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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernhard Karlgren</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86" title="برنارد کارلگرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنارد کارلگرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B8%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%BC%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%8C" title="베른하르드 칼그렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베른하르드 칼그렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бернхард Карлгрен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бернхард Карлгрен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيرنهارد كارلجرين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرنهارد كارلجرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="ベルンハルド・カールグレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルンハルド・カールグレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Карлгрен, Бернхард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карлгрен, Бернхард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бернхард Карлгрен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бернхард Карлгрен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bernhard Karlgren" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2" title="高本漢 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高本漢" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bernhard Karlgren</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elderly man with parted white hair, small round glasses, dressed in a tweed suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg/185px-Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg/278px-Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg/370px-Bernhard_Karlgren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1889-10-15</span>)</span>15 October 1889<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1978<span style="display:none">(1978-10-20)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Pioneering reconstructions of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Ancient Chinese linguistics, literature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Far_Eastern_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities">Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johan_August_Lundell" title="Johan August Lundell">Johan August Lundell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein" title="Hans Bielenstein">Hans Bielenstein</a><br /><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Malmqvist" title="Göran Malmqvist">Göran Malmqvist</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:高">高</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:本">本</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢">漢</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:高">高</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:本">本</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:汉">汉</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gāo Běnhàn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāo Běnhàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄍㄠ   ㄅㄣˇ   ㄏㄢˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gau Beenhann</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kao<sup>1</sup> Pên<sup>3</sup>-han<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gao Běnhàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāu Běnhàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāu Běn-hàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[káʊ pə̀n.xân]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈbæ̌ːɳaɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɑ̂ːɭɡreːn]</a></span>; 15 October 1889 – 20 October 1978) was a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> who pioneered the study of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics#Phonology" title="Historical linguistics">historical phonology</a> using modern <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative methods</a>. In the early 20th century, Karlgren conducted large surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> and studied historical information on rhyming in ancient Chinese poetry, then used them to create the first ever complete <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructions</a> of what are now called <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernhard Karlgren was born on 15 October 1889 in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. His father, Johannes Karlgren, taught <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> at the local high school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist20111_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist20111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karlgren showed ability in linguistics from a young age, and was interested in Sweden's dialects and traditional folk stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mastered classical languages and was an accomplished translator of Greek poetry into his native language. He displayed an early interest in China, and wrote a drama, <i>The White Hind,</i> set in that country in his early teens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201128_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201128-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first scholarly article, a phonetic transcription, based on a system devised by <a href="/wiki/Johan_August_Lundell" title="Johan August Lundell">Johan August Lundell</a>, of traditional folk stories from his native province of <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, was completed when he was 14,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published in 1908 when he was only 18 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist1979142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist1979142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied Russian at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> under <a href="/wiki/Johan_August_Lundell" title="Johan August Lundell">Johan August Lundell</a>, a Slavicist interested in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>. He graduated in 1909 with a bachelor's degree in Nordic, Greek, and Slavonic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201137_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he initially intended to specialize in the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>, on the advice of his elder brother Anton Karlgren (1882–1973) he decided to focus on Chinese instead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBielenstein1979553_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein1979553-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracted to it also by the fact that, as Lundell had told him, Chinese contained a great number of dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135–36_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135–36-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He departed for St. Petersburg, which, under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vasilyev" title="Vasily Vasilyev">Vasily Vasilyev</a>, had created one of the major European centres for the study of Chinese. While there, Karlgren, studying under <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Ivanovich_Ivanov" title="Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov">A. I. Ivanov</a>, won a grant to study <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese dialects</a>, even though he had no background in Chinese at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karlgren lived in China from 1910 to 1912. He achieved basic fluency and literacy after only a few months of study, and prepared a questionnaire of 3,100 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> to gather information on Chinese dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his grant money ran out, Karlgren supported himself by teaching French and, famously, English, which, according to one anecdote, he had never been taught but had picked up from English-speaking passengers on the ship from Europe to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact he had received a high credit in English in his final High School exams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201136_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eventually gathered data on 19 different <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin dialects">Mandarin dialects</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, plus the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Japanese pronunciations</a> of the characters in his questionnaire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karlgren returned to Europe in January 1912, first staying in London, then in Paris, before arriving in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, where in 1915 he produced his doctoral dissertation, "<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Études sur la phonologie chinoise</i></span></i>" ("Studies on Chinese Phonology"). Although his dissertation was written in French, most of his subsequent scholarly works were in English. After obtaining his doctorate, Karlgren taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a>, serving as its rector from 1931 to 1936. </p><p>In 1939, Karlgren succeeded <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gunnar_Andersson" title="Johan Gunnar Andersson">Johan Gunnar Andersson</a> as director of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Far_Eastern_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities">Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</a> (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Östasiatiska Museet</i></span>), a post he held until 1959. This public museum was founded in 1926 on Andersson's pioneering discoveries of prehistoric archaeology made in China in the 1920s, and later expanded to cover later periods as well as other parts of Asia. Karlgren had been in close contact with Andersson for many years, and also succeeded Andersson as editor of the museum's journal, the <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i> (BMFEA, 1929–) and continued in this position until the 1970s. Karlgren himself first published many of his own major works in this annual journal, or as books in the monograph series of the museum. </p><p>In 1946, Karlgren began a far-reaching attack on the then rather loosely argued historiography of ancient China. Reviewing the literature on China's pre-Han history in his article <i>Legends and Cults in Ancient China</i>, he pointed out that "a common feature to most of these treatises is a curious lack of critical method in the handling of the material". In particular, Karlgren criticised the unselective use of documents from different ages when reconstructing China's ancient history. "In this way very full and detailed accounts have been arrived at—but accounts that are indeed caricatures of scientifically established ones."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren1946b199_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren1946b199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Karlgren was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karlgren died on 20 October 1978 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> at age 89. </p><p>Karlgren was the first scholar to use European-style principles of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> to study the Chinese language. He was also the first one to reconstruct the sounds of what are now called <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> (what he called "Ancient Chinese" and "Archaic Chinese" respectively). Karlgren suggested that at the very earliest stage recoverable, the personal pronouns were <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> for case. </p><p>Karlgren attempted to unearth Chinese history itself from its linguistic development and diffusion. As he writes in his English adaptation <i>Sound and Symbol in Chinese</i> (1923), Chapter I: "Thus, though Chinese traditions give no hint whatever of an immigration from any foreign country, and though there consequently is no external chronological <i>point d'appui</i>, we are nonetheless able to state, from internal evidence, that the Chinese tradition which places the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">emperor Yao</a> in the twenty-fourth century B.C. is correct; that the Chinese even in those remote times were skilled astronomers; that they put down in writing in the Chinese language records of memorable events, and in all probability wrote their accounts soon after the events; in short, that a well-developed Chinese civilization—resting undoubtedly on foundations many centuries old—together with the Chinese language, existed on Chinese soil two thousand years before Christ." </p><p>Although important as a pioneer of historical Chinese linguistics, Karlgren's original findings have been surpassed. Today the phonological systems proposed by Karlgren have largely been superseded, as their weaknesses are obvious: "Karlgren saw himself as reconstructing phonetics, not phonology, and paid little attention to phonological structure. As a result, the systems he reconstructed often lack the symmetry and pattern which are in the phonological systems of natural languages."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter19923-4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter19923-4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Karlgren's groundbreaking works laid the foundation of modern Chinese historical linguistics and many of his works are still used as works of reference.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar,_pre_1975.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar%2C_pre_1975.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar%2C_pre_1975.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar%2C_pre_1975.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar%2C_pre_1975.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar%2C_pre_1975.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar%2C_pre_1975.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Commander Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Order of the Polar Star</a> (23 November 1961)<sup id="cite_ref-Sköldenberg_(1969),_p._151_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sköldenberg_(1969),_p._151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation thesis cs1">— (1915). <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Études sur la phonologie chinoise</i></span></i> (Doctoral thesis). University of Uppsala. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10111%2FUIUCBB%3Akarlbe0001etusur">10111/UIUCBB:karlbe0001etusur</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3E%C3%89tudes+sur+la+phonologie+chinoise%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft.inst=University+of+Uppsala&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10111%2FUIUCBB%3Akarlbe0001etusur&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1918). <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Ordet och Pennan i Mittens Rike</i></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Swedish-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sv%22%3EOrdet+och+Pennan+i+Mittens+Rike%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Swedish-language+text&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span> Adapted as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundsymbolinchi00karluoft"><i>Sound and symbol in Chinese</i></a>, London: Oxford University Press, 1923. Reprinted 2007: Toronto: Global Language Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738924-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738924-0-6">978-0-9738924-0-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s2tungpaotoungp21corduoft#page/iv/mode/2up">"The reconstruction of Ancient Chinese"</a>. <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>21</b>: 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853222X00015">10.1163/156853222X00015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=The+reconstruction+of+Ancient+Chinese&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853222X00015&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fs2tungpaotoungp21corduoft%23page%2Fiv%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analyticdictiona00karl"><i>Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese</i></a>. Paris: Paul Geuthner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytic+Dictionary+of+Chinese+and+Sino-Japanese&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Paul+Geuthner&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanalyticdictiona00karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted by Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21887-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21887-8">978-0-486-21887-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Bulletin1_201704/Bulletin-1/n223">"The Authenticity of Ancient Chinese Texts"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>1</b>: 165–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+Ancient+Chinese+Texts&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=165-183&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FBulletin1_201704%2FBulletin-1%2Fn223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1931a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin3_201704/page/n7">"The Early History of the Chou Li and Tso Chuan Texts"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>3</b>: 1–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Chou+Li+and+Tso+Chuan+Texts&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1-59&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin3_201704%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1931b). "Tibetan and Chinese". <i>T'oung Pao</i>. Second Series. <b>28</b> (1–2): 25–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853231X00024">10.1163/156853231X00024</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4526964">4526964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=Tibetan+and+Chinese&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-70&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853231X00024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4526964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin477728/page/n9">"Word Families in Chinese"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>5</b>: 9–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Word+Families+in+Chinese&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=9-120&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin477728%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin9_201704/page/n3">"New Studies on Chinese Bronzes"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>9</b>: 9–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=New+Studies+on+Chinese+Bronzes&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=9-117&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin9_201704%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin12/page/n5">"Grammata Serica, Script and Phonetics in Chinese and Sino-Japanese"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>12</b>: 1–471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Grammata+Serica%2C+Script+and+Phonetics+in+Chinese+and+Sino-Japanese&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=1-471&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin12%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin13/page/n1">"Huai and Han"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>13</b>: 1–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Huai+and+Han&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-125&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin13%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin14/page/n111">"Glosses on the Kuo Feng Odes"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>14</b>: 71–247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Glosses+on+the+Kuo+Feng+Odes&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=71-247&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin14%2Fpage%2Fn111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin16/page/n53">"Glosses on the Siao ya odes"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>16</b>: 25–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Glosses+on+the+Siao+ya+odes&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=25-139&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin16%2Fpage%2Fn53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1946a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin18/page/n17">"Glosses on the Ta Ya and Sung Odes"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>18</b>: 1–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Glosses+on+the+Ta+Ya+and+Sung+Odes&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=1-198&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin18%2Fpage%2Fn17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlgren1946b" class="citation journal cs1">— (1946b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin18/page/n215">"Legends and Cults in Ancient China"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>18</b>: 199–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Legends+and+Cults+in+Ancient+China&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=199-365&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin18%2Fpage%2Fn215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin22/page/n7">"The Book of Documents"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>22</b>: 1–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Documents&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=1-81&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin22%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin26/page/n249">"Compendium of Phonetics in Ancient and Archaic Chinese"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>26</b>: 211–367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Compendium+of+Phonetics+in+Ancient+and+Archaic+Chinese&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=211-367&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin26%2Fpage%2Fn249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">— (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Bulletin299734/page/n7">"Grammata Serica Recensa"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>29</b>: 1–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Grammata+Serica+Recensa&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-332&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBulletin299734%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>In Swedish he published numerous popular works on Chinese language, culture and history. In the 1940s, he published three novels under the pen name Klas Gullman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grammata_Serica_Recensa" title="Grammata Serica Recensa">Grammata Serica Recensa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlgren%E2%80%93Li_reconstruction_of_Middle_Chinese" title="Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese">Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist20111-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist20111_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2011">Malmqvist (2011)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987126_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201128-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201128_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2011">Malmqvist (2011)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2011">Malmqvist (2011)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist1979142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist1979142_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist1979">Malmqvist (1979)</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201137-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201137_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2011">Malmqvist (2011)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein1979553-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBielenstein1979553_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBielenstein1979">Bielenstein (1979)</a>, p. 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135–36-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201135–36_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2011">Malmqvist (2011)</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987127_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201136-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist201136_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2011">Malmqvist (2011)</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren1946b199-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren1946b199_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlgren1946b">Karlgren (1946b)</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001203">"K.B.J. Karlgren (1889–1978)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K.B.J.+Karlgren+%281889%E2%80%931978%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00001203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter19923-4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter19923-4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Falkenhausen2001" class="citation journal cs1">von Falkenhausen, Lothar (2001). "Review of Göran Malmqvist, <i>Bernhard Karlgren: Ett forskarporträtt</i>". <i>China Review International</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 15–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcri.2001.0020">10.1353/cri.2001.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144505025">144505025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review+International&rft.atitle=Review+of+G%C3%B6ran+Malmqvist%2C+Bernhard+Karlgren%3A+Ett+forskarportr%C3%A4tt&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-33&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcri.2001.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144505025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=von+Falkenhausen&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sköldenberg_(1969),_p._151-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sköldenberg_(1969),_p._151_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSköldenberg1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sköldenberg, Bengt, ed. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/65665/1/gupea_2077_65665_1.pdf"><i>Sveriges statskalender. 1969</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer. p. 151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/3682754">3682754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+statskalender.+1969&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Fritzes+offentliga+publikationer&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgupea.ub.gu.se%2Fbitstream%2F2077%2F65665%2F1%2Fgupea_2077_65665_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a> (1992). <i>A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology</i>. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Old+Chinese+Phonology&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyer&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielenstein1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein" title="Hans Bielenstein">Bielenstein, Hans</a> (1979). "Bernhard Karlgren (1889–1978)". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 553. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602522">602522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Bernhard+Karlgren+%281889%E2%80%931978%29&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602522%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bielenstein&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmqvist1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Malmqvist" title="Göran Malmqvist">Malmqvist, Göran</a> (1979). "Bernhard Karlgren in Memoriam". <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 142–3. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23753040">23753040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Bernhard+Karlgren+in+Memoriam&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=142-3&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23753040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malmqvist&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmqvist2011" class="citation book cs1">——— (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwS87UyS76EC"><i>Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar</i></a>. Bethlehem, PA; Lanham, MD: Lehigh University Press; Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-001-8"><bdi>978-1-61146-001-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernhard+Karlgren%3A+Portrait+of+a+Scholar&rft.place=Bethlehem%2C+PA%3B+Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press%3B+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61146-001-8&rft.aulast=Malmqvist&rft.aufirst=N.+G.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwS87UyS76EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span> Translation of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Malmqvist" title="Göran Malmqvist">Göran Malmqvist</a>, <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Bernhard Karlgren: ett forskarporträtt</i></span></i> [<i>Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar</i>], Stockholm: Norstedts. 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). <i>The Languages of China</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernhard+Karlgren" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010916283X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74148419">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1440754/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp3Rkxc7kPkgQxvbxkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118992783">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79072709">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15105665g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15105665g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523110">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karlgren, Bernhard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV138654">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35260142">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karlgren, Bernhard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20191036691&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1797142">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070281238">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90361584">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000319893&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634681">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0763414jjxm">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813132888505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/199551">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263671505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04056302?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500320386">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/9e565a71-d811-4efc-aaaf-8a5acf9266df">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/64990553">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/886527">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118992783">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/060992492">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&oldid=1249749658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&oldid=1249749658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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