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searchaux" style="display:none">Norwegian philologist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Helge Fauskanger</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1971-08-17</span>) </span>August 17, 1971<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 53)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Norwegian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Author, <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien studies">Tolkien studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helgefauskanger.com/">www<wbr />.helgefauskanger<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Helge Kåre Fauskanger</b> (born 17 August 1971) is a Norwegian author and <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>. In Norway he is known as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime novelist</a>; elsewhere, he is best known as a <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien scholar</a> with an interest in <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien's constructed languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fauskanger has studied both <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>, and has taken courses in classical Hebrew, Greek and Coptic.<sup id="cite_ref-Website_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Website-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main thesis <i>The Bible in Norwegian</i> (1998) compares selected texts from three widespread Norwegian Bible translations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes himself as an agnostic and skeptic.<sup id="cite_ref-Website_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Website-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fauskanger's satirical debut novel <i>Fullmåne over Uroba</i> ("Full Moon over Uroba" 2009) describes an alternative reality where a nation resembling the USA is located in Europe instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftenposten_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fauskanger's debut as a crime writer was the <a href="/wiki/Crime_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime novel">crime novel</a> <i>Skrinet</i> in 2012, published by Baskerville. This is a <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> pastiche where Holmes comes to Norway in 1895, and tracks down the lost reliquary of <a href="/wiki/St._Sunniva" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Sunniva">St. Sunniva</a>. The novel <i>Skarlagenssalen</i> (Gyldendal 2013) is a sequel to <i>Skrinet</i> with the same first-person narrator, who in this story meets the ten-year-old <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> in 1897. Vidkun is with his father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Lauritz_Qvisling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Lauritz Qvisling (page does not exist)">Jon Lauritz Qvisling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lauritz_Qvisling" class="extiw" title="no:Jon Lauritz Qvisling">no</a>]</span> on a paranormal investigation at a dark manor in <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a>. The story is a crime thriller with inspiration from <a href="/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr" title="John Dickson Carr">John Dickson Carr</a>. Both <i>Skrinet</i> and <i>Skarlagenssalen</i> were awarded a "<a href="/wiki/Die_throw_(review)" title="Die throw (review)">die throw</a>" of 5 by Norway's <i><a href="/wiki/Verdens_Gang" title="Verdens Gang">Verdens Gang</a></i> newspaper. </p><p>In 2015 he published a commentary edition of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Testament">The New Testament</a> newly translated from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> into Norwegian, observing to the annoyance of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bible_Society" title="Norwegian Bible Society">Norwegian Bible Society</a> that their 2011 version was more polished than the original.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftenposten_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation tried to preserve illogicalities and bad language in the original Bible text.<sup id="cite_ref-Askøyværingen_2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Askøyværingen_2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society commented that it was almost impossible to give the "real" text as it had mainly been presented orally and then written by people for whom Greek was not their first language; in their view Fauskanger's "polemic oozes with contempt". Fauskanger denied that he held the Bible in contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-NRK_2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRK_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tolkien_linguistics">Tolkien linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tolkien linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" class="wikitable"> <caption>The first few lines of a poem in <a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvish languages (Tolkien)">Tolkien's Elvish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Silmesse</i></th> <th>"In starlight"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p><i>Sinome háran i marya silmesse;</i><br /> <i>Ilmello sílar tinwi lómesse;</i><br /> <i>Cénanten, i telpeva hendi,</i><br /> <i>ve cennente i cuivie Quendi.</i> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Here I am sitting in the pale moonlight;<br /> from Ilmen sparks are shining in [the] night;<br /> They see me, the silvery eyes,<br /> as they saw the <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves#Awakening" title="Sundering of the Elves">wakening Elves</a>. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fauskanger is known for his linguistic work on <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>'s fictional world of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early nineties, he has been a regular contributor to <i>Angerthas</i>, the member magazine of Norway's <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien Society</a>. He started and runs the website <i>Ardalambion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien's constructed languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftenposten_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has been called "one of the principal websites for the study of Tolkien's languages".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website has been translated from English into a number of other languages. In connection with his work with Tolkien's languages, Fauskanger has appeared in the programs <i>Typisk Norsk</i> ("Typically Norwegian") and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norges_herligste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norges herligste (page does not exist)">Norges herligste</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_herligste" class="extiw" title="no:Norges herligste">no</a>]</span></i> ("Norway's Finest"). A poem he wrote in Tolkien's invented language <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> (<i>Silmessë</i>, "In starlight") was set to music by Carvin Knowles and had a music video made for it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the topics he has published papers on are <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has created a 20-lesson course on Quenya, which he states "presuppose[s] a deep and serious interest on the part of the student".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norwegian national newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> describes Fauskanger as having "an aura of 1905 about him", the year in which his book <i>Skamtegnet</i> is set. It calls the book at once a historical crime novel, a murder mystery, and a streak of supernatural horror. The paper's reviewer <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Gerhard_Olsen" title="Pål Gerhard Olsen">Pål Gerhard Olsen</a> calls the book "an excellent read" with an "exquisitely elegant" plot and a masterfully constructed ending.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftenposten_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper states that with his knowledge of multiple ancient languages "one can safely say that [Fauskanger] is almost unbearably scholarly".<sup id="cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftenposten_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewing Fauskanger's book <i>Skrinet</i>, the Norwegian daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Dagsavisen" title="Dagsavisen">Dagsavisen</a></i> writes that the novel begins from a sentence by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, which mentions that <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> visited Norway in 1895, and the last line of <i>The Adventure of Black Peter</i> where Holmes says that his address will be "somewhere in Norway". Asked if this was just "literary grave robbing", Fauskanger replied that the book has fun with Holmes, St Sunniva, and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> mysticism, three things that might not seem to be connected until one reads the book.<sup id="cite_ref-Dagsavisen_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dagsavisen_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Arda Philology</i>, Karolina Kazimierczak writes that Fauskanger's description of Quenya in his <i>Quenya Course</i> could easily be read as historical <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>. She comments that his interpretation seems "[close] to Tolkien's own vision of language, music, and their interrelations."<sup id="cite_ref-Kazimierczak_2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazimierczak_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2009 <i>Fullmåne over Uroba</i> (Full Moon over Uroba) – novel</li> <li>2012 <i>Skrinet</i> (The Casket) – crime novel</li> <li>2013 <i>Skarlagenssalen</i> (The Scarlet Hall) – crime novel</li> <li>2015 <i>Det nye testamente</i> (The New Testament) – bible translation and commentary</li> <li>2015 <i>Skamtegnet</i> (The Sign of Shame) – crime novel</li> <li>2021 <i>Skorpionbrosjen</i> (The Scorpion Brooch) – crime novel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Website-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Website_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Website_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fauskanger, Helge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helgefauskanger.com/">"Helge Kåre Fauskanger, Cand. philol"</a> (in Norwegian). Helge Fauskanger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helge+K%C3%A5re+Fauskanger%2C+Cand.+philol.&rft.pub=Helge+Fauskanger&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helgefauskanger.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger1998" class="citation book cs1">Fauskanger, Helge Kåre (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/hovedoppg.pdf"><i>Bibelen på norsk: en sammenlignende studie av tre nyere norske bibeloversettelser</i></a> [<i>The Bible in Norwegian: a comparative study of three recent Norwegian Bible translations</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nordic Institute, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a> (master's thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibelen+p%C3%A5+norsk%3A+en+sammenlignende+studie+av+tre+nyere+norske+bibeloversettelser&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute%2C+University+of+Bergen+%28master%27s+thesis%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge+K%C3%A5re&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Fhovedoppg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftenposten_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftenposten_2015_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeilhau2015" class="citation news cs1">Keilhau, Lars (4 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/i/2xkq/hk-fauskanger-aldri-saa-ille-at-det-ikke-kan-bli-forferdelig-mye-verre">"H.K. Fauskanger: "Aldri så ille at det ikke kan bli forferdelig mye verre"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [H.K. Fauskanger: 'Never so bad that it can't get an awful lot worse']. <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=H.K.+Fauskanger%3A+%22Aldri+s%C3%A5+ille+at+det+ikke+kan+bli+forferdelig+mye+verre%22&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft.aulast=Keilhau&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fkultur%2Fi%2F2xkq%2Fhk-fauskanger-aldri-saa-ille-at-det-ikke-kan-bli-forferdelig-mye-verre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Askøyværingen_2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Askøyværingen_2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418182150/http://www.av-avis.no/kultur/Gav-seg-i-kast-med-kristendommen-fikk-kristne-pa-nakken-294133.html">"Gav seg i kast med kristendommen – fikk kristne på nakken"</a> [Gave up Christianity – got Christians on his neck]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ask%C3%B8yv%C3%A6ringen" title="Askøyværingen">Askøyværingen</a></i>. 11 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.av-avis.no/kultur/Gav-seg-i-kast-med-kristendommen-fikk-kristne-pa-nakken-294133.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ask%C3%B8yv%C3%A6ringen&rft.atitle=Gav+seg+i+kast+med+kristendommen+%E2%80%93+fikk+kristne+p%C3%A5+nakken&rft.date=2015-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.av-avis.no%2Fkultur%2FGav-seg-i-kast-med-kristendommen-fikk-kristne-pa-nakken-294133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRK_2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRK_2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEse2015" class="citation news cs1">Ese, Britt Kristin (15 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/_-den-norske-bibelen-er-frisert-og-sminka-1.12253957">"Den norske Bibelen er frisert og sminka"</a> [The Norwegian Bible is all hair-do and make-up]. <i><a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft.atitle=Den+norske+Bibelen+er+frisert+og+sminka&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft.aulast=Ese&rft.aufirst=Britt+Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fhordaland%2F_-den-norske-bibelen-er-frisert-og-sminka-1.12253957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1">Fauskanger, Helge Kåre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elvish.org/elm/silmesse.html">"Silmesse"</a>. <i>Elvish.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elvish.org&rft.atitle=Silmesse&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge+K%C3%A5re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elvish.org%2Felm%2Fsilmesse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashford_2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashford_2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshford2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ashford, David (2018). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Orc Talk': Soviet Linguistics in Middle-Earth". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Fantastic_in_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts">Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1 (101)): 26–40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26627600">26627600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Fantastic+in+the+Arts&rft.atitle=%27Orc+Talk%27%3A+Soviet+Linguistics+in+Middle-Earth&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1+%28101%29&rft.pages=26-40&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26627600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ashford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1">Fauskanger, Helge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helgefauskanger.com/">"Ardalambion: Of the Tongues of Arda, the invented world of J.R.R. Tolkien"</a>. <i>Ardalambion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ardalambion&rft.atitle=Ardalambion%3A+Of+the+Tongues+of+Arda%2C+the+invented+world+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helgefauskanger.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Arda Philology</i>, 2009, p. iv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0-K_EcCdEs"><i>Silmesse</i> by The Fellowship (music video)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1">Fauskanger, Helge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm">"Sindarin – the Noble Tongue"</a>. <i>Ardalambion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ardalambion&rft.atitle=Sindarin+%E2%80%93+the+Noble+Tongue&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Fsindarin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskangerBlackSpeech" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fauskanger, Helge K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/orkish.htm">"Orkish and the Black Speech"</a>. <i>Ardalambion</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ardalambion&rft.atitle=Orkish+and+the+Black+Speech&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Forkish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1">Fauskanger, Helge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/qcourse.htm">"Quenya Course"</a>. <i>Ardalambion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ardalambion&rft.atitle=Quenya+Course&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Fqcourse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dagsavisen_2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dagsavisen_2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen2012" class="citation news cs1">Johansen, Kjetil (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2012/05/22/sherlock-holmes-til-norge/">"Sherlock Holmes til Norge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dagsavisen" title="Dagsavisen">Dagsavisen</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagsavisen&rft.atitle=Sherlock+Holmes+til+Norge&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=Kjetil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagsavisen.no%2Fnyheter%2Finnenriks%2F2012%2F05%2F22%2Fsherlock-holmes-til-norge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazimierczak_2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kazimierczak_2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazimierczak2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kazimierczak, Karolina Agata (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSCKWYbL63oC&pg=PA58">"Unfolding Tolkien's Linguistic Symphony"</a>. <i>Arda Philology</i> (2): 56–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789197350020" title="Special:BookSources/9789197350020"><bdi>9789197350020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arda+Philology&rft.atitle=Unfolding+Tolkien%27s+Linguistic+Symphony&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=56-79&rft.date=2009-08&rft.isbn=9789197350020&rft.aulast=Kazimierczak&rft.aufirst=Karolina+Agata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSCKWYbL63oC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelge+Fauskanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Fauskanger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="J._R._R._Tolkien" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template talk:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._R._R._Tolkien" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Poetry<br />and songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a></i> (1936) <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a></i>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Homecoming_of_Beorhtnoth_Beorhthelm%27s_Son" title="The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son">The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a></i> (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a>" (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tolkien%27s_alliterative_verse" title="List of Tolkien's alliterative verse">List of Tolkien's alliterative verse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/50px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/75px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/100px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a>" (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun" title="The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (1955)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Reader" title="The Tolkien Reader">The Tolkien Reader</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> (1983–1996) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> (Middle English text, 1925) </span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Coach_Horses" title="The Devil's Coach Horses">The Devil's Coach Horses</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse_and_Hali_Mei%C3%B0had" title="Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad">Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad</a>" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" title="Sigelwara Land">Sigelwara Land</a>" (1932–34)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chaucer_as_a_Philologist:_The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale">Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale</a>" (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>" (1939) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse" title="Ancrene Wisse">Ancrene Wisse</a></i> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a>" (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i> (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (translations, 1975) </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i> with "<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>" (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a></i> (1977, authorized biography)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moseley_(writer)" title="Charles Moseley (writer)">Charles Moseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Colin Duriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Holly Ordway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Literary<br />critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Nicholas Birns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer</a></li> <li>Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Patrick Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Bradford Lee Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Jason Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Foster (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Descriptive_Bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Honegger" title="Thomas Honegger">Thomas Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li>Brian Rosebury <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Amy H. Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Elizabeth Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Rose Zimbardo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Understanding The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Linguists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medievalists</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classicists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Jonathan Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ferré">Vincent Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Sandra Ballif Straubhaar</a></li> <li>Hamish Williams <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Classical_World_(book)" title="Tolkien and the Classical World (book)">Tolkien and the Classical World</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Popular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_GoodKnight" title="Glen GoodKnight">Glen GoodKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">J. E. A. Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages constructed by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Tolkien and the modernists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Estate" title="Tolkien Estate">Tolkien Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Tolkien fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Society_Awards" title="Tolkien Society Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a></i> (biographical film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i> (album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Middle-earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Template:Languages of Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Languages of Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Middle-earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. 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Tolkien">Languages of Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvish languages (Tolkien)">Elvish languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respective_case" title="Respective case">Respective case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a> (<i>Vinyar Tengwar</i>, <i>Parma Eldalamberon</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language in Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering of the Elves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974779#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974779#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974779#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000370334957">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/249643515">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhF34j3JbrRmBjvqtFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1042351600">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012068254">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99013886">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/170530280">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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