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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button 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id="toc-天文折射-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-數值" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數值"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>數值</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-數值-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進階讀物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進階讀物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>進階讀物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進階讀物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">大氣折射</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。27种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="الانكسار في الغلاف الجوي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانكسار في الغلاف الجوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Астранамічная рэфракцыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астранамічная рэфракцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3_atmosf%C3%A8rica" title="Refracció atmosfèrica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refracció atmosfèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="شکاندنەوەی تەوشک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شکاندنەوەی تەوشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9rick%C3%A1_refrakce" title="Atmosférická refrakce – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atmosférická refrakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomische_Refraktion" title="Astronomische Refraktion – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astronomische Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Γήινη διάθλαση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γήινη διάθλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction" title="Atmospheric refraction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atmospheric refraction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Refracción atmosférica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refracción atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9fraction_atmosph%C3%A9rique" title="Réfraction atmosphérique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfraction atmosphérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שבירה אטמוספירית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבירה אטמוספירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferska_refrakcija" title="Atmosferska refrakcija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atmosferska refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazione_atmosferica" title="Rifrazione atmosferica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rifrazione atmosferica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97%E5%B7%AE" title="大気差 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大気差" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0_%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="대기 굴절 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대기 굴절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomesch_Refraktioun" title="Astronomesch Refraktioun – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astronomesch Refraktioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferin%C4%97_refrakcija" title="Atmosferinė refrakcija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atmosferinė refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan_atmosfera" title="Pembiasan atmosfera – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiasan atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomische_refractie" title="Astronomische refractie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astronomische refractie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6risk_refraksjon" title="Atmosfærisk refraksjon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atmosfærisk refraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6risk_refraksjon" title="Atmosfærisk refraksjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atmosfærisk refraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcja_atmosferyczna" title="Refrakcja atmosferyczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Refrakcja atmosferyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Refração atmosférica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refração atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономическая рефракция – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрономическая рефракция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferska_refrakcija" title="Atmosferska refrakcija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atmosferska refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4risk_refraktion" title="Atmosfärisk refraktion – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atmosfärisk refraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Рефракція світла в атмосфері – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рефракція світла в атмосфері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%B9%9E%E5%B0%84" title="大氣繞射">大氣繞射</a></b>。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refracci%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Refracci%C3%B3n.png/220px-Refracci%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Refracci%C3%B3n.png/330px-Refracci%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Refracci%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>顯示<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>在日出和日落時位移的圖。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>大氣折射</b>（又稱：<b>蒙氣差</b>（蒙氣即行星的大氣）、<b>折光差</b>）即原本直線前進的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>或其它<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>在穿越大氣層時，因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="空气密度">空氣密度</a>隨著<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="高度">高度</a>變化所產生的偏折。這種折射是光通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>時因為密度的增加使速度降低（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="折射率">折射率</a>增加）。大氣<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>在近地面時會產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A8%93" class="mw-redirect" title="海市蜃樓">海市蜃樓</a>，讓遠方的物體出現或蕩漾，和非幻覺的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%B1%E7%8F%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%A1%9E%E4%BC%BC%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隱現和類似折射現象（页面不存在）">升高或降低，伸長或縮短</a>。這個詞也適用於<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="聲音">聲音</a>的折射。無論是天體或地面上物體位置的測量都需要考慮大氣折射。 </p><p>對天文或天體的折射，導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>在天空中的位置看起來比實際為高。大地折射通常導致物體出現在比實際高的位置上，然而在靠近地面的空氣被加熱的下午，光線的曲折向上會使物體看似出現在比實際位置低的地方。 </p><p>折射不僅影響可見光，還包括所有的電磁波，然而在程度上不盡相同（見<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%9A%84%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="光的色散">光的色散</a>）。例如在可見光，藍色受到的影響大於紅色。這會對天體光譜在展開時的高解析圖像造成影響。 </p><p>只要有可能，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文學家">天文學家</a>會安排在天體在天空中接近高度最高的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E9%BB%9E_(%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="頂點 (事物)">頂點</a>時才要觀測。同樣的，水手也不會觀測一顆高度低於20°或更低恆星的位置。如果不能避免靠近地平線的觀測，有可能使用具有修正系統，以彌補這種折射造成的影響。如果色散也是一個問題（如果是寬頻的高解析觀測），大氣折射可以使用成對的旋轉玻璃稜鏡處理掉。但是當大氣折射的總量是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度梯度">溫度梯度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="濕度">濕度</a>（特別是在中紅外波長時的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="水蒸氣">水蒸氣</a>總量）的函數時，成功補償這些修正量的工作可以讓人為之望而卻步。另一方面，測量師經常都會將他們的工作安排在下午折射程度最低的時候。 </p><p>在有很強的溫度梯度、大氣不均勻和空氣動盪的時候，大氣折射會變得很嚴重。這是造成<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E7%88%8D" title="閃爍">閃爍</a>和日出與日落時<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>各種不同變形的原因。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="天文折射"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E6.96.87.E6.8A.98.E5.B0.84"></span>天文折射</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：天文折射"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作為一個點光源，天文折射影響到天體的角位置，而經由不同的折射，會影響太陽、月亮、和其它天體的外觀形狀<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="數值"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.80.BC"></span>數值</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：數值"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="海什木">海什木</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="大氣光學">大氣光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%8B%AC" title="沈括">沈括</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_tracing_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray tracing (physics)（页面不存在）">Ray tracing (physics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBomford1980" class="citation">Bomford, Guy, Geodesy 4, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 282–284, 1980, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-851946-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-851946-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-851946-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Bomford&rft.btitle=Geodesy&rft.date=1980&rft.edition=4&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-851946-X&rft.pages=282-284&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進階讀物"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E9.9A.8E.E8.AE.80.E7.89.A9"></span>進階讀物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：進階讀物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR). 2010, <b>115</b>: D21102 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2012]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRD..11521102H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2010JGRD..11521102H</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010JD014067"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1029/2010JD014067</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R?func=dbin-jump-full&local_base=gen01-era02&object_id=155357">原始内容</a>存档于2016-09-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Monitoring+of+the+refraction+coefficient+of+the+lower+atmosphere+using+a+controlled+set-up+of+simultaneous+reciprocal+vertical+angle+measurements&rft.au=B%C3%BCrki%2C+B.&rft.au=Guillaume%2C+S.&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+H.&rft.au=Wisbar%2C+A.&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Hirt&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research+%28JGR%29&rft.pages=D21102&rft.volume=115&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.curtin.edu.au%3A80%2FR%3Ffunc%3Ddbin-jump-full%26local_base%3Dgen01-era02%26object_id%3D155357&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JGRD..11521102H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010JD014067&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNenerFowkesBorredon2003" class="citation">Nener, Brett D.; Fowkes, Neville; Borredon, Laurent, Analytical modesl of optical refraction in the troposphere, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 2003, <b>20</b> (5): 867–875, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JOSAA..20..867N"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2003JOSAA..20..867N</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.20.000867"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1364/JOSAA.20.000867</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Analytical+modesl+of+optical+refraction+in+the+troposphere&rft.au=Borredon%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Fowkes%2C+Neville&rft.aufirst=Brett+D.&rft.aulast=Nener&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=J.+Opt.+Soc.+Am.&rft.pages=867-875&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JOSAA..20..867N&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSAA.20.000867&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>*<cite id="CITEREFThomasJoseph1996" class="citation">Thomas, Michael E.; Joseph, Richard I., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/TD/td1703/thomas.pdf">Astronomical Refraction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Johns Hopkins Apl. Technical Digest, 1996, <b>17</b>: 279–284 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-12-08</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919072816/http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/TD/td1703/thomas.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2015-09-19）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Astronomical+Refraction&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Richard+I.&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johns+Hopkins+Apl.+Technical+Digest&rft.pages=279-284&rft.volume=17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechdigest.jhuapl.edu%2FTD%2Ftd1703%2Fthomas.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWang1998" class="citation">Wang, Yu, Very High-Resolution Space Telescope Using the Earth Atmosphere as the Objective Lens, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, 20 March 1998, <div class="noprint">hdl:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2014%2F19082">2014/19082</a></div></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.btitle=Very+High-Resolution+Space+Telescope+Using+the+Earth+Atmosphere+as+the+Objective+Lens&rft.date=1998-03-20&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/explain/atmos_refr/astr_refr.html">Astronomical Refraction</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141219100507/http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/explain/atmos_refr/astr_refr.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）—Andrew T. 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