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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latakia_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latakia_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Latakia offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latakia_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Assad_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Assad_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Post-Assad regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Assad_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kessab</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="كسب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كسب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Քեսապ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քեսապ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Кесаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кесаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassab" title="Kassab – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kassab" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kessab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Κεσάμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεσάμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesabo" title="Kesabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kesabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="کسب (سوریه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کسب (سوریه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassab" title="Kassab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kassab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Քեսաբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեսաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kessab" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kessab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქესაბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქესაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesab" title="Kesab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kesab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8_(%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8)" title="كسب (قريه فى ناحيه كسب) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كسب (قريه فى ناحيه كسب)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesab" title="Kesab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kesab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassab" title="Kassab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kassab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Кассаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кассаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesab" title="Kesab – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kesab" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasab" title="Kasab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseb" title="Keseb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keseb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="کسب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کسب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kessab</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كسب</span></span><br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Քեսապ</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Syria" title="List of towns and villages in Syria">Town</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg/300px-Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg/450px-Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg/600px-Kesab_gen._view_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The town of Kessab, Syria</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kessab is located in Syria"><img alt="Kessab is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="761" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.911%;left:13.957%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kessab"><img alt="Kessab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Kessab</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Syria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kessab&params=35_55_30_N_35_59_19_E_region:SY_type:city(1754)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°55′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°59′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.92500°N 35.98861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.92500; 35.98861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latakia_District" title="Latakia District">Latakia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kessab_Subdistrict" title="Kessab Subdistrict">Kessab</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">750 m (2,460 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2004)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,754</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">CSa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kessab</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كسب</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[kæsæb]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Քեսապ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Kesab</i></span>), also spelled <b>Kesab</b> or <b>Kasab</b>, is a town in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a>, located 59 kilometers north of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>. It is situated near the border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> on the slope of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aqraa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Aqraa">Mount Aqraa</a>, 800 meters above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-GAPIP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAPIP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, Kessab had a population of 1,754 in the 2004 census.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the surrounding villages, the sub-district of Kessab has a total population of around 2,500.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kessab has a dominant <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> population, which dates back to the medieval ages. </p><p>With its mild, moist climate and encirclement by wooded green mountains and deep valleys, Kessab is a favoured vacation resort for Syrians, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and Latakia.<sup id="cite_ref-GAPIP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAPIP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Administratively, Kessab belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Latakia_District" title="Latakia District">Latakia District</a>; one of the <a href="/wiki/Latakia_governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latakia governorate">governorate</a>'s four <a href="/wiki/Mantiqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantiqah">Manatiq</a>, and the centre of Kessab <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">nahiyah</a> sub-district. </p><p>The town of Kessab is 59 kilometres north of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, just 1 kilometre southwest of the border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (the former Syrian province of Alexandretta), and 7 kilometers east of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. </p><p>Located at a height ranging between 650 and 850 above sea level, in the middle of dense <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> forest, the town is a summer destination for Syrian people and for foreign visitors. </p><p>The town is surrounded with many mountains including the mountains of Bashord (857 meters), Dyunag (1008 meters), Dapasa (1006 meters), Chalma (995 meters) and Sildran (1105 metres) from the west, and mount al-Nisr (851 metres) from the south. <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aqra" title="Jebel Aqra">Jebel Aqra</a> -also known as <b>Mount Casius</b>- at the north, located in the Turkish side next to the borderline, is the highest peak of the Kessab region, with a height of 1709 meters. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kessab </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #009500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">242<br />(9.5) </td> <td style="background: #007A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">237<br />(9.3) </td> <td style="background: #00D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104<br />(4.1) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">312<br />(12.3) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,403<br />(55.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Online, Weather Base, BBC Weather and My Weather 2, Climate data </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of Kessab was part of the ancient civilization that spread from the Syrian coasts up to the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>, six millennia ago. During the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> period the Kessab region was at the centre of the triad comprised by <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lattakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattakia">Laodicea</a>. The Laodicea-Seleucia coastal road passed by the Karadouran bay whereas the Laodicea-Antioch road passed through the Duzaghaj valley. The Mount Casius at those times, was believed to have been the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. During the reign of the ruler of the short-lived Armenian Empire <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigranes II">Tigranes The Great</a>, in the 1st century BC, and later the Roman era, the Syrian coast flourished greatly and had a positive effect on the development of the Kessab region. </p><p>There are no written sources about the primitive history of the Kessab region, but the first record of the name of Kessab was mentioned in a historical document dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> period when Duke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belmont_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belmont I (page does not exist)">Belmont I</a> granted the region of "Kasbisi" to the family of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a>. Either <i>Kasbisi</i>, <i>Cassembella</i> or most probably the Latin expression <i>Casa Bella</i> are the names from which "Kessab" was derived.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being located on the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>, the region of Kessab was gradually developed by its Armenian migrants. A research published in 2009 by renowned linguist Hagop Cholakian<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the peculiarities of the Kessab <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> dialect and the dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in the region of Alexandretta and Suweidiyeh, shows that the Armenians of Kessab and the surrounding villages are the remainders of migrants who came from the region of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> to the region increased in the 14th and the 15th centuries, during the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Empire">Mamluk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> periods, in an attempt to avoid persecution at the hands of Muslim states, trying to find much safer mountainous regions such as Kessab and <a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a>. The first Armenian refugees settled in the area now called Esguran where they built their first church. After a period they moved uphill and settled in the area now called the town of Kessab, turning it to a centre of the whole region and the destination of new refugees. </p><p>During the 1850s Kessab turned into a mission field with the arrival of Evangelical and Catholic missionaries, raising anger among the Armenians of the region who were following the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>. In the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Kessab region was around 6,000 (all Armenians), with more than 20 schools, as a result of denominational and political divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first disaster in Kessab took place in April 1909, during the <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>. This calamity cost the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> 10,000 deaths and a massive material loss.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the event, Catholicos Sahak I Khabaian visited Kessab. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg/220px-KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg/330px-KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg/440px-KessabTraditionalHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Armenian house in Kessab</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> beginning in 1915 proved even more destructive. The command of the genocide initiation arrived in Kessab on 26 July to start deportations within 5 days. First, the people expressed a desire to resist and fortify on the mountain Dounag located in Karadouran. Priest Betros Papoujian-Abrahamian, the priest of Karadouran, particularly supported the idea of the opposition, but on the real ground, the whole idea failed to become a reality. The genocide of the Armenians in Kessab region started from Karadouran. The Armenians were deported in two directions: one towards the vast <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> and the other towards the south to the desert of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Almost five thousand Armenians were killed during this deportation process.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some died in <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur">Jisr al-Shughur</a>, some in <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> while others on the way to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. The majority of the refugees were killed in the desert of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>. After the ceasefire, the Armenians who survived the genocide returned to Kessab in a process that lasted till 1920. But the eastern and northern areas of the region remained unsecured, because they were constantly vulnerable to attacks from neighboring Turkish villages. A voluntary group of 40 men successfully foiled many attempts by bandits to invade the region at that time. In 1922, peace was established after the entrance of French troops into Kessab. </p><p>On 5 July 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Army">Turkish Army</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, in an agreement with the French colonial authorities, and the region was renamed <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a>. Many Armenians left Kessab for <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> or took refuge in the mountains. Many important personalities visited Kessab during that time. On 23 June 1939, the Hatay government was officially dissolved and the whole region became part of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. By the efforts of the Armenian community of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Krikor Bedros Aghajanian</a> and the Papal representative to Syria and Lebanon Remi Leprert, many parts of Kessab inhabited by Armenians were separated from Turkey and placed within the Syrian boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the annexation of the Sanjak of Alexandretta proved disastrous for the Armenians of Kessab: Mount Casius was attached to the Turkish side including their farms, properties, laurel tree forests and the grazing lands located in the mountain's bosoms and valleys that once used to belong to the native Armenians. Besides, with this annexation, the Armenians of the town were also deprived from their traditional and historical Barlum Monastery, where the inhabitants used to celebrate the feast of Surp Asdvadzadzin (feast of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>) during August of each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latakia_offensive">Latakia offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latakia offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">2014 Latakia offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aqra" title="Jebel Aqra">Jebel Aqra</a> overlooking Kessab from Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early hours of 21 March 2014, Kessab and its surrounding villages saw a multi-pronged attack by forces opposed to the Syrian government. It was reported that the attackers, members of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Sham al-Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sham" title="Ansar al-Sham">Ansar al-Sham</a>, advanced directly from Turkish territory, were being supported by the Turkish military, and that injured rebel fighters were being sent to medical centres in Turkey. Some Kessab village guards reported that the Turkish military withdrew from its positions along the border shortly before the fighters crossed from Turkey. Mehmet Ali Ediboğlu, MP of Turkish <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican People's Party (Turkey)">CHP</a> party, who visited the area several days after the attack began, said that villagers on the Turkish side of the border told him that "thousands of fighters coming from Turkey crossed the border at at least five different points to launch the attack on Kassab". The fighters reportedly crossed into Syria from the village of <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusduru,_Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Dusduru, Yayladağı">Gözlekçiler</a>, close to the border. Journalists were barred from visiting Gözlekçiler. Ediboğlu was also barred from approaching the border by Turkish soldiers but wrote of seeing "dozens of Syrian-plated cars nonstop transporting terrorists from the military road between Gözlekçiler village and our military base at Kayapinar."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilian populations of Kessab and its surrounding villages either fled or were evacuated, with most seeking safety in Latakia, and Kessab came under the control of rebel groups.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 March, Turkish fighter jets shot down a Syrian fighter jet over Kessab that had been flying a support mission to assist Syrian army ground forces. The fighter crashed into Kessab. Turkey claimed that the jet had violated Turkish airspace, while Syria denied this. Turkish MP and CHP Party opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a> claimed that the Syrian jet was a reconnaissance plane and that its downing was part of a government scheme to provoke war with Syria to divert attention from corruption scandals enveloping Turkey's president Erdogan and his party. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Amberin_Zaman" title="Amberin Zaman">Amberin Zaman</a> wrote that leaked tapes in which <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Turkish Foreign Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a>, is heard discussing ways to spark a war with Syria might vindicate Kilicdaroglu's claims.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA,_Syria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA%2C_Syria.JPG/220px-Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA%2C_Syria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA%2C_Syria.JPG/330px-Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA%2C_Syria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA%2C_Syria.JPG/440px-Kesab_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BA%2C_Syria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>General view of the Kessab region in June 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab,_16_August_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab%2C_16_August_2017.jpg/220px-Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab%2C_16_August_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab%2C_16_August_2017.jpg/330px-Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab%2C_16_August_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab%2C_16_August_2017.jpg/440px-Misakian_Cultural_Centre_of_Kessab%2C_16_August_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Misakian Cultural Centre of the Armenian Evangelical School in Kessab, burnt and destroyed by the Islamist rebels in March 2014 (photo taken in August 2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 April, during a hearing before the House State-Foreign Operations Appropriations Subcommittee and in response to a question by Congressman Schiff, US ambassador to the UN <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a>, said that Kessab "is an issue of huge concern". Congressman Schiff noted that many of the residents were descendants of victims of the Armenian Genocide and that "there is a particular poignancy to their being targeted in this manner."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 April Armenia's Minister of Diaspora Hranush Hakobyan said that 38 of Kessab's Armenian inhabitants had been captured when the town fell to the rebels, 24 of them were later released, 3 had been forcefully taken into Turkey and were now in the village of <a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fl%C4%B1,_Samanda%C4%9F" title="Vakıflı, Samandağ">Vaqif</a>, and that 670 Armenian families had been displaced after the attack on Kessab, with about 400 of the families now in Latakia. The minister also said that in Kessab Armenian churches had been defaced, crosses on the churches had been removed, and property looted.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on 3 April, Ruben Melkonyan, deputy dean of the Oriental Studies department at Yerevan State University, said that the Armenian community of Kessab was unlikely to recover and that what had happened were "crimes that make a genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 June 2014, the Syrian Army entered Kessab and retook control over the surrounding villages and the border with Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News agencies and local residents of Kessab reported that the town's Armenian Catholic and Evangelical churches had been ruined and burnt by the Islamist groups, along with the Misakyan Cultural Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 250 families from Kessab who had taken refuge in Latakia returned to their homes a day after the Syrian Army recaptured the town.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 July, the Holy Mother of God Church of Karadouran was reconsecrated, with the first liturgy since the ending of the Islamist occupation taking place on 27 July, the day of <a href="/wiki/Vardavar" title="Vardavar">Vardavar</a>, an Armenian holiday, and attended by a large number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Assad_regime">Post-Assad regime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Assad regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a>, the Kessab crossing between <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> reopened on 11 December 2024, marking the first time since the onset of the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 January 2025, reports emerged that <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> militants raising Turkish flags entered the Turkmen and <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Turkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Turkman">Jabal Turkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabia,_Syria" title="Rabia, Syria">Rabia</a>, Kessab, and other regions including <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Bassit" title="Ras al-Bassit">Ras al-Bassit</a>, Blouran Dam, Zeghreen and Wadi Qandil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Missakian_Armenian_cultural_centre_in_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Misakian Armenian Cultural Centre in Kessab before its destruction</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of Kessab and the surrounding villages are mainly involved in agriculture. The Armenians of the region have their own dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a>, which is still in use even among the new generation. </p><p>The number of Kessab visitors usually grows during summers especially in the month of August, when a lot of Armenians arrive in the mountainous town, to celebrate the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>. Many groups of Armenian scout movements visit Kessab to attend their summer camping programmes. </p><p>Starting from the 1990s, town had witnessed a construction booming with the inauguration of several hotels, houses and the renovation of the existing churches. </p><p>The town is known for its laurel soaps and apples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG/220px-%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG/330px-%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG/440px-%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Armenians from Kessab performing traditional dances</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kessab" title="Special:EditPage/Kessab">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2017, Kessab is home to the following schools: </p> <ul><li>Ousumnasirats Miatsyal Armenian National High School, founded in 1933 as primary school. In 1962, the School of the Armenian Apostolic Church (founded earlier in 1848) was merged with the Ousumnasirats School. In 2002, Ousumnasirats Miatsyal was expanded and turned into a high school offering studies until 12th grade (Syrian state baccalaureate).</li> <li>Nahadagats Miatsyal Armenian Evangelical School, operating since 1849, with many intervals, especially during the Genocide years.</li> <li>Good Hope Armenian Catholic School, operating since 1864 with many intervals, especially during the Genocide years.</li> <li>Public School of Kessab, is state-owned high school opened in 1960.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church,_Kessab,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Holy_Mother_of_God_Armenian_Apostolic_Church%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Holy Mother of God Armenian Apostolic Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG/220px-Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG/330px-Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG/440px-Syrian_Armenian_Church_in_Kessab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Holy Trinity Armenian Evangelical Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Armenian_catholic_church_kessab_Syria_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Saint Michael the Archangel Armenian Catholic Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kessab30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kessab30.jpg/220px-Kessab30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kessab30.jpg/330px-Kessab30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kessab30.jpg/440px-Kessab30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The Mosque of Kessab</figcaption></figure> <p>The population is mainly <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian community in Kessab dates back to the medieval ages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, German orientalist and traveler <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hartmann" title="Martin Hartmann">Martin Hartmann</a> noted Kessab as a settlement of 200 houses populated by Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town of Kessab is home to 3 Armenian churches: </p> <ul><li>Holy Mother of God Armenian Apostolic Church; probably dating back to the period of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, however, the exact year of its consecration is unknown. An inscription inside the church mentions that a major renovation took place in 1880.</li> <li>Holy Trinity Armenian Evangelical Church, started in 1909 by Rev. Koundakjian, but left incomplete due to the mass deportations of 1915 during the Armenian Genocide. The completion was initiated and supervised in the mid-1960s, by then Rev. A. Kerbabian and completed in 1969. In the 1990s Rev. Serop Megerditchian undertook the renovation of the roof. The church was damaged during the attack of Jabhat al-Nusra militants in 2014. In July 2017, the church was reopened following a major renovation.</li> <li>Saint Michael the Archangel Armenian Catholic Church, opened in 1925.</li></ul> <p>The town is also home to an Alawite mosque built in the early 1970s. </p><p>Churches in the nearby villages:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Surp Stepanos (Saint Stephen) Armenian Apostolic Church of Karadouran, built in 909. It is the oldest standing Armenian church in Syria. It was renovated in 1987 by the Armenian-French organization "Yergir yev Mshaguyt" (Country and Culture).</li> <li>Holy Mother of God Armenian Apostolic Church of Karadouran: On 18 October 2009, Catholicos <a href="/wiki/Aram_I" title="Aram I">Aram I</a> of the Holy See of Cilicia, consecrated the new Church of the Holy Mother of God in Karadouran.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly built church replaced the old church originally built in 1890 and ruined in 1942, then rebuilt in 1950 and was about to crumble at the beginning of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Armenian Evangelical Church of Keorkeuna, opened in 1899.</li> <li>Armenian Evangelical Church of Karadouran, opened in 1908 and renovated in 1986.</li> <li>Emmanuel Armenian Evangelical Church of Ekizolukh, opened as a small chapel in 1911 and reconstructed in 1956.</li> <li>Church and convent of Our Lady of Assumption of the Armenian Catholics in Baghjaghaz, opened in 1890 and renovated in 2003.</li> <li>Our Lady of Joy Greek Catholic Monastic complex of Karadash.</li> <li>Notre-Dame Greek Orthodox Church of Esguran: built between 1990 and 2002, to replace the old Greek chapel of the village, destroyed by the Turkish army in the early 1980s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Housepian" title="Moses Housepian">Moses Housepian</a> (1876–1952), physician and relief worker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antranig_Chalabian" title="Antranig Chalabian">Antranig Chalabian</a> (1922–2011), US-based Armenian historian, medical illustrator and cartographer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekin_I" title="Karekin I">Karekin I</a> Sarkissian (1932–1999), <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a> 1994–1999, and catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia 1983–1994 as Karekin II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbis_Kortian" title="Garbis Kortian">Garbis Kortian</a> (1938–2009), philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Aksoy_(sculptor)" title="Mehmet Aksoy (sculptor)">Mehmet Aksoy</a> (b. 1939), Turkish sculptor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagop_Cholakian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagop Cholakian (page does not exist)">Hagop Cholakian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2_%D5%89%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hyw:Յակոբ Չոլաքեան">hyw</a>]</span> (b. 1947), Armenian writer, linguist, and teacher, head of the Western Armenian language section of the Armenian Institute of Language.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Kessab</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kessab23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General view"><img alt="General view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kessab23.jpg/120px-Kessab23.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kessab23.jpg/180px-Kessab23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kessab23.jpg/240px-Kessab23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown Kessab"><img alt="Downtown Kessab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/120px-Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/180px-Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/240px-Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_at_the_centre_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Downtown Kessab</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gala residential neighbourhood"><img alt="Gala residential neighbourhood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/120px-Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/180px-Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/240px-Holy_Trinity_Armenian_Evangelical_Church_of_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gala residential neighbourhood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kessab20.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kessab in winter"><img alt="Kessab in winter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kessab20.JPG/120px-Kessab20.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kessab20.JPG/180px-Kessab20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kessab20.JPG/240px-Kessab20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kessab in winter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kessab as seen from Yayladağı"><img alt="Kessab as seen from Yayladağı" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG/120px-Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG/180px-Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG/240px-Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kessab as seen from <a href="/wiki/Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yayladağı">Yayladağı</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kessab6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Dyunag overlooking the Karadouran valley"><img alt="Mount Dyunag overlooking the Karadouran valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kessab6.jpg/120px-Kessab6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kessab6.jpg/180px-Kessab6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kessab6.jpg/240px-Kessab6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount Dyunag overlooking the Karadouran valley</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karadouran_village,_Syria-Turkey_boarderline,_Kessab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karadouran beach on the Syrian-Turkish borderline"><img alt="Karadouran beach on the Syrian-Turkish borderline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karadouran_village%2C_Syria-Turkey_boarderline%2C_Kessab.jpg/120px-Karadouran_village%2C_Syria-Turkey_boarderline%2C_Kessab.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karadouran_village%2C_Syria-Turkey_boarderline%2C_Kessab.jpg/180px-Karadouran_village%2C_Syria-Turkey_boarderline%2C_Kessab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karadouran_village%2C_Syria-Turkey_boarderline%2C_Kessab.jpg/240px-Karadouran_village%2C_Syria-Turkey_boarderline%2C_Kessab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karadouran beach on the Syrian-Turkish borderline</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Sildran_road,_Kessab,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ekizolukh-Baghjaghaz road"><img alt="The Ekizolukh-Baghjaghaz road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mount_Sildran_road%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/120px-Mount_Sildran_road%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mount_Sildran_road%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/180px-Mount_Sildran_road%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mount_Sildran_road%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg/240px-Mount_Sildran_road%2C_Kessab%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ekizolukh-Baghjaghaz road</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_ethnic_enclaves" title="List of Armenian ethnic enclaves">List of Armenian ethnic enclaves</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112223912/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB06-6-2004.htm">General Census of Population and Housing 2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). Latakia Governorate. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAPIP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GAPIP_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GAPIP_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XI_AQAAIAAJ&q=800">Guide Arabe Pour Le Commerce, L'industrie & Les Professions Libérales Dans Les Pays Arabes</a></i>. (1972). Page 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112223912/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB06-6-2004.htm">"Kessab nahiyah population"</a>. Cbssyr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB06-6-2004.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Footprint Travel Guides. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900949-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900949-90-3"><bdi>1-900949-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+Lebanon+Handbook%3A+The+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-900949-90-3&rft.aulast=Mannheim&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollicaHakobyan2021" class="citation book cs1">Mollica, Marcello; Hakobyan, Arsen (27 October 2021). <i>Syrian Armenians and the Turkish Factor: Kessab, Aleppo and Deir Ez-Zor in the Syrian War</i>. Springer International Publishing. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+Armenians+and+the+Turkish+Factor%3A+Kessab%2C+Aleppo+and+Deir+Ez-Zor+in+the+Syrian+War&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Mollica&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Hakobyan%2C+Arsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1891" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Martin (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27928611">"Das Liwa el-Ladkije und die Nahije Urdu (Schluss.)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>14</b>. JSTOR: 243. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27928611">27928611</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Das+Liwa+el-Ladkije+und+die+Nahije+Urdu+%28Schluss.%29&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=243&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27928611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27928611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kessabtsiner.com/index.php?module=subjects&func=listpages&subid=107">"Kessab Villages"</a>. Kessabi Armenians Website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kessab+Villages&rft.pub=Kessabi+Armenians+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kessabtsiner.com%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dsubjects%26func%3Dlistpages%26subid%3D107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004034/http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v04/doc/English/visitseng.htm#5">"CONSECRATION OF ST. MARY'S CHURCH IN KARADURAN"</a>. Holy See of Cilicia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v04/doc/English/visitseng.htm#5">the original</a> on 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONSECRATION+OF+ST.+MARY%27S+CHURCH+IN+KARADURAN&rft.pub=Holy+See+of+Cilicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianorthodoxchurch.org%2Fv04%2Fdoc%2FEnglish%2Fvisitseng.htm%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705190627/http://65.36.189.100/news/viewnews.asp?newsId=660aass79">"Pontifical visit of Catholicos Aram I to Syria"</a>. Azad Hye Middle East Armenian Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://65.36.189.100/news/viewnews.asp?newsId=660aass79">the original</a> on 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pontifical+visit+of+Catholicos+Aram+I+to+Syria&rft.pub=Azad+Hye+Middle+East+Armenian+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F65.36.189.100%2Fnews%2Fviewnews.asp%3FnewsId%3D660aass79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> <i>Ալպոմ Քեսապի եւ շրջակայից</i> [Album of Kesap and Its Environs] Beirut, 1955.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> Cholakian, Hakob. <i>Քեսապ</i> [Kesap], 3 vols. Aleppo: Hamazgayini Surioy Shrj. Varchutean, 1995–2004.</li> <li>McDonnell, Patrick J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082823/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/apr/09/world/la-fg-syria-kasab-20140409">Ethnic Armenians tell of flight from Kasab, their town in Syria</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 9 April 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessab&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kessabtsiner.com/index.php?newlang=eng">Kessab Armenians website (English & Armenian)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kessabtsiner.com/index.php?module=subjects&func=listpages&subid=51">"Kessab History"</a>. Kessabi Armenians for Kessab.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kessab+History&rft.pub=Kessabi+Armenians+for+Kessab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kessabtsiner.com%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dsubjects%26func%3Dlistpages%26subid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKessab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310083133/http://www.yerkramas.org/2013/01/09/kesab-i-armyane-kesabcy/">Кесаб и армяне — кесабцы </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latakia_Governorate" title="Template talk:Latakia Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latakia_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latakia Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latakia_Governorate23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Latakia_District23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latakia_District" title="Latakia District">Latakia District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Latakia<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baksa,_Syria" title="Baksa, Syria">Baksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_al-Qasab" title="Burj al-Qasab">Burj al-Qasab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsana" title="Kirsana">Kirsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushayrafet_al-Samouk" title="Mushayrafet al-Samouk">Mushayrafet al-Samouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qanjarah" title="Al-Qanjarah">al-Qanjarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjwan" title="Sinjwan">Sinjwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitmarkho" title="Sitmarkho">Sitmarkho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sqoubin" title="Sqoubin">Sqoubin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Ayn al-Bayda<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Bayda,_Latakia" title="Ayn al-Bayda, Latakia">Ayn al-Bayda</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Islam" title="Burj Islam">Burj Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashqita" title="Mashqita">Mashqita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Safsaf" title="Al-Safsaf">al-Safsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salib_al-Turkman" title="Salib al-Turkman">Salib al-Turkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabatliyah" title="Al-Shabatliyah">al-Shabatliyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Bahluliyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Bahluliyah" title="Al-Bahluliyah">al-Bahluliyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jandiriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jandiriyah (page does not exist)">al-Jandiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Hanadi <br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanadi" title="Hanadi">Hanadi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bassah,_Syria" title="Al-Bassah, Syria">al-Bassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideo,_Syria" title="Fideo, Syria">Fideo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sanawbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sanawbar (page does not exist)">al-Sanawbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shir" title="Al-Shir">al-Shir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Kessab <br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kessab</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Qastal Ma'af<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qastal_Ma%27af" title="Qastal Ma'af">Qastal Ma'af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badrusiyah" title="Al-Badrusiyah">al-Badrusiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balloran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balloran (page does not exist)">Balloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Tuyour,_Latakia_Governorate" title="Umm al-Tuyour, Latakia Governorate">Umm al-Tuyour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaghrin,_Latakia_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaghrin, Latakia Governorate (page does not exist)">Zaghrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Rabia<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabia,_Syria" title="Rabia, Syria">Rabia</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latakia-map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Latakia Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Latakia Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Latakia-map.png/45px-Latakia-map.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Latakia-map.png/68px-Latakia-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Latakia-map.png/90px-Latakia-map.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latakia_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Latakia Governorate"><img alt="Latakia Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Latakia_blank_districts.png/30px-Latakia_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Latakia_blank_districts.png/45px-Latakia_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Latakia_blank_districts.png/60px-Latakia_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Jableh_District23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jableh_District" title="Jableh District">Jableh District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Jableh<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Mulk" title="Arab al-Mulk">Arab al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisaysin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisaysin (page does not exist)">Bisaysin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Burjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Burjal (page does not exist)">al-Burjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_al-Basha" title="Bustan al-Basha">Bustan al-Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirghamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirghamo (page does not exist)">Dirghamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmeimim" title="Hmeimim">Hmeimim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qabu,_Latakia_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qabu, Latakia Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_al-Ayn,_Latakia_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras al-Ayn, Latakia Governorate (page does not exist)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sharashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sharashir (page does not exist)">al-Sharashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyannu" title="Siyannu">Siyannu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Ayn al-Sharqiyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Sharqiyah" title="Ayn al-Sharqiyah">Ayn al-Sharqiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Qahtan_Castle" title="Bani Qahtan Castle">Bani Qahtan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurn_Hulya" title="Qurn Hulya">Qurn Hulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawwar" title="Mutawwar">Mutawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zama,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zama, Syria (page does not exist)">Zama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Ayn Shiqaq<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Shiqaq" title="Ayn Shiqaq">Ayn Shiqaq</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjaro (page does not exist)">Benjaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btigramo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Btigramo (page does not exist)">Btigramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Budi" title="Al-Budi">al-Budi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassabin" title="Al-Qassabin">al-Qassabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabion" title="Sarabion">Sarabion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Beit Yashout<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yashout" title="Beit Yashout">Beit Yashout</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsheili" title="Bsheili">Bsheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbakko" title="Halbakko">Halbakko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallet_Ara" title="Hallet Ara">Hallet Ara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Daliyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Daliyah" title="Daliyah">Daliyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ana" title="Beit Ana">Beit Ana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Qutailibiyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutailibiyah" title="Al-Qutailibiyah">al-Qutailibiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqibah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqibah (page does not exist)">al-Aqibah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baabda,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baabda, Syria (page does not exist)">Baabda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraghi" title="Bashraghi">Bashraghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dweir_Baabda" title="Dweir Baabda">Dweir Baabda</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Sarabion" title="Sarabion">Sarabion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Qarahleh" title="Hamam al-Qarahleh">Hamam al-Qarahleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurfays" title="Qurfays">Qurfays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Al-Haffah_District23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah_District" title="Al-Haffah District">Al-Haffah District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Haffah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babna" title="Babna">Babna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankil" title="Jankil">Jankil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanqufa" title="Zanqufa">Zanqufa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Ayn al-Tineh<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh,_Latakia_Governorate" title="Ayn al-Tineh, Latakia Governorate">Ayn al-Tineh</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jandiriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jandiriyah (page does not exist)">al-Jandiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Kinsabba<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinsabba" title="Kinsabba">Kinsabba</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brouma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brouma (page does not exist)">Brouma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwayrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duwayrika (page does not exist)">Duwayrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabani,_Syria" title="Kabani, Syria">Kabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27uma" title="Ta'uma">Ta'uma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Muzayraa<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muzayraa" title="Muzayraa">Muzayraa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difa" title="Difa">Difa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Slinfah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salma,_Syria" title="Salma, Syria">Salma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramo,_Syria" title="Aramo, Syria">Aramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Qardaha_District23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qardaha_District" title="Qardaha District">Qardaha District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="QardahaSubdistrict24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Qardaha<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakhurah" title="Al-Fakhurah">al-Fakhurah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamra" title="Bahamra">Bahamra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_Suhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayt Suhin (page does not exist)">Bayt Suhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishalama" title="Bishalama">Bishalama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisrama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisrama (page does not exist)">Bisrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabbash" title="Dabbash">Dabbash</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harf_al-Musaytirah" title="Harf al-Musaytirah">Harf al-Musaytirah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istamo" title="Istamo">Istamo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jawbat_Burghal" title="Jawbat Burghal">Jawbat Burghal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmakho" title="Kilmakho">Kilmakho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalibeh_Castle" title="Mahalibeh Castle">Mahalibeh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarte" title="Yarte">Yarte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026301#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata779" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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