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Laurence Olivier - Wikipedia

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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lord Olivier" redirects here. For his uncle, see <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier" title="Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier">Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LORR</span>-ənss <span style="font-size:90%">KUR</span> ə-<span style="font-size:90%">LIV</span>-ee-ay</i></a>; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director. He and his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> made up a trio of male actors who dominated the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">British stage</a> of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles. Late in his career he had considerable success in television roles. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">The Lord Olivier</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg/220px-Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg/330px-Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg/440px-Lord_Olivier_6_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="3028"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Olivier in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Laurence Kerr Olivier</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1907-05-22</span>)</span>22 May 1907<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a>, Surrey, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 July 1989<span style="display:none">(1989-07-11)</span> (aged 82)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ashurst,_West_Sussex" title="Ashurst, West Sussex">Ashurst, West Sussex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_Training_and_Dramatic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art">Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Actor</li> <li>director</li> <li>producer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jill_Esmond" title="Jill Esmond">Jill Esmond</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1930; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1940)<wbr></wbr>​</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1940; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1960)<wbr></wbr>​</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Plowright" title="Joan Plowright">Joan Plowright</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1961)<wbr></wbr>​</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <p>Olivier's family had no theatrical connections, but his father, a clergyman, decided that his son should become an actor. After attending a drama school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> success in <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a></i>, and he appeared in his first film. In 1935 he played in a celebrated production of <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> alongside Gielgud and <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a>, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and <a href="/wiki/John_Burrell_(theatre_director)" title="John Burrell (theatre director)">John Burrell</a>, Olivier was the co-director of <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">the Old Vic</a>, building it into a highly respected company. There his most celebrated roles included <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)"><i>Richard III</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex"><i>Oedipus</i></a>. </p><p>In the 1950s Olivier was an independent actor-manager, but his stage career was in the doldrums until he joined the <i>avant-garde</i> <a href="/wiki/English_Stage_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English Stage Company">English Stage Company</a> in 1957 to play the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(play)" title="The Entertainer (play)">The Entertainer</a></i>, a part he later played <a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(film)" title="The Entertainer (film)">on film</a>. From 1963 to 1973 he was the founding director of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a>, running a resident company that fostered many future stars. His own parts there included the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/Othello_(1965_British_film)" title="Othello (1965 British film)">Othello</a></i> (1965), and <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i> (1970). </p><p>Among Olivier's films are <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)" title="Wuthering Heights (1939 film)">Wuthering Heights</a></i> (1939), <i><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a></i> (1940) and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor/director: <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(1944_film)" title="Henry V (1944 film)">Henry V</a></i> (1944), <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1948_film)" title="Hamlet (1948 film)">Hamlet</a></i> (1948) and <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1955_film)" title="Richard III (1955 film)">Richard III</a></i> (1955). His later films included <i><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></i> (1960), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shoes_of_the_Fisherman_(film)" title="The Shoes of the Fisherman (film)">The Shoes of the Fisherman</a></i> (1968), <i><a href="/wiki/Sleuth_(1972_film)" title="Sleuth (1972 film)">Sleuth</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Man_(film)" title="Marathon Man (film)">Marathon Man</a></i> (1976) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(film)" title="The Boys from Brazil (film)">The Boys from Brazil</a></i> (1978). His television appearances included an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence_(1959_film)" title="The Moon and Sixpence (1959 film)">The Moon and Sixpence</a></i> (1960), <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night_(ITV_Sunday_Night_Theatre)" title="Long Day's Journey into Night (ITV Sunday Night Theatre)">Long Day's Journey into Night</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Among_the_Ruins_(film)" title="Love Among the Ruins (film)">Love Among the Ruins</a></i> (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1976), <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited_(TV_series)" title="Brideshead Revisited (TV series)">Brideshead Revisited</a></i> (1981) and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear_(1983_TV_programme)" title="King Lear (1983 TV programme)">King Lear</a></i> (1983). </p><p>Olivier's honours included a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthood</a> (1947), a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peerage</a> (1970) and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (1981). For his on-screen work he received two <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, two <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Emmy Awards</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a>. The National Theatre's largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards" title="Laurence Olivier Awards">Laurence Olivier Awards</a>, given annually by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_London_Theatre" title="Society of London Theatre">Society of London Theatre</a>. He was married three times, to the actresses <a href="/wiki/Jill_Esmond" title="Jill Esmond">Jill Esmond</a> from 1930 to 1940, <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a> from 1940 to 1960, and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Plowright" title="Joan Plowright">Joan Plowright</a> from 1961 until his death. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and career</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1907%E2%80%931924:_Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">1907–1924: Early life and education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1924%E2%80%931929:_Early_acting_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">1924–1929: Early acting career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1930%E2%80%931935:_Rising_star"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">1930–1935: Rising star</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1936%E2%80%931938:_Old_Vic_and_Vivien_Leigh"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">1936–1938: Old Vic and Vivien Leigh</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1938%E2%80%931944:_Hollywood_and_war_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">1938–1944: Hollywood and war years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1944%E2%80%931948:_Co-directing_the_Old_Vic"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">1944–1948: Co-directing the Old Vic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1948%E2%80%931951:_Post-war_work"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">1948–1951: Post-war work</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1951%E2%80%931954:_Independent_work"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">1951–1954: Independent work</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1955%E2%80%931956:_Last_productions_with_Leigh"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">1955–1956: Last productions with Leigh</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#1957%E2%80%931963:_Royal_Court_and_Chichester"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">1957–1963: Royal Court and Chichester</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#National_Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">1.11</span> <span class="toctext">National Theatre</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#1963%E2%80%931968"><span class="tocnumber">1.11.1</span> <span class="toctext">1963–1968</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#1968%E2%80%931974"><span class="tocnumber">1.11.2</span> <span class="toctext">1968–1974</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#1975%E2%80%931989:_Later_years_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">1.12</span> <span class="toctext">1975–1989: Later years and death</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Awards_and_honours"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Awards and honours</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Technique_and_reputation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Technique and reputation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_on_stage_and_screen" title="Laurence Olivier on stage and screen">Laurence Olivier on stage and screen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1907–1924:_Early_life_and_education"><span id="1907.E2.80.931924:_Early_life_and_education"></span>1907–1924: Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: 1907–1924: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier,_Wathen_Road,_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg/170px-Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="521"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg/170px-Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg/255px-Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg/340px-Birthplace_of_Actor_Sir_Laurence_Olivier%2C_Wathen_Road%2C_Dorking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110689.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>The house in Wathen Road, <a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a>, Surrey, where Olivier was born in 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Olivier was born in <a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a>, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of Agnes Louise (<i>née</i> Crookenden) and Reverend Gerard Kerr Olivier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two older siblings: Sybille and Gerard Dacres "Dickie".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198812_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198812-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-great-grandfather was of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritualist">ritualist</a> wing of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and was known as "Father Olivier". Some Anglican congregations did not like this style,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the only church posts he was offered were temporary, usually deputising for regular <a href="/wiki/Incumbent_(ecclesiastical)" title="Incumbent (ecclesiastical)">incumbents</a> in their absence. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurence's first few years, he never lived in one place long enough to make friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett20052_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett20052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Saviour%27s,_Pimlico" title="St Saviour's, Pimlico">St Saviour's, Pimlico</a>. He held the post for six years, and a stable family life was at last possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198814_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198814-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier was devoted to his mother, but not to his father, whom he found a cold and remote parent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett20056_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett20056-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he learned a great deal of the art of performing from him. As a young man Gerard Olivier had considered a stage career and was a dramatic and effective preacher. Olivier wrote that his father knew "when to drop the voice, when to bellow about the perils of hellfire, when to slip in a gag, when suddenly to wax sentimental ... The quick changes of mood and manner absorbed me, and I have never forgotten them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan198112_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan198112-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints,_Margaret_Street_Church,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="interior of ornate Victorian church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7998" data-file-height="5013"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" data-alt="interior of ornate Victorian church" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-All_Saints%2C_Margaret_Street_Church%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Margaret_Street" title="All Saints, Margaret Street">All Saints, Margaret Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1916, after attending a series of preparatory schools, Olivier passed the singing examination for admission to the choir school of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Margaret_Street" title="All Saints, Margaret Street">All Saints, Margaret Street</a>, in central London. His elder brother was already a pupil and Olivier gradually settled in, though he felt himself to be something of an outsider.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198817–18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198817%E2%80%9318-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church's style of worship was (and remains) <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a>, with emphasis on ritual, vestments and incense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenny1985269_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenny1985269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatricality of the services appealed to Olivier,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the vicar encouraged the students to develop a taste for secular as well as religious drama.<sup id="cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-interview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a school production of <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i> in 1917, the ten-year-old Olivier's performance as Brutus impressed an audience that included <a href="/wiki/Lady_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Tree">Lady Tree</a>, the young <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Thorndike" title="Sybil Thorndike">Sybil Thorndike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a>, who wrote in her diary, "The small boy who played Brutus is already a great actor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindlater1971207Beckett20059_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlater1971207Beckett20059-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later won praise in other schoolboy productions, as Maria in <i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i> (1918) and Katherine in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i> (1922).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan198120_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan198120-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From All Saints, Olivier went on to <a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_School,_Oxford" title="St Edward's School, Oxford">St Edward's School, Oxford</a>, from 1921 to 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196817–18_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196817%E2%80%9318-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made little mark until his final year, when he played <a href="/wiki/Puck_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)" title="Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)">Puck</a> in the school's production of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>; his performance was a tour de force that won him popularity among his fellow pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198826_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198826-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1924, his brother left England to work in India as a rubber planter. Olivier missed him greatly and asked his father how soon he could follow. He recalled in his memoirs that his father replied, "Don't be such a fool, you're not going to India, you're going on the stage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199415_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199415-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1924–1929:_Early_acting_career"><span id="1924.E2.80.931929:_Early_acting_career"></span>1924–1929: Early acting career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: 1924–1929: Early acting career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1924 Gerard Olivier, a habitually frugal man, told his son that he must gain not only admission to the <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_Training_and_Dramatic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art">Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art</a>, but also a scholarship with a bursary to cover his tuition fees and living expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198829_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198829-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier's sister had been a student there and was a favourite of <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Fogerty" title="Elsie Fogerty">Elsie Fogerty</a>, the founder and principal of the school. Olivier later speculated that it was on the strength of this connection that Fogerty agreed to award him the bursary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198829_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198829-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="young woman, dark-haired, in left profile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg/170px-Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg/170px-Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg" data-alt="young woman, dark-haired, in left profile" data-width="170" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg/255px-Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Peggy-Ashcroft-1936-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a>, a contemporary and friend of Olivier's at the <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_Training_and_Dramatic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art">Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art</a> in London, photographed in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Olivier's contemporaries at the school was <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a>, who observed he was "rather uncouth in that his sleeves were too short and his hair stood on end but he was intensely lively and great fun".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Munn200723_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Munn200723-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By his own admission he was not a very conscientious student, but Fogerty liked him and later said that he and Ashcroft stood out among her many pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198832_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198832-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the Central School in 1925, Olivier worked for small theatrical companies;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200518–19_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200518%E2%80%9319-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his first stage appearance was in a sketch called <i>The Unfailing Instinct</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Hippodrome" title="Brighton Hippodrome">Brighton Hippodrome</a> in August 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200515–16_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200515%E2%80%9316-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200625,_485_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200625,_485-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he was taken on by Sybil Thorndike (the daughter of a friend of Olivier's father) and her husband <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Casson" title="Lewis Casson">Lewis Casson</a> as a bit-part player, understudy and assistant stage manager for their London company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200518–19_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200518%E2%80%9319-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier modelled his performing style on that of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_du_Maurier" title="Gerald du Maurier">Gerald du Maurier</a>, of whom he said, "He seemed to mutter on stage but had such perfect technique. When I started I was so busy doing a du Maurier that no one ever heard a word I said. The Shakespearean actors one saw were terrible hams like <a href="/wiki/Frank_Benson_(actor)" title="Frank Benson (actor)">Frank Benson</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer198461_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer198461-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier's concern with speaking naturally and avoiding what he called "singing" Shakespeare's verse was the cause of much frustration in his early career, as critics regularly decried his delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198959_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198959-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, on Thorndike's recommendation, Olivier joined the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Repertory Company">Birmingham Repertory Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson201367_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson201367-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Billington_(critic)" title="Michael Billington (critic)">Michael Billington</a> describes the Birmingham company as "Olivier's university", where in his second year he was given the chance to play a wide range of important roles, including Tony Lumpkin in <i><a href="/wiki/She_Stoops_to_Conquer" title="She Stoops to Conquer">She Stoops to Conquer</a></i>, the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Vanya" title="Uncle Vanya">Uncle Vanya</a></i>, and Parolles in <i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988455_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988455-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billington adds that the engagement led to "a lifelong friendship with his fellow actor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> that was to have a decisive effect on the British theatre."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While playing the juvenile lead in <i>Bird in Hand</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Royalty_Theatre" title="Royalty Theatre">Royalty Theatre</a> in June 1928, Olivier began a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Jill_Esmond" title="Jill Esmond">Jill Esmond</a>, the daughter of the actors <a href="/wiki/Henry_V._Esmond" title="Henry V. Esmond">Henry V. Esmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Moore" title="Eva Moore">Eva Moore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn200728_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn200728-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier later recounted that he thought "she would most certainly do excellent well for a wife ... I wasn't likely to do any better at my age and with my undistinguished track-record, so I promptly fell in love with her."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199475_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199475-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 Olivier created the role of Stanhope in <a href="/wiki/R._C._Sherriff" title="R. C. Sherriff">R. C. Sherriff</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Journey%27s_End" title="Journey's End">Journey's End</a></i>, in which he scored a great success at its single Sunday night premiere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200632_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200632-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was offered the part in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> production the following year, but turned it down in favour of the more glamorous role of <a href="/wiki/Beau_Geste" title="Beau Geste">Beau Geste</a> in a stage adaptation of <a href="/wiki/P._C._Wren" title="P. C. Wren">P. C. Wren</a>'s 1929 novel of the same name. <i>Journey's End</i> became a long-running success; <i>Beau Geste</i> failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a></i> commented, "Mr. Laurence Olivier did his best as Beau, but he deserves and will get better parts. Mr. Olivier is going to make a big name for himself".<sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Beau_Geste_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Beau_Geste-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of 1929 Olivier appeared in seven plays, all of which were short-lived. Billington ascribes this failure rate to poor choices by Olivier rather than mere bad luck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930–1935:_Rising_star"><span id="1930.E2.80.931935:_Rising_star"></span>1930–1935: Rising star</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: 1930–1935: Rising star" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1930, with his impending marriage in mind, Olivier earned some extra money with small roles in two films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199481–82_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199481%E2%80%9382-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April he travelled to Berlin to film the English-language version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Temporary_Widow" title="The Temporary Widow">The Temporary Widow</a></i>, a crime comedy with <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Harvey" title="Lilian Harvey">Lilian Harvey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in May he spent four nights working on another comedy, <i><a href="/wiki/Too_Many_Crooks_(1930_film)" title="Too Many Crooks (1930 film)">Too Many Crooks</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200638–39_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200638%E2%80%9339-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During work on the latter film, for which he was paid £60,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he met Laurence Evans, who became his personal manager.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199481–82_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199481%E2%80%9382-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier did not enjoy working in film, which he dismissed as "this anaemic little medium which could not stand great acting",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198965_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198965-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but financially it was much more rewarding than his theatre work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn200738_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn200738-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier and Esmond married on 25 July 1930 at All Saints, Margaret Street,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200642_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200642-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although within weeks both realised they had erred. Olivier later recorded that the marriage was "a pretty crass mistake. I insisted on getting married from a pathetic mixture of religious and animal promptings. ... She had admitted to me that she was in love elsewhere and could never love me as completely as I would wish."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199488_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199488-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier later recounted that following the wedding he did not keep a diary for ten years and never followed religious practices again, although he considered those facts to be "mere coincidence", unconnected to the nuptials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199489_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199489-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930 <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> cast Olivier as Victor Prynne in his new play <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a></i>, which opened at the new <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Theatre (London)">Phoenix Theatre</a> in London in September. Coward and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence">Gertrude Lawrence</a> played the lead roles, Elyot Chase and Amanda Prynne. Victor is a secondary character, along with Sybil Chase; the author called them "extra puppets, lightly wooden ninepins, only to be repeatedly knocked down and stood up again".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesley1976136_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesley1976136-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make them credible spouses for Amanda and Elyot, Coward was determined that two outstandingly attractive performers should play the parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesley1976137_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesley1976137-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier played Victor in the West End and then on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adrianne_Allen" title="Adrianne Allen">Adrianne Allen</a> was Sybil in London, but could not go to New York, where the part was taken by Esmond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastle1972115_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastle1972115-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to giving the 23-year-old Olivier his first successful West End role, Coward became something of a mentor. In the late 1960s Olivier told <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Morley" title="Sheridan Morley">Sheridan Morley</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He gave me a sense of balance, of right and wrong. He would make me read; I never used to read anything at all. I remember he said, "Right, my boy, <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Human_Bondage" title="Of Human Bondage">Of Human Bondage</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale" title="The Old Wives' Tale">The Old Wives' Tale</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bennett" title="Arnold Bennett">Arnold Bennett</a>. That'll do, those are three of the best. Read them". I did. ... Noël also did a priceless thing, he taught me not to giggle on the stage. Once already I'd been fired for doing it, and I was very nearly sacked from the Birmingham Rep. for the same reason. Noël cured me; by trying to make me laugh outrageously, he taught me how not to give in to it.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> My great triumph came in New York when one night I managed to break Noël up on the stage without giggling myself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1974176_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1974176-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="young woman and man seated at a table with maid standing centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg/220px-Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2107"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg/220px-Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg" data-alt="young woman and man seated at a table with maid standing centre" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg/330px-Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg/440px-Jill_Esmond_and_Laurence_Olivier_1932.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Olivier, with his first wife <a href="/wiki/Jill_Esmond" title="Jill Esmond">Jill Esmond</a> (left), in 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1931 <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> offered Olivier a two-film contract at $1,000 a week;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he discussed the possibility with Coward, who, irked, told Olivier "You've no artistic integrity, that's your trouble; this is how you cheapen yourself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199492_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199492-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accepted and moved to Hollywood, despite some misgivings. His first film was the drama <i><a href="/wiki/Friends_and_Lovers_(1931_film)" title="Friends and Lovers (1931 film)">Friends and Lovers</a></i>, in a supporting role, before RKO loaned him to <a href="/wiki/Fox_Film" title="Fox Film">Fox Studios</a> for his first film lead, a British journalist in a Russia under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Ticket_(1931_film)" title="The Yellow Ticket (1931 film)">The Yellow Ticket</a></i>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Elissa_Landi" title="Elissa Landi">Elissa Landi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore" title="Lionel Barrymore">Lionel Barrymore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199493–94Munn200743–44_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199493%E2%80%9394Munn200743%E2%80%9344-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural historian <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Richards" title="Jeffrey Richards">Jeffrey Richards</a> describes Olivier's look as an attempt by Fox Studios to produce a likeness of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Colman" title="Ronald Colman">Ronald Colman</a>, and Colman's moustache, voice and manner are "perfectly reproduced".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards201464_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards201464-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier returned to RKO to complete his contract with the 1932 drama <i><a href="/wiki/Westward_Passage" title="Westward Passage">Westward Passage</a></i>, which was a commercial failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198871_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198871-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier's initial foray into American films had not provided the breakthrough he hoped for; disillusioned with Hollywood, he returned to London, where he appeared in two British films, <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Understanding" title="Perfect Understanding">Perfect Understanding</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/No_Funny_Business" title="No Funny Business">No Funny Business</a></i>—in which Esmond also appeared. He was tempted back to Hollywood in 1933 to appear opposite <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Christina_(film)" title="Queen Christina (film)">Queen Christina</a></i>, but was replaced after two weeks of filming because of a lack of chemistry between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Munn200744–45Richards2010165_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Munn200744%E2%80%9345Richards2010165-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier's stage roles in 1934 included Bothwell in <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Daviot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Daviot">Gordon Daviot</a>'s <i>Queen of Scots</i>, which was only a moderate success for him and for the play, but led to an important engagement for the same management (<a href="/wiki/Bronson_Albery" title="Bronson Albery">Bronson Albery</a>) shortly afterwards. In the interim he had a great success playing a thinly disguised version of the American actor <a href="/wiki/John_Barrymore" title="John Barrymore">John Barrymore</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Family_(play)" title="The Royal Family (play)">Theatre Royal</a></i>. His success was vitiated by his breaking an ankle two months into the run, in one of the athletic, acrobatic stunts with which he liked to enliven his performances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196832–33_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196832%E2%80%9333-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CEF6EC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Mr Olivier was about twenty times as much in love with Peggy Ashcroft as Mr Gielgud is. But Mr Gielgud spoke most of the poetry far better than Mr Olivier ... Yet—I must out with it—the fire of Mr Olivier's passion carried the play along as Mr Gielgud's doesn't quite. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Farjeon" title="Herbert Farjeon">Herbert Farjeon</a> on the rival Romeos<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindlater197157_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlater197157-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>In 1935, under Albery's management, <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> staged <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> at the <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre" title="Noël Coward Theatre">New Theatre</a>, co-starring with Peggy Ashcroft, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Evans" title="Edith Evans">Edith Evans</a> and Olivier. Gielgud had seen Olivier in <i>Queen of Scots</i>, spotted his potential, and gave him a major step up in his career. For the first weeks of the run Gielgud played <a href="/wiki/Mercutio" title="Mercutio">Mercutio</a> and Olivier played <a href="/wiki/Romeo" title="Romeo">Romeo</a>, after which they exchanged roles.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production broke all box-office records for the play, running for 189 performances.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier was enraged at the notices after the first night, which praised the virility of his performance but fiercely criticised his speaking of Shakespeare's verse, contrasting it with his co-star's mastery of the poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friendship between the two men was prickly, on Olivier's side, for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2001122–123_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2001122%E2%80%93123-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936–1938:_Old_Vic_and_Vivien_Leigh"><span id="1936.E2.80.931938:_Old_Vic_and_Vivien_Leigh"></span>1936–1938: Old Vic and Vivien Leigh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: 1936–1938: Old Vic and Vivien Leigh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In May 1936 Olivier and Richardson jointly directed and starred in a new piece by <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bees_on_the_Boatdeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees on the Boatdeck">Bees on the Boatdeck</a></i>. Both actors won excellent notices, but the play, an allegory of Britain's decay, did not attract the public and closed after four weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199560_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199560-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the same year Olivier accepted an invitation to join <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">the Old Vic</a> company. The theatre, in an unfashionable location south of the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>, had offered inexpensive tickets for opera and drama under its proprietor <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Baylis" title="Lilian Baylis">Lilian Baylis</a> since 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert200916_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert200916-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her drama company specialised in the plays of Shakespeare, and many leading actors had taken very large cuts in their pay to develop their Shakespearean techniques there.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gielgud had been in the company from 1929 to 1931 and Richardson from 1930 to 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199536_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199536-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the actors whom Olivier joined in late 1936 were <a href="/wiki/Edith_Evans" title="Edith Evans">Edith Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Gordon" title="Ruth Gordon">Ruth Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988115_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988115-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1937 Olivier took the title role in an uncut version of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> in which once again his delivery of the verse was unfavourably compared with that of Gielgud, who had played the role on the same stage seven years previously to enormous acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Brown" title="Ivor Brown">Ivor Brown</a> praised Olivier's "magnetism and muscularity" but missed "the kind of pathos so richly established by Mr Gielgud".<sup id="cite_ref-ivor_hamlet2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivor_hamlet2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reviewer in <i>The Times</i> found the performance "full of vitality", but at times "too light ... the character slips from Mr Olivier's grasp".<sup id="cite_ref-times-hamlet_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-hamlet-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Vic0185.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="exterior of Victorian theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_Vic0185.JPG/220px-Old_Vic0185.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="2530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_Vic0185.JPG/220px-Old_Vic0185.JPG" data-alt="exterior of Victorian theatre" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_Vic0185.JPG/330px-Old_Vic0185.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_Vic0185.JPG/440px-Old_Vic0185.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">The Old Vic</a> (photographed in 2012), where Olivier honed his skill as a Shakespearean</figcaption></figure> <p>After <i>Hamlet</i>, the company presented <i>Twelfth Night</i> in what the director, <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Guthrie" title="Tyrone Guthrie">Tyrone Guthrie</a>, summed up as "a baddish, immature production of mine, with Olivier outrageously amusing as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Toby_Belch" title="Sir Toby Belch">Sir Toby</a> and a very young Alec Guinness outrageous and more amusing as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Aguecheek" title="Sir Andrew Aguecheek">Sir Andrew</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988121_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988121-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i> was the next play, presented in May to mark the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of George VI">Coronation of George VI</a>. A pacifist, as he then was, Olivier was as reluctant to play the warrior king as Guthrie was to direct the piece, but the production was a success and Baylis had to extend the run from four to eight weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988123_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988123-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Olivier's success in Shakespearean stage productions, he made his first foray into Shakespeare on film in 1936, as <a href="/wiki/Orlando_(As_You_Like_It)" title="Orlando (As You Like It)">Orlando</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It_(1936_film)" title="As You Like It (1936 film)">As You Like It</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Czinner" title="Paul Czinner">Paul Czinner</a>, "a charming if lightweight production", according to Michael Brooke of the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>'s (BFI's) <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BFI:_AYLI_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFI:_AYLI-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Olivier appeared alongside <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a> in the historical drama <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Over_England" title="Fire Over England">Fire Over England</a></i>. He had first met Leigh briefly at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_Grill_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Hotel Grill Room">Savoy Grill</a> and then again when she visited him during the run of <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, probably early in 1936, and the two had begun an affair sometime that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199263Coleman200675–76_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199263Coleman200675%E2%80%9376-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the relationship, Olivier later said that "I couldn't help myself with Vivien. No man could. I hated myself for cheating on Jill, but then I had cheated before, but this was something different. This wasn't just out of lust. This was love that I really didn't ask for but was drawn into."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn200760_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn200760-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his relationship with Leigh continued he conducted an affair with the actress <a href="/wiki/Ann_Todd" title="Ann Todd">Ann Todd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200676,_79Munn200761_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200676,_79Munn200761-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly had a brief affair with the actor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ainley" title="Henry Ainley">Henry Ainley</a>, according to the biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Munn" title="Michael Munn">Michael Munn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200681,_505Munn200739–41_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200681,_505Munn200739%E2%80%9341-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1937 the Old Vic company took up an invitation to perform <i>Hamlet</i> in the courtyard of the castle at <a href="/wiki/Kronborg" title="Kronborg">Elsinore</a>, where Shakespeare located the play. Olivier secured the casting of Leigh to replace Cherry Cottrell as <a href="/wiki/Ophelia" title="Ophelia">Ophelia</a>. Because of torrential rain the performance had to be moved from the castle courtyard to the ballroom of a local hotel, but the tradition of playing Hamlet at Elsinore was established, and Olivier was followed by, among others, Gielgud (1939), Redgrave (1950), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a> (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-Hamletscenen_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamletscenen-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back in London, the company staged <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>, with Olivier in the title role. The stylised production by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Saint-Denis" title="Michel Saint-Denis">Michel Saint-Denis</a> was not well liked, but Olivier had some good notices among the bad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988131_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988131-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On returning from Denmark, Olivier and Leigh told their respective spouses about the affair and that their marriages were over; Esmond moved out of the marital house and in with her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199270_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199270-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Olivier and Leigh made a tour of Europe in mid-1937 they returned to separate film projects—<i><a href="/wiki/A_Yank_at_Oxford" title="A Yank at Oxford">A Yank at Oxford</a></i> for her and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divorce_of_Lady_X" title="The Divorce of Lady X">The Divorce of Lady X</a></i> for him—and moved into a property together in <a href="/wiki/Iver" title="Iver">Iver</a>, Buckinghamshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn200777_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn200777-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier returned to the Old Vic for a second season in 1938. For <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i> he played <a href="/wiki/Iago" title="Iago">Iago</a>, with Richardson in the title role. Guthrie wanted to experiment with the theory that Iago's villainy is driven by a suppressed love for <a href="/wiki/Othello_(character)" title="Othello (character)">Othello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196845–46_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196845%E2%80%9346-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier was willing to co-operate, but Richardson was not; audiences and most critics failed to spot the supposed motivation of Olivier's Iago, and Richardson's Othello seemed underpowered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill200678_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200678-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that comparative failure, the company had a success with <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i> starring Olivier in the title role. The notices were laudatory, mentioning him alongside great predecessors such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Macready" title="William Macready">William Macready</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>. The actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Speaight" title="Robert Speaight">Robert Speaight</a> described it as "Olivier's first incontestably great performance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988135_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988135-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was Olivier's last appearance on a London stage for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988135_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988135-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1938–1944:_Hollywood_and_war_years"><span id="1938.E2.80.931944:_Hollywood_and_war_years"></span>1938–1944: Hollywood and war years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: 1938–1944: Hollywood and war years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="studio still of young man and woman in outdoor setting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1231"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg" data-alt="studio still of young man and woman in outdoor setting" data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg/330px-Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg/440px-Laurence_Olivier_Merle_Oberon_Wuthering_Heights.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Olivier, with <a href="/wiki/Merle_Oberon" title="Merle Oberon">Merle Oberon</a> in the 1939 film <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)" title="Wuthering Heights (1939 film)">Wuthering Heights</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1938 Olivier joined Richardson to film the spy thriller <i><a href="/wiki/Q_Planes" title="Q Planes">Q Planes</a></i>, released the following year. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Nugent" title="Frank Nugent">Frank Nugent</a>, the critic for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, thought Olivier was "not quite so good" as Richardson, but was "quite acceptable".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT:_Q_Planes_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT:_Q_Planes-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1938, lured by a salary of $50,000, the actor travelled to Hollywood to take the part of <a href="/wiki/Heathcliff_(Wuthering_Heights)" title="Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)">Heathcliff</a> in the 1939 film <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)" title="Wuthering Heights (1939 film)">Wuthering Heights</a></i>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Merle_Oberon" title="Merle Oberon">Merle Oberon</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006105Capua200347_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006105Capua200347-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In less than a month Leigh had joined him, explaining that her trip was "partially because Larry's there and partially because I intend to get the part of <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara" title="Scarlett O'Hara">Scarlett O'Hara</a>"—the role in <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> in which she was eventually cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapua200348_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapua200348-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier did not enjoy making <i>Wuthering Heights</i>, and his approach to film acting, combined with a dislike for Oberon, led to tensions on set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006107–108_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006107%E2%80%93108-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director, <a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a>, was a hard taskmaster, and Olivier learned to remove what Billington described as "the carapace of theatricality" to which he was prone, replacing it with "a palpable reality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting film was a commercial and critical success that earned him a nomination for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> and created his screen reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006102_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006102-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._A._Lejeune" title="C. A. Lejeune">Caroline Lejeune</a>, writing for <i>The Observer</i>, considered that "Olivier's dark, moody face, abrupt style, and a certain fine arrogance towards the world in his playing are just right" in the role,<sup id="cite_ref-Lejeune:_Wuthering_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lejeune:_Wuthering-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the reviewer for <i>The Times</i> wrote that Olivier "is a good embodiment of Heathcliff ... impressive enough on a more human plane, speaking his lines with real distinction, and always both romantic and alive."<sup id="cite_ref-Times:_Wuthering_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times:_Wuthering-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="young woman clinging as if for protection to slightly older man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG/220px-Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG/220px-Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG" data-alt="young woman clinging as if for protection to slightly older man" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG/330px-Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG/440px-Laurence_Olivier_Joan_Fontaine_Rebecca.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption> Olivier with <a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a> in the 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After returning to London briefly in mid-1939, the couple returned to America, Leigh to film the final takes for <i>Gone with the Wind</i>, and Olivier to prepare for filming of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a></i>—although the couple had hoped to appear in it together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006132_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006132-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a> was selected for the role of Mrs de Winter, as the producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> thought that not only was she more suitable for the role, but that it was best to keep Olivier and Leigh apart until their divorces came through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199277_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199277-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier followed <i>Rebecca</i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice_(1940_film)" title="Pride and Prejudice (1940 film)">Pride and Prejudice</a></i>, in the role of <a href="/wiki/Mr._Darcy" title="Mr. Darcy">Mr. Darcy</a>. To his disappointment <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet" title="Elizabeth Bennet">Elizabeth Bennet</a> was played by <a href="/wiki/Greer_Garson" title="Greer Garson">Greer Garson</a> rather than Leigh. He received good reviews for both films and showed a more confident screen presence than he had in his early work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007103_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007103-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1940 Olivier and Esmond were granted their divorce. In February, following another request from Leigh, her husband also applied for their marriage to be terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapua200347_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapua200347-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On stage, Olivier and Leigh starred in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> on Broadway. It was an extravagant production, but a commercial failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200553–54_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200553%E2%80%9354-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The New York Times</i> <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> praised the scenery but not the acting: "Although Miss Leigh and Mr Olivier are handsome young people they hardly act their parts at all."<sup id="cite_ref-romeo-new-york-times_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romeo-new-york-times-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had invested almost all their savings in the project, and its failure was a grave financial blow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988189–190_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988189%E2%80%93190-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were married in August 1940, at the <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Ranch" title="San Ysidro Ranch">San Ysidro Ranch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994124_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994124-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war in Europe had been under way for a year and was going badly for Britain. After his wedding Olivier wanted to help the war effort. He telephoned <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Minister of Information</a> under <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, hoping to get a position in Cooper's department. Cooper advised him to remain where he was and speak to the film director <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a>, who was based in the US at Churchill's behest, with connections to British Intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006139–140Munn2007105_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006139%E2%80%93140Munn2007105-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korda—with Churchill's support and involvement—directed <i><a href="/wiki/That_Hamilton_Woman" title="That Hamilton Woman">That Hamilton Woman</a></i>, with Olivier as <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> and Leigh in the <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">title role</a>. Korda saw that the relationship between the couple was strained. Olivier was tiring of Leigh's suffocating adulation, and she was drinking to excess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorda1981158_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda1981158-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film, in which the threat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> paralleled that of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, was seen by critics as "bad history but good British propaganda", according to the BFI.<sup id="cite_ref-BFI:_Hamilton_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFI:_Hamilton-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier's life was under threat from the Nazis and pro-German sympathisers. The studio owners were concerned enough that <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> both provided support and security to ensure his safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007117–119_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007117%E2%80%93119-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the completion of filming, Olivier and Leigh returned to Britain. He had spent the previous year learning to fly and had completed nearly 250 hours by the time he left America. He intended to join the Royal Air Force but instead made another propaganda film, <i><a href="/wiki/49th_Parallel_(film)" title="49th Parallel (film)">49th Parallel</a></i>, narrated short pieces for the Ministry of Information, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> because Richardson was already in the service. Richardson had gained a reputation for crashing aircraft, which Olivier rapidly eclipsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199579_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199579-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier and Leigh settled in a cottage just outside <a href="/wiki/RNAS_Worthy_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="RNAS Worthy Down">RNAS Worthy Down</a>, where he was stationed with a training squadron; Noël Coward visited the couple and thought Olivier looked unhappy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward19838_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward19838-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier spent much of his time taking part in broadcasts and making speeches to build morale, and in 1942 he was invited to make another propaganda film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demi-Paradise" title="The Demi-Paradise">The Demi-Paradise</a></i>, in which he played a Soviet engineer who helps improve British-Russian relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006152–153_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006152%E2%80%93153-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios,_Denham,_Buckinghamshire,_England,_UK,_1943_D16277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="group of journalists visiting film studios" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg/220px-Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg/220px-Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg" data-alt="group of journalists visiting film studios" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg/330px-Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg/440px-Foreign_Correspondents_Visit_British_Film_Studios%2C_Denham%2C_Buckinghamshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16277.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption> Overseas newspaper correspondents visit the set of <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(1944_film)" title="Henry V (1944 film)">Henry V</a></i> at Denham Studios in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943, at the behest of the Ministry of Information, Olivier began working on <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(1944_film)" title="Henry V (1944 film)">Henry V</a></i>. Originally he had no intention of taking the directorial duties, but ended up directing and producing, in addition to taking the title role. He was assisted by an Italian internee, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Del_Giudice" title="Filippo Del Giudice">Filippo Del Giudice</a>, who had been released to produce propaganda for the Allied cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007128–129_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007128%E2%80%93129-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was made to film the battle scenes in neutral Ireland, where it was easier to find the 650 extras. <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>, the press attaché at the British embassy in Dublin, played a key liaison role with the Irish government in making suitable arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2007171_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2007171-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was released in November 1944. Brooke, writing for the BFI, considers that it "came too late in the Second World War to be a call to arms as such, but formed a powerful reminder of what Britain was defending."<sup id="cite_ref-BFI:_Henry_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFI:_Henry-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music for the film was written by <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>, "a score that ranks with the best in film music", according to the music critic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Michael Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walton also provided the music for Olivier's next two Shakespearean adaptations, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1948_film)" title="Hamlet (1948 film)">Hamlet</a></i> (1948) and <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1955_film)" title="Richard III (1955 film)">Richard III</a></i> (1955).<sup id="cite_ref-D_Tel:_Walton_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D_Tel:_Walton-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Henry V</i> was warmly received by critics. The reviewer for <i>The Manchester Guardian</i> wrote that the film combined "new art hand-in-hand with old genius, and both superbly of one mind", in a film that worked "triumphantly".<sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Henry_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Henry-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic for <i>The Times</i> considered that Olivier "plays Henry on a high, heroic note and never is there danger of a crack", in a film described as "a triumph of film craft".<sup id="cite_ref-Times:_Henry_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times:_Henry-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were Oscar nominations for the film, including Best Picture and Best Actor, but it won none and Olivier was instead presented with a "Special Award".<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Henry_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Henry-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unimpressed, and later commented that "this was my first absolute fob-off, and I regarded it as such."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006169_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006169-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944–1948:_Co-directing_the_Old_Vic"><span id="1944.E2.80.931948:_Co-directing_the_Old_Vic"></span>1944–1948: Co-directing the Old Vic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: 1944–1948: Co-directing the Old Vic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Throughout the war Tyrone Guthrie had striven to keep the Old Vic company going, even after German bombing in 1942 left the theatre a near-ruin. A small troupe toured the provinces, with Sybil Thorndike at its head. By 1944, with the tide of the war turning, Guthrie felt it time to re-establish the company in a London base and invited Richardson to head it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19953_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19953-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richardson made it a condition of accepting that he should share the acting and management in a triumvirate. Initially he proposed Gielgud and Olivier as his colleagues, but the former declined, saying, "It would be a disaster, you would have to spend your whole time as referee between Larry and me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroall2000306_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroall2000306-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was finally agreed that the third member would be the stage director <a href="/wiki/John_Burrell_(theatre_director)" title="John Burrell (theatre director)">John Burrell</a>. The Old Vic governors approached the Royal Navy to secure the release of Richardson and Olivier; the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">Sea Lords</a> consented, with, as Olivier put it, "a speediness and lack of reluctance which was positively hurtful."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988184_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988184-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Richardson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="middle-aged man, receding hair, with neat moustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ralph_Richardson.JPG/220px-Ralph_Richardson.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="401"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ralph_Richardson.JPG/220px-Ralph_Richardson.JPG" data-alt="middle-aged man, receding hair, with neat moustache" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Ralph_Richardson.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Co-director and co-star <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>The triumvirate secured the New Theatre for their first season and recruited a company. Thorndike was joined by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Williams" title="Harcourt Williams">Harcourt Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Redman" title="Joyce Redman">Joyce Redman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leighton" title="Margaret Leighton">Margaret Leighton</a>. It was agreed to open with a repertory of four plays: <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man" title="Arms and the Man">Arms and the Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i> and <i>Uncle Vanya</i>. Olivier's roles were the Button Moulder, Sergius, Richard and Astrov; Richardson played Peer, Bluntschli, Richmond and Vanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye19671030_and_1118_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye19671030_and_1118-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three productions met with acclaim from reviewers and audiences; <i>Uncle Vanya</i> had a mixed reception, although <i>The Times</i> thought Olivier's Astrov "a most distinguished portrait" and Richardson's Vanya "the perfect compound of absurdity and pathos".<sup id="cite_ref-times_vanya_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times_vanya-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Richard III</i>, according to Billington, Olivier's triumph was absolute: "so much so that it became his most frequently imitated performance and one whose supremacy went unchallenged until <a href="/wiki/Antony_Sher" title="Antony Sher">Antony Sher</a> played the role forty years later".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945 the company toured Germany, where they were seen by many thousands of Allied servicemen; they also appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> theatre in Paris, the first foreign company to be given that honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982121–122Miller199593_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982121%E2%80%93122Miller199593-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hobson" title="Harold Hobson">Harold Hobson</a> wrote that Richardson and Olivier quickly "made the Old Vic the most famous theatre in the Anglo-Saxon world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobson195855_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobson195855-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second season, in 1945, featured two double bills. The first consisted of <i>Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2</i>. Olivier played the warrior Hotspur in the first and the doddering <a href="/wiki/Justice_Shallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Shallow">Justice Shallow</a> in the second.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received good notices, but by general consent the production belonged to Richardson as <a href="/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Falstaff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgate1946221_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgate1946221-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second double bill it was Olivier who dominated, in the title roles of <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(play)" title="The Critic (play)">The Critic</a></i>. In the two one-act plays his switch from searing tragedy and horror in the first half to farcical comedy in the second impressed most critics and audience members, though a minority felt that the transformation from <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>'s bloodily blinded hero to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Sheridan</a>'s vain and ludicrous Mr Puff "smacked of a quick-change turn in a music hall".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196866_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196866-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the London season the company played both the double bills and <i>Uncle Vanya</i> in a six-week run on Broadway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982129_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982129-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third, and final, London season under the triumvirate was in 1946–47. Olivier played King Lear, and Richardson took the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (play)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a></i>. Olivier would have preferred the roles to be reversed, but Richardson did not wish to attempt Lear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982135_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982135-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier's Lear received good but not outstanding reviews. In his scenes of decline and madness towards the end of the play some critics found him less moving than his finest predecessors in the role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196871_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196871-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influential critic <a href="/wiki/James_Agate" title="James Agate">James Agate</a> suggested that Olivier used his dazzling stage technique to disguise a lack of feeling, a charge that the actor strongly rejected, but which was often made throughout his later career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198990–91_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198990%E2%80%9391-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the run of <i>Cyrano</i>, Richardson was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a>, to Olivier's undisguised envy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982149_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982149-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The younger man received the accolade six months later, by which time the days of the triumvirate were numbered. The high profile of the two star actors did not endear them to the new chairman of the Old Vic governors, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sylvain_Baliol_Brett,_3rd_Viscount_Esher" title="Oliver Sylvain Baliol Brett, 3rd Viscount Esher">Lord Esher</a>. He had ambitions to be the first head of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> and had no intention of letting actors run it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982149–153_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1982149%E2%80%93153-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was encouraged by Guthrie, who, having instigated the appointment of Richardson and Olivier, had come to resent their knighthoods and international fame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995126_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995126-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1947 Olivier began working on his second film as a director, <i>Hamlet</i> (1948), in which he also took the lead role. The original play was heavily cut to focus on the relationships, rather than the political intrigue. The film became a critical and commercial success in Britain and abroad, although Lejeune, in <i>The Observer</i>, considered it "less effective than [Olivier's] stage work. ... He speaks the lines nobly, and with the caress of one who loves them, but he nullifies his own thesis by never, for a moment, leaving the impression of a man who cannot make up his own mind; here, you feel rather, is an actor-producer-director who, in every circumstance, knows exactly what he wants, and gets it".<sup id="cite_ref-Obs:_Hamlet_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obs:_Hamlet-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Dixon" title="Campbell Dixon">Campbell Dixon</a>, the critic for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> thought the film "brilliant ... one of the masterpieces of the stage has been made into one of the greatest of films."<sup id="cite_ref-D_Tel:_Hamlet_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D_Tel:_Hamlet-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hamlet</i> became the first non-American film to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>, while Olivier won the Award for Best Actor.<sup id="cite_ref-BFI:_Hamlet_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFI:_Hamlet-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007145–147_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007145%E2%80%93147-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 Olivier led the Old Vic company on a six-month tour of Australia and New Zealand. He played Richard III, Sir Peter Teazle in Sheridan's<i> <a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal" title="The School for Scandal">The School for Scandal</a></i> and Antrobus in <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skin_of_Our_Teeth" title="The Skin of Our Teeth">The Skin of Our Teeth</a></i>, appearing alongside Leigh in the latter two plays. While Olivier was on the Australian tour and Richardson was in Hollywood, Esher terminated the contracts of the three directors, who were said to have "resigned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995124_and_128_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995124_and_128-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a> in a 1984 study of Olivier, and John Miller in the authorised biography of Richardson, both comment that Esher's action put back the establishment of a National Theatre for at least a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198987Miller1995129_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198987Miller1995129-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking back in 1971, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Levin" title="Bernard Levin">Bernard Levin</a> wrote that the Old Vic company of 1944 to 1948 "was probably the most illustrious that has ever been assembled in this country".<sup id="cite_ref-levin_tears_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin_tears-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Times</i> said that the triumvirate's years were the greatest in the Old Vic's history;<sup id="cite_ref-times-rr-obit_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-rr-obit-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> put it, "the governors summarily sacked them in the interests of a more mediocre company spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-rr-obit_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-rr-obit-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948–1951:_Post-war_work"><span id="1948.E2.80.931951:_Post-war_work"></span>1948–1951: Post-war work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: 1948–1951: Post-war work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_(3190855694).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="woman and man seated on aeroplane steps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="782"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg" data-alt="woman and man seated on aeroplane steps" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg/330px-Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg/440px-Sir_Laurence_Olivier_and_Vivien_Leigh_on_holiday_in_Queensland_%283190855694%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Olivier with Leigh in Australia, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the Australian tour, both Leigh and Olivier were exhausted and ill, and he told a journalist, "You may not know it, but you are talking to a couple of walking corpses." Later he would comment that he "lost Vivien" in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988295_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988295-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reference to Leigh's affair with the Australian actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finch" title="Peter Finch">Peter Finch</a>, whom the couple met during the tour. Shortly afterwards Finch moved to London, where Olivier auditioned him and put him under a long-term contract with <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Productions" title="Laurence Olivier Productions">Laurence Olivier Productions</a>. Finch and Leigh's affair continued on and off for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-S._Times:_Finch_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Times:_Finch-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007149–150_and_152_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007149%E2%80%93150_and_152-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it was common knowledge that the Old Vic triumvirate had been dismissed,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-sack_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-sack-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they refused to be drawn on the matter in public, and Olivier even arranged to play a final London season with the company in 1949, as Richard III, Sir Peter Teazle, and Chorus in his own production of <a href="/wiki/Anouilh" class="mw-redirect" title="Anouilh">Anouilh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Anouilh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone (Anouilh)">Antigone</a></i> with Leigh in the title role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, he was free to embark on a new career as an actor-manager. In partnership with <a href="/wiki/Binkie_Beaumont" title="Binkie Beaumont">Binkie Beaumont</a> he staged the English premiere of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i>, with Leigh in the central role of Blanche DuBois. The play was condemned by most critics, but the production was a considerable commercial success, and led to Leigh's casting as Blanche in the <a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)">1951 film version</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988256–257_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988256%E2%80%93257-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gielgud, who was a devoted friend of Leigh's, doubted whether Olivier was wise to let her play the demanding role of the mentally unstable heroine: "[Blanche] was so very like her, in a way. It must have been a most dreadful strain to do it night after night. She would be shaking and white and quite distraught at the end of it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198988_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198988-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CEF6EC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I think I'm a fairly good manager now. ... I ran the St. James's theatre for eight years. I didn't run that at all well. ... I made mistake after mistake, but I dare say those mistakes taught me something. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Olivier talking to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Kenneth Tynan</a> in 1966<sup id="cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-interview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The production company set up by Olivier took a lease on the <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Theatre" title="St James's Theatre">St James's Theatre</a>. In January 1950 he produced, directed and starred in <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Fry" title="Christopher Fry">Christopher Fry</a>'s verse play <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Observed" title="Venus Observed">Venus Observed</a></i>. The production was popular, despite poor reviews, but the expensive production did little to help the finances of Laurence Olivier Productions. After a series of box-office failures,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the company balanced its books in 1951 with productions of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_and_Cleopatra_(play)" title="Caesar and Cleopatra (play)">Caesar and Cleopatra</a></i> and Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i> which the Oliviers played in London and then took to Broadway. Olivier was thought by some critics to be under par in both his roles, and some suspected him of playing deliberately below his usual strength so that Leigh might appear his equal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988266_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988266-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier dismissed the suggestion, regarding it as an insult to his integrity as an actor. In the view of the critic and biographer <a href="/wiki/W._A._Darlington" class="mw-redirect" title="W. A. Darlington">W. A. Darlington</a>, he was simply miscast both as Caesar and Antony, finding the former boring and the latter weak. Darlington comments, "Olivier, in his middle forties when he should have been displaying his powers at their very peak, seemed to have lost interest in his own acting".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196877_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196877-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next four years Olivier spent much of his time working as a producer, presenting plays rather than directing or acting in them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196877_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196877-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His presentations at the St James's included seasons by <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Ruggeri" title="Ruggero Ruggeri">Ruggero Ruggeri</a>'s company giving two <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a> plays in Italian, followed by a visit from the Comédie-Française playing works by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racine" class="mw-redirect" title="Racine">Racine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marivaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Marivaux">Marivaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musset" class="mw-redirect" title="Musset">Musset</a> in French.<sup id="cite_ref-comedie_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comedie-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darlington considers a 1951 production of <i>Othello</i> starring <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> as the pick of Olivier's productions at the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196877_185-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196877-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951–1954:_Independent_work"><span id="1951.E2.80.931954:_Independent_work"></span>1951–1954: Independent work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: 1951–1954: Independent work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>While Leigh made <i>Streetcar</i> in 1951, Olivier joined her in Hollywood to film <i><a href="/wiki/Carrie_(1952_film)" title="Carrie (1952 film)">Carrie</a></i>, based on the controversial novel <i><a href="/wiki/Sister_Carrie" title="Sister Carrie">Sister Carrie</a></i>; although the film was plagued by troubles, Olivier received warm reviews and a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-TCM:_Carrie_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCM:_Carrie-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier began to notice a change in Leigh's behaviour, and he later recounted that "I would find Vivien sitting on the corner of the bed, wringing her hands and sobbing, in a state of grave distress; I would naturally try desperately to give her some comfort, but for some time she would be inconsolable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994184_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994184-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a holiday with Coward in Jamaica, she seemed to have recovered, but Olivier later recorded, "I am sure that ... [the doctors] must have taken some pains to tell me what was wrong with my wife; that her disease was called manic depression and what that meant—a possibly permanent cyclical to-and-fro between the depths of depression and wild, uncontrollable mania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006246_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006246-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also recounted the years of problems he had experienced because of Leigh's illness, writing, "throughout her possession by that uncannily evil monster, manic depression, with its deadly ever-tightening spirals, she retained her own individual canniness—an ability to disguise her true mental condition from almost all except me, for whom she could hardly be expected to take the trouble."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994185_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994185-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1953 Leigh travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to film <i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Walk" title="Elephant Walk">Elephant Walk</a></i> with Peter Finch. Shortly after filming started she suffered a breakdown, and returned to Britain where, between periods of incoherence, she told Olivier that she was in love with Finch, and had been having an affair with him;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapua2003128–129_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapua2003128%E2%80%93129-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she gradually recovered over a period of several months. As a result of the breakdown, many of the Oliviers' friends learned of her problems. Niven said she had been "quite, quite mad",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006254–263_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006254%E2%80%93263-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his diary, Coward expressed the view that "things had been bad and getting worse since 1948 or thereabouts."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1983211_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1983211-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Coronation</a> season of 1953, Olivier and Leigh starred in the West End in <a href="/wiki/Terence_Rattigan" title="Terence Rattigan">Terence Rattigan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ruritania" title="Ruritania">Ruritanian</a> comedy, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Prince_(play)" title="The Sleeping Prince (play)">The Sleeping Prince</a></i>. It ran for eight months<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196879_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196879-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was widely regarded as a minor contribution to the season, in which other productions included Gielgud in <i><a href="/wiki/Venice_Preserv%27d" title="Venice Preserv'd">Venice Preserv'd</a></i>, Coward in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apple_Cart" title="The Apple Cart">The Apple Cart</a></i> and Ashcroft and Redgrave in <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988279–280_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988279%E2%80%93280-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times-coronation-season_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-coronation-season-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier directed his third Shakespeare film in September 1954, <i>Richard III</i> (1955), which he co-produced with Korda. The presence of four theatrical knights in the one film—Olivier was joined by <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a>, Gielgud and Richardson—led an American reviewer to dub it "An-All-Sir-Cast".<sup id="cite_ref-crowdus_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowdus-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic for <i>The Manchester Guardian</i> described the film as a "bold and successful achievement",<sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Richard_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Richard-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006265–266_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006265%E2%80%93266-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not a box-office success, which accounted for Olivier's subsequent failure to raise the funds for a <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(unfinished_film)" title="Macbeth (unfinished film)">planned film</a> of <i>Macbeth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-crowdus_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowdus-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won a BAFTA award for the role and was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award, which <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> won.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Richard_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Richard-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAFTA_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAFTA-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955–1956:_Last_productions_with_Leigh"><span id="1955.E2.80.931956:_Last_productions_with_Leigh"></span>1955–1956: Last productions with Leigh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: 1955–1956: Last productions with Leigh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1955 Olivier and Leigh were invited to play leading roles in three plays at the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Memorial_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare Memorial Theatre">Shakespeare Memorial Theatre</a>, Stratford. They began with <i>Twelfth Night</i>, directed by Gielgud, with Olivier as Malvolio and Leigh as Viola. Rehearsals were difficult, with Olivier determined to play his conception of the role despite the director's view that it was vulgar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroall2000391_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroall2000391-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gielgud later commented: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Somehow the production did not work. Olivier was set on playing <a href="/wiki/Malvolio" title="Malvolio">Malvolio</a> in his own particular rather extravagant way. He was extremely moving at the end, but he played the earlier scenes like a Jewish hairdresser, with a lisp and an extraordinary accent, and he insisted on falling backwards off a bench in the garden scene, though I begged him not to do it.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... But then Malvolio is a very difficult part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGielgud1979178_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGielgud1979178-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The next production was <i>Macbeth</i>. Reviewers were lukewarm about the direction by <a href="/wiki/Glen_Byam_Shaw" title="Glen Byam Shaw">Glen Byam Shaw</a> and the designs by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Furse" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Furse">Roger Furse</a>, but Olivier's performance in the title role attracted superlatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988294–295_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988294%E2%80%93295-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/J._C._Trewin" title="J. C. Trewin">J. C. Trewin</a>, Olivier's was "the finest <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(character)" title="Macbeth (character)">Macbeth</a> of our day"; to Darlington it was "the best Macbeth of our time".<sup id="cite_ref-trewin-macbeth_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trewin-macbeth-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196882_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196882-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leigh's <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a> received mixed but generally polite notices,<sup id="cite_ref-trewin-macbeth_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trewin-macbeth-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times-1955-macbeth_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-1955-macbeth-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tynan-macbeth_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-macbeth-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although to the end of his life Olivier believed it to have been the best Lady Macbeth he ever saw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988298_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988298-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="woman and man seated and looking towards camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg/220px-Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="954"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg/220px-Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg" data-alt="woman and man seated and looking towards camera" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg/330px-Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg/440px-Vivien_Leigh_in_Laurence_Olivier_na_brzovlaku_v_Mariboru_1957.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Leigh and Olivier in 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>In their third production of the 1955 Stratford season, Olivier played the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i>, with Leigh as Lavinia. Her notices in the part were damning,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the production by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> and Olivier's performance as Titus received the greatest ovation in Stratford history from the first-night audience, and the critics hailed the production as a landmark in post-war British theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988296–297_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988296%E2%80%93297-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier and Brook revived the production for a continental tour in June 1957; its final performance, which closed the old <a href="/wiki/Stoll_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoll Theatre">Stoll Theatre</a> in London, was the last time Leigh and Olivier acted together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196882_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196882-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leigh became pregnant in 1956 and withdrew from the production of Coward's comedy <i><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble_(play)" title="South Sea Bubble (play)">South Sea Bubble</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1983327_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1983327-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day after her final performance in the play she miscarried and entered a period of depression that lasted for months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1983330,_358Coleman2006284–285_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1983330,_358Coleman2006284%E2%80%93285-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Olivier directed and co-starred with <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> in a film version of <i>The Sleeping Prince</i>, retitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Showgirl" title="The Prince and the Showgirl">The Prince and the Showgirl</a></i>. Although the filming was challenging because of Monroe's behaviour, the film was appreciated by the critics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006287_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006287-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957–1963:_Royal_Court_and_Chichester"><span id="1957.E2.80.931963:_Royal_Court_and_Chichester"></span>1957–1963: Royal Court and Chichester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: 1957–1963: Royal Court and Chichester" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the production of <i>The Prince and the Showgirl</i>, Olivier, Monroe and her husband, the American playwright <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, went to see the English Stage Company's production of <a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">John Osborne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger" title="Look Back in Anger">Look Back in Anger</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre" title="Royal Court Theatre">Royal Court</a>. Olivier had seen the play earlier in the run and disliked it, but Miller was convinced that Osborne had talent, and Olivier reconsidered. He was ready for a change of direction; in 1981 he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I had reached a stage in my life that I was getting profoundly sick of—not just tired—sick. Consequently the public were, likely enough, beginning to agree with me. My rhythm of work had become a bit deadly: a classical or semi-classical film; a play or two at Stratford, or a nine-month run in the West End, etc etc. I was going mad, desperately searching for something suddenly fresh and thrillingly exciting. What I felt to be my image was boring me to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindlater198140_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlater198140-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="middle-aged man with young woman on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="618"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg" data-alt="middle-aged man with young woman on stage" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg/330px-Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg/440px-Laurence_Olivier_and_Joan_Plowright_1960.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Olivier, with <a href="/wiki/Joan_Plowright" title="Joan Plowright">Joan Plowright</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(play)" title="The Entertainer (play)">The Entertainer</a></i> on Broadway in 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>Osborne was already at work on a new play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(play)" title="The Entertainer (play)">The Entertainer</a></i>, an allegory of Britain's post-colonial decline, centred on a seedy variety comedian, Archie Rice. Having read the first act—all that was completed by then—Olivier asked to be cast in the part. He had for years maintained that he might easily have been a third-rate comedian called "Larry Oliver", and would sometimes play the character at parties. Behind Archie's brazen façade there is a deep desolation, and Olivier caught both aspects, switching, in the words of the biographer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holden" title="Anthony Holden">Anthony Holden</a>, "from a gleefully tacky comic routine to moments of the most wrenching pathos".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988314–316_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988314%E2%80%93316-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a>'s production for the English Stage Company transferred from the Royal Court to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_London" title="Palace Theatre, London">Palace Theatre</a> in September 1957; after that it toured and returned to the Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-times-entertainer_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-entertainer-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Archie's daughter Jean was taken by three actresses during the various runs. The second of them was <a href="/wiki/Joan_Plowright" title="Joan Plowright">Joan Plowright</a>, with whom Olivier began a relationship that endured for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier said that playing Archie "made me feel like a modern actor again".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988318_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988318-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In finding an <i>avant-garde</i> play that suited him, he was, as Osborne remarked, far ahead of Gielgud and Ralph Richardson, who did not successfully follow his lead for more than a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198999_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198999-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first substantial successes in works by any of Osborne's generation were <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Years_On_(play)" title="Forty Years On (play)">Forty Years On</a></i> (Gielgud in 1968) and <a href="/wiki/David_Storey" title="David Storey">David Storey</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Home_(Storey_play)" title="Home (Storey play)">Home</a></i> (Richardson and Gielgud in 1970).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995228–229Croall2000456_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995228%E2%80%93229Croall2000456-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his supporting role in 1959's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Disciple_(1959_film)" title="The Devil's Disciple (1959 film)">The Devil's Disciple</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAFTA_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAFTA-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, after a gap of two decades, Olivier returned to the role of Coriolanus, in a Stratford production directed by the 28-year-old <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)" title="Peter Hall (director)">Peter Hall</a>. Olivier's performance received strong praise from the critics for its fierce athleticism combined with an emotional vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960 he made his second appearance for the Royal Court company in <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Ionesco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">absurdist</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)" title="Rhinoceros (play)">Rhinoceros</a></i>. The production was chiefly remarkable for the star's quarrels with the director, Orson Welles, who according to the biographer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beckett" title="Francis Beckett">Francis Beckett</a> suffered the "appalling treatment" that Olivier had inflicted on Gielgud at Stratford five years earlier. Olivier again ignored his director and undermined his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett2005106_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2005106-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960 and 1961 Olivier appeared in Anouilh's <i><a href="/wiki/Becket" title="Becket">Becket</a></i> on Broadway, first in the title role, with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> as the king, and later exchanging roles with his co-star.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="colourful Hollywood film poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png/220px-Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png/220px-Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png" data-alt="colourful Hollywood film poster" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png/330px-Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Spartacus_-_1960_-_poster.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Poster for <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></i>, one of two films in which Olivier appeared in 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>Two films featuring Olivier were released in 1960. The first—filmed in 1959—was <i><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></i>, in which he portrayed the Roman general, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006318_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006318-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(film)" title="The Entertainer (film)">The Entertainer</a></i>, shot while he was appearing in <i>Coriolanus</i>; the film was well received by the critics, but not as warmly as the stage show had been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn200723_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn200723-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reviewer for <i>The Guardian</i> thought the performances were good, and wrote that Olivier "on the screen as on the stage, achieves the tour de force of bringing Archie Rice ... to life".<sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Entertainer_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Entertainer-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his performance, Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Entertainer_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Entertainer-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence_(TV_movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon and Sixpence (TV movie)">The Moon and Sixpence</a></i> in 1960, winning an <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188–189_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188%E2%80%93189-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oliviers' marriage was disintegrating during the late 1950s. While directing <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> in the 1960 play <i>The Tumbler</i>, Olivier divulged that "Vivien is several thousand miles away, trembling on the edge of a cliff, even when she's sitting quietly in her own drawing room", at a time when she was threatening suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007197–200_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007197%E2%80%93200-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1960 divorce proceedings started; Leigh reported the fact to the press and informed reporters of Olivier's relationship with Plowright.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006326_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006326-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Decree_nisi" title="Decree nisi">decree <i>nisi</i></a> was issued in December 1960, which enabled him to marry Plowright in March 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006330_and_334_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006330_and_334-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A son, Richard, was born in December 1961; two daughters followed, Tamsin Agnes Margaret—born in January 1963—and actress Julie-Kate, born in July 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007205,_209_and_218_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007205,_209_and_218-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 Olivier accepted the directorship of a new theatrical venture, the <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester Festival">Chichester Festival</a>. For the opening season in 1962 he directed two neglected 17th-century English plays, <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a>'s 1638 comedy <i>The Chances</i> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ford_(dramatist)" title="John Ford (dramatist)">John Ford</a>'s 1633 tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Heart" title="The Broken Heart">The Broken Heart</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-times-chichester-1_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-chichester-1-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <i>Uncle Vanya</i>. The company he recruited was forty strong and included Thorndike, Casson, Redgrave, <a href="/wiki/Athene_Seyler" title="Athene Seyler">Athene Seyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Neville_(actor)" title="John Neville (actor)">John Neville</a> and Plowright.<sup id="cite_ref-times-chichester-1_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-chichester-1-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two plays were politely received; the Chekhov production attracted rapturous notices. <i>The Times</i> commented, "It is doubtful if the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Arts_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Arts Theatre">Moscow Arts Theatre</a> itself could improve on this production."<sup id="cite_ref-times-chichester-2_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-chichester-2-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second Chichester season the following year consisted of a revival of <i>Uncle Vanya</i> and two new productions—Shaw's <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)" title="Saint Joan (play)">Saint Joan</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/John_Arden" title="John Arden">John Arden</a>'s <i>The Workhouse Donkey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-times-chichester-3_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-chichester-3-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his leading role as a schoolteacher accused of sexually molesting a student in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Term_of_Trial" title="Term of Trial">Term of Trial</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAFTA_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAFTA-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Theatre">National Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: National Theatre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1963–1968"><span id="1963.E2.80.931968"></span>1963–1968</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: 1963–1968" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>At around the time the Chichester Festival opened, plans for the creation of the National Theatre were coming to fruition. The British government agreed to release funds for a new building on the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a> of the Thames.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lord Chandos</a> was appointed chairman of the National Theatre Board in 1962, and in August Olivier accepted its invitation to be the company's first director. As his assistants, he recruited the directors <a href="/wiki/John_Dexter" title="John Dexter">John Dexter</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gaskill" title="William Gaskill">William Gaskill</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Kenneth Tynan</a> as literary adviser or "<a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">dramaturge</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988356_and_368_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988356_and_368-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pending the construction of the new theatre, the company was based at the Old Vic. With the agreement of both organisations, Olivier remained in overall charge of the Chichester Festival during the first three seasons of the National; he used the festivals of 1964 and 1965 to give preliminary runs to plays he hoped to stage at the Old Vic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196890_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196890-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening production of the National Theatre was <i>Hamlet</i> in October 1963, starring <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> and directed by Olivier. O'Toole was a guest star, one of occasional exceptions to Olivier's policy of casting productions from a regular company. Among those who made a mark during Olivier's directorship were <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gambon" title="Michael Gambon">Michael Gambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bates" title="Alan Bates">Alan Bates</a>, Derek Jacobi and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a>. It was widely remarked that Olivier seemed reluctant to recruit his peers to perform with his company.<sup id="cite_ref-times-obit_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-obit-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans, Gielgud and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scofield" title="Paul Scofield">Paul Scofield</a> guested only briefly, and Ashcroft and Richardson never appeared at the National during Olivier's time.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ac<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephens" title="Robert Stephens">Robert Stephens</a>, a member of the company, observed, "Olivier's one great fault was a paranoid jealousy of anyone who he thought was a rival".<sup id="cite_ref-lewis-sunday-times_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-sunday-times-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his decade in charge of the National, Olivier acted in thirteen plays and directed eight.<sup id="cite_ref-nt-olivier_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nt-olivier-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the roles he played were minor characters, including a crazed butler in <a href="/wiki/Feydeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Feydeau">Feydeau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Flea_in_Her_Ear" title="A Flea in Her Ear">A Flea in Her Ear</a></i> and a pompous solicitor in <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Maugham">Maugham</a>'s <i>Home and Beauty</i>; the vulgar soldier Captain Brazen in <a href="/wiki/George_Farquhar" title="George Farquhar">Farquhar</a>'s 1706 comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Recruiting_Officer" title="The Recruiting Officer">The Recruiting Officer</a></i> was a larger role but not the leading one.<sup id="cite_ref-recruiting-officer_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recruiting-officer-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from his Astrov in the <i>Uncle Vanya</i>, familiar from Chichester, his first leading role for the National was Othello, directed by Dexter in 1964. The production was a box-office success and was revived regularly over the next five seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988403_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988403-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His performance divided opinion. Most of the reviewers and theatrical colleagues praised it highly; <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> called it "an anthology of everything that has been discovered about acting in the past three centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988379_and_382_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988379_and_382-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissenting voices included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i>, which called it "the kind of bad acting of which only a great actor is capable ... near the frontiers of self-parody";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988379_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988379-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the director <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> thought it "a condescending view of an Afro Caribbean person".<sup id="cite_ref-walker_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burden of playing this demanding part at the same time as managing the new company and planning for the move to the new theatre took its toll on Olivier. To add to his load, he felt obliged to take over as Solness in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Builder" title="The Master Builder">The Master Builder</a></i> when the ailing Redgrave withdrew from the role in November 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988385_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988385-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ad<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time Olivier began to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a>, which plagued him for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg1989107–108_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg1989107%E2%80%93108-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Theatre production of <i>Othello</i> was released <a href="/wiki/Othello_(1965_British_film)" title="Othello (1965 British film)">as a film</a> in 1965, which earned four Academy Award nominations, including another for Best Actor for Olivier.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Othello_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Othello-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the following year Olivier concentrated on management, directing one production (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Crucible" title="The Crucible">The Crucible</a></i>), taking the comic role of the foppish Tattle in <a href="/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">Congreve</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Love_for_Love" title="Love for Love">Love for Love</a></i>, and making one film, <i><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Lake_is_Missing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunny Lake is Missing">Bunny Lake is Missing</a></i>, in which he and Coward were on the same bill for the first time since <i>Private Lives</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2005159_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2005159-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, his one play as director was <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_the_Paycock" title="Juno and the Paycock">Juno and the Paycock</a></i>. <i>The Times</i> commented that the production "restores one's faith in the work as a masterpiece".<sup id="cite_ref-paycock_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paycock-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Olivier portrayed the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, opposite Heston as <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">General Gordon</a>, in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(film)" title="Khartoum (film)">Khartoum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196844_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196844-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967 Olivier was caught in the middle of a confrontation between Chandos and Tynan over the latter's proposal to stage <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Hochhuth" title="Rolf Hochhuth">Rolf Hochhuth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Hochhuth#Soldiers" title="Rolf Hochhuth">Soldiers</a></i>. As the play speculatively depicted Churchill as complicit in the assassination of the Polish prime minister <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, Chandos regarded it as indefensible. At his urging the board unanimously vetoed the production. Tynan considered resigning over this interference with the management's artistic freedom, but Olivier himself stayed firmly in place, and Tynan also remained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988396–397_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988396%E2%80%93397-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about this time Olivier began a long struggle against a succession of illnesses. He was treated for <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> and, during rehearsals for his production of Chekhov's <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(play)" title="Three Sisters (play)">Three Sisters</a></i> he was hospitalised with pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006382–383_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006382%E2%80%93383-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recovered enough to take the heavy role of Edgar in <a href="/wiki/Strindberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Strindberg">Strindberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_of_Death_(Strindberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance of Death (Strindberg)">The Dance of Death</a></i>, the finest of all his performances other than in Shakespeare, in Gielgud's view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg1989108_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg1989108-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1968–1974"><span id="1968.E2.80.931974"></span>1968–1974</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: 1968–1974" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Olivier had intended to step down from the directorship of the National Theatre at the end of his first five-year contract, having, he hoped, led the company into its new building. By 1968 because of bureaucratic delays construction work had not even begun, and he agreed to serve for a second five-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988405_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988405-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next major role, and his last appearance in a Shakespeare play, was as <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a> in <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>, his first appearance in the work.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ae<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had intended Guinness or Scofield to play Shylock, but stepped in when neither was available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006397_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006397-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production by Jonathan Miller, and Olivier's performance, attracted a wide range of responses. Two different critics reviewed it for <i>The Guardian</i>: one wrote "this is not a role which stretches him, or for which he will be particularly remembered"; the other commented that the performance "ranks as one of his greatest achievements, involving his whole range".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-merchant1_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-merchant1-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-merchant2_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-merchant2-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969 Olivier appeared in two war films, portraying military leaders. He played Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">French</a> in the First World War film <i><a href="/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War" title="Oh! What a Lovely War">Oh! What a Lovely War</a></i>, for which he won another BAFTA award,<sup id="cite_ref-BAFTA_201-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAFTA-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dowding" title="Hugh Dowding">Hugh Dowding</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_(film)" title="Battle of Britain (film)">Battle of Britain</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007222_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007222-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1970 he became the first actor to be created a peer for services to the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Peerage_1_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Peerage_1-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Peerage_2_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Peerage_2-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he initially declined the honour, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, the incumbent prime minister, wrote to him, then invited him and Plowright to dinner, and persuaded him to accept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994303–304_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1994303%E2%80%93304-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="elegantly ageing man in cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6578" data-file-height="6488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg" data-alt="elegantly ageing man in cravat" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg/330px-Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg/440px-Laurence_Olivier_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Laurence Olivier in 1972, during the production of <i><a href="/wiki/Sleuth_(1972_film)" title="Sleuth (1972 film)">Sleuth</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After this Olivier played three more stage roles: James Tyrone in <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night" title="Long Day's Journey into Night">Long Day's Journey into Night</a></i> (1971–72), Antonio in <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Filippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo de Filippo">Eduardo de Filippo</a>'s <i>Saturday, Sunday, Monday</i> and John Tagg in <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Griffiths" title="Trevor Griffiths">Trevor Griffiths</a>'s <i>The Party</i> (both 1973–74). Among the roles he hoped to play, but could not because of ill-health, was Nathan Detroit in the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls" title="Guys and Dolls">Guys and Dolls</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988220_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988220-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972 he took leave of absence from the National to star opposite <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a>'s film of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shaffer_(writer)" title="Anthony Shaffer (writer)">Anthony Shaffer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sleuth_(1972_film)" title="Sleuth (1972 film)">Sleuth</a></i>, which <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i> considered to be "Olivier at his twinkling, eye-rolling best";<sup id="cite_ref-ILN:_Sleuth_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILN:_Sleuth-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both he and Caine were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, losing to <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Sleuth_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Sleuth-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last two stage plays Olivier directed were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giradoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Giradoux">Jean Giradoux</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon_38" title="Amphitryon 38">Amphitryon</a></i> (1971) and Priestley's <i><a href="/wiki/Eden_End" title="Eden End">Eden End</a></i> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988465–466_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988465%E2%80%93466-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <i>Eden End</i>, he was no longer director of the National Theatre; Peter Hall took over on 1 November 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall198450_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall198450-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The succession was tactlessly handled by the board, and Olivier felt that he had been eased out—although he had declared his intention to go—and that he had not been properly consulted about the choice of successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19848–9_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19848%E2%80%939-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of the three theatres within the National's new building was named in his honour, but his only appearance on the stage of the Olivier Theatre was at its official opening by the Queen in October 1976, when he made a speech of welcome, which Hall privately described as the most successful part of the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1984266_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1984266-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975–1989:_Later_years_and_death"><span id="1975.E2.80.931989:_Later_years_and_death"></span>1975–1989: Later years and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: 1975–1989: Later years and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Olivier spent the last 15 years of his life securing his finances and dealing with deteriorating health,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included thrombosis and <a href="/wiki/Dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a>, a degenerative muscle disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006419–420_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006419%E2%80%93420-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB:_LO_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB:_LO-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professionally, and to provide financial security, he made a series of advertisements for <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> cameras in 1972, although he stipulated that they must never be shown in Britain; he also took a number of cameo film roles, which were in "often undistinguished films", according to Billington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Coleman2006413_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Coleman2006413-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier's move from leading parts to supporting and cameo roles came about because his poor health meant he could not get the necessary long insurance for larger parts, with only short engagements in films available.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard:_Insurance_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard:_Insurance-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier's dermatomyositis meant he spent the last three months of 1974 in hospital, and he spent early 1975 slowly recovering and regaining his strength. When strong enough, he was contacted by the director <a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a>, who offered him the role of a Nazi torturer in the 1976 film <i><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Man_(film)" title="Marathon Man (film)">Marathon Man</a></i>. Olivier shaved his pate and wore oversized glasses to enlarge the look of his eyes, in a role that the critic <a href="/wiki/David_Robinson_(film_critic)" title="David Robinson (film critic)">David Robinson</a>, writing for <i>The Times</i>, thought was "strongly played", adding that Olivier was "always at his best in roles that call for him to be seedy or nasty or both".<sup id="cite_ref-Times:_Marathon_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times:_Marathon-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and won the Golden Globe of the same category.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Marathon_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Marathon-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globes:_Marathon_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globes:_Marathon-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1970s Olivier became increasingly involved in television work, a medium of which he was initially dismissive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 he provided the narration for a 26-episode documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_at_War" title="The World at War">The World at War</a></i>, which chronicled the events of the Second World War, and won a second Emmy Award for <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night_(1973_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Day's Journey into Night (1973 film)">Long Day's Journey into Night</a></i> (1973). In 1975 he won another Emmy for <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Among_the_Ruins_(film)" title="Love Among the Ruins (film)">Love Among the Ruins</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188–189_231-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188%E2%80%93189-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year he appeared in adaptations of Tennessee Williams's <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Collection_(play)" title="The Collection (play)">The Collection</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006592Munn2007245–246_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006592Munn2007245%E2%80%93246-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier portrayed the <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> in Franco Zeffirelli's 1977 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)">Jesus of Nazareth</a></i>. In 1978 he appeared in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(film)" title="The Boys from Brazil (film)">The Boys from Brazil</a></i>, playing the role of Ezra Lieberman, an ageing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_hunter" title="Nazi hunter">Nazi hunter</a>; he received his eleventh Academy Award nomination. Although he did not win the Oscar, he was presented with an Honorary Award for his lifetime achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006445_and_461_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006445_and_461-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier continued working in film into the 1980s, with roles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1980_film)" title="The Jazz Singer (1980 film)">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1980), <i><a href="/wiki/Inchon_(film)" title="Inchon (film)">Inchon</a></i> (1981), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bounty_(1984_film)" title="The Bounty (1984 film)">The Bounty</a></i> (1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Geese_II" title="Wild Geese II">Wild Geese II</a></i> (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007282_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007282-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to work in television; in 1981 he appeared as Lord Marchmain in <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited_(TV_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)">Brideshead Revisited</a></i>, winning another Emmy, and the following year he received his tenth and last BAFTA nomination in the television adaptation of <a href="/wiki/John_Mortimer" title="John Mortimer">John Mortimer</a>'s stage play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_Round_My_Father" title="A Voyage Round My Father">A Voyage Round My Father</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAFTA_201-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAFTA-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 he played his last Shakespearean role as Lear in <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear_(1983_TV_programme)" title="King Lear (1983 TV programme)">King Lear</a></i>, for Granada Television, earning his fifth Emmy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188–189_231-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188%E2%80%93189-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought the role of Lear much less demanding than other tragic Shakespearean heroes: "No, Lear is easy. He's like all of us, really: he's just a stupid old fart."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier198693_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier198693-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the production was first shown on American television, the critic Steve Vineberg wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Olivier seems to have thrown away technique this time—his is a breathtakingly pure Lear. In his final speech, over Cordelia's lifeless body, he brings us so close to Lear's sorrow that we can hardly bear to watch, because we have seen the last Shakespearean hero Laurence Olivier will ever play. But what a finale! In this most sublime of plays, our greatest actor has given an indelible performance. Perhaps it would be most appropriate to express simple gratitude.<sup id="cite_ref-vineberg_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vineberg-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The same year he also appeared in a cameo alongside Gielgud and Richardson in <i><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)">Wagner</a></i>, with Burton in the title role;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985175_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985175-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his final screen appearance was as an elderly wheelchair-using soldier in <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jarman" title="Derek Jarman">Derek Jarman</a>'s 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/War_Requiem_(film)" title="War Requiem (film)">War Requiem</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006495_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006495-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being ill for the last 22 years of his life, Olivier died of renal failure on 11 July 1989 aged 82 at his home in the village of <a href="/wiki/Ashurst,_West_Sussex" title="Ashurst, West Sussex">Ashurst</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Steyning" title="Steyning">Steyning</a>, West Sussex. His cremation was held three days later;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Coleman2006497_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Coleman2006497-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a memorial service was held in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in October that year, where his ashes were later buried in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB:_LO_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB:_LO-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007268_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007268-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Awards and honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Laurence_Olivier" title="List of awards and nominations received by Laurence Olivier">List of awards and nominations received by Laurence Olivier</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurence_Olivier,_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Statue of man dressed as the warrior king Henry V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg/175px-Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg/175px-Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg" data-alt="Statue of man dressed as the warrior king Henry V" data-width="175" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg/263px-Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg/350px-Laurence_Olivier%2C_South_Bank_SE1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268529.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue of Lord Olivier outside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivier_star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Five-pointed memorial star on pavement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Olivier_star.jpg/175px-Olivier_star.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1908"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Olivier_star.jpg/175px-Olivier_star.jpg" data-alt="Five-pointed memorial star on pavement" data-width="175" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Olivier_star.jpg/263px-Olivier_star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Olivier_star.jpg/350px-Olivier_star.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Olivier's star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Olivier was appointed <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1947_Birthday_Honours" title="1947 Birthday Honours">1947 Birthday Honours</a> for services to the stage and to films.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Life_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peerage">life peerage</a> as Baron Olivier, of <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> in the County of <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, followed in the <a href="/wiki/1970_Birthday_Honours" title="1970 Birthday Honours">1970 Birthday Honours</a> for services to the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (He had declined a similar offer in 1967.)<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier was later appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received honours from foreign governments. In 1949, he was made Commander of the Danish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a>; France appointed him <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Officier</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, in 1953; the Italian government created him <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Grande Ufficiale</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a>, in 1953; and in 1971 he was granted the Order of Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath.<sup id="cite_ref-who_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From academic and other institutions, Olivier received honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (1964). He was also awarded the Danish <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a> in 1966, the Gold Medallion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Letters,_History_and_Antiquities" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities">Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities</a> in 1968; and the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-who_300-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>af<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his work in films, Olivier received four <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>: an honorary award for <i>Henry V</i> (1947), a Best Actor award and one as producer for <i>Hamlet</i> (1948), and a second honorary award in 1979 to recognise his lifetime of contribution to the art of film. He was nominated for nine other acting Oscars and one each for production and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also won two <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a> out of ten nominations,<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ag<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five Emmy Awards out of nine nominations,<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ah<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe Awards</a> out of six nominations.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ai<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was nominated once for a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play" title="Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play">Tony Award</a> (for best actor, as Archie Rice) but did not win.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188–189_231-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188%E2%80%93189-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1960, for his contribution to the film industry, Olivier was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>, with a star at 6319 <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Walk_of_fame_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walk_of_fame-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is included in the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_o_F_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_o_F-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Olivier was awarded a <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="British Film Institute Fellowship">British Film Institute Fellowship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShail2007158_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShail2007158-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the naming of the National Theatre's largest auditorium in Olivier's honour, he is commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards" title="Laurence Olivier Awards">Laurence Olivier Awards</a>, bestowed annually since 1984 by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_London_Theatre" title="Society of London Theatre">Society of London Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who_300-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Gielgud unveiled a memorial stone commemorating Olivier in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGielgud2004483_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGielgud2004483-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the centenary of Olivier's birth, a life-sized statue of him was unveiled on the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a>, outside the National Theatre;<sup id="cite_ref-D_Tel:_Statue_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D_Tel:_Statue-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same year the BFI held a retrospective season of his film work.<sup id="cite_ref-TO:_BFI_season_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TO:_BFI_season-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Technique_and_reputation">Technique and reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Technique and reputation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Olivier's acting technique was minutely crafted, and he was known for changing his appearance considerably from role to role. By his own admission, he was addicted to extravagant make-up,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden19883_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden19883-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unlike Richardson and Gielgud, he excelled at different voices and accents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor198260Croall2013128_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor198260Croall2013128-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aj<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His own description of his technique was "working from the outside in";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden19882_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden19882-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he said, "I can never act as myself, I have to have a pillow up my jumper, a false nose or a moustache or wig<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I cannot come on looking like me and be someone else."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden19883_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden19883-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattigan described how at rehearsals Olivier "built his performance slowly and with immense application from a mass of tiny details".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988281_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988281-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attention to detail had its critics: Agate remarked, "When I look at a watch it is to see the time and not to admire the mechanism. I want an actor to tell me Lear's time of day and Olivier doesn't. He bids me watch the wheels go round."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198990_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198990-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurence_Olivier_(borders_removed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="head and shoulders semi-profile shot of man in this thirties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="3746"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg/220px-Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg" data-alt="head and shoulders semi-profile shot of man in this thirties" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg/330px-Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg/440px-Laurence_Olivier_%28borders_removed%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Olivier in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Tynan remarked to Olivier, "you aren't really a contemplative or philosophical actor";<sup id="cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-interview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier was known for the strenuous physicality of his performances in some roles. He told Tynan this was because he was influenced as a young man by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Navarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Navarro">Ramon Navarro</a> and John Barrymore in films, and Barrymore on stage as Hamlet: "tremendously athletic. I admired that greatly, all of us did. ... One thought of oneself, idiotically, skinny as I was, as a sort of Tarzan."<sup id="cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-interview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ak<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Morley, Gielgud was widely considered "the best actor in the world from the neck up and Olivier from the neck down."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2001123_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2001123-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier described the contrast thus: "I've always thought that we were the reverses of the same coin<span class="nowrap"> </span>... the top half John, all spirituality, all beauty, all abstract things; and myself as all earth, blood, humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-interview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier, a <a href="/wiki/Classical_acting" title="Classical acting">classically trained</a> actor, was known to have been distrustful of <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a>. In his memoir, <i><a href="/wiki/On_Acting" title="On Acting">On Acting</a></i>, he exhorts actors to "have <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislavski">Stanislavski</a> with you in your study or in your limousine... but don't bring him onto the film set."<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Showgirl" title="The Prince and the Showgirl">The Prince and the Showgirl</a></i>, he quarrelled with <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>, who was trained under <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a>'s method, over her acting process.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, an anecdote casts him as offering <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a>, enduring physical travails while playing in <i><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Man_(film)" title="Marathon Man (film)">Marathon Man</a></i>, a curt suggestion: "why don't you just try acting?"<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoffman disputes the details of this account, which he claims was distorted by a journalist: he had been up all night at the <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a> nightclub for personal rather than professional reasons and Olivier, who understood this, was joking.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with Richardson and Gielgud, Olivier was internationally recognised as one of the "great trinity of theatrical knights"<sup id="cite_ref-strachan_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strachan-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who dominated the British stage during the middle and later decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-heilpern_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilpern-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an obituary tribute in <i>The Times</i>, Bernard Levin wrote, "What we have lost with Laurence Olivier is <i>glory</i>. He reflected it in his greatest roles; indeed he walked clad in it—you could practically see it glowing around him like a nimbus.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... no one will ever play the roles he played as he played them; no one will replace the splendour that he gave his native land with his genius."<sup id="cite_ref-levin-obit-times_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-obit-times-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billington commented: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Olivier] elevated the art of acting in the twentieth century ... principally by the overwhelming force of his example. Like Garrick, Kean, and Irving before him, he lent glamour and excitement to acting so that, in any theatre in the world, an Olivier night raised the level of expectation and sent spectators out into the darkness a little more aware of themselves and having experienced a transcendent touch of ecstasy. That, in the end, was the true measure of his greatness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Olivier's death, Gielgud reflected, "He followed in the theatrical tradition of Kean and Irving. He respected tradition in the theatre, but he also took great delight in breaking tradition, which is what made him so unique. He was gifted, brilliant, and one of the great controversial figures of our time in theatre, which is a virtue and not a vice at all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007269_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007269-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier said in 1963 that he believed he was born to be an actor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden19887_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden19887-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his colleague <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> disagreed; he commented that although Olivier's great contemporaries were clearly predestined for the stage, "Larry could have been a notable ambassador, a considerable minister, a redoubtable cleric. At his worst, he would have acted the parts more ably than they are usually lived."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978279_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978279-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director David Ayliff agreed that acting did not come instinctively to Olivier as it did to his great rivals. He observed, "Ralph was a natural actor, he couldn't stop being a perfect actor; Olivier did it through sheer hard work and determination."<sup id="cite_ref-Ayliff_interview_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayliff_interview-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American actor <a href="/wiki/William_Redfield_(actor)" title="William Redfield (actor)">William Redfield</a> had a similar view: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ironically enough, Laurence Olivier is less gifted than Marlon Brando. He is even less gifted than Richard Burton, Paul Scofield, Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud. But he is still the definitive actor of the twentieth century. Why? Because he wanted to be. His achievements are due to dedication, scholarship, practice, determination and courage. He is the bravest actor of our time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196891_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196891-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In comparing Olivier and the other leading actors of his generation, Ustinov wrote, "It is of course vain to talk of who is and who is not the greatest actor. There is simply no such thing as a greatest actor, or painter or composer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978200_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978200-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, some colleagues, particularly film actors such as <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a>, came to regard Olivier as the finest of his peers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacall2006214–215_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacall2006214%E2%80%93215-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Hall, though acknowledging Olivier as the head of the theatrical profession,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1984xi_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1984xi-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thought Richardson the greater actor.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier's claim to theatrical greatness lay not only in his acting, but as, in Hall's words, "the supreme man of the theatre of our time",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1984ix_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1984ix-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pioneering Britain's National Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-times-obit_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-obit-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Bragg identified, "no one doubts that the National is perhaps his most enduring monument".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg1989103_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg1989103-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards" title="Laurence Olivier Awards">Laurence Olivier Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Academy_Award_nominees_and_winners" title="List of British Academy Award nominees and winners">List of British Academy Award nominees and winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_with_Academy_Award_nominations" title="List of actors with Academy Award nominations">List of actors with Academy Award nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_with_three_or_more_Academy_Award_nominations_in_acting_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of actors with three or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories">List of actors with three or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories" title="List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories">List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Notes and references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard's father Henry Arnold Olivier (1826–1912) was a priest who had eight children, his other sons all achieving success in secular spheres: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier" title="Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier">Sydney</a> became <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jamaica">Governor of Jamaica</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Arnould_Olivier" title="Herbert Arnould Olivier">Herbert</a> was a successful portrait painter, and Henry (1850–1935) had a military career, ending as a <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198811_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198811-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a biography of Olivier, <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a> observes that all three of the great theatrical trinity of the century—<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> and Olivier—went through deeply religious phases when young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198934_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198934-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier had not been especially popular until then, and noted in his diary at the time that he played "very well, to everyone's disgust".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker198415_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker198415-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier said that he was surprised and moved that his father, who until then he had thought did not care about him, had devoted considerable thought to his son's future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198938_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198938-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier's biographers W. A. Darlington and Anthony Holden both suggest another reason: Fogerty's determination to recruit more male students, there being at the time only six boys to seventy girls enrolled at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington19681Holden198829_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington19681Holden198829-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gielgud and Olivier himself later considered that not being in the nearly two-year run of <i>Journey's End</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye19671533_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye19671533-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helped Olivier's career. Gielgud wrote in the 1970s, "Olivier made his name in three plays that failed with the public—<i>Beau Geste</i>, <i>The Circle of Chalk</i> with <a href="/wiki/Anna_May_Wong" title="Anna May Wong">Anna May Wong</a>, and <i>The Rats of Norway</i> by Keith Winter. In all three plays he got superb notices personally, so that in a curious way it made his career to be in failures."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGielgud1979219_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGielgud1979219-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier said much the same to Bragg in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198945_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198945-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A German-language version was also filmed, in which Olivier did not appear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch198536_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch198536-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The £60 salary in 1930 was approximately £11,000 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-RPI_convert_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPI_convert-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esmond was predominantly lesbian; this was socially unacceptable in her lifetime, and was rarely mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarber2013136Beckett200530_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarber2013136Beckett200530-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Their son, (Simon) Tarquin, was born in August 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier199477_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier199477-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The biographer Cole Lesley wrote that Coward "invented a dog called Roger, unseen but who was always on stage with them when he and Larry had a scene together. Roger belonged to Noel but was madly attracted by Larry, especially to his private parts both before and behind, to which he invisibly did unmentionable things in full sight of the audience. 'Down, Roger,' Noel would whisper, or, 'Not in front of the vicar!' until in the end, as though this time the dog really had gone much too far, a shocked <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Roger!<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> was quite enough".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesley1976138_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesley1976138-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">$1,000 in 1931 was approximately $15,500 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-CPI_convert_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPI_convert-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original casting applied from 18 October to 28 November 1935; the two leading men then switched roles for alternating periods of several weeks at a time during the run. For the last week, ending on 28 March 1936, Olivier was Mercutio and Gielgud Romeo.<sup id="cite_ref-jg-plans_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jg-plans-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The previous record was 161 performances, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a> and Ellen Terry in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-jg-plans_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jg-plans-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although most contemporary critics thought that Gielgud spoke the verse well and Olivier did not, Gielgud himself came to think they may have been wrong. He said in the 1980s, "He [Olivier] was much more natural than I in his speech, too natural I thought at the time, but now I think he was right and I was wrong and that it was time to say the lines the modern way. He was always so bold: and even if you disagreed, as I sometimes did, about his conception, you had to admire its execution, the energy and force with which he carried it through."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198960_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198960-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier had received £500–£600 a week for his recent film work; at the Old Vic his weekly wage was £20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988114_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988114-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Brown" title="Ivor Brown">Ivor Brown</a> called Gielgud's performance "tremendous ... the best Hamlet of [my] experience."<sup id="cite_ref-ivor_hamlet_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivor_hamlet-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Agate" title="James Agate">James Agate</a> wrote, "I have no hesitation whatsoever in saying that it is the high water-mark of English Shakespearean acting of our time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroall2000129_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroall2000129-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier never overtly acknowledged his affair with Ainley, although Ainley's letters to him are clear. Olivier's third wife, the actress <a href="/wiki/Joan_Plowright" title="Joan Plowright">Joan Plowright</a>, expressed surprise at hearing the possibility, but commented, "If he did, so what?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006505_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006505-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, there were also persistent rumours of an affair with the entertainer <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapua2003114_and_129_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapua2003114_and_129-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Coleman considers them to be unsubstantiated;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006508–509_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006508%E2%80%93509-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plowright also dismisses the rumours.<sup id="cite_ref-Spect:_Plowright_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spect:_Plowright-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">$50,000 in 1939 is approximately $850,000 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-CPI_convert_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPI_convert-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Donat" title="Robert Donat">Robert Donat</a> won the award that year for his performance in <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1939_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Wuthering_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Wuthering-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korda acted both as a cover for British Intelligence in the US, and as part of an unofficial propaganda machine to sway the still-neutral Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006139–140Munn2007105_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006139%E2%80%93140Munn2007105-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almost everyone in theatrical circles called Olivier "Larry", but Richardson invariably addressed him as "Laurence". In contrast to this striking formality, Richardson addressed Gielgud as "Johnny".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199532_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199532-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources generally refer to the two parts of <i>Henry IV</i> as a double bill, although as full-length plays they were given across two separate evenings.<sup id="cite_ref-times-henry-iv-ad_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-henry-iv-ad-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The film also won Oscars for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, and was nominated for awards for Best Actress (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Simmons" title="Jean Simmons">Jean Simmons</a> as Ophelia), Best Score and Olivier as Best Director.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscar:_Hamlet_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscar:_Hamlet-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holden, noting that one of the failures was written and directed by Guthrie, comments that Olivier's willingness to stage it was an example of his magnanimous side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988262_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988262-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tynan wrote in <i>The Observer</i>, "As Lavinia, Vivien Leigh receives the news that she is about to be ravished on her husband's corpse with little more than the mild annoyance of one who would have preferred foam rubber".<sup id="cite_ref-tynan-titus_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tynan-titus-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other two Jeans were <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tutin" title="Dorothy Tutin">Dorothy Tutin</a> at the Royal Court, and <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_McEwan" title="Geraldine McEwan">Geraldine McEwan</a> for part of the run at the Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-times-entertainer_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-entertainer-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plowright rejoined the cast when the production opened in New York in February 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-entertainer_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-entertainer-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1955 Richardson, advised by Gielgud, had turned down the role of Estragon in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)" title="Peter Hall (director)">Peter Hall</a>'s premiere of the English-language version of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> and later reproached himself for missing the chance to be in "the greatest play of my generation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995162–163_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995162%E2%80%93163-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billington describes Olivier's attitude to Richardson and others as "most ungenerous".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because of this additional commitment, Olivier had to drop his plan to direct Coward's <i><a href="/wiki/Hay_Fever_(play)" title="Hay Fever (play)">Hay Fever</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1983566_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1983566-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author took over the production with a cast, headed by Edith Evans, that Coward said could successfully have played the Albanian telephone directory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1974369_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1974369-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the exception of a walk-on role in a matinée performance of scenes from the play in 1926, with Thorndike as Portia.<sup id="cite_ref-merchant-1926_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merchant-1926-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier was also offered an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, but was unable to receive it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416_301-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <i>Richard III</i> (1955) and <i>Oh! What a Lovely War</i> (1969).<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For his appearances in screen versions of <i>The Moon and Sixpence</i> (1960), <i>Long Day's Journey into Night</i> (1973), <i>Love Among the Ruins</i>, <i>Brideshead Revisited</i> (1982) and <i>King Lear</i> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188–189_231-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188%E2%80%93189-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Best Actor for <i>Hamlet</i>, Best Supporting Actor for <i>Marathon Man</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil B. DeMille Award">Cecil B. DeMille Award</a> for lifetime achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188–189_231-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985188%E2%80%93189-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The American film director <a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> said that Olivier's performance in the film <i>Carrie</i> was "the truest and best portrayal on film of an American by an Englishman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden1988216_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden1988216-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billington cites one of the best known instances of Olivier's physicality: "a sense of daring [which] showed itself, physically, in such feats as his famous headlong deathfall off a 12-foot-high platform in <i>Coriolanus</i> (Olivier was 52 at the time)."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-25-anniv_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-25-anniv-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBillington2004">Billington 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198812-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198812_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden1988">Holden 1988</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198811-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198811_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden1988">Holden 1988</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196813_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarlington1968">Darlington 1968</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett20052-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett20052_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2005">Beckett 2005</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198814-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198814_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden1988">Holden 1988</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett20056-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett20056_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2005">Beckett 2005</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan198112-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan198112_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan1981">Kiernan 1981</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden198817–18-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden198817%E2%80%9318_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden1988">Holden 1988</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenny1985269-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenny1985269_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenny1985">Denny 1985</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg198934-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg198934_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBragg1989">Bragg 1989</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tynan-interview-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tynan-interview_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTynan1966" class="citation journal cs1">Tynan, Kenneth (Winter 1966). 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"Schlesinger's long-running dream". <i>The Times</i>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Schlesinger%27s+long-running+dream&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.date=1976-12-17&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oscar:_Marathon-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oscar:_Marathon_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1977">"The 49th Academy Awards: 1977"</a>. <i>Academy Awards Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111214401/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1977">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Academy+Awards+Database&amp;rft.atitle=The+49th+Academy+Awards%3A+1977&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1977&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globes:_Marathon-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globes:_Marathon_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenglobes.com/film/marathon-man">"Marathon Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press_Association" title="Hollywood Foreign Press Association">Hollywood Foreign Press Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401002602/http://www.goldenglobes.com/film/marathon-man">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Marathon+Man&amp;rft.pub=Hollywood+Foreign+Press+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldenglobes.com%2Ffilm%2Fmarathon-man&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006592Munn2007245–246-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006592Munn2007245%E2%80%93246_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2006">Coleman 2006</a>, p. 592; <a href="#CITEREFMunn2007">Munn 2007</a>, pp. 245–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006445_and_461-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006445_and_461_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2006">Coleman 2006</a>, pp. 445 and 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007282-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007282_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunn2007">Munn 2007</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier198693-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier198693_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivier1986">Olivier 1986</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vineberg-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vineberg_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVineberg1985" class="citation journal cs1">Vineberg, Steve (Winter 1985). "Olivier's Lear". <i>The Threepenny Review</i> (20): 25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4383358">4383358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Threepenny+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Olivier%27s+Lear&amp;rft.ssn=winter&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4383358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Vineberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985175-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985175_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanitch1985">Tanitch 1985</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006495-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006495_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2006">Coleman 2006</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Coleman2006497-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2004Coleman2006497_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBillington2004">Billington 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFColeman2006">Coleman 2006</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007268-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007268_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunn2007">Munn 2007</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37977" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37977/supplement/2572">"No. 37977"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 6 June 1947. p. 2572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=No.+37977&amp;rft.pages=2572&amp;rft.date=1947-06-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37977%2Fsupplement%2F2572&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette45319" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45319/page/2001">"No. 45319"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 9 March 1971. p. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=No.+45319&amp;rft.pages=2001&amp;rft.date=1971-03-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F45319%2Fpage%2F2001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette45117" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45117/supplement/6365">"No. 45117"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 5 June 1970. p. 6365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=No.+45117&amp;rft.pages=6365&amp;rft.date=1970-06-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F45117%2Fsupplement%2F6365&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of offer from prime minister Harold Wilson, 8 May 1967; Olivier's letter of refusal, 14 May 1967; in Daniel Rosenthal, ed., <i>Dramatic Exchanges: The Lives and Letters of the National Theatre</i>, 2018, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette48524" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48524/page/2145">"No. 48524"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 13 February 1981. p. 2145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=No.+48524&amp;rft.pages=2145&amp;rft.date=1981-02-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F48524%2Fpage%2F2145&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_300-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_300-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_300-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U167741">"Olivier, Baron"</a></span>. <i>Who Was Who</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Who+Was+Who&amp;rft.atitle=Olivier%2C+Baron&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhowaswho%2FU167741&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416_301-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006photo_39,_facing_p._416_301-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2006">Coleman 2006</a>, photo 39, facing p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1949">"Academy Award Database 1949 results"</a>. <i>AMPAS Academy Award Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AMPAS+Academy+Award+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Academy+Award+Database+1949+results&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1949&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141053/http://www.oscars.org/search/site/olivier">"Olivier"</a>. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/search/site/olivier">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Olivier&amp;rft.pub=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Fsearch%2Fsite%2Folivier&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=laurence+olivier&amp;=Search">"BAFTA Awards Search"</a>. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117235003/http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=laurence%20olivier">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=BAFTA+Awards+Search&amp;rft.pub=British+Academy+of+Film+and+Television+Arts&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.bafta.org%2Fkeyword-search%3Fkeywords%3Dlaurence%2Bolivier%26%3DSearch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831204617/http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search">"Laurence Olivier"</a>. Tony Awards. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search">the original</a> on 31 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Laurence+Olivier&amp;rft.pub=Hollywood+Walk+of+Fame&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkoffame.com%2Flaurence-olivier&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_o_F-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_o_F_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#O">"Members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118013544/http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Silent falls the blazing trumpet". <i>The Times</i>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Silent+falls+the+blazing+trumpet&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.date=1989-07-12&amp;rft.aulast=Levin&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn2007269-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn2007269_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunn2007">Munn 2007</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden19887-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden19887_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden1988">Holden 1988</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978279-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978279_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinov1978">Ustinov 1978</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayliff_interview-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayliff_interview_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/related-content/TRANSCRIPTS/024T-C1142X000149-0100A0.pdf">"David Ayliff – interview transcript"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theatre Archive Project</i>. British Library. 18 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218230601/http://sounds.bl.uk/related-content/TRANSCRIPTS/024T-C1142X000149-0100A0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Theatre+Archive+Project&amp;rft.atitle=David+Ayliff+%E2%80%93+interview+transcript&amp;rft.date=2006-12-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsounds.bl.uk%2Frelated-content%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F024T-C1142X000149-0100A0.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlington196891-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlington196891_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarlington1968">Darlington 1968</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978200-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinov1978200_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinov1978">Ustinov 1978</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacall2006214–215-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacall2006214%E2%80%93215_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacall2006">Bacall 2006</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1984xi-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1984xi_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1984">Hall 1984</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1984ix-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1984ix_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1984">Hall 1984</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragg1989103-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragg1989103_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBragg1989">Bragg 1989</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgate1946" class="citation book cs1">Agate, James (1946). <i>The Contemporary Theatre, 1944 and 1945</i>. London: Harrap. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1597751">1597751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+Theatre%2C+1944+and+1945&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Harrap&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1597751&amp;rft.aulast=Agate&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacall2006" class="citation book cs1">Bacall, Lauren (2006) [2005]. <i>By Myself and Then Some</i>. London: Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1351-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1351-8"><bdi>978-0-7553-1351-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=By+Myself+and+Then+Some&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Headline&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7553-1351-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bacall&amp;rft.aufirst=Lauren&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Barker" title="Felix Barker">Barker, Felix</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laurenceolivierc0000bark"><i>Laurence Olivier: A Critical Study</i></a>. Speldhurst: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-926-2"><bdi>978-0-88254-926-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Laurence+Olivier%3A+A+Critical+Study&amp;rft.place=Speldhurst&amp;rft.pub=Spellmount&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88254-926-2&amp;rft.aulast=Barker&amp;rft.aufirst=Felix&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaurenceolivierc0000bark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2005" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Francis (2005). <i>Olivier</i>. London: Haus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-38-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-38-7"><bdi>978-1-904950-38-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Haus&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904950-38-7&amp;rft.aulast=Beckett&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2004" class="citation journal cs1">Billington, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38623">"Olivier, Laurence Kerr, Baron Olivier (1907–1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38623">10.1093/ref:odnb/38623</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&amp;rft.atitle=Olivier%2C+Laurence+Kerr%2C+Baron+Olivier+%281907%E2%80%931989%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38623&amp;rft.aulast=Billington&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F38623&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragg1989" class="citation book cs1">Bragg, Melvyn (1989) [1984]. <i>Laurence Olivier</i>. London: Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003863-7"><bdi>978-0-14-003863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Laurence+Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Sceptre&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-003863-7&amp;rft.aulast=Bragg&amp;rft.aufirst=Melvyn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapua2003" class="citation book cs1">Capua, Michelangelo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMdRckjUDvAC"><i>Vivien Leigh: A Biography</i></a>. Jefferson: McFarland &amp; Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8034-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vivien+Leigh%3A+A+Biography&amp;rft.place=Jefferson&amp;rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8034-0&amp;rft.aulast=Capua&amp;rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuMdRckjUDvAC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle1972" class="citation book cs1">Castle, Charles (1972). <i>Noël</i>. London: W H Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-491-00534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-491-00534-0"><bdi>978-0-491-00534-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=No%C3%ABl&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=W+H+Allen&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-491-00534-0&amp;rft.aulast=Castle&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2006" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Terry (2006) [2005]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/olivierauthorise0000cole"><i>Olivier: The Authorised Biography</i></a></span>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8080-5"><bdi>978-0-7475-8080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Olivier%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7475-8080-5&amp;rft.aulast=Coleman&amp;rft.aufirst=Terry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Folivierauthorise0000cole&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1983" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1983) [1982]. Payn, Graham; <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Morley" title="Sheridan Morley">Morley, Sheridan</a> (eds.). <i>The Noël Coward Diaries (1941–1969)</i>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78142-4"><bdi>978-0-297-78142-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+No%C3%ABl+Coward+Diaries+%281941%E2%80%931969%29&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Methuen&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-297-78142-4&amp;rft.aulast=Coward&amp;rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroall2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Croall" title="Jonathan Croall">Croall, Jonathan</a> (2000). <i>Gielgud – A Theatrical Life, 1904–2000</i>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-74560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-74560-6"><bdi>978-0-413-74560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gielgud+%E2%80%93+A+Theatrical+Life%2C+1904%E2%80%932000&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Methuen&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-413-74560-6&amp;rft.aulast=Croall&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroall2013" class="citation book cs1">Croall, Jonathan, ed. (2013). <i>Gielgoodies – The Wit and Wisdom and Gaffes of John Gielgud</i>. London: Oberon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78319-007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78319-007-2"><bdi>978-1-78319-007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gielgoodies+%E2%80%93+The+Wit+and+Wisdom+and+Gaffes+of+John+Gielgud&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Oberon+Books&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-78319-007-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlington1968" class="citation book cs1">Darlington, W. A. (1968). <i>Laurence Olivier</i>. London: Morgan Grampian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-249-43970-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-249-43970-0"><bdi>978-0-249-43970-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Laurence+Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Grampian&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-249-43970-0&amp;rft.aulast=Darlington&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2005" class="citation book cs1">Day, Barry (2005). <i>Coward on Film: The Cinema of Noël Coward</i>. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5358-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5358-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coward+on+Film%3A+The+Cinema+of+No%C3%ABl+Coward&amp;rft.place=Lanham&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5358-4&amp;rft.aulast=Day&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny1985" class="citation book cs1">Denny, Barbara (1985). <i>Kings Bishop: The Lords Spiritual of London</i>. London: Alderman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946619-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946619-16-0"><bdi>978-0-946619-16-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kings+Bishop%3A+The+Lords+Spiritual+of+London&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Alderman+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-946619-16-0&amp;rft.aulast=Denny&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlater1971" class="citation book cs1">Findlater, Richard (1971). <i>The Player Kings</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00304-5"><bdi>978-0-297-00304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Player+Kings&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-297-00304-5&amp;rft.aulast=Findlater&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlater1981" class="citation book cs1">Findlater, Richard (1981). <i>At the Royal Court: 25 years of the English Stage Company</i>. Ambergate: Amber Lane Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247511466">247511466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=At+the+Royal+Court%3A+25+years+of+the+English+Stage+Company&amp;rft.place=Ambergate&amp;rft.pub=Amber+Lane+Press&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247511466&amp;rft.aulast=Findlater&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Garber" title="Marjorie Garber">Garber, Marjorie</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlDILcjrzs8C"><i>Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61284-8"><bdi>978-1-136-61284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bisexuality+and+the+Eroticism+of+Everyday+Life&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-136-61284-8&amp;rft.aulast=Garber&amp;rft.aufirst=Marjorie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlDILcjrzs8C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaye1967" class="citation book cs1">Gaye, Freda, ed. (1967). <i>Who's Who in the Theatre</i> (fourteenth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5997224">5997224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Theatre&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=fourteenth&amp;rft.pub=Sir+Isaac+Pitman+and+Sons&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5997224&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGielgud1979" class="citation book cs1">Gielgud, John (1979). <i>An Actor and His Time</i>. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98573-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98573-7"><bdi>978-0-283-98573-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Actor+and+His+Time&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Sidgwick+and+Jackson&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-283-98573-7&amp;rft.aulast=Gielgud&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGielgud2004" class="citation book cs1">Gielgud, John (2004). Mangan, Richard (ed.). <i>Gielgud's Letters</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82989-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82989-8"><bdi>978-0-297-82989-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gielgud%27s+Letters&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-297-82989-8&amp;rft.aulast=Gielgud&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2009" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Susie (2009). <i>Opera for Everybody</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22493-7"><bdi>978-0-571-22493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Opera+for+Everybody&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-571-22493-7&amp;rft.aulast=Gilbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Susie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1984" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter (1984) [1983]. <i>Peter Hall's Diaries</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11285-4"><bdi>978-0-241-11285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peter+Hall%27s+Diaries&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-241-11285-4&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson1958" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, Harold (1958). <i>Ralph Richardson</i>. London: Rockliff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3797774">3797774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ralph+Richardson&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Rockliff&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3797774&amp;rft.aulast=Hobson&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1988" class="citation book cs1">Holden, Anthony (1988). <i>Olivier</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79089-1"><bdi>978-0-297-79089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-297-79089-1&amp;rft.aulast=Holden&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Russell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TPzAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49530-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49530-2"><bdi>978-1-107-49530-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shakespeare+on+Film&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-107-49530-2&amp;rft.aulast=Jackson&amp;rft.aufirst=Russell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TPzAgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2013" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Russell (2013). <i>Gielgud, Olivier, Ashcroft, Dench: Great Shakespeareans</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1544-5"><bdi>978-1-4725-1544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gielgud%2C+Olivier%2C+Ashcroft%2C+Dench%3A+Great+Shakespeareans&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1544-5&amp;rft.aulast=Jackson&amp;rft.aufirst=Russell&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31797">"Walton, Sir William Turner (1902–1983)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31797">10.1093/ref:odnb/31797</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&amp;rft.atitle=Walton%2C+Sir+William+Turner+%281902%E2%80%931983%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31797&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F31797&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1981" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Thomas (1981). <i>Olivier: The Life of Laurence Olivier</i>. London: Sidgwick &amp; Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98671-0"><bdi>978-0-283-98671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Olivier%3A+The+Life+of+Laurence+Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-283-98671-0&amp;rft.aulast=Kiernan&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorda1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Korda" title="Michael Korda">Korda, Michael</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/charmedlivesfami00kord#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Charmed Lives</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-53017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-53017-5"><bdi>978-0-380-53017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charmed+Lives&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-380-53017-5&amp;rft.aulast=Korda&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcharmedlivesfami00kord%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesley1976" class="citation book cs1">Lesley, Cole (1976). <i>The Life of Noël Coward</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01288-1"><bdi>978-0-224-01288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+No%C3%ABl+Coward&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-224-01288-1&amp;rft.aulast=Lesley&amp;rft.aufirst=Cole&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (1995). <i>Ralph Richardson – The Authorized Biography</i>. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-06237-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-06237-1"><bdi>0-283-06237-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ralph+Richardson+%E2%80%93+The+Authorized+Biography&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Sidgwick+and+Jackson&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-283-06237-1&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1974" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Sheridan (1974) [1969]. <i>A Talent to Amuse</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003863-7"><bdi>978-0-14-003863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Talent+to+Amuse&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-003863-7&amp;rft.aulast=Morley&amp;rft.aufirst=Sheridan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2001" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Sheridan (2001). <i>John G—The Authorised Biography of John Gielgud</i>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-36803-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-36803-9"><bdi>978-0-340-36803-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=John+G%E2%80%94The+Authorised+Biography+of+John+Gielgud&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-340-36803-9&amp;rft.aulast=Morley&amp;rft.aufirst=Sheridan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer1984" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, John (1984) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incharacter00john"><i>In Character</i></a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006389-9"><bdi>978-0-14-006389-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+Character&amp;rft.place=Harmondsworth&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-006389-9&amp;rft.aulast=Mortimer&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincharacter00john&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunn2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Munn" title="Michael Munn">Munn, Michael</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IrgcXteIMgC&amp;pg=PP1"><i>Lord Larry: The Secret Life of Laurence Olivier: a Personal and Intimate Portrait</i></a>. London: Robson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-977-2"><bdi>978-1-86105-977-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lord+Larry%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+Laurence+Olivier%3A+a+Personal+and+Intimate+Portrait&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Robson+Books&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-86105-977-2&amp;rft.aulast=Munn&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IrgcXteIMgC%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2006" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Michael (2006). "Introduction". <i>Othello, the Moor of Venice</i>. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156847-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156847-3"><bdi>978-0-19-156847-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=Othello%2C+the+Moor+of+Venice&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.series=The+Oxford+Shakespeare&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-156847-3&amp;rft.aulast=Neill&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1982" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Garry (1982). <i>Ralph Richardson – An Actor's Life</i>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-27041-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-27041-7"><bdi>978-0-340-27041-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ralph+Richardson+%E2%80%93+An+Actor%27s+Life&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-340-27041-7&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=Garry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier1994" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Laurence (1994) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confessionsofactolivi00oliv"><i>Confessions of an Actor</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006888-7"><bdi>978-0-14-006888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Confessions+of+an+Actor&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-006888-7&amp;rft.aulast=Olivier&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfessionsofactolivi00oliv&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier1986" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Laurence (1986). <i>On Acting</i>. London: Weidenfeld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78864-5"><bdi>978-0-297-78864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+Acting&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Weidenfeld&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-297-78864-5&amp;rft.aulast=Olivier&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier1992" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Tarquin (1992). <i>My Father Laurence Olivier</i>. London: Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-747-20611-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-747-20611-8"><bdi>978-0-747-20611-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=My+Father+Laurence+Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Headline&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-747-20611-8&amp;rft.aulast=Olivier&amp;rft.aufirst=Tarquin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Richards" title="Jeffrey Richards">Richards, Jeffrey</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6E-caLC4HZEC&amp;pg=PP1"><i>The Age of the Dream Palace: Cinema and Society in 1930s Britain</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-122-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Dream+Palace%3A+Cinema+and+Society+in+1930s+Britain&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84885-122-1&amp;rft.aulast=Richards&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6E-caLC4HZEC%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Richards" title="Jeffrey Richards">Richards, Jeffrey</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MA6uAgAAQBAJ"><i>Visions of Yesterday</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-92861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-92861-4"><bdi>978-1-317-92861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Visions+of+Yesterday&amp;rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-317-92861-4&amp;rft.aulast=Richards&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMA6uAgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShail2007" class="citation book cs1">Shail, Robert (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishfilmdirec0000shai"><i>British Film Directors: A Critical Guide</i></a></span>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2833-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2833-8"><bdi>978-0-8093-2833-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=British+Film+Directors%3A+A+Critical+Guide&amp;rft.place=Carbondale&amp;rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2833-8&amp;rft.aulast=Shail&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishfilmdirec0000shai&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanitch1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tanitch" title="Robert Tanitch">Tanitch, Robert</a> (1985). <i>Olivier</i>. London: Thames &amp; Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5000-1363-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5000-1363-2"><bdi>978-0-5000-1363-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Olivier&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5000-1363-2&amp;rft.aulast=Tanitch&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUstinov1978" class="citation book cs1">Ustinov, Peter (1978) [1977]. <i>Dear Me</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004940-4"><bdi>978-0-14-004940-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dear+Me&amp;rft.place=Harmondsworth&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-004940-4&amp;rft.aulast=Ustinov&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Olivier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laurence_Olivier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Laurence_Olivier" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laurenceolivier.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000059/">Laurence Olivier</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55245#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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<a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmys.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/450224/">Laurence Olivier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/laurence-olivier-10-essential-films">Laurence Olivier: 10 essential films</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-001981095">Laurence Olivier Archive</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/144656%7C96060/wp">Laurence Olivier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55245#P3056" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/15809">Laurence Olivier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55245#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05639">Portraits of Laurence Olivier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55245#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/person/laurence-olivier-vault-0000017515">Laurence Olivier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Playbill#Other_media" title="Playbill"><i>Playbill</i> Vault</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55245#P6132" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section></div> <!-- MobileFormatter took 0.089 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;oldid=1262796080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;oldid=1262796080</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Olivier&amp;action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Nikkimaria" data-user-gender="female" data-timestamp="1734066488"> <span>Last edited on 13 December 2024, at 05:08</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لورنس أوليفيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورنس أوليفيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourens_Olivye" title="Lourens Olivye – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lourens Olivye" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="লরন্স অলিভিয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লরন্স অলিভিয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Лоренс Оливье – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лоренс Оливье" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Лоўрэнс Аліўе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лоўрэнс Аліўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Лоўрэнс Аліўе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лоўрэнс Аліўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лорънс Оливие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лорънс Оливие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5" title="Λόρενς Ολίβιε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λόρενς Ολίβιε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="لارنس الیویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لارنس الیویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90" title="로런스 올리비에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로런스 올리비에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D5%95%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A5" title="Լոուրենս Օլիվիե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոուրենս Օլիվիե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="לורנס אוליבייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לורנס אוליבייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="ლორენს ოლივიე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლორენს ოლივიე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Лоуренс Оливье – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лоуренс Оливье" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Olivier" title="Laurentius Olivier – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laurentius Olivier" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenss_Olivj%C4%93" title="Lorenss Olivjē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lorenss Olivjē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лоренс Оливие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лоренс Оливие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="लॉरेन्स ऑलिव्हिये – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॉरेन्स ऑलिव्हिये" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="ლორენს ოლივიე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლორენს ოლივიე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لورانس اوليڤييه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لورانس اوليڤييه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A8" title="ローレンス・オリヴィエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンス・オリヴィエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲਾਰੈਂਸ ਓਲੀਵੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਰੈਂਸ ਓਲੀਵੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Оливье, Лоренс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оливье, Лоренс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%95" title="لۆرنس ئۆلیڤیە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆرنس ئۆلیڤیە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Лоренс Оливије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лоренс Оливије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="லாரன்ஸ் ஆலிவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாரன்ஸ் ஆலிவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ลอเรนซ์ โอลิวีเอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลอเรนซ์ โอลิวีเอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%27%D1%94" title="Лоуренс Олів&#039;є – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лоуренс Олів&#039;є" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="劳伦斯·奥利维尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="劳伦斯·奥利维尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Laurence Olivier" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%98%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%8A%B1" title="羅蘭士奧利花 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅蘭士奧利花" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="劳伦斯·奥利维尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劳伦斯·奥利维尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 December 2024, at 05:08<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-746fb5b8df-wdm4w","wgBackendResponseTime":315,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.689","walltime":"3.009","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31289,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":881336,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":265012,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":773672,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2441.732 1 -total"," 22.88% 558.586 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.97% 536.361 220 Template:Sfn"," 11.90% 290.609 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 7.14% 174.387 53 Template:Cite_news"," 7.04% 171.971 44 Template:Cite_book"," 6.25% 152.644 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 5.31% 129.708 22 Template:Navbox"," 5.28% 129.041 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.52% 110.462 1 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