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height: 1.5625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ఒక స్వేచ్ఛా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-te.svg" width="119" height="16" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>వెతుకు</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" aria-label="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" autocapitalize="sentences" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ప్రత్యేక:అన్వేషణ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">వెతుకు</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te" class=""><span>విరాళాలు</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు" class=""><span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>లాగినవండి</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="వాడుకరి మెనూ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te"><span>విరాళాలు</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>లాగినవండి</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఈ IP అడ్రసు నుండి చేసిన దిద్దుబాట్ల జాబితా [y]" accesskey="y"><span>మార్పుచేర్పులు</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A" title="ఈ ఐపీ చిరునామా నుండి చేసిన మార్పుల గురించి చర్చ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ఈ IP కి సంబంధించిన చర్చ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eఈ నోటీసును తొలగించు\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"te\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable class=\"wikitable\"\u003E\n\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr style=\"align:center; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f1ff81; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cbig\u003Eవికీ పాఠకులే వికీ రచయితలు!\n\u003C/big\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"align:center; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #fff1ff; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003Eవికీలో వ్యాసాలు రాస్తున్నది ఎక్స్పర్టులూ, సబ్జెక్టు నిపుణులూ కాదు. ఇక్కడ సాధారణ పాఠకులే వ్యాసాలు రాస్తారు. అందరూ కలిసి పరస్పర సహకారంతో, సమన్వయంతో పనిచేస్తూ వ్యాసాలను రాస్తారు. వివిధ వనరుల్లోంచి సమాచారాన్ని సేకరించి, ఆ మూలాలను ఉదహరిస్తూ ఆ సమాచారాన్ని వికీలో చేరుస్తారు. మరింత సమాచారం కోసం \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81\" title=\"వికీపీడియా:పరిచయము\"\u003Eవికీపీడియా:పరిచయము\u003C/a\u003E చూడండి. ఈ పనిలో మీరూ భాగం పంచుకోవచ్చు. వికీలో \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%3F\" title=\"వికీపీడియా:అకౌంటు ఎందుకు సృష్టించుకోవాలి?\"\u003Eఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి\u003C/a\u003E. మీకు ఆసక్తి ఉన్న విషయం గురించిన సమాచారాన్ని రాసి, వికీ అభివృద్ధిలో మీరూ తోడ్పడండి. ఈ విషయంలో సందేహమేమైనా ఉంటే \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82\" title=\"వికీపీడియా:సహాయ కేంద్రం\"\u003Eవికీపీడియా సహాయకేంద్రంలో\u003C/a\u003E అడగండి.\n\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="విషయ సూచిక" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">విషయ సూచిక</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">సైడ్‌బార్‌ లోకి తరలించు</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">దాచు</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ప్రవేశిక</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ధర్మములు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ధర్మములు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ధర్మములు</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ధర్మములు-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ధర్మములు ఉపవర్గాన్ని టాగుల్ చెయ్యి</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ధర్మములు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-భౌతిక_ధర్మములు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#భౌతిక_ధర్మములు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>భౌతిక ధర్మములు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-భౌతిక_ధర్మములు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-రసాయన_ధర్మములు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#రసాయన_ధర్మములు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>రసాయన ధర్మములు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-రసాయన_ధర్మములు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-అమాల్గములు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#అమాల్గములు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>అమాల్గములు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-అమాల్గములు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ఐసోటోపులు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ఐసోటోపులు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>ఐసోటోపులు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ఐసోటోపులు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-వ్యుత్పత్తి" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#వ్యుత్పత్తి"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>వ్యుత్పత్తి</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-వ్యుత్పత్తి-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-చరిత్ర" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#చరిత్ర"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>చరిత్ర</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-చరిత్ర-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-లభ్యత" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#లభ్యత"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>లభ్యత</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-లభ్యత-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-రసాయనశాస్త్రం" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#రసాయనశాస్త్రం"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>రసాయనశాస్త్రం</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-రసాయనశాస్త్రం-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>రసాయనశాస్త్రం ఉపవర్గాన్ని టాగుల్ చెయ్యి</span> </button> <ul id="toc-రసాయనశాస్త్రం-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-పాదరసం(I)_సమ్మేళనలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#పాదరసం(I)_సమ్మేళనలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>పాదరసం(I) సమ్మేళనలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-పాదరసం(I)_సమ్మేళనలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-పాదరసం_(II)_సమ్మేళనాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#పాదరసం_(II)_సమ్మేళనాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>పాదరసం (II) సమ్మేళనాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-పాదరసం_(II)_సమ్మేళనాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-అనువర్తనాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#అనువర్తనాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>అనువర్తనాలు</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-అనువర్తనాలు-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>అనువర్తనాలు ఉపవర్గాన్ని టాగుల్ చెయ్యి</span> </button> <ul id="toc-అనువర్తనాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-వైద్యరంగంలో" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#వైద్యరంగంలో"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>వైద్యరంగంలో</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-వైద్యరంగంలో-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ప్రయోగశాల_ఉపయోగాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ప్రయోగశాల_ఉపయోగాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>ప్రయోగశాల ఉపయోగాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ప్రయోగశాల_ఉపయోగాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-నిచే_ఉపయోగం" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#నిచే_ఉపయోగం"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>నిచే ఉపయోగం</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-నిచే_ఉపయోగం-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-విషతుల్యం_,_భద్రత" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#విషతుల్యం_,_భద్రత"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>విషతుల్యం , భద్రత</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-విషతుల్యం_,_భద్రత-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-నియంత్రణలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#నియంత్రణలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>నియంత్రణలు</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-నియంత్రణలు-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>నియంత్రణలు ఉపవర్గాన్ని టాగుల్ చెయ్యి</span> </button> <ul id="toc-నియంత్రణలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-అంతర్జాతీయం" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#అంతర్జాతీయం"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>అంతర్జాతీయం</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-అంతర్జాతీయం-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-అమెరికా_సంయుక్త_రాష్ట్రాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#అమెరికా_సంయుక్త_రాష్ట్రాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-అమెరికా_సంయుక్త_రాష్ట్రాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-యూరోపియన్_యూనియన్" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#యూరోపియన్_యూనియన్"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-యూరోపియన్_యూనియన్-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-నార్వే" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#నార్వే"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>నార్వే</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-నార్వే-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-స్వీడన్" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#స్వీడన్"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>స్వీడన్</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-స్వీడన్-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-డెన్మార్క్" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#డెన్మార్క్"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>డెన్మార్క్</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-డెన్మార్క్-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-మూలాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#మూలాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>మూలాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-మూలాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ఇతర_పఠనాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ఇతర_పఠనాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>ఇతర పఠనాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ఇతర_పఠనాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-బయటి_లింకులు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#బయటి_లింకులు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>బయటి లింకులు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-బయటి_లింకులు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">పాదరసము</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 170 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 భాషలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="మంచి వ్యాసాలు"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element) – ఇంగ్లీష్" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mercury (element)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ఇంగ్లీష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पारा – హిందీ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="హిందీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8" title="ಪಾದರಸ – కన్నడ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾದರಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="కన్నడ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாதரசம் – తమిళము" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாதரசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="తమిళము" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82)" title="രസം (മൂലകം) – మలయాళం" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രസം (മൂലകം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="మలయాళం" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik" title="Kwik – ఆఫ్రికాన్స్" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kwik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ఆఫ్రికాన్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%9C%E1%89%83" title="ባዜቃ – అమ్హారిక్" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባዜቃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="అమ్హారిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento) – అరగోనిస్" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mercurio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="అరగోనిస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%82" title="زئبق – అరబిక్" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زئبق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="అరబిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82" title="زاواق – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زاواق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%82" title="زيبق – ఈజిప్షియన్ అరబిక్" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيبق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ఈజిప్షియన్ అరబిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuriu_(elementu)" title="Mercuriu (elementu) – ఆస్టూరియన్" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mercuriu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ఆస్టూరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civ%C9%99" title="Civə – అజర్బైజాని" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Civə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="అజర్బైజాని" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="جیوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%88" title="Терегөмөш – బాష్కిర్" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Терегөмөш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="బాష్కిర్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_(datu)" title="Rasa (datu) – బాలినీస్" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rasa (datu)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="బాలినీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asugi" title="Asugi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asugi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ртуць – బెలారుషియన్" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ртуць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="బెలారుషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ртуць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ртуць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Живак – బల్గేరియన్" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="బల్గేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पारा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पारा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6" title="পারদ – బంగ్లా" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="బంగ్లా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མེར་ཁུ་རི། – టిబెటన్" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེར་ཁུ་རི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="టిబెటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevargant" title="Bevargant – బ్రెటన్" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bevargant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="బ్రెటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa – బోస్నియన్" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Živa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="బోస్నియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(element)" title="Mercuri (element) – కాటలాన్" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mercuri (element)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="కాటలాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%80ng" title="Cūi-ngṳ̀ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi-ngṳ̀ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95" title="جیوە – సెంట్రల్ కర్డిష్" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="సెంట్రల్ కర్డిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentuvivu" title="Argentuvivu – కోర్సికన్" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Argentuvivu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="కోర్సికన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rtu%C5%A5" title="Rtuť – చెక్" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rtuť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="చెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D0%BB" title="Чĕркĕмĕл – చువాష్" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕркĕмĕл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="చువాష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian_byw_(elfen)" title="Arian byw (elfen) – వెల్ష్" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arian byw (elfen)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="వెల్ష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kviks%C3%B8lv" title="Kviksølv – డానిష్" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kviksølv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="డానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeba" title="Zeeba – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zeeba" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber – జర్మన్" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quecksilber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6" title="ދިރޭރަހަ – దివేహి" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިރޭރަހަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="దివేహి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υδράργυρος – గ్రీక్" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδράργυρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="గ్రీక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%B9ri" title="Mercùri – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mercùri" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrargo" title="Hidrargo – ఎస్పెరాంటో" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrargo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ఎస్పెరాంటో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento) – స్పానిష్" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mercurio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="స్పానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elavh%C3%B5be" title="Elavhõbe – ఎస్టోనియన్" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elavhõbe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ఎస్టోనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua) – బాస్క్యూ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkurio (elementua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="బాస్క్యూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuriu_(elementu)" title="Mercuriu (elementu) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mercuriu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="جیوه – పర్షియన్" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="పర్షియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohopea" title="Elohopea – ఫిన్నిష్" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elohopea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ఫిన్నిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyksilvur" title="Kyksilvur – ఫారోస్" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kyksilvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ఫారోస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercure_(chimie)" title="Mercure (chimie) – ఫ్రెంచ్" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mercure (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ఫ్రెంచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaksalwer" title="Kwaksalwer – ఉత్తర ఫ్రిసియన్" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kwaksalwer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ఉత్తర ఫ్రిసియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(element)" title="Mercuri (element) – ఫ్రియులియన్" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mercuri (element)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="ఫ్రియులియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mearcair_(d%C3%BAil)" title="Mearcair (dúil) – ఐరిష్" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mearcair (dúil)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ఐరిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mearcar_(meatailt)" title="Mearcar (meatailt) – స్కాటిష్ గేలిక్" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mearcar (meatailt)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="స్కాటిష్ గేలిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento) – గాలిషియన్" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mercurio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="గాలిషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotimembe" title="Kuarepotimembe – గ్వారనీ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotimembe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="గ్వారనీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="પારો – గుజరాతి" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પારો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="గుజరాతి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur" title="Mercur – మాంక్స్" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mercur" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="మాంక్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAi-ngi%C3%B9n" title="Súi-ngiùn – హక్కా చైనీస్" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Súi-ngiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="హక్కా చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melekulia" title="Melekulia – హవాయియన్" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Melekulia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="హవాయియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כספית – హిబ్రూ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כספית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="హిబ్రూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mercury (element)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa – క్రొయేషియన్" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Živa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ki_(chimi)" title="Mèki (chimi) – హైటియన్ క్రియోల్" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mèki (chimi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="హైటియన్ క్రియోల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higany" title="Higany – హంగేరియన్" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Higany" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="హంగేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Սնդիկ – ఆర్మేనియన్" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սնդիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ఆర్మేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Սնդիկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սնդիկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento) – ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mercurio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa – ఇండోనేషియన్" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ఇండోనేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurio" title="Merkurio – ఈడో" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Merkurio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ఈడో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvikasilfur" title="Kvikasilfur – ఐస్లాండిక్" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvikasilfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ఐస్లాండిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Mercurio (elemento chimico) – ఇటాలియన్" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercurio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ఇటాలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80" title="水銀 – జపనీస్" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水銀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="జపనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/margu" title="margu – లోజ్బాన్" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="margu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="లోజ్బాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვერცხლისწყალი – జార్జియన్" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერცხლისწყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="జార్జియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9Br%C9%A9k%C9%A9r%C9%A9" title="Mɛrɩkɩrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɛrɩkɩrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury – కికుయు" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mercury" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="కికుయు" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Сынап – కజఖ్" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сынап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="కజఖ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%80" title="수은 – కొరియన్" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수은" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="కొరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ртуть – కోమి-పర్మాక్" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ртуть" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="కోమి-పర్మాక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEbeq" title="Zîbeq – కుర్దిష్" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîbeq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="కుర్దిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Тюрк – కోమి" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тюрк" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="కోమి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri" title="Merkuri – కోర్నిష్" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Merkuri" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="కోర్నిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Сымап – కిర్గిజ్" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сымап" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="కిర్గిజ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrargyrum" title="Hydrargyrum – లాటిన్" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrargyrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="లాటిన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quecks%C3%ABlwer" title="Quecksëlwer – లక్సెంబర్గిష్" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Quecksëlwer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="లక్సెంబర్గిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хьюму муси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хьюму муси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik" title="Kwik – లిమ్బర్గిష్" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kwik" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="లిమ్బర్గిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuio_(elemento)" title="Mercuio (elemento) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mercuio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(element_chimich)" title="Mercurio (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mercurio (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A)" title="Mercury (ອົງປະກອບ) – లావో" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Mercury (ອົງປະກອບ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="లావో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvsidabris" title="Gyvsidabris – లిథువేనియన్" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvsidabris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="లిథువేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvsudrabs" title="Dzīvsudrabs – లాట్వియన్" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvsudrabs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="లాట్వియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volavelona" title="Volavelona – మలగాసి" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volavelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="మలగాసి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Майдар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Майдар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuoi" title="Konuoi – మావొరీ" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konuoi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="మావొరీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жива – మాసిడోనియన్" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жива" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="మాసిడోనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%81" title="Мөнгөн ус – మంగోలియన్" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөнгөн ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="మంగోలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯁꯅꯥ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛ – మణిపురి" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯅꯥ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="మణిపురి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पारा – మరాఠీ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="మరాఠీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ртуть – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ртуть" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa – మలయ్" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Raksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="మలయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ပြဒါး – బర్మీస్" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြဒါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="బర్మీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эрексия – ఎర్జియా" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эрексия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ఎర్జియా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="جیوه – మాసన్‌దెరాని" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیوه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="మాసన్‌దెరాని" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoliamochitl" title="Yoliamochitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yoliamochitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quecks%C3%BClver" title="Quecksülver – లో జర్మన్" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quecksülver" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="లో జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="पारो – నేపాలి" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पारो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="నేపాలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="पारो – నెవారి" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पारो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="నెవారి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik" title="Kwik – డచ్" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="డచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv – నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvikksølv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv – నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvikksølv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_t%C3%B3zh%C3%A1anii" title="Béésh tózháanii – నవాజొ" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh tózháanii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="నవాజొ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(element)" title="Mercuri (element) – ఆక్సిటన్" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mercuri (element)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ఆక్సిటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artugu" title="Artugu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Artugu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisha_meetaa" title="Bisha meetaa – ఒరోమో" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bisha meetaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ఒరోమో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6" title="ପାରଦ – ఒడియా" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାରଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ఒడియా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Джынасу – ఒసేటిక్" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джынасу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ఒసేటిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਾਰਾ – పంజాబీ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="పంజాబీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asugi" title="Asugi – పంపన్గా" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Asugi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="పంపన్గా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rt%C4%99%C4%87" title="Rtęć – పోలిష్" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rtęć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="పోలిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(element)" title="Mercuri (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mercuri (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="پارہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پارہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="پاره – పాష్టో" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="పాష్టో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%BArio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Mercúrio (elemento químico) – పోర్చుగీస్" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mercúrio (elemento químico)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="పోర్చుగీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_qullqi" title="Yaku qullqi – కెచువా" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku qullqi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="కెచువా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="మంచి వ్యాసాలు"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element) – రోమేనియన్" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mercur (element)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="రోమేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghearyiru" title="Ghearyiru – ఆరోమేనియన్" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghearyiru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="ఆరోమేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ртуть – రష్యన్" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ртуть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="రష్యన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="पारदः – సంస్కృతం" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पारदः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="సంస్కృతం" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%B9riu_(elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu)" title="Mercùriu (elementu chìmicu) – సార్డీనియన్" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mercùriu (elementu chìmicu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="సార్డీనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuriu_(elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu)" title="Mercuriu (elementu chìmicu) – సిసిలియన్" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mercuriu (elementu chìmicu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="సిసిలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element) – స్కాట్స్" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mercur (element)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="స్కాట్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eallisilba" title="Eallisilba – ఉత్తర సామి" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eallisilba" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ఉత్తర సామి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa – సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Živa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="රසදිය – సింహళం" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසදිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="సింహళం" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mercury (element)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortu%C5%A5" title="Ortuť – స్లోవక్" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ortuť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="విశేష వ్యాసాలు"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo_srebro" title="Živo srebro – స్లోవేనియన్" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živo srebro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elleesilb%C3%A2" title="Elleesilbâ – ఇనారి సామి" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elleesilbâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ఇనారి సామి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkuri" title="Meerkuri – సోమాలి" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Meerkuri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="సోమాలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiva" title="Zhiva – అల్బేనియన్" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zhiva" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="అల్బేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жива – సెర్బియన్" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="సెర్బియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw%C3%A4ks%C3%A4%C3%A4lwer" title="Kwäksäälwer – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kwäksäälwer" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_raksa" title="Cai raksa – సండానీస్" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cai raksa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="సండానీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvicksilver" title="Kvicksilver – స్వీడిష్" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvicksilver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="స్వీడిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebaki" title="Zebaki – స్వాహిలి" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zebaki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="స్వాహిలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywe_strzyb%C5%82o" title="Żywe strzybło – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Żywe strzybło" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Симоб – తజిక్" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Симоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="తజిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97" title="ปรอท – థాయ్" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรอท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="థాయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoge" title="Asoge – టగలాగ్" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asoge" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="టగలాగ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1va" title="Cıva – టర్కిష్" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cıva" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="టర్కిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Терекөмеш – టాటర్" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Терекөмеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="టాటర్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%83%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A(element)" title="مېركۇرىي(element) – ఉయ్‌ఘర్" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېركۇرىي(element)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ఉయ్‌ఘర్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ртуть – ఉక్రెయినియన్" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ртуть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ఉక్రెయినియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="پارہ – ఉర్దూ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ఉర్దూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simob" title="Simob – ఉజ్బెక్" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Simob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ఉజ్బెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artut%27" title="Artut' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Artut'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_ng%C3%A2n" title="Thủy ngân – వియత్నామీస్" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy ngân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="వియత్నామీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrargin" title="Hidrargin – వోలాపుక్" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hidrargin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="వోలాపుక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mierkeure_(elemint)" title="Mierkeure (elemint) – వాలూన్" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mierkeure (elemint)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="వాలూన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoge" title="Asoge – వారే" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asoge" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="వారే" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞 – వు చైనీస్" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="వు చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мөңгүсан – కల్మిక్" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Мөңгүсан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="కల్మిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mercury" title="I-Mercury – షోసా" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Mercury" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="షోసా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קוועקזילבער – ఇడ్డిష్" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוועקזילבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ఇడ్డిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0d%C3%A1k%C3%A0ol%C3%B3mi" title="Fàdákàolómi – యోరుబా" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fàdákàolómi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="యోరుబా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raemxngaenz" title="Raemxngaenz – జువాన్" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Raemxngaenz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="జువాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞 – చైనీస్" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="汞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-g%C3%AEn" title="Chúi-gîn – మిన్ నాన్ చైనీస్" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-gîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="మిన్ నాన్ చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80" title="水銀 – కాంటనీస్" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水銀" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">సైడ్‌బార్‌ లోకి తరలించు</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">దాచు</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">వికీపీడియా నుండి</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> నుండి దారిమార్పు చెందింది)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="te" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element, symbol Hg and atomic number <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:SHORTDESC:Chemical_element,_symbol_Hg_and_atomic_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="మూస:SHORTDESC:Chemical element, symbol Hg and atomic number (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">మూస:SHORTDESC:Chemical element, symbol Hg and atomic number</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4294015">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4171833">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><span class="nowrap">పాదరసం, <sub>00</sub>Hg</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/220px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/330px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/440px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff">పాదరసం</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4294015"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; background: transparant;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_atomic_weight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard atomic weight (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2615630">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>A</i><sub>r</sub>°(Hg)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3779865">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002200592000000000♠"></span>200.592<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.003</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002200590000000000♠"></span>200.59<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.01</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_atomic_weight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard atomic weight (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">abridged</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff">పాదరసం in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Argon" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none"> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Barium" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Europium" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununtrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununpentium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununseptium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununoctium</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాడ్మియం">Cd</a><br />↑<br /><strong>Hg</strong><br />↓<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="కోపెర్నీసియం (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Cn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="బంగారం">బంగారం</a> ← <strong>పాదరసం</strong> → <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="థాలియం">థాలియం</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Infobox_element/symbol-to-group/format&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="color legend: d-block" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#99ccff"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" class="mw-redirect" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_configuration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron configuration (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phase_(matter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phase (matter) (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2615630"><span class="nobold">at <span title="STP: standard temperature and pressure: 0 °C and 101.325 kPa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_temperature_and_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard temperature and pressure (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">STP</a></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">liquid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">234.3210 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−38.8290 °C, <br />−37.8922 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">629.88 K (356.73 °C, 674.11 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" class="mw-redirect" title="Density">Density</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(near <abbr title="room temperature">r.t.</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">13.534 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple_point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple point (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">234.3156 K, 1.65×10<sup>−7</sup> kPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_point_(thermodynamics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical point (thermodynamics) (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1750 K, 172.00 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_of_fusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enthalpy of fusion (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.29 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_of_vaporization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enthalpy of vaporization (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">59.11 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molar_heat_capacity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molar heat capacity (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.983 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor pressure"><b>Vapor pressure</b></a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure"><i>P</i></abbr> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(Pa)</span> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature"><i>T</i></abbr> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(K)</span> </th> <td>315 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>393 </td> <td>449 </td> <td>523 </td> <td>629 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidation state (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Oxidation state</a>s</th><td class="infobox-data">−2 , <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>+1</b></span>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>+2</b></span>  (a mildly <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> oxide)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronegativity (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.00 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic radius (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 151 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covalent_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covalent radius (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132±5 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_der_Waals_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van der Waals radius (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">155 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Mercury_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercury_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Mercury_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercury_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Mercury_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercury_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Mercury_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectral line (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Spectral line</a>s of పాదరసం</strong></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_nuclide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primordial nuclide (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystal structure (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigonal_crystal_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigonal crystal system (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">rhombohedral</a><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhombohedral crystal structure for పాదరసం" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_sound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speed of sound (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(liquid, 20 °C) 1451.4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre_per_second&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metre per second (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">m/s</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_conductivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermal conductivity (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.30 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(25 °C) 961n Ω⋅m </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetism (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamagnetic<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAS_Registry_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAS Registry Number (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-97-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient Chinese and Indians<span class="nowrap"> (before <a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 BC (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">2000 BC</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Hg": from its Latin name <i><a href="https://te.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrargyrum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:hydrargyrum">hydrargyrum</a></i>, itself from Greek <i><a href="https://te.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὑδράργυρος">hydrárgyros</a></i>, 'water-silver'</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#99ccff"><a 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title="List of data references for chemical elements (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/220px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/330px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/440px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>పీడనాన్ని కొలిచే పాదరస స్తంభం</figcaption></figure><p><b>పాదరసం</b> ఒక రసాయన మూలకము. దీని సంకేతము <b>Hg</b>, పరమాణు సంఖ్య 80. దీనిని <b>క్విక్ సిల్వర్</b> అంటారు. దీని గ్రీక్ పేరు "హైడ్రార్జిరం" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:IPA/English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="సహాయం:IPA/English (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>), "హైడ్రార్" అనే పదం నీల్లు అనే అర్థం తో మరియు "అర్జైరోస్" అనే పదం వెండి అనే అర్థం తో. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . ఇది ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో "డి" బ్లాకుకు చెందిన మూలకం. ఇది సాధారణ ఉష్ణోగ్రత, పీడనాల వద్ద ద్రవరూపంలో ఉండే ఏకైక లోహం. ఇదే పరిస్థితులలో ద్రవరూపంలో ఉండే మూలకం <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్రోమిన్">బ్రోమిన్</a>. గది ఉష్ణోగ్రత కంటే కొద్దిగా ఎక్కువ ఉష్ణోగ్రత వద్ద సీజియం, గాలియం, రుబీడియం మూలకాలు ద్రవరూపంలోనికి మారుతాయి. </p><p>పాదరసం ప్రకృతిలో "సిన్నాబార్ (మెర్క్యురిక్ సల్ఫైడ్)" రూపంలో ఖనిజంగా లభ్యమవుతుంది. </p><p>పాదరసం <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణమాపకం">ధర్మోమీటర్లు</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="భారమితి">బారోమీటర్లు</a>, మానోమీటర్లు, స్పైగ్మో మానోమీటర్లు, తేలియాడే కవాటాలు (ఫ్లోట్ వాల్వులు), మెర్క్యురీ స్విచ్‌లు, మెర్క్యురీ రిలేస్, ఫ్లోర్‌సెంట్ దీపాలు, యితర పరికరాలలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. పాదరసం మూలకం విషతుల్యం అయినందున దీనిని ధర్మోమీటర్లు, స్పైగ్మోమానోమీటర్లలో వైద్యరంగంలో వినియోగించడం తగ్గించారు. దీని స్థానంలో ఆల్కహాల్ లేదా గాలిన్‌స్టన్ తో నింపబడిన గాజు ధర్మోమీటర్లను, ధర్మిస్టర్ లేదా పరారుణ ఆధారిత ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ పరికరాలను వినియోగిస్తున్నారు. అదే విధంగా మెర్క్యురీ స్పైగ్మోమీటర్ల స్థానంలో మెకానికల్ ప్రెజర్ గేజ్, ఎలక్ట్రానికి స్ట్రయిన్ గేజ్ లు వాడుకలోనికి వచ్చాయి. పాదరసాన్ని శాస్త్రీయ పరిశోధనలలో, దంతవైద్యంలో "అమాల్గం" గాను ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు. పాదరసాన్ని మెర్క్యురీ ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ దీపాలకు ఉపయోగిస్తారు. పాదరస బాష్పాల నుండి విద్యుత్ ప్రసరించినపుడు తక్కువ తరంగదైర్ఘ్యం గల అతినీలలోహిత కాంతి వెలువడుతుంది. దీని కారణంగా గొట్టం ప్రకాశవంతమై దృగ్గోచర కాంతి ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది. </p><p>నీటిలోకరిగే పాదరస విషతుల్యాలు (ఉదా: మెర్యురిక్ క్లోరైడ్ లేదా మిథైల్ మెర్క్యురీ), పాదరస భాస్ఫాలను పీల్చడం కారణంగా కారణంగా <b>పాదరస విషమయం</b> అవుతుంది. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ధర్మములు"><span id=".E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ధర్మములు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=1" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ధర్మములు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="భౌతిక_ధర్మములు"><span id=".E0.B0.AD.E0.B1.8C.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.95_.E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>భౌతిక ధర్మములు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=2" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: భౌతిక ధర్మములు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg/220px-Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg/330px-Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg/440px-Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>ఉత్ప్లవన బలం, తలతన్యత కారణంగా పాదరసం పై తేలియాడుతున్న ఒక పౌండ్ నాణెం (సాంద్రత ~7.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) </figcaption></figure> <p>పాదరసం భారమైన, వెండి-తెలుపు రంగు గల ద్రవరూప లోహం. ఇతర లోహాలలో పోల్చినపుడు తక్కువ ఉష్ణవాహకత కలిగి ఉంటుంది కానీ మంచి విద్యుద్వాహకం.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>దీని ఘనీభవన స్థానం −38.83 °C, బాష్పీభవన స్థానం 356.73 °C, <sup id="cite_ref-Senese1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senese1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norrby_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norrby-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. ఈ విలువలు ఏవైనా స్థిర లోహాల కంటే తక్కువ.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> పాదరసాన్ని ఘనీభవనం చెందించినపుడు దాని ఘనపరిమాణం 3.59% తగ్గుతుంది, సాధ్రత 13.69 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (ద్రవరూపంలో ఉన్నప్పుడు) నుండి 14.184 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (ఘన రూపంలో ఉన్నప్పుడు) కు పెరుగుతుంది. ఘనపరిమాణ వ్యాకోచ గుణకం 0 °C వద్ద 181.59 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, 20 °C వద్ద 181.71 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, 100 °C వద్ద 182.50 × 10<sup>−6</sup> ఉంటుంది. ఘన రూప పాదరసం స్తరణీయత, తాంతవత లక్షణాలను కలిగి ఉండి కత్తితో కత్తిరించే విధంగా ఉంటుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>పాదరసం ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసంలో ఎలక్ట్రానులు 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d, 6s ఉప స్థిర కక్ష్యలలో ఉంటాయి. ఈ విన్యాసం ఎలక్ట్రాన్ కోల్పోవడాన్ని నిరోధిస్తుంది కనుక పాదరసం జడ వాయువుల వలె ప్రవర్తిస్తుంది. బలహీన బంధాలను ఏర్పరచుకోవడం వలన దీని ద్రవీభవన ఉష్ణోగ్రత తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="రసాయన_ధర్మములు"><span id=".E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A8_.E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>రసాయన ధర్మములు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=3" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: రసాయన ధర్మములు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసం, సజల సల్ఫ్యూరికామ్లం వంటి అనేక ఆమ్లాలతో చర్య జరపదు. కానీ గాఢ సల్ఫ్యూరికామ్లం, నత్రికామ్లము లేదా ఆక్వా రెజియా వంటి ఆక్సీకరణ ఆమ్లాలలో కరిగి సల్ఫేట్, నైట్రేట్, క్లోరైడ్లను ఇస్తుంది. సిల్వర్ (వెండి) వలెనే పాదరసం వాతావరణంలోని హైడ్రోజన్ సల్ఫైడ్ తో చర్యజరుపుతుంది. పాదరసం ఘన రూప గంధకం (సల్ఫర్) తో చర్య జరుపుతుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="అమాల్గములు"><span id=".E0.B0.85.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.97.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>అమాల్గములు</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=4" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: అమాల్గములు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>పాదరస- ఉత్సర్గ వర్ణపటం గల దీపం</figcaption></figure> <p>పాదరసం బంగారం, వెండి వంటి లోహాలలో కరిగి వాటి అమాల్గములను ఏర్పరచును. ఇందులో ఇనుము మినహాయింపు. ఇనుప పాత్రలను పాదరసం సాంప్రదాయకంగా పాదరసం వర్తకంలో వాడుతారు. ఆవర్తన పట్టికలోని మొదటి వరుసలోని ఇతర పరివర్తన మూలకాలలో మాగనీస్, కాపర్, జింక్ లు అమాల్గములు ఏర్పరచడానికి అయిష్టతను చూపుతాయి. ప్లాటినంతో సహా యితర మూలకాలు పాదరసంతో అమాల్గములు ఏర్పరచవు.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> సేంద్రియ సంశ్లేషణలో సాధారణంగా సోడియం అమాల్గములు క్షయకరణ కారకాలుగా పనిచేస్తాయి. ఈ అమాల్గములు అధిక పీడన సోడియం దీపాలలో వాడుతారు. </p><p>స్వచ్ఛమైన పాదరసం అల్యూమినియం మూలకాలు కలసినపుడు మెర్క్యురీ - అల్యూమినియం అమాల్గం ఏర్పరచును. ఈ అమాల్గం అల్యూమినియం లోహాన్ని అల్యూమినియం ఆక్సైడ్ పొర ఏర్పడుటను (క్షయం కాకుండా) కాపాడుతుంది. అయినప్పటికీ కొద్ది మొత్తంలో పాదరసం అల్యూమినియాన్ని క్షయం చెందిస్తుంది. దీని కారణంగా సాధారణ పరిస్థితులలో విమానాలలో పాదరసం అనుమతించబడదు. ఎందుకంటే విమానం యొక్క బహిర్గత అల్యూమినియం భాగాలతో పాదరసం కలసి మిశ్రమాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-CorrAl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CorrAl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>పాక్షిక పరిస్థితులలో ఒక విమానంలో పాదరసం అనుమతించబడదు ఎందుకంటే ఇది విమానంలో బహిర్గతమైన అల్యూమినియం భాగాలతో ఒక మిశ్రమాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. పాదరసం పెళుసుదనం ద్రవలోహాల పెళుసుదనం యొక్క సాధారణ రకం. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ఐసోటోపులు"><span id=".E0.B0.90.E0.B0.B8.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.9F.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.AA.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ఐసోటోపులు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=5" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ఐసోటోపులు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసానికి అనేక స్థిర ఐసోటోపులు ఉన్నాయి. అందులో అత్యధికంగా (29.86%) లభ్యమయ్యేది <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">202</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Hg</span>. ఎక్కువ కాలం జీవించే రేడియో ఐసోటోపులు <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">194</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Hg</span> (అర్థ జీవిత కాలం 444 సంవత్సరాలు), <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">203</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Hg</span> (అర్థ జీవిత కాలం 46.612 రోజులు). మిగిలిన ఐసోటోపులలో అనేకమైన వాటి అర్థ జీవిత కాలం ఒక రోజు కంటే తక్కువ ఉంటుంది. <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">199</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Hg</span>, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">201</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Hg</span> లను తరచుగా NMR (నూక్లియర్ మాగ్నటిక్ రిజొనెన్స్) - క్రియాశీల కేంద్రకాలలో పరిశోధిస్తుంటారు. వీటి స్పిన్ లు వరుసగా <span class="template-frac">½</span>, <span class="template-frac">3⁄2</span> ఉంటాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="వ్యుత్పత్తి"><span id=".E0.B0.B5.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.BF"></span>వ్యుత్పత్తి</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=6" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: వ్యుత్పత్తి"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసం యొక్క నవీన రసాయన సంకేతం Hg. ఈ పదం లాటిన్ పదమైన "హైడ్రార్జిరం" నుండి వ్యుత్పత్తి అయినది. ఈ పదం యొక్క అర్థం "వాటర్-సిల్వర్". ఈ పదార్థం నీరువలె ఉండి వెండిని పోలి ఉండటం వలన ఈ పేరు వచ్చింది. వేగం, చలనశీలత కలిగిన రోమన్ దేవుడైన "మెర్క్యురి" పేరును ఈ మూలకానికి పెట్టారు. ఈ మూలకం పేరు సౌరమండలంలోని మెర్క్యురీ (బుధుడు) తో సంబంధం కలిగి లోహం యొక్క రసవాద సంకేతాలతో కూడా పోలి ఉంటుంది. రసవిజ్ఞానం యొక్క సంస్కృత అర్థం "రసవతం". దీని అర్థం "ద వే ఆఫ్ మెర్క్యురీ".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="చరిత్ర"><span id=".E0.B0.9A.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0"></span>చరిత్ర</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=7" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: చరిత్ర"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/120px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/180px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/240px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>ప్రాచీన కాలం నుండి "మెర్క్యురీ" (బుధుడు) గ్రహాన్ని సూచించే గుర్తు.</figcaption></figure> <p>పాదరసం సా.శ.పూ 1500 నుండి ఈజిప్టు సమాధులపై కనుగొన్నారు.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>చైనా, టిబెట్ లలో జీవితకాలం పోడిగించుకోవడానికి, పగుళ్ళు నయం చేయడానికి, ఆరోగ్యాన్ని కాపాడుకోవడానికి ఉపయోగించేవారు. అయితే పాదరసం ఆవిరికి గురికావడం తీవ్రమైన ప్రతికూల ఆరోగ్య ప్రభావాలు కలిగాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> చైనా మొదటి చక్రవర్తి అయిన "క్విన్ షి హాంగ్ డి" తాను పరిపాలిస్తున్న రాజ్యంలో ప్రవహిస్తున్న పాదరసం గల నదిలో ఉన్న సమాధిలో ఖననం చేయబడ్డాడు అనే ఆరోపణలున్నాయి. అతడికి అమరత్వం ప్రసాదించుటకు క్విన్ దేశ రసవాదులచే (కాలేయం వైఫల్యం, పాదరస విషమయం, మెడడు చావు కారణంగా) పాదరసం త్రావింపబడి మరణించాడని ఆరోపణలున్నాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wright_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ఈజిప్టు లోని రెండవ తులునిడ్ పాలకుడు "ఖుమరవేహ్ ఇబ్న్ అహ్మద్ ఇబ్న్ తులున్" (884-896) దుబారా, వృధావ్యయం చేసేవానిగా పేరు పొందాడు. అతడు పాదరసంతో నింపిన ఒక తొట్టెలో గాలితో నింపిన తలగడలపై నిద్రించేవాడు.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2014 నవంబరులో అధిక పరిమాణంలో గల పాదరస నిల్వలను మెక్సికోలోని 1800 సంవత్సరాల నాటి "టెంపుల్ ఆఫ్ ద ఫీచర్డ్ సెర్పంట్" పిరమిడ్ 60 అడుగుల క్రిందిభాగంలో గల గదిలో విగ్రహాలు, చిరుతపులి అవశేషాలతో గల పెట్టెలో కనుగొన్నారు.<sup id="cite_ref-Yuhas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuhas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ప్రాచీన గ్రీకులు సిన్నాబార్ (మెర్క్యురి సల్ఫైడ్) ను లేపనాలకు వాడేవారు. ప్రాచీన ఈజిప్టియన్లు, రోమన్లు సౌందర్య సాధన సామాగ్రికి ఉపయోగించేవారు. మయ నాగరికతలో పెద్ద నగరంగా ఉండే లామనాయిలో గల మెసమెరిచన్ బాల్‌కోర్టులో పాదరస కొలనును కనుగొన్నారు.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>సా.శ.పూ 500 లలో ఇతర లోహాలతో కూడిన "అమాల్గం" (పాదరసం యొక్క మిశ్రమలోహాలు) లను తయారుచేయబడ్డాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>రసవాదుల ఆలోచన ప్రకారం అన్ని లోహాలు ఏర్పడటానికి మొట్టమొదటి పదార్థంగా పాదరసం ఉండేది. పాదరసంలో సల్ఫర్ వివిధ పరిమాణంలో చేరడం వలన వివిధ లోహాలు ఏర్పడ్డాయని నమ్మేవారు. ఈ సమ్మేళనాలలో స్వచ్ఛమైనది బంగారం అని వారి నమ్మకం.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ఆల్మడెన్ (స్పెయిన్), మోంటే అమియాటా (ఇటలీ), ఇద్రిజ (ప్రస్తుతం సాల్వేనియా) గనులలో అధిక స్థాయిలో పాదరసం లభ్యమవుతుంది. 2500 సంవత్సరాలకు పూర్వం అమాల్డన్ గనులు ప్రారంభమైనవి. 19వ శతాబ్దం చివరివరకు కొత్త నిల్వలు కనుగొనబడ్డాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-MercHz_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MercHz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="లభ్యత"><span id=".E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.AD.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A4"></span>లభ్యత</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=8" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: లభ్యత"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసం భూ పటలంలో లభ్యమయ్యే అరుదైన మూలకం. భూ పటలంలో మిలియన్ భాగాలలో 0.08 భాగాలు ద్రవ్యరాశి పరంగా లభ్యమవుతుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> పాదరసం భూపటలంలో అత్యధికంగా గల మూలకాలతో చర్య చెందదు. పాదరస ధాతువులు సాధారణమైన రాతిలో మూలకం సమృద్ధిగా అసాధారణమైన గాఢతతోలభ్యమవుతుంది. అత్యధిక పరిమాణంలో గల పాదరస ధాతువులు ద్రవ్యరాశి పరంగా 2.5% పాదరసాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి. అతి తక్కువగా పాదరస ధాతువులు 0.1% పాదరసాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి. పాదరసం ప్రకృతిసిద్ధం లోహంగా (అరుదుగా) లేదా సిన్నాబార్, కార్డెరోయిట్, లివింగ్‌స్టోనైట్, ఇతర ఖనిజాలలో లభ్యవవుతుంది. పాదరసం యొక్క సాధారణ ఖనిజం "సిన్నాబార్" (HgS) <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> పాదరస ఖనిజాలు తరచుగా వేడి నీటి బుగ్గలు లేదా ఇతర అగ్నిపర్వత ప్రాంతాలలో ఉంటాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1558 ప్రారంభంలో ధాతువు నుండి <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="వెండి">వెండిని</a> పాదరసం ఉపయోగించి సంగ్రహణం చేయుటకు "పాటియో విధానం" కనుగొనబడింది. దీని కారణంగా స్పెయిన్, దానిలోగల అమరికన్ కాలనీల ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థలో పాదరసం ఆవశ్యక వనరుగా పరిగణింపబడేది. న్యూ స్పెయిన్, పెరూ దేశాలలో లూక్రటివ్ గనుల నుండి సిల్వర్ ను సంగ్రహించుటకు పాదరసాన్ని ఉపయోగించేవారు. ప్రారంభంలో దక్షిణ స్పెయిన్ లోని ఆలమండెన్ వద్ద గల స్పానిష్ క్రౌన్ గనులు పాదరసాన్ని అన్ని కాలనీలకు సరఫరా చేసేవి.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> నవీన ప్రపంచంలో మూడు శతాబ్దాలలో 100,00 టన్నుల పాదరసాన్ని హకావెలికా, పెరూ ప్రాంతాలలో గల గనుల నుండి తీసారు. 19 వ శతాబ్దంలో పాదరసాన్ని వెండి గనులలో ఉపయోగించుటకు పాటియో పద్ధతి, తరువాత పాన్‌ అమాల్గమేషన్ పద్ధతులకు అధిక డిమాండ్ ఉంది.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ఇటలీ, యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్, మెక్సికో దేశాలలోని పూర్వపు గనులు, ప్రపంచంలో అధిక పరిమాణంలో పాదరసాన్ని ఉత్పత్తి చేసేవి. ప్రస్తుతం అవి పూర్తిగా మైనింగ్ చేయబడినవి. అదే విధంగా స్లోవేనియా (ఇద్రజ), స్పెయిన్ (అల్మడెన్) గనులు పాదరసం ధర తగ్గిపోవడం కారణంగా మూసివేయబడినవి. 1992 లో యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ లో వెవాడా యొక్క మెక్‌డెర్మిట్ గని మూసివేయబడింది. పాదరసం యొక్క ధర వివిధ సంవత్సరాలలో చాలా అస్థిరంగా ఉంది. 2006 లో 76 పౌండ్ల (34.46 kg) ఫ్లాస్కుకు $ 650 ఉంది.<sup id="cite_ref-brooks_usgs_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks_usgs-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Mercury-27128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mercury-27128.jpg/220px-Mercury-27128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mercury-27128.jpg/330px-Mercury-27128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mercury-27128.jpg/440px-Mercury-27128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>కాలిఫీర్నియాలో సోక్రటీస్ గనులలో గల పాదరసం యొక్క ఖనిజం "సిన్నాబార్".</figcaption></figure> <p>పాదరస ధాతువైన "సిన్నాబార్"ను గాలిలో వేడి చేయడం , దాని ఆవిర్లను ద్రవీకరించడం వలన సంగ్రహణం చేస్తారు. ఈ చర్యకు రసాయన సమీకరణం. </p> <dl><dd>HgS + O<sub>2</sub> → Hg + SO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>2005లో ప్రపంచ పాదరస ఉత్పత్తిలో మూడింట రెండు వంతులు చైనా మొదటి స్థానంలో ఉంది.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> అనేక ఇతర దేశాలలో కూడా కాపర్ ఎలక్ట్రోవిన్నిగ్ పద్ధతులు , వ్యర్థాల నుండి పాదరసం నమోదు కాబడిన స్థాయిలో ఉత్పత్తి అయినట్లు భావింపబతుతోంది. </p><p>పాదరసం అధిక విషతుల్యం అయినందున, సిన్నాబార్‌ను గనులనుండి త్రవ్వకాలు , పాదరసం శుద్ధి విధానాలు ప్రమాదకరమైనవి , పాదరస విష కాలుష్యానికి చారిత్రిక కారణం అవుతున్నవి.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> చైనాలో జైలులో గల ఖైదీ కార్మికులను 1950లలో సిన్నాబార్ మైనింగ్ అభివృద్ధి చేయడానికి ఉపయోగించేవారు. లుయో క్సై మైనింగ్ కంపెనీ ద్వారా క్రొత్త టన్నల్స్ నెలకొల్పుటకు వేలాది ఖైదీలను ఉపయోగించేవారు.<sup id="cite_ref-GREEN_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREEN-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ఈ ఖనిజాన్ని త్రవ్వడానికి కూలీల ఆరోగ్యం పెద్ద ప్రమాదంలో పడుతుంది. </p><p>యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్ "ఫ్లోర్‌సెంట్ బల్బు" ల తయారీలో పాదరస వినియోగాన్ని గుర్తిస్తూ 2012 లో చైనాకు సిన్నాబార్ గనులను తిరిగి తెరవ వలసినదిగా పిలుపునిచ్చాయి. దక్షిణ నగరాలైన ఫోషన్, గువాన్‌ఝో లలో పర్యావరణ ప్రమాదాలు ఒక సమస్యగా మారాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-GREEN_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREEN-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="రసాయనశాస్త్రం"><span id=".E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.B6.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B8.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.82"></span>రసాయనశాస్త్రం</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=9" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: రసాయనశాస్త్రం"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసం ముఖ్యంగా I, II ఆక్సీకరణ స్థితులలో ఉంటుంది. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="పాదరసం(I)_సమ్మేళనలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.A6.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.82.28I.29_.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.87.E0.B0.B3.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>పాదరసం(I) సమ్మేళనలు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=10" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: పాదరసం(I) సమ్మేళనలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>తేలికైన ఇతర మూలకాలైన కాడ్మియం, జింకు వలె కాక పాదరసం సాధారణంగా సరళమైన స్థిరమైన లోహ-లోహ బంధాలను ఏర్పరచగలదు. పాదరసం (I) సమ్మేళనాలు డయా అయస్కాత పదార్థాలు. అవి Hg<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span> డైమరిక్ కాటయాన్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. క్లోరైడ్లు, నైట్రేట్లతో పాటు స్థిర ఉత్పన్నాలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> మెర్క్యురీ (I) క్లోరైడ్ రంగులేని ఘన పదార్థం. ఇది "కలోమెల్" అని పిలువబడుతుంది. దీని ఫార్ములా Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2.</sub> </p><p>మెర్క్యురీ (I) హైడ్రైడ్ రంగులేని వాయుపదార్థం దీని ఫార్ములా HgH.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="పాదరసం_(II)_సమ్మేళనాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.A6.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.82_.28II.29_.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.87.E0.B0.B3.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>పాదరసం (II) సమ్మేళనాలు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=11" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: పాదరసం (II) సమ్మేళనాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>మెర్క్యురీ (II) అనునది ప్రకృతిలో లభించిన సర్వసాధారణమైన ఆక్సీకరణ స్థితి. నాలుగు పాదరసం యొక్క హాలైడ్లు తెలిసినవే. అవి టెట్రాహైడ్రల్ నిర్మాణాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. వాటిలో మెర్క్యురీ (II) క్లోరైడ్ అందరికీ సుపరిచితమైనది. ఇది తెలుపు రంగును కలిగి "ఉత్పతనం" త్వరగా చెందగలదు. HgCl<sub>2</sub> సంయోజనీయ బంధాలను ఏర్పరచి టెట్రాహైడ్రల్ నిర్మాణం కలిగిఉంటుంది. </p><p>పాదరసం ఆక్సైడ్ లలో ముఖ్యమైన మెర్క్యురీ (II) ఆక్సైడ్. ఎక్కువ ఉష్ణోగ్రతల వద్ద లోహానికి గాలి తగిలేటట్టు చేసినప్పుడు ఇది ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఇది 400 °C వద్ద వేడి చేయడం ద్వారా తిరోగమన చర్య జరిగుతుంది. ఈ చర్యను స్వచ్ఛమైన ఆక్సిజన్ యొక్క ప్రారంభ సంశ్లేషణలో <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="జోసెఫ్ ప్రీస్ట్‌లీ">జోసెఫ్ ప్రిస్టిలీ</a> ప్రదర్శించినట్లుగా తెలుస్తుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>సున్నితమైన లోహంగా పాదరసం చాల్కొజన్లతో కలసి స్థిరమైన ఉత్పన్నాలను ఏర్పరస్తుంది. అందులో మెర్క్యురీ (II) సల్ఫైడ్ (HgS) ప్రకృతిలో "సిన్నాబార్" థాతువు రూపంలో లభ్యమవుతుంది. జికు సల్ఫైడ్ (ZnS) వలెనే HgS రెండు రూపాలలో స్పటికీకరణం చెందుతుంది. అవి ఎరుపు రంగు గల ఘనాకృతి, నలుపు రంగు గల జింకే బ్లెండ్ రూపం.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> మెర్క్యురీ (II) సెలెనైడ్, మెర్క్యురీ (II) టెల్లూరైడ్ కూడా సుపరిచితములైన ఉత్పన్నాలే. ఇవే కాకుండా వాటి ఉత్పన్నాలైన మెర్క్యురీ కాడ్మియం టెల్లూరైడ్, మెర్క్యురీ జింక్ టెల్లూరైడ్ లు అర్థవాహకాలుగా పరారుణ శోధక పదార్థాలుగా ఉపయోగపడుతున్నాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>మెర్క్యురీ ఫల్మినేట్ అనేది ఒక డిటనేటర్. దీనిని ప్రేలుడు పదార్థాలలో వాడుతున్నారు.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="అనువర్తనాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.85.E0.B0.A8.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B5.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>అనువర్తనాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=12" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: అనువర్తనాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG/220px-Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG/330px-Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG/440px-Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>ఉష్ణమాపక గాజు బల్బులో ఉన్న పాదరసం</figcaption></figure> <p>పాదరసాన్ని పారిశ్రామికంగా రసాయనాల ఉత్పత్తిలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. విద్యుత్, ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ అనువర్తనాలలో కూడా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. దీనిని <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణమాపకం">ఉష్ణమాపకాలలో</a> అధిక ఉష్ణోగ్రతలను గణన చేయడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు. మెర్క్యురీ దీపాలలలో వాయు స్థితిలో ఉన్న పాదరసం ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. పాదరసానికి గల విషతుల్యత కారణంగా ఇతర అనువర్తనాలలో దీని వినియోగం తగ్గించి ప్రత్యామ్నాయ పద్ధతులను అనుసరిస్తున్నారు.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="వైద్యరంగంలో"><span id=".E0.B0.B5.E0.B1.88.E0.B0.A6.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.97.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.8B"></span>వైద్యరంగంలో</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=13" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: వైద్యరంగంలో"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Amalgam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Amalgam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption>దంతాలలో అమాల్గం నింపుట</figcaption></figure> <p>పాదరసం, దాని సమ్మేళనాలు వైద్యరంగంలో ఉపయోగపడుతున్నాయి. దంతాలకు వాడే అమాల్గంలో పాదరసం ముఖ్య అనుఘటకం. థియోమెర్సల్ అనే సేంద్రియ పదార్థం వాక్సిన్ లలో ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ఈ థియోమెర్సల్ అనేది ఇథైల్ మెర్క్యురీ యొక్క మెటబాలిక్ రూపం. ఈ పాదరస ఆధారిత పదార్థాల మూలంగా పిల్లల ఆరోగ్యానికి సష్టం వాటిల్లుతుందని విస్తృతంగా ప్రచారం జరిగింది. అయినప్పటికీ వీటికి ఆధారం చూపించడానికి శాస్త్రీయ అధ్యయనాలు లభ్యమవలేదు.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ఏదేమైనా, థియోమెర్సల్ 6 సంవత్సరాల వయస్సు, అంతకు తక్కువ గల పిల్లలకు వేసే టీకా మందుల నుండి తగ్గించబడింది లేదా తొలగించబడింది.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>మరొక పాదరస ఉత్పన్నం "మెర్‌బ్రోమిన్" ఆంటీసెప్టిక్ గా గాయాలు, పగుళ్ళకు కొన్ని దేశాలలో ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు. </p><p>పాదరసం ముఖ్యంగా "సిన్నాబార్" అనే ముఖ్య ధాతువు నుండి లభ్యమవుతుంది. సిన్నాబార్ వివిధ రకాల మందులలో వాడుతారు. దీనిని సాంప్రదాయ చైనీయుల మందులలో వాడుతారు.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>నేడు, ఔషధంలో పాదరసం వినియోగం ముఖ్యంగా అన్ని దేశాలలో, ముఖ్యంగా అభివృద్ధి చెందిన దేశాలలో తగ్గింది. 18 వ శతాబ్దం, 19 వ శతాబ్దం చివరలో పాదరసాన్ని ఉపయోగించి పనిచేసే థర్మోమీటర్లు, స్పెగ్మోమానోమీటర్లు ఆవిష్కరించబడ్డాయి. 21వ శతాబ్ద ప్రారంభంలో పాదరస వినియోగాన్ని కొన్ని దేశాలు నిషేధించాయి. 2002లో యు.ఎస్. సెనేట్ పాదరస థర్మామీటర్లను దశల వారీగా విక్రయించుటను తగ్గించుట గూర్చి చట్టం చేసింది. 2003 లో, పాదరసం రక్తపోటు పరికరాలను నిషేధించడంలో అమెరికాలోని వాషింగ్టన్, మైనే రాష్ట్రాలు మొదటి రాష్ట్రాలు అయ్యాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>పాదరస సమ్మేళనాలు వివిధ మందులు, ఆంటీసెప్టిక్స్, ఉత్తేజిత లాక్సేటివ్స్, డైపర్-రాష్-ఆయింటుమెంట్లు, కంటి చుక్కలు, ముక్కు స్ప్రేలలో కనుగొనవచ్చును.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ప్రయోగశాల_ఉపయోగాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AA.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.97.E0.B0.B6.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2_.E0.B0.89.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.97.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ప్రయోగశాల ఉపయోగాలు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=14" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ప్రయోగశాల ఉపయోగాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరస థర్మోమీటర్లను అధిక ఉష్ణోగ్రతలను కనుగొనడానికి ఉపయొగిస్తారు. యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ వీటి వినియోగాన్ని 2003 నుండి తగ్గించింది.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>పారరసం ద్రవరూప దర్పణ టెలిస్కోప్ లలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. </p><p>ట్రాన్సిట్ టెలిస్కోపు లలో ఒక బేసిన్ లో పాదరసాన్ని నింపి సమతలంగా ఉండేటట్లు చేసి సమతల దర్పణంగా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. ఈ దర్పణాన్ని నిర్దేశిత చట్రంలో సమాంతర, లంబంగా ఉండే అంశాలను కనుగొనడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు. ఒక డిస్కులో పాదరసం తిరుగుతూ ఉండటం మూలంగా పుటాకార పరావలయ దర్పణాలు ఏర్పరచవచ్చును. ఈ దర్పణాలనుపయోగించి పరావర్తనం అయిన కాంతి కిరణాలను ఒక బిందువు వద్ద కేంద్రీకరింపబడేటట్లు చేయవచ్చును. ఈ టెలిస్కోపులు తక్కువ ధరలో లభ్యమవుతాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="నిచే_ఉపయోగం"><span id=".E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.9A.E0.B1.87_.E0.B0.89.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.97.E0.B0.82"></span>నిచే ఉపయోగం</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=15" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: నిచే ఉపయోగం"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>వాయు స్థితిలోఉన్న పాదరసాన్ని మెర్క్యురీ వేపర్ లాంపులలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. దీనిని ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ దీపాలలో కూడా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. తక్కువ పీడనం కలిగిన దీపాల నుండి వర్ణపట రేఖలు సన్నగా ఉంటాయి. వీటిని సాంప్రదాయకంగా ఆప్టికల్ స్పెక్ట్రోగ్రఫీలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. వాణిజ్య పరంగా ఈ దీపాలను ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ సీలింగ్ కాంతిని పరావర్తనం చెంది ప్రయోజనం కోసం విక్రయిస్తారు.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow_rotate.jpg/460px-Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow_rotate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">పాదరస బాష్పం గాఢమైన వయోలెట్ రంగు కాంతిని "జెర్మిసిడల్ లేంప్" లలో ఉద్గారం చేస్తుంది. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="తక్కువ పీడనం కలిగిన పాదరస బాష్ప లాంప్, రెండు పరారుణ దీపాలు."><img alt="తక్కువ పీడనం కలిగిన పాదరస బాష్ప లాంప్, రెండు పరారుణ దీపాలు." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg/213px-Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg/320px-Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg/427px-Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">తక్కువ పీడనం కలిగిన పాదరస బాష్ప లాంప్, రెండు పరారుణ దీపాలు.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ దీపాలు"><img alt="ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ దీపాలు" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/213px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/320px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/427px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ దీపాలు </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="విషతుల్యం_,_భద్రత"><span id=".E0.B0.B5.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.B7.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.82_.2C_.E0.B0.AD.E0.B0.A6.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.A4"></span>విషతుల్యం , భద్రత</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=16" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: విషతుల్యం , భద్రత"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>మెర్క్యురీ, దాని సమ్మేళనాలు చాలా విషపూరితమైనవి, వాటితో మనం జాగ్రత్తలతో వ్యవహరించాలి; పాదరస వ్యర్థాల (థర్మోమీటర్లు లేదా ప్లోర్‌సెంట్ బల్బులలోనివి) వల్ల, పరిసరాలను కాలుష్యం జరగకుండా ఉండాలంటే వాటిని బహిరంగంగా యితర పదార్థాలతో కలియకుండా జాగ్రత్తలు తీసుకోవాలి.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> విడి విడిగా బిందువుల వలె చెల్లాచెదురైన పాదరస వ్యర్థాలను కలిపి ఒకదగ్గరకు చేర్చి సులువుగా తొలగించవచ్చు. ఈ తొలగించిన పదార్థాన్ని డిస్పోజబుల్ పాత్రలో వేయాలి. వాక్యూమ్ క్లీనర్లు పాదరసం వ్యర్థాలను ఎక్కువ చెదరగొట్టడానికి కారణమవుతాయి కనుక వాటిని వాడకూడదు. పాదరసంతో సులువుగా కలసి అమాల్గంగా ఏర్పరచగల సల్ఫర్, జింకు లేదా యితర పౌడర్లను పాదరస వ్యర్థాలపై వేసి ఏర్పడిన పదార్థాన్ని సులువుగా తొలగించవచ్చు. </p><p>మెర్క్యూరీ చర్మం, శ్లేష్మ పొరల ద్వారా శోషించబడుతుంది, పాదరస ఆవిర్లు పీల్చడం కూడా ప్రమాదకరం కనుక పాదరస పాత్రలు సురక్షితంగా మూసివేసి ఉంచాలి. మెర్క్యూరీ దీర్ఘకాలికమైన, తీవ్రమైన విషప్రక్రియను కలిగించవచ్చు. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="నియంత్రణలు"><span id=".E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.A3.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>నియంత్రణలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=17" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: నియంత్రణలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="అంతర్జాతీయం"><span id=".E0.B0.85.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.9C.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.80.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.82"></span>అంతర్జాతీయం</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=18" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: అంతర్జాతీయం"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>140 దేశాలు యునైటెడ్ నేషన్స్ ఎన్విరాన్‌మెంట్ ప్రోగ్రాం చే పాదరస ఉద్గారాలను తగ్గించాలనే ఒప్పందం చేసుకున్నాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2013 అక్టోబరు 10 న ఈ సమావేశం జరిగింది.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="అమెరికా_సంయుక్త_రాష్ట్రాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.85.E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.86.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.95.E0.B0.BE_.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.95.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.A4_.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B7.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.9F.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=19" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ లో, పర్యావరణ సంరక్షణ ఏజెన్సీ పాదరసం కాలుష్యం నియంత్రించేందుకు, నిర్వహించేందుకు అభియోగాలు చేసింది. అనేక చట్టాలు పర్యావరణ పరిరక్షణ కొరకు చేసింది. వాటిలో "క్లీన్ ఎయిర్ చట్టం", "క్లీన్ వాటర్ చట్టం", "రీసోర్స్ కన్సర్వేషన్ అండ్ రికవరీ ఆక్ట్", "సేఫ్ డ్రింకింగ్ వాటర్ చట్టం" ముఖ్యమైనవి. వీటికి అదనంగా 1996లో "మెర్క్యురీ కంటైనింగ్ అండ్ రీఛార్జబుల్ బ్యాటరీ మేనేజిమెంటు ఆక్ట్" ఆమోదించబడింది.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_regs_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa_regs-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ఉత్తర అమెరికాలో 1995 లో మొత్తం ప్రపంచ మానవజన్య ఉద్గారాలలో దాదాపు 11% వాటా ఉంది.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1990 లో ఆమోదించబడిన యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ క్లీన్ ఎయిర్ ఆక్ట్, విషపూరిత కాలుష్యాల జాబితాలో పాదరసాన్ని చేర్చింది. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="యూరోపియన్_యూనియన్"><span id=".E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A8.E0.B1.8D_.E0.B0.AF.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A8.E0.B1.8D"></span>యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=20" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్‌లో, ఎలక్ట్రికల్, ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్ ఉత్పత్తుల్లో కొన్ని అపాయకరమైన పదార్ధాల యొక్క పరిమితిపై నిర్దేశించాయి. కొన్ని విద్యుత్, ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ ఉత్పత్తుల నుండి పాదరసం, ఇతర ఉత్పత్తుల్లో పాదరసం మొత్తం 1000 ppm కంటే తక్కువగా ఉండే విధంగా పరిమితం చేస్తుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_regs_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_regs-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> పాకేజింగ్, బ్యాటారీలలో పాదరసం గాఢతకు పరిమితులు ఉన్నాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2007 జూలై లో, యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్ కూడా థర్మామీటర్లు, భారమితి వంటి విద్యుత్ ఉపయోగించని గణన పరికరాలలో పాదరసం నిషేధించింది.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_reuters_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_reuters-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="నార్వే"><span id=".E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B5.E0.B1.87"></span>నార్వే</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=21" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: నార్వే"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసం ఉత్పత్తుల తయారీ, దిగుమతి / ఎగుమతిలో పాదరస వినియోగాన్ని నార్వే 2008 జనవరి 1 నుండి పూర్తిగా నిషేధాన్ని అమలు చేసింది.<sup id="cite_ref-norway_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norway-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2002 లో, నార్వేలోని అనేక సరస్సులు పాదరసం కాలుష్యం యొక్క పేలవమైన స్థితిని కలిగి ఉన్నాయి. వాటి అవక్షేపంలో 1 μg / g పాదరసం అధికంగా ఉంది.<sup id="cite_ref-environment_norway_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment_norway-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2008 లో నార్వే పర్యావరణ అభివృద్ధి శాఖ మంత్రి ఎరిక్ సోలహీం ఇలా అన్నాడు: "అత్యంత ప్రమాదకరమైన పర్యావరణ విషతుల్యాలలో పాదరసం ఒకటి. పాదరస ఉత్పత్తులకు సరిపడే సంతృప్తికరమైన ప్రత్యామ్నాయాలున్నందున వాటిని నిషేధించాలి. "<sup id="cite_ref-fda.gov_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda.gov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="స్వీడన్"><span id=".E0.B0.B8.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B5.E0.B1.80.E0.B0.A1.E0.B0.A8.E0.B1.8D"></span>స్వీడన్</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=22" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: స్వీడన్"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>పాదరసం కలిగిన ఉత్పత్తులను స్వీడన్ 2009లో నిషేధించింది.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="డెన్మార్క్"><span id=".E0.B0.A1.E0.B1.86.E0.B0.A8.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.95.E0.B1.8D"></span>డెన్మార్క్</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=23" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: డెన్మార్క్"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2008లో డెన్మార్క్ దేశం కూడా శాశ్వత (వయోజన) దంతాలలో మోలార్ మాలిస్టిక్ ఉపరితల పూరణలకు తప్ప పాదరస అమాల్గంలను నిషేధించింది.<sup id="cite_ref-fda.gov_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda.gov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="మూలాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>మూలాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=24" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: మూలాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4300226">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4342780">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/mercury.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Mercury"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">CIAAW</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Mercury&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fmercury.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> (in ఇంగ్లీష్). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">"Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds"</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-8493-0486-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hydrargyrum">"hydrargyrum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203929/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hydrargyrum">Archived</a> 12 ఆగస్టు 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-2">5.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-3">5.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond, C. R <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf">The Elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626181434/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf">Archived</a> 26 జూన్ 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-8493-0486-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senese1997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Senese1997_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSenese,_F" class="citation web cs1">Senese, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404210838/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/periodic/faq/why-is-mercury-liquid.shtml">"Why is mercury a liquid at STP?"</a>. General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/periodic/faq/why-is-mercury-liquid.shtml">the original</a> on 4 ఏప్రిల్ 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+mercury+a+liquid+at+STP%3F&rft.pub=General+Chemistry+Online+at+Frostburg+State+University&rft.au=Senese%2C+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantoine.frostburg.edu%2Fchem%2Fsenese%2F101%2Fperiodic%2Ffaq%2Fwhy-is-mercury-liquid.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norrby-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Norrby_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFNorrby,_L.J.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Norrby, L.J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed068p110">"Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 110. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JChEd..68..110N">1991JChEd..68..110N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed068p110">10.1021/ed068p110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Why+is+mercury+liquid%3F+Or%2C+why+do+relativistic+effects+not+get+into+chemistry+textbooks%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed068p110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JChEd..68..110N&rft.au=Norrby%2C+L.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fed068p110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 4.125–4.126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-8493-0486-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.pages=4.125-4.126&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptable.com/#Property/State">"Dynamic Periodic Table"</a>. <i>www.ptable.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120061736/http://www.ptable.com/#Property/State">Archived</a> from the original on 20 నవంబరు 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 నవంబరు 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ptable.com&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Periodic+Table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptable.com%2F%23Property%2FState&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSimons,_E._N.1968" class="citation book cs1">Simons, E. N. (1968). <i>Guide to Uncommon Metals</i>. Frederick Muller. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Uncommon+Metals&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Frederick+Muller&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Simons%2C+E.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Greenwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Greenwood (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth-Heinemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth-Heinemann (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0080379419" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0080379419"><bdi>0080379419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0080379419&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFGmelin,_Leopold1852" class="citation book cs1">Gmelin, Leopold (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AI5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA128"><i>Hand book of chemistry</i></a>. Cavendish Society. pp. 103 (Na), 110 (W), 122 (Zn), 128 (Fe), 247 (Au), 338 (Pt). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509033751/http://books.google.com/books?id=1AI5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA128">Archived</a> from the original on 9 మే 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 డిసెంబరు 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand+book+of+chemistry&rft.pages=103+%28Na%29%2C+110+%28W%29%2C+122+%28Zn%29%2C+128+%28Fe%29%2C+247+%28Au%29%2C+338+%28Pt%29&rft.pub=Cavendish+Society&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Gmelin%2C+Leopold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AI5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSoratur2002" class="citation book cs1">Soratur (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6HbxyaSt78C&pg=PT14"><i>Essentials of Dental Materials</i></a>. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-81-7179-989-3" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-81-7179-989-3"><bdi>978-81-7179-989-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603085942/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6HbxyaSt78C&pg=PT14">Archived</a> from the original on 3 జూన్ 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Dental+Materials&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7179-989-3&rft.au=Soratur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6HbxyaSt78C%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CorrAl-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CorrAl_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFVargel,_C.Jacques,_M.Schmidt,_M._P.2004" class="citation book cs1">Vargel, C.; Jacques, M.; Schmidt, M. P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=NAABS5KrVDYC&pg=PA158"><i>Corrosion of Aluminium</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/9780080444956" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/9780080444956"><bdi>9780080444956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrosion+of+Aluminium&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780080444956&rft.au=Vargel%2C+C.&rft.au=Jacques%2C+M.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+M.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DNAABS5KrVDYC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFCox,_R1997" class="citation book cs1">Cox, R (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ykEN2zHvCpQC&pg=PA260"><i>The Pillar of Celestial Fire</i></a>. 1st World Publishing. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/1-887472-30-4" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/1-887472-30-4"><bdi>1-887472-30-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pillar+of+Celestial+Fire&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=1st+World+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-887472-30-4&rft.au=Cox%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DykEN2zHvCpQC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916172302/http://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=9A4397AD-1">"Mercury and the environment — Basic facts"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment Canada (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Environment Canada</a>, Federal Government of Canada. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=9A4397AD-1">the original</a> on 16 సెప్టెంబరు 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+and+the+environment+%E2%80%94+Basic+facts&rft.pub=Environment+Canada%2C+Federal+Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec.gc.ca%2Fmercure-mercury%2Fdefault.asp%3Flang%3DEn%26n%3D9A4397AD-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202092915/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/mercury/history.html">"Mercury — Element of the ancients"</a>. Center for Environmental Health Sciences, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dartmouth_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dartmouth College (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Dartmouth College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/mercury/history.html">the original</a> on 2 డిసెంబరు 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+%E2%80%94+Element+of+the+ancients&rft.pub=Center+for+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Dartmouth+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~toxmetal%2Fmercury%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704151150/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22854.htm">"Qin Shihuang"</a>. Ministry of Culture, <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of China (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">People's Republic of China</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22854.htm">the original</a> on 4 జూలై 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qin+Shihuang&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture%2C+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fen_aboutchina%2F2003-09%2F24%2Fcontent_22854.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wright_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_David_Curtis2001" class="citation book cs1">Wright, David Curtis (2001). <i>The History of China</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-313-30940-X" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-313-30940-X"><bdi>0-313-30940-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+China&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-313-30940-X&rft.au=Wright%2C+David+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSobernheim1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sobernheim, Moritz (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA973#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Khumārawaih"</a>. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). <i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/90-04-08265-4" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603004305/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA973#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 జూన్ 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khum%C4%81rawaih&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936%2C+Volume+IV%3A+%27Itk%E2%80%93Kwa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=973&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Sobernheim&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CP7fYghBFQC%26pg%3DPA973%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuhas-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuhas_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFYuhas2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuhas, Alan (24 ఏప్రిల్ 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/24/liquid-mercury-mexican-pyramid-teotihuacan">"Liquid mercury found under Mexican pyramid could lead to king's tomb"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (in బ్రిటిష్ ఇంగ్లీష్). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201200540/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/24/liquid-mercury-mexican-pyramid-teotihuacan">Archived</a> from the original on 1 డిసెంబరు 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 నవంబరు 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Liquid+mercury+found+under+Mexican+pyramid+could+lead+to+king%27s+tomb&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fapr%2F24%2Fliquid-mercury-mexican-pyramid-teotihuacan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFPendergast1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pendergast, David M. (6 August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1982-08-06_217_4559/page/533">"Ancient maya mercury"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>217</b> (4559): 533–535. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...217..533P">1982Sci...217..533P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.217.4559.533">10.1126/science.217.4559.533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17820542">17820542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+maya+mercury&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=4559&rft.pages=533-535&rft.date=1982-08-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17820542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.217.4559.533&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Sci...217..533P&rft.aulast=Pendergast&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_1982-08-06_217_4559%2Fpage%2F533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611124757/http://www.guidetobelize.info/en/maya/belize-mayan-lamanai-guide.shtml">"Lamanai"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetobelize.info/en/maya/belize-mayan-lamanai-guide.shtml">the original</a> on 11 జూన్ 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lamanai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guidetobelize.info%2Fen%2Fmaya%2Fbelize-mayan-lamanai-guide.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFHesse_R_W2007" class="citation book cs1">Hesse R W (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA120"><i>Jewelrymaking through history</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-313-33507-9" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-313-33507-9"><bdi>0-313-33507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewelrymaking+through+history&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-313-33507-9&rft.au=Hesse+R+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DDIWEi5Hg93gC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stillman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFStillman,_J._M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Stillman, J. M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=hdaAGF5Y1N0C"><i>Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-0-7661-3230-6" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-0-7661-3230-6"><bdi>978-0-7661-3230-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Alchemy+and+Early+Chemistry&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3230-6&rft.au=Stillman%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhdaAGF5Y1N0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MercHz-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MercHz_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEisler,_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Eisler, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=gqc8wUvsI8cC&pg"><i>Mercury hazards to living organisms</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-0-8493-9212-2" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-0-8493-9212-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-9212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercury+hazards+to+living+organisms&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9212-2&rft.au=Eisler%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dgqc8wUvsI8cC%26pg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich,_H._L.Newman_D._K.2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, H. L.; Newman D. K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=GerdDmwMTLkC&pg=PA265"><i>Geomicrobiology</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-0-8493-7906-2" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-0-8493-7906-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-7906-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomicrobiology&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-7906-2&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Newman+D.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGerdDmwMTLkC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFRytuba,_James_J" class="citation journal cs1">Rytuba, James J. "Mercury from mineral deposits and potential environmental impact". <i>Environmental Geology</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 326–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00254-002-0629-5">10.1007/s00254-002-0629-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Geology&rft.atitle=Mercury+from+mineral+deposits+and+potential+environmental+impact&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=326-338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00254-002-0629-5&rft.au=Rytuba%2C+James+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1196u/Circ_1196_U.pdf">"Mercury Recycling in the United States in 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135650/http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1196u/Circ_1196_U.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 మార్చి 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 జూలై 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Recycling+in+the+United+States+in+2000&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2Fc1196u%2FCirc_1196_U.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholder,_M.Johnson,_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Burkholder, M.; Johnson, L. (2008). <i>Colonial Latin America</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-19-504542-4" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-19-504542-4"><bdi>0-19-504542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Latin+America&rft.pages=157-159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-19-504542-4&rft.au=Burkholder%2C+M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson,_R_W2000" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, R W (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=a4hPCX2XWDIC&pg=PA33"><i>Domestic Architecture and Power</i></a>. Springer. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-306-46176-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-306-46176-5"><bdi>0-306-46176-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Architecture+and+Power&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-306-46176-5&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+R+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Da4hPCX2XWDIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brooks_usgs-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brooks_usgs_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks,_W._E.2007" class="citation web cs1">Brooks, W. E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/mercury/mercumcs07.pdf">"Mercury"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203059/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/mercury/mercumcs07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 మే 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 మే 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Brooks%2C+W.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fmercury%2Fmercumcs07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World Mineral Production</i>. London: British Geological Survey, NERC. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Mineral+Production&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey%2C+NERC&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://act.credoaction.com/campaign/thanks_mercury/?rc=fb_share1">About the Mercury Rule</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501171523/http://act.credoaction.com/campaign/thanks_mercury/?rc=fb_share1">Archived</a> 1 మే 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Act.credoaction.com (21 December 2011). Retrieved on 30 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GREEN-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GREEN_35-0">35.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GREEN_35-1">35.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan,_M.2009" class="citation news cs1">Sheridan, M. (3 మే 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517122911/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6211261.ece">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Green' Lightbulbs Poison Workers: hundreds of factory staff are being made ill by mercury used in bulbs destined for the West"</a>. The Sunday Times (of London, UK). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6211261.ece">the original</a> on 17 మే 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Green%27+Lightbulbs+Poison+Workers%3A+hundreds+of+factory+staff+are+being+made+ill+by+mercury+used+in+bulbs+destined+for+the+West&rft.date=2009-05-03&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle6211261.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henderson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-henderson_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson,_W.2000" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twdXz1jfVOsC&pg=PA162"><i>Main group chemistry</i></a>. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-85404-617-8" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-85404-617-8"><bdi>0-85404-617-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513101559/https://books.google.com/books?id=twdXz1jfVOsC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 13 మే 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+group+chemistry&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85404-617-8&rft.au=Henderson%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwdXz1jfVOsC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGillespieMorganTun1984" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, I. D.; Gillespie, R. J.; Morgan, K. R.; Tun, Z.; Ummat, P. K. (1984). "Preparation and crystal structure of mercury hexafluoroniobate (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Hg<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span>NbF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>) and mercury hexafluorotantalate (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Hg<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span>TaF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>): mercury layer compounds". <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. <b>23</b> (26): 4506–4508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00194a020">10.1021/ic00194a020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+crystal+structure+of+mercury+hexafluoroniobate+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3EHg%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A70%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ENbF%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A70%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29+and+mercury+hexafluorotantalate+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3EHg%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A70%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ETaF%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A70%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3A+mercury+layer+compounds&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=4506-4508&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00194a020&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Tun%2C+Z.&rft.au=Ummat%2C+P.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFRogalski,_A2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogalski, A (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=4b3WLgomvd0C&pg=PA507"><i>Infrared detectors</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/90-5699-203-1" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/90-5699-203-1"><bdi>90-5699-203-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrared+detectors&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-5699-203-1&rft.au=Rogalski%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D4b3WLgomvd0C%26pg%3DPA507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSurmann,_PZeyat,_H2005" class="citation journal cs1">Surmann, P; Zeyat, H (November 2005). "Voltammetric analysis using a self-renewable non-mercury electrode". <i>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</i>. <b>383</b> (6): 1009–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00216-005-0069-7">10.1007/s00216-005-0069-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16228199">16228199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+and+Bioanalytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Voltammetric+analysis+using+a+self-renewable+non-mercury+electrode&rft.volume=383&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1009-13&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00216-005-0069-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16228199&rft.au=Surmann%2C+P&rft.au=Zeyat%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFFDA" class="citation web cs1">FDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/Cber/vaccine/thimerosal.htm">"Thimerosal in Vaccines"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026030022/http://www.fda.gov/CBER/vaccine/thimerosal.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 అక్టోబరు 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 అక్టోబరు 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thimerosal+in+Vaccines&rft.au=FDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FCber%2Fvaccine%2Fthimerosal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFParker_SKSchwartz_BTodd_JPickering_LK2004" class="citation journal cs1">Parker SK; Schwartz B; Todd J; Pickering LK (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2004-09_114_3/page/793">"Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data"</a>. <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>114</b> (3): 793–804. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-0434">10.1542/peds.2004-0434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15342856">15342856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Thimerosal-containing+vaccines+and+autistic+spectrum+disorder%3A+a+critical+review+of+published+original+data&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=793-804&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-0434&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15342856&rft.au=Parker+SK&rft.au=Schwartz+B&rft.au=Todd+J&rft.au=Pickering+LK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_pediatrics_2004-09_114_3%2Fpage%2F793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/115/1/200">Erratum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813093824/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/115/1/200">Archived</a> 13 ఆగస్టు 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2005). <i>Pediatrics</i> 115 (1): 200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-2402">10.1542/peds.2004-2402</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630018">15630018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/cber/vaccine/thimerosal.htm">"Thimerosal in vaccines"</a>. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 సెప్టెంబరు 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105040/http://www.fda.gov/Cber/vaccine/thimerosal.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 సెప్టెంబరు 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 అక్టోబరు 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thimerosal+in+vaccines&rft.pub=Center+for+Biologics+Evaluation+and+Research%2C+U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcber%2Fvaccine%2Fthimerosal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_JShi_JZYu_LMGoyer_RA2008" class="citation journal cs1">Liu J; Shi JZ; Yu LM; Goyer RA; Waalkes MP (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755212">"Mercury in traditional medicines: is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials?"</a>. <i>Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)</i>. <b>233</b> (7): 810–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3181%2F0712-MR-336">10.3181/0712-MR-336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755212">2755212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445765">18445765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exp.+Biol.+Med.+%28Maywood%29&rft.atitle=Mercury+in+traditional+medicines%3A+is+cinnabar+toxicologically+similar+to+common+mercurials%3F&rft.volume=233&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=810-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2755212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18445765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3181%2F0712-MR-336&rft.au=Liu+J&rft.au=Shi+JZ&rft.au=Yu+LM&rft.au=Goyer+RA&rft.au=Waalkes+MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2755212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004113348/http://www.ahanews.com/ahanews_app/jsp/display.jsp?dcrpath=AHA%2FNewsStory_Article%2Fdata%2Fann_030602_mercuryban&domain=AHANEWS">"Two States Pass First-time Bans on Mercury Blood Pressure Devices"</a>. Health Care Without Harm. 2 జూన్ 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahanews.com/ahanews_app/jsp/display.jsp?dcrpath=AHA/NewsStory_Article/data/ann_030602_mercuryban&domain=AHANEWS">the original</a> on 4 అక్టోబరు 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+States+Pass+First-time+Bans+on+Mercury+Blood+Pressure+Devices&rft.pub=Health+Care+Without+Harm&rft.date=2003-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahanews.com%2Fahanews_app%2Fjsp%2Fdisplay.jsp%3Fdcrpath%3DAHA%2FNewsStory_Article%2Fdata%2Fann_030602_mercuryban%26domain%3DAHANEWS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313135424/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=310.545&SearchTerm=mercury">"Title 21—Food and Drugs Chapter I—Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services Subchapter D—Drugs for Human Use Code of federal regulations"</a>. United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=310.545&SearchTerm=mercury">the original</a> on 13 మార్చి 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+21%E2%80%94Food+and+Drugs+Chapter+I%E2%80%94Food+and+Drug+Administration+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services+Subchapter+D%E2%80%94Drugs+for+Human+Use+Code+of+federal+regulations&rft.pub=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcdrh%2Fcfdocs%2Fcfcfr%2FCFRSearch.cfm%3Ffr%3D310.545%26SearchTerm%3Dmercury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openlibrary.org/b/OL17617678M">"Mercury Reduction Act of 2003"</a>. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mercury+Reduction+Act+of+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fb%2FOL17617678M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030818233315/http://www.govertschilling.nl/artikelen/science/030314_sc.htm">"Liquid-mirror telescope set to give stargazing a new spin"</a>. Govert Schilling. 14 March 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govertschilling.nl/artikelen/science/030314_sc.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liquid-mirror+telescope+set+to+give+stargazing+a+new+spin&rft.pub=Govert+Schilling&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govertschilling.nl%2Fartikelen%2Fscience%2F030314_sc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFGibson,_B._K.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, B. K. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-astronomical-society-of-canada_1991-08_85_4/page/158">"Liquid Mirror Telescopes: History"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>85</b>: 158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JRASC..85..158G">1991JRASC..85..158G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Liquid+Mirror+Telescopes%3A+History&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JRASC..85..158G&rft.au=Gibson%2C+B.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-the-royal-astronomical-society-of-canada_1991-08_85_4%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918101521/http://wood.phy.ulaval.ca/index.php/Rotating_Liquid_Mirrors">"Laval University Liquid mirrors and adaptive optics group"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wood.phy.ulaval.ca/index.php/Rotating_Liquid_Mirrors">the original</a> on 18 సెప్టెంబరు 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laval+University+Liquid+mirrors+and+adaptive+optics+group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwood.phy.ulaval.ca%2Findex.php%2FRotating_Liquid_Mirrors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinson,_G._R.Goodman,_T._M.Prince,_S._R.2004" class="citation book cs1">Hopkinson, G. R.; Goodman, T. M.; Prince, S. R. (2004). <i>A guide to the use and calibration of detector array equipment</i>. SPIE Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0-8194-5532-6" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0-8194-5532-6"><bdi>0-8194-5532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+use+and+calibration+of+detector+array+equipment&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=SPIE+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8194-5532-6&rft.au=Hopkinson%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Prince%2C+S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htm">"Mercury: Spills, Disposal and Site Cleanup"</a>. Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513130136/http://epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 మే 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 ఆగస్టు 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury%3A+Spills%2C+Disposal+and+Site+Cleanup&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fmercury%2Fspills%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2702&ArticleID=9373&l=en">"Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Environment_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Environment Program (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">United Nations Environment Program</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130192928/http://www.unep.org/NewsCentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2702&ArticleID=9373&l=en">Archived</a> from the original on 30 జనవరి 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 జనవరి 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minamata+Convention+Agreed+by+Nations&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnewscentre%2FDefault.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D2702%26ArticleID%3D9373%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSection2013" class="citation web cs1">Section, United Nations News Service (19 జనవరి 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43963&Cr=mercury&Cr1=#.UPt4ikfdP5M">"UN News — Governments at UN forum agree on legally-binding treaty to curb mercury pollution"</a>. <i>UN News Service Section</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131029/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43963&Cr=mercury&Cr1=#.UPt4ikfdP5M">Archived</a> from the original on 16 అక్టోబరు 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 నవంబరు 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News+Service+Section&rft.atitle=UN+News+%E2%80%94+Governments+at+UN+forum+agree+on+legally-binding+treaty+to+curb+mercury+pollution&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.aulast=Section&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+News+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D43963%26Cr%3Dmercury%26Cr1%3D%23.UPt4ikfdP5M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa_regs-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epa_regs_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/mercury/regs.htm">"Mercury: Laws and regulations"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>. 16 ఏప్రిల్ 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513123415/http://epa.gov/mercury/regs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 మే 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 మే 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury%3A+Laws+and+regulations&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fmercury%2Fregs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060223/http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/html/12br/english/report/chemical/rme.html">"Reductions in Mercury Emissions"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Joint_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Joint Commission (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">International Joint Commission</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Lakes (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Great Lakes</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/html/12br/english/report/chemical/rme.html">the original</a> on 28 ఆగస్టు 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reductions+in+Mercury+Emissions&rft.pub=International+Joint+Commission+on+the+Great+Lakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijc.org%2Fphp%2Fpublications%2Fhtml%2F12br%2Fenglish%2Freport%2Fchemical%2Frme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu_regs-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eu_regs_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222010735/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:0019:0023:EN:PDF">"Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment"</a>. 27 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:0019:0023:EN:PDF">the original</a> on 22 డిసెంబరు 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+2002%2F95%2FEC+on+the+Restriction+of+the+Use+of+Certain+Hazardous+Substances+in+Electrical+and+Electronic+Equipment&rft.date=2003-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2003%3A037%3A0019%3A0023%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span> Article 4 Paragraph 1. e.g. "Member States shall ensure that, from July 1, 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428065154/http://www.eiatrack.org/s/1785">"Mercury compounds in European Union:"</a>. EIA Track. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiatrack.org/s/1785">the original</a> on 28 ఏప్రిల్ 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 ఏప్రిల్ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+compounds+in+European+Union%3A&rft.pub=EIA+Track&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiatrack.org%2Fs%2F1785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu_reuters-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eu_reuters_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFJones_H.2007" class="citation news cs1">Jones H. (10 జూలై 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0988544920070710">"EU bans mercury in barometers, thermometers"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103193545/http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0988544920070710">Archived</a> from the original on 3 జనవరి 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 సెప్టెంబరు 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+bans+mercury+in+barometers%2C+thermometers&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.au=Jones+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FenvironmentNews%2FidUSL0988544920070710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norway-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-norway_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173517/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198237627.85">"Norway to ban mercury"</a>. EU Business. 21 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198237627.85">the original</a> on 21 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Norway+to+ban+mercury&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubusiness.com%2Fnews-eu%2F1198237627.85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-environment_norway-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-environment_norway_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFBerg,_TFjeld,_ESteinnes,_E2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berg, T; Fjeld, E; Steinnes, E (2006). "Atmospheric mercury in Norway: contributions from different sources". <i>The Science of the total environment</i>. <b>368</b> (1): 3–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2005.09.059">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16310836">16310836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+total+environment&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+mercury+in+Norway%3A+contributions+from+different+sources&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2005.09.059&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16310836&rft.au=Berg%2C+T&rft.au=Fjeld%2C+E&rft.au=Steinnes%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fda.gov-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fda.gov_61-0">61.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fda.gov_61-1">61.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Edlich, Richard F.; Rhoads, Samantha K.; Cantrell, Holly S.; Azavedo, Sabrina M. and Newkirk, Anthony T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/medicaldevices/medicaldevicesadvisorycommittee/dentalproductspanel/ucm236379.pdf">Banning Mercury Amalgam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101215237/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/medicaldevices/medicaldevicesadvisorycommittee/dentalproductspanel/ucm236379.pdf">Archived</a> 1 నవంబరు 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. US FDA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828040807/http://www.thelocal.se/20090114/16892">"Sweden to ban mercury — The Local"</a>. 14 January 2009. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden+to+ban+mercury+%E2%80%94+The+Local&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20090114%2F16892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Cite_web" title="మూస:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="వర్గం:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828101154/http://www.thelocal.se/20120421/40396">"Sweden may be forced to lift ban on mercury — The Local"</a>. 21 April 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden+may+be+forced+to+lift+ban+on+mercury+%E2%80%94+The+Local&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20120421%2F40396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Cite_web" title="మూస:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="వర్గం:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ఇతర_పఠనాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.87.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.B0_.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.A0.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ఇతర పఠనాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=25" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ఇతర పఠనాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrew Scott Johnston, <i>Mercury and the Making of California: Mining, Landscape, and Race, 1840–1890.</i> Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="బయటి_లింకులు"><span id=".E0.B0.AC.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.9F.E0.B0.BF_.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.95.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>బయటి లింకులు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=26" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: బయటి లింకులు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4246472">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3779865"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="extiw" title="commons:Mercury (element)"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mercury (element)</span></a>.</div></div> </div><div class="noprint infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Wikiquote-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/75px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/100px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption> </figcaption></figure><div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="https://te.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">వికీవ్యాఖ్యలో</a> ఈ విషయానికి సంబంధించిన వ్యాఖ్యలు చూడండి.<div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://te.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/పాదరసము">పాదరసము</a></b></i> </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4246472"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3779865"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mercury" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mercury">mercury</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Society of Chemistry (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemistry_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemistry World (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525031937/http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Mercury_48kbps_tcm18-133983.mp3">Mercury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/080.htm">Mercury</a> at <i><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525031810/http://eu.oceana.org/en/our-work/mercury/overview">Stopping Pollution: Mercury</a> – Oceana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): Mercury Contamination in Fish guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706062829/http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp">Archived</a> 2008-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_Resources_Defense_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural Resources Defense Council (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">NRDC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+7439-97-6">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Mercury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9243000/9243902.stm">BBC – Earth News – Mercury 'turns' wetland birds such as ibises homosexual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41802">Changing Patterns in the Use, Recycling, and Material Substitution of Mercury in the United States</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Geological Survey (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034037/http://www.impmc.jussieu.fr/%7Eayrinhac/documents/Hg_data.pdf">Thermodynamical data on liquid mercury.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercury (element)"><a class="external text" href="https://te.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mercury_(element)">"Mercury (element)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బ్రిటానికా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం">ఎన్‌సైక్లోపీడియా బ్రిటానికా</a></i> (in ఇంగ్లీష్) (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span 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style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, బోరాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బోరాన్"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="C, కార్బన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="N, నైట్రోజన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="నైట్రోజన్"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="O, ఆక్సిజన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్సిజన్"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="F, ఫ్లోరిన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్లోరిన్"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Ne, నియాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="నియాన్"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, సోడియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సోడియం"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Mg, మెగ్నీషియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="మెగ్నీషియం"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, అల్యూమినియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="అల్యూమినియం"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Si, సిలికాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సిలికాన్"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="P, భాస్వరం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భాస్వరం"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="S, సల్ఫర్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="సల్ఫర్"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cl, క్లోరిన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్లోరిన్"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Ar, ఆర్గాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆర్గాన్"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, పొటాషియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పొటాషియం"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Ca, కాల్షియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాల్షియం"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, స్కాండియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="స్కాండియం"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ti, టైటానియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="టైటానియం"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="V, వెనేడియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cr, క్రోమియం" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="క్రోమియం"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mn, మాంగనీస్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="మాంగనీస్"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Fe, ఇనుము" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Co, కోబాల్ట్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ట్"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Ni, నికెల్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cu, కాపర్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="కాపర్"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Zn, జింక్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="జింక్"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Og, ఒగానెస్సాన్" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఒగానెస్సాన్"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" 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title="ఇంటెగ్రేటెడ్ అథారిటీ ఫైల్">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4127830-6">4127830-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948174f">cb11948174f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948174f">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Diet_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Diet Library (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571550">00571550</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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