page Mitchell-Lama], [[New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development]]. Accessed January 5, 2024.</ref> There were 1,101,441 housing units in 2022<ref name=BrooklynQuickFacts/> at an average density of {{convert|15876|/mi2|/km2|adj=pre|units&nbsp;}}. Public housing administered by NYCHA accounts for more than 100,000 residents in nearly 50,000 units in 2023.<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/NYCHA-Fact-Sheet-2023.pdf#page=4 ''NYCHA 2023 Fact Sheet''], [[New York City Housing Authority]], April 2023. Accessed January 5, 2024. Public Housing Borough Breakdown: Brooklyn: 79 developments with 49,427 apartments and 102,907 residents"</ref> ==Education== {{See also|Education in New York City|List of high schools in New York City}} [[File:Bklyn Tech HS from Ashland jeh.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene]] [[File:2016 Brooklyn College Library.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans, now known as "East Quad"]] [[File:Brooklyn Law School Fell Hall.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Brooklyn Law School]]'s 1994 [[New Classical Architecture|new classical]] "Fell Hall" tower, by architect [[Robert A. M. Stern]]]] [[File:Wunsch building among MetroTech.jpg|thumb|200px|[[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|NYU Tandon]] Wunsch Building|left]] Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are managed by the [[New York City Department of Education]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36047_kings/DC20SD_C36047.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722224538/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36047_kings/DC20SD_C36047.pdf |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |url-status=live|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Kings County, NY|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=July 22, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36047_kings/DC20SD_C36047_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> the largest public school system in the United States. [[Brooklyn Technical High School]] (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.<ref>New York City School Reports 2006–07</ref> Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from [[Fort Greene Park]]. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6&nbsp;million and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bths.edu/school_history.jsp?rn=9612672 |title=Brooklyn Technical High School |publisher=Bths.edu |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni<ref>Brooklyn Tech Alumni Foundation Hall of Fame</ref> (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. ===Higher education=== ====Public colleges==== [[Brooklyn College]] is a senior college of the [[City University of New York]], and was the first public coeducational [[liberal arts college]] in New York City. The college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in [[Princeton Review]]'s 2006 guidebook, ''America's Best Value Colleges''. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, [[Medgar Evers College]] is a senior college of the [[City University of New York]]. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] in [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]]. CUNY's [[New York City College of Technology]] (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. [[SUNY Downstate College of Medicine]], founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner [[Robert F. Furchgott]] was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. ====Private colleges==== [[Adelphi University]], based in [[Garden City, New York|Garden City]], moved its Manhattan Campus in 2023 to a new location on Livingston Street in [[Downtown Brooklyn]]. The move marks a return to Brooklyn for the university, which originated on Adelphi Street with the Adelphi Academy. The facility is shared with [[St. Francis College]], which has created a new campus at 179 Livingston Street.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Brooklyn Center {{!}} Adelphi University |url=https://www.adelphi.edu/about/locations/nyc/ |access-date=August 19, 2023 |website=Meet Adelphi |language=en}}</ref> [[Brooklyn Law School]] was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by [[Brian Leiter]], Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leiterrankings.com |title=Leiter's Law School Rankings |publisher=Leiterrankings.com |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> [[Long Island University]] is a private university headquartered in [[Brookville, New York|Brookville]] on [[Long Island]], with a campus in [[Downtown Brooklyn]] with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels. [[Pratt Institute]], in [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]], is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|official landmarks]]. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all. The [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering]], the United States' second oldest private [[institute of technology]], founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's [[MetroTech Center]], a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise [[New York University]] (NYU).<ref>{{cite web |title=About NYU |url=http://www.nyu.edu/about.html |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sam Pitroda to give inaugural address at NYU engineering school |url=http://post.jagran.com/sam-pitroda-to-give-inaugural-address-at-nyu-engineering-school-1337055643 |access-date=October 19, 2012 |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran Post]] |date=May 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/finance-collegeshighestsalaries/polytechnic-institute-of-new-york-university-nyu-poly%20/|title=8. Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) – Colleges That Guarantee the Highest Salaries |website=Comcast.net|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724035400/http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/finance-collegeshighestsalaries/polytechnic-institute-of-new-york-university-nyu-poly%20/|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schools and Colleges |url=http://www.nyu.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges.html |publisher=New York University |access-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref> [[St. Francis College]] is a Catholic college in [[Downtown Brooklyn]] founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine and ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref name="NYTimesDiversity">{{cite news |title=Colleges of Many Colors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/education/data.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523030001/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/education/data.html |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=November 5, 2006 |access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Forbes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/94/colleges-09_St-Francis-College_94363.html |title=America's Best Colleges List |work=Forbes |access-date=July 8, 2010 |date=August 5, 2009}}</ref><ref name="USNWR">{{cite web |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/brooklyn-heights-ny/st.-francis-college-2820 |title=Baccalaureate Colleges (North) Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=July 8, 2010 |year=2009}}</ref> Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as [[St. Joseph's College (New York)|Saint Joseph's College]] in Clinton Hill and [[Boricua College]] in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]]. ====Community colleges==== [[Kingsborough Community College]] is a junior college in the [[City University of New York]] system in [[Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn|Manhattan Beach]]. ==Brooklyn Public Library== [[File:Brooklyn Public Library by DS.JPG|thumb|right|The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza]] As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the [[Brooklyn Public Library]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ |title=Brooklyn Public Library |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and [[Haitian Creole]], as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing [[Grand Army Plaza]]. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities. ==Transportation== ===Public transport=== {{See also|Transportation in New York City}} About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without [[automobile]]s. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.<ref>[http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Brooklyn_factsheet.pdf Brooklyn]. Tri-State Transportation Campaign and the Pratt Center for Community Development. Retrieved May 16, 2015.</ref> [[File:Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue Terminus.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue subway station]] [[File:Atlantic Terminal LIRR and Subway entrances.jpg|thumb|Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn.]] Brooklyn features extensive [[public transport|public transit]]. Nineteen [[New York City Subway]] services, including the [[Franklin Avenue Shuttle]], traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like [[Flatlands, Brooklyn|Flatlands]] and [[Marine Park, Brooklyn|Marine Park]] are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the [[List of New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn|170 currently in Brooklyn]], include: * [[Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station|Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center]] * [[Broadway Junction station|Broadway Junction]] * [[DeKalb Avenue station (BMT lines)|DeKalb Avenue]] * [[Jay Street–MetroTech station|Jay Street–MetroTech]] * [[Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station|Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue]]<ref>{{NYCS const|map}}</ref> Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,<ref>nycsubway.org—[http://nycsubway.org/wiki/IND_Second_System_-_1929_Plan IND Second System 1929 Plan]</ref> as well as a subway line to [[Spring Creek, Brooklyn|Spring Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://secondavenuesagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/1968expansionlarge.jpg |title=1968 NYCTA Expansion Plans (Picture) |publisher=Second Avenue Sagas }} Retrieved December 6, 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.thejoekorner.com/lines/progforaction.htm Program for Action maps] from thejoekorner.com</ref> Brooklyn was once served by [[list of streetcar lines in Brooklyn|an extensive network of streetcars]], but many were replaced by the [[List of bus routes in Brooklyn|public bus network]] that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite NYC bus map|B}}</ref> New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: [[East New York (LIRR station)|East New York]], [[Nostrand Avenue (LIRR station)|Nostrand Avenue]], and [[Atlantic Terminal]], the terminus of the [[Atlantic Branch]] of the [[Long Island Rail Road]]. The terminal is near the [[Atlantic Avenue&nbsp;– Barclays Center]] subway station, with ten connecting subway services. In February 2015, Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called [[NYC Ferry]] to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/nyregion/new-york-city-ferry-service.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615160523/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/nyregion/new-york-city-ferry-service.html |archive-date=June 15, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=De Blasio's $325 Million Ferry Push: Rides to 5 Boroughs, at Subway Price|last=McGeehan|first=Patrick|date=June 15, 2016|access-date=June 28, 2016|issn=0362-4331|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="nbcny-hornblower">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/New-York-City-Citywide-Ferry-Service-Hornblower-2017-372257472.html|title=New York City's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017|work=NBC New York|date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=May 9, 2016}}</ref> The ferry opened in May 2017,<ref name="nydailynews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/new-york/nyc-launches-ferry-service-queens-east-river-routes-article-1.3122046|title=NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes|date=May 1, 2017|website=Daily News|location=New York|agency=Associated Press|access-date=May 1, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501154444/http://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/new-york/nyc-launches-ferry-service-queens-east-river-routes-article-1.3122046|archive-date=May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the [[East River Ferry]] serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at [[Brooklyn Army Terminal]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.ferry.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Map.pdf|title=Route Map|year=2017|publisher=NYC Ferry|access-date=July 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628005559/https://www.ferry.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Map.pdf|archive-date=June 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[streetcar]] line, the [[Brooklyn–Queens Connector]], was proposed by the city in February 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160303/astoria/citywide-ferry-service-launch-june-2017-official-says|title=Citywide Ferry Service to Launch in June 2017, Official Says|date=March 3, 2016|website=DNAinfo New York|access-date=September 22, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923101354/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160303/astoria/citywide-ferry-service-launch-june-2017-official-says|archive-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref> with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael M. |last=Grynbaum |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-to-propose-streetcar-line-linking-brooklyn-and-queens.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203235102/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-to-propose-streetcar-line-linking-brooklyn-and-queens.html |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens |work=The New York Times |date=February 3, 2016 | access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref> ===Roadways=== {{See also|Brooklyn streets|List of lettered Brooklyn avenues}} [[File:2024-05-22 12 33 13 View east along Interstate 278 (Brooklyn-Queens Expressway) from the overpass for Sackett Street in Brooklyn, New York City, New York.jpg|thumb|right|The BQE between Red Hook and Brooklyn Heights]] [[File:Marine Parkway Bridge - cropped.jpg|upright=1.8|thumb|right|The [[Marine Parkway Bridge]] ]] [[File:Williamsburg Bridge from Gowanus Bay jeh.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.8|Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from [[Wallabout Bay]] with [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]] and Long Island City in background]] Most of the [[limited-access road|limited-access expressways and parkways]] are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough's two [[Interstate Highway System|interstate highways]] are located; [[Interstate 278]], which uses the [[Gowanus Expressway]] and the [[Brooklyn-Queens Expressway]], traverses [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] and [[Brooklyn Heights]], while [[Interstate 478]] is an unsigned route designation for the [[Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel]], which connects to Manhattan.<ref>Shilling, Erik (January 1, 2018) [https://jalopnik.com/all-52-highways-and-parkways-in-the-new-york-city-a-1821506061 "All (?) 52 Highways and Parkways in the New York City Area, Ranked"], ''Jalopnik''. Retrieved February 17, 2020.</ref> Other prominent roadways are the [[Prospect Expressway]] ([[New York State Route 27]]), the [[Belt Parkway]], and the [[Jackie Robinson Parkway]] (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of [[I-78]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/roads/bushwick/ |title=Bushwick Expressway (I-78, unbuilt) |publisher=Nycroads.com |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/roads/cross-brooklyn/ |title=Cross Brooklyn Expressway (I-878, unbuilt) |publisher=Nycroads.com |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Major thoroughfares include [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]], [[Fourth Avenue (Brooklyn)|Fourth Avenue]], 86th Street, [[Kings Highway (Brooklyn)|Kings Highway]], [[Bay Parkway (Brooklyn)|Bay Parkway]], [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean Parkway]], [[Eastern Parkway]], [[Linden Boulevard]], [[McGuinness Boulevard]], [[Flatbush Avenue]], [[Pennsylvania Avenue (Brooklyn)|Pennsylvania Avenue]], and [[Nostrand Avenue]]. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but [[Park Slope]], [[Bay Ridge]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Bensonhurst]], and [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]] and the other western sections have [[List of numbered Brooklyn streets|numbered streets]] running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A–Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as [[Plumb Beach]] or [[Paerdegat Basin]]. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the [[Brooklyn Bridge|Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan Bridge|Manhattan]], and [[Williamsburg Bridge]]; a vehicular tunnel, the [[Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel]] (also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]] links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of [[Staten Island]]. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with [[Queens]], including the [[Pulaski Bridge]], the [[Greenpoint Avenue Bridge]], the [[Kosciuszko Bridge]] (part of the [[Brooklyn-Queens Expressway]]), and the [[Grand Street Bridge]], all of which carry traffic over [[Newtown Creek]], and the [[Marine Parkway Bridge]] connecting Brooklyn to the [[Rockaway Peninsula]]. ===Waterways=== Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the [[Brooklyn Army Terminal]] and [[Bush Terminal]] in [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]]. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the [[Brooklyn Cruise Terminal]] in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The ''[[Queen Mary 2]]'', one of the [[List of largest cruise ships|world's largest ocean liners]], was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from [[Southampton]], England.<ref name="auto" /> The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city, and the decline of the port exacerbated Brooklyn's decline in the second half of the 20th century. In February 2015, Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] announced that the city government would begin [[NYC Ferry]] to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="nbcny-hornblower" /> The ferry opened in May 2017,<ref name="nydailynews.com" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/nyregion/new-york-today-citywide-ferry-service-begins.html|title=New York Today: Our City's New Ferry|last1=Levine|first1=Alexandra S.|date=May 1, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 1, 2017|last2=Wolfe|first2=Jonathan|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The [[East River Ferry]] serves points in [[Lower Manhattan]], [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]], [[Long Island City]], and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned.<ref name="auto" /> [[NY Waterway]] offers tours and charters. [[SeaStreak]] also offers a weekday ferry service between the [[Brooklyn Army Terminal]] and the Manhattan ferry slips at [[Pier 11/Wall Street]] downtown and [[East 34th Street Ferry Landing]] in midtown. A [[Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel]], originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then-new [[Port Authority of New York]] is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.{{wide image|Manhattan Bridge Panorama.JPG|1500px|alt= Manhattan Bridge|Manhattan Bridge seen from [[Brooklyn Bridge Park]]}} ==Partnerships with districts of foreign cities== {{See also|New York City#Sister cities}} * [[Anzio|Anzio, Lazio]], Italy (since 1990) * [[Huế]], Vietnam * [[Gdynia]], Poland (since 1991)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdynia.pl/eng/european/city/twin/cities/4908_38739.html |title=Gdynia: Twin Cities |publisher=Gdynia.pl |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121103655/http://www.gdynia.pl/eng/european/city/twin/cities/4908_38739.html }}</ref> * [[Beşiktaş|Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province]], Turkey (since 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Pages/OIB/OIB_05/may.htm |title=Brooklyn Borough President |publisher=Brooklyn-usa.org |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525135822/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Pages/OIB/OIB_05/may.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2011 }}</ref> * [[Leopoldstadt|Leopoldstadt, Vienna]], Austria (since 2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2007/mar05.htm |title=BP ''(Borough Pres.)'' Markowitz joins Vienna deputy mayor to announce new "district partnership" (March&nbsp;05) |publisher=Brooklyn-usa.org |date=March 5, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525135920/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2007/mar05.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/de/node/3254 |title=Vienna in New York 2007 |publisher=Wieninternational.at |date=March 15, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100435/http://www.wieninternational.at/de/node/3254 |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4478 |title=Brooklyn in Leopoldstadt |date=July 5, 2007|publisher=Wieninternational.at |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914015209/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4478 |archive-date=September 14, 2010 }}</ref> * [[London Borough of Lambeth]], United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icfj.org/our-work/beyond-capitals-uk |title=International Center for Journalists |access-date=September 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910201256/http://www.icfj.org/our-work/beyond-capitals-uk |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Bnei Brak]], Israel<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/31/38/31_38_mm_marty_in_israel.html| website= The Brooklyn Paper| date = September 19, 2008|title = Marty is in Israel! Beep says he's there for tourism business, not sightseeing|first = Mike|last= McLaughlin}}</ref> * [[Konak, İzmir]], Turkey (since 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/pdf/MartyWinter2010_WEBsmall.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213054734/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/pdf/MartyWinter2010_WEBsmall.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Brooklyn Borough President|archive-date=December 13, 2010}}</ref> * [[Chaoyang District, Beijing]], China (since 2014)<ref name="Brooklyn Borough President">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/press/2014/may22_MA.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215719/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/press/2014/may22_MA.htm|url-status=dead|title=Brooklyn Borough President|archive-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> * [[Yiwu]], China (since 2014)<ref name="Brooklyn Borough President"/> * [[Üsküdar]], Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/istanbul/2015/08/12/brooklyn-uskudar-istanbul-and-new-yorks-iconic-districts-join-forces|title=Brooklyn-Üsküdar: Istanbul and New York's iconic districts join forces|website=Dailysabah.com|date=August 12, 2015|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref> ==Hospitals and healthcare== {{Main|List of hospitals in Brooklyn}} * [[Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookdalehospital.org/general-information/general-info.html|title=General Information|website = The Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413062318/http://www.brookdalehospital.org/general-information/general-info.html|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> * [[Kings County Hospital Center]] * [[Maimonides Medical Center]] * [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Brooklyn)|Mount Sinai Brooklyn]] * [[New York Community Hospital]] * [[NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County]] * [[NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn]] * [[SUNY Downstate Medical Center]] ==See also== {{Portal|New York City}} {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=22%}} ===General links=== * [[List of people from Brooklyn]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn]] * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York]] * [[USS Brooklyn|USS ''Brooklyn'']], 3 ships {{col-break|width=22%}} ===History of neighborhoods=== * [[Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn#History|Bedford–Stuyvesant]] * [[Bushwick, Brooklyn#History|Bushwick]] * [[Canarsie#History|Canarsie]] * [[Coney Island#History|Coney Island]] * [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn#History|Crown Heights]] * [[East Williamsburg, Brooklyn#History|East Williamsburg]] * [[Flatbush, Brooklyn#History|Flatbush]] * [[Gravesend, Brooklyn#History|Gravesend]] * [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn#History|Greenpoint]] * [[New Utrecht, Brooklyn#History|New Utrecht]] * [[Park Slope#History|Park Slope]] * [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn#History|Williamsburg]] {{col-break|width=22%}} ===General history=== * [[Brooklyn Visual Heritage]] * [[History of New York City]] * [[List of former municipalities in New York City]] * [[Timeline of Brooklyn history]] {{col-end}} {{Clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= JoJo's bizarre adventure }} ==Further reading== {{See also|Timeline of Brooklyn#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Brooklyn}} ===Published before 1941=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Howard|first1=Henry Ward Beecher|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092229339|title=The Eagle and Brooklyn: the record of the progress of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle|volume=1|date=1893|publisher=Brooklyn : The Brooklyn Daily Eagle}} * {{Citation |publisher=D. Appleton |location = New York |author=W. Williams |title=Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide |date = 1850 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/appletonsnorther00willuoft#page/136/mode/2up |chapter=Brooklyn}} * {{Citation |publisher=Pub. by subscription |location = Brooklyn |author=Henry Reed Stiles |author-link=Henry Reed Stiles |title=A history of the city of Brooklyn |date = 1867|ol = 14012527M }} * {{Citation |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |date = 1876 |location = New York |title=Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities |chapter=Brooklyn |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/appletonsillustr00newy#page/20/mode/2up}} * {{cite book |title=Almanac: 1898 |author=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |year=1898 |edition=2nd |location=Brooklyn |url=https://archive.org/details/brooklyndailyea01unkngoog|publisher=[S.l. : s.n.], Brooklyn Daily Eagle) }} * {{Citation |publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons |location = New York |title=Historic towns of the middle states |editor=Lyman P. Powell |date = 1899 |oclc=248109 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/historictownsmi00powegoog#page/n255/mode/2up |chapter=Brooklyn |author=Harrington Putnam}} * {{Citation |publisher=Rand, McNally |location = Chicago |title=Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city |author=Ernest Ingersoll |date = 1906 |oclc=29277709 |edition=20th |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/randmcnallycosha1906inge#page/158/mode/2up |chapter=Greater New York: Brooklyn}} * {{Citation |title=The Personality of American Cities |author=Edward Hungerford |date = 1913 |publisher=McBride, Nast & Company |location=New York |chapter=Across the East River |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/personalityofame00hungrich#page/61/mode/2up|author-link=Edward Hungerford (author) }} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Brooklyn |volume= 4 | pages= 647-649}} * {{cite book |author=Federal Writers' Project |title=New York: a Guide to the Empire State |series=[[American Guide Series]] |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1940 |chapter=New York City: Brooklyn |hdl=2027/mdp.39015008915889?urlappend=%3Bseq=343 |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015008915889?urlappend=%3Bseq=343|author-link=Federal Writers' Project }} {{refend}} ===Published 1941–present=== {{refbegin}} * Berner, Thomas F. ''The Brooklyn Navy Yard'' (Arcadia, 1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEHt7obvosEC&dq=+%22Brooklyn+Navy+Yard%22+&pg=PA6 online]. * Carbone, Tommy, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=obcTtwEACAAJ Growing Up Greenpoint – A Kid's Life in 1970s Brooklyn].'' (Burnt Jacket Publishing, 2018). * Carroll, James T. "Neighbors to the East of the River: Cast of Leaders in the Diocese of Brooklyn, 1920–1960." ''Catholic Historical Review'' 108.2 (2022): 267–286. * Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." ''Environment And Planning A.'' 36 (2004): 1243–1258. * Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." ''Urban Studies'' (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427–1440. * Edwards, Maurice. ''How music grew in Brooklyn: a biography of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra'' (Scarecrow Press, 2006). * Gallagher, John J. ''Battle Of Brooklyn 1776'' (Da Capo Press, 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0KcOdML0UHcC&dq=Brooklyn&pg=PR9 online]. * Golenbock, Peter. ''Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers'' (Courier, 2010) [https://books.google.com/books?id=wz0UPMaCYPgC&dq=Brooklyn&pg=PA1 online] * Harris, Lynn. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/fashion/18slope.html "Park Slope: Where Is the Love?"] ''[[The New York Times]]'' May 18, 2008 * Haw, Richard. "American History/American Memory: Reevaluating Walt Whitman's Relationship with the Brooklyn Bridge." ''Journal of American Studies'' 38.1 (2004): 1-22. * Henke, Holger, ''The West Indian Americans'' (Greenwood Press: 2001). * Hughes, Evan. ''Literary Brooklyn: The writers of Brooklyn and the story of American city life'' (Holt, 2011). * Kranzler, George. ''Hasidic Williamsburg: A contemporary American Hasidic community'' (Jason Aronson, 1995). * Kurland, Gerald. ''Seth Low: The Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age'' (Ardent Media, 1971); he was mayor of Brooklyn from 1881 to 1885. * Livingston, E. H. ''President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War'' (1994) * McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. ''Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way'' (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos * McCullough, David. ''The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge'' (2001) * McNamara, Patrick. " 'Catholic Journalism With Its Sleeves Rolled Up': Patrick F. Scanlan and the Brooklyn Tablet, 1917-1968." ''US Catholic Historian'' 25.3 (2007): 87–107. * Ment, David. ''The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn'' (1979) [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/16/article/490394/summary excerpt] * Moore, Deborah Dash. ''At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews'' (Columbia University Press, 1981). * Podair, Jerald E. ''The strike that changed New York: Blacks, whites and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville crisis'' (Yale University Press, 2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gEEA0RxSR3EC&dq=Brownsville&pg=PR7 online] * Pritchett, Wendell E. ''Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the changing face of the ghetto'' (University of Chicago Press, 2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=DeuimfpD1BYC&dq=Brownsville&pg=PR5 online]. * Robbins, Michael W., ed. ''Brooklyn: A State of Mind''. (Workman Publishing, 2001). * Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: ''Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough'' (transcript Verlag, 2018) * Smith, Betty. ''A Tree Grows in Brooklyn'' (1943) a semi-autobiographical novel set in the [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]] slums of Brooklyn, from 1902 to 1919. * Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. ''Brooklyn!: an illustrated history'' (Temple University Press, 2004) * Sparr, Arnold. "Looking for Rosie: Women Defense Workers in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, 1942-1946." ''New York History'' 81.3 (2000): 313–340. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23182271 online] * Trachtenberg, Alan. ''Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol'' (University of Chicago Press, 1979). [https://archive.org/details/brooklynbridgefa00trac/page/n9/mode/2up online dissertation version] * Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." ''Environment and Planning D'' (1990) 8#1 pp: 73–96. * Weld, Ralph Foster. ''Brooklyn is America'' (Columbia University Press, 1950). [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.544119 online] * Wellman, Judith. ''Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York'' (2014) * Wilder, Craig Steven. ''A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636–1990'' (Columbia University Press, 2013) {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|auto=yes}} {{Wikisource|Brooklyn}} {{OSM relation|9691750}} * [http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/ Official website of the Brooklyn Borough President] ===History=== * Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?utf8=✓&page_size=100&q=brooklyn Items related to Brooklyn], various dates. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071019230402/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/ The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841–1902] (from the Brooklyn Public Library) * [http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/Classic%20Poems/Whitman/crossing_brooklyn_ferry.htm ''Crossing Brooklyn Ferry'' by Walt Whitman] * [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/30/ ''Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island.'' (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition.] by Gabriel Furman * [https://www.newspapers.com/image/50345398/ "Becoming Wards One By One"] ''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' (May 4, 1894). p.&nbsp;12. {{Navboxes|list = {{Brooklyn}} {{Sheriff of Kings County, New York}} {{New York City}} {{New York metropolitan area}} {{Long Island region}} {{New York}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brooklyn| ]] [[Category:New York City]] [[Category:Boroughs of New York City]] [[Category:County seats in New York (state)]] [[Category:Former villages in New York City]] [[Category:Former towns in New York City]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1634]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in New York (state)]] [[Category:Long Island]] [[Category:1634 establishments in the Dutch Empire]] [[Category:Former cities in New York City]] [[Category:Majority-minority counties in New York|Kings County, New York]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span 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