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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indigenous occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Norse activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_significance_(1960–68)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_significance_(1960–68)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Discovery and significance (1960–68)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_significance_(1960–68)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_historic_site_(1968–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_historic_site_(1968–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National historic site (1968–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_historic_site_(1968–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_with_Vinland_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_with_Vinland_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Connection with Vinland sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_with_Vinland_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">L'Anse aux Meadows</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لانس أو ميدوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لانس أو ميدوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%E2%80%99%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7" title="Л’Анс-о-Медаўз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Л’Анс-о-Медаўз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%E2%80%99%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81" title="Ль’Анс-о-Мэдаўс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ль’Анс-о-Мэдаўс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L’Anse aux Meadows – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="L’Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_hist%C3%B3rico_nacional_de_L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="Sitio histórico nacional de L'Anse aux Meadows – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sitio histórico nacional de L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%A4_%EB%A9%94%EB%8F%84%EC%A6%88" title="랑스 오 메도즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랑스 오 메도즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%27%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D6%85_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Լ'Անս օ Մեդոուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լ'Անս օ Մեդոուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%96" title="ל'אנס או מדוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ל'אנס או מדוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E2%80%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ლ’ანს-ო-მედოუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლ’ანს-ო-მედოუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C5%ABz%C5%B3_%C4%AFlankos_nacionalinis_istorinis_parkas" title="Medūzų įlankos nacionalinis istorinis parkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medūzų įlankos nacionalinis istorinis parkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L’Anse aux Meadows – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="L’Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%94%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലാൻസ്-ഔക്സ് മെഡോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാൻസ്-ഔക്സ് മെഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse_aux_Meadows" title="Anse aux Meadows – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لانس او ميدوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لانس او ميدوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="လန်စီ မီးဒိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်စီ မီးဒိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC" title="ランス・オ・メドー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランス・オ・メドー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L’Anse aux Meadows – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="L’Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L’Anse aux Meadows – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="L’Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%E2%80%99%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81" title="Л’Анс-о-Медоус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Л’Анс-о-Медоус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L’Anse aux Meadows – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="L’Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Ланси Медоуз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ланси Медоуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L’Anse aux Meadows – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="L’Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="แลนโซเมโดส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แลนโซเมโดส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%27%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Л'Анс-о-Медоуз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Л'Анс-о-Медоуз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="L'Anse aux Meadows" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&params=51_35_47_N_55_32_00_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°35′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°32′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.59639°N 55.53333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.59639; -55.53333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norse archaeological site in Newfoundland, Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">L'Anse aux Meadows</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg/250px-Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg/375px-Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg/500px-Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Recreated Norse buildings at L'Anse aux Meadows</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&params=51_35_47_N_55_32_00_W_region:CA-NL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°35′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°32′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.59639°N 55.53333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.59639; -55.53333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">L'Anse aux Meadows<br />National Historic Site</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1978 (2nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4">4</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North America">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FF0000; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">L'Anse aux Meadows National Historical Site of Canada.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1968</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="L'Anse aux Meadows is located in Newfoundland"><img alt="L'Anse aux Meadows is located in Newfoundland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg/235px-Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg/353px-Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg/470px-Canada_Newfoundland_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="942" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.025%;left:55.2%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="L'Anse aux Meadows"><img alt="L'Anse aux Meadows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of L'Anse aux Meadows in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>L'Anse aux Meadows</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Meadows Cove</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a>, first excavated in the 1960s, of a <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse settlement</a> dating to approximately 1,000 years ago. The site is located on the northernmost tip of the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_Territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces and Territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> near <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. Anthony</a>. </p><p>With carbon dating estimates between 990 and <span class="nowrap">1050 CE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Principles" title="Radiocarbon dating">mean date</a> 1014)<sup id="cite_ref-Nydal1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydal1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">tree-ring</a> dating of 1021,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KuitemsEtAl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KuitemsEtAl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'Anse aux Meadows is the only undisputed site of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact">pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact</a> of Europeans with the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is notable as evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> presence in North America and for its possible connection with the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Greenlanders" title="Saga of the Greenlanders">Saga of the Greenlanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were written down in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence suggests the settlement served as a base camp for Norse exploration of North America, including regions to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuitems,_etal2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuitems,_etal2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanning 8,000 hectares (31 sq mi) of land and sea, the site contains the remains of eight buildings constructed of sod over a wood frame, with over 800 Norse objects unearthed,<sup id="cite_ref-TakacsCline2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakacsCline2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including bronze, bone, and stone artifacts, and evidence of iron production.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> in 1968 and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is managed by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L'Anse aux Meadows</i> is a French-English name which can be translated as "Grassland Bay" (lit. "the bay with the grasslands").<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How the village acquired this name is debated. <i>L'Anse aux Meadows</i> might be a corruption of the French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Anse aux Méduses</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a> Cove).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent conjecture derives it from <i>L'Anse à la Médée</i> (Medea Cove),<sup id="cite_ref-Horwitz_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is marked on an 1862 French naval chart, with <i>Medée</i> or <i>Meduse</i> possibly the name of a French naval vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English name "Meadows" may have occurred as <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadowy</a> open landscape around the cove.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_occupation">Indigenous occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indigenous occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland#Pre-colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland § Pre-colonisation</a></div> <p>Before the Norse arrived in Newfoundland, there is evidence of occupations by five <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Indigenous groups</a> at the site of L'Anse aux Meadows, the oldest dated to roughly 6,000 years ago. None were contemporaneous with the Norse occupation. The most prominent earlier occupation was by the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset people">Dorset people</a>, who occupied the site about 300 years before the Norse. Radiocarbon date ranges for these groups are <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span class="nowrap">1000 BCE</span></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Archaic tradition">Maritime Archaic tradition</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span class="nowrap">500 BCE</span></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Groswater_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Groswater tradition">Groswater tradition</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 750</span> for the Middle Dorset, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span> for the <a href="/wiki/Cow_Head_Group" title="Cow Head Group">Cow Head Group</a> and Beaches traditions, and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 CE</span> (after the Norse) for the Little Passage tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia2021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norse_activity">Norse activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Norse activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows has been dated to approximately <span class="nowrap">1000 CE</span> (carbon dating estimates 990–1050), with a <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Principles" title="Radiocarbon dating">mean carbon date</a> of 1014,<sup id="cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an assessment that tallies with the relative dating of artifact and structure types.<sup id="cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nydal1989_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydal1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> study, using radiocarbon analysis of three separate <a href="/wiki/Tree_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ring">tree ring</a> samples and evidence from the <a href="/wiki/993%E2%80%93994_carbon-14_spike" title="993–994 carbon-14 spike">anomaly in atmospheric <sup>14</sup>C concentrations in the year 993</a>, pinpointed 1021 as a date of Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows.<sup id="cite_ref-KuitemsEtAl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KuitemsEtAl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist John Steinberg has suggested the site may have been "occupied at least sporadically for perhaps 20 years" by the Norse.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rosamund_Barraclough" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough">Eleanor Barraclough</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests the site was not a permanent settlement but a temporary boat repair facility.<sup id="cite_ref-ParksCanada2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParksCanada2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She notes there are no findings of burials, tools, agriculture or animal pens—suggesting the inhabitants abandoned the site in an orderly fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a></i> study, there may have been Norse activity in L'Anse aux Meadows for as long as a century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg/310px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg/465px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg/620px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map_with_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>L'Anse aux Meadows map<br /> <b>A</b> = Large hall, <b>B</b> = House, <b>C</b>= Hut, <b>D</b> = Smallest of the three halls, <b>E</b> = Hut, <b>F</b> = Leader's hall, <b>G</b> = Hut, <b>J</b> = Smelting hut</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no way to know the site's population at any given time, though the dwellings could accommodate 30 to 160 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolodny2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire population of Greenland at the time was about 2,500, meaning that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was less than 10 percent of the Norse settlement on Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julian_D._Richards" title="Julian D. Richards">Julian D. Richards</a> notes: "It seems highly unlikely that the Norse had sufficient resources to construct a string of such settlements."<sup id="cite_ref-Richards2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg/310px-L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg/465px-L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg/620px-L%27AnseAuxMeadowsModel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2053" /></a><figcaption>A model depicting the Norse settlement established at L'Anse aux Meadows</figcaption></figure> <p>Today the area mostly consists of open, grassy lands, but 1000 years ago there were forests that were convenient for boatbuilding, housebuilding and iron extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingstad2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> The remains of eight buildings (labelled from A–J) were found. They are believed to have been constructed of <a href="/wiki/Sod_roof" title="Sod roof">sod</a> placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling (F) measured 28.8 m × 15.6 m (94 ft × 51 ft) and consisted of several rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia2021_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three small buildings (B, C, G) may have been workshops or living quarters for lower-status crew or slaves. Workshops were identified as an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">smithy</a> (building J) containing a <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">forge</a> and iron <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ParksCanada2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParksCanada2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a carpentry workshop (building D), which generated wood debris and a specialized boat repair area containing worn <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a>. </p><p>Other things found at the site consisted of common everyday Norse items, including a stone oil lamp, a <a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">whetstone</a>, a bronze fastening pin, a bone knitting needle and part of a spindle. Stone weights, which were found in building G, may have been part of a <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a>. The presence of the spindle and needle suggests that women as well as men inhabited the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food remains included <a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">butternuts</a>, which do not grow naturally north of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, so that the Norse inhabitants probably travelled farther south to obtain them.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinland_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinland-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that the Norse hunted caribou, wolf, fox, bear, lynx, marten, many types of birds and fish, seal, whale and walrus. Harsh winters and ice cover force the <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a> either to hibernate or venture south, and the lack of game must have made over-winter occupation difficult for the Norse.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingstad2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_significance_(1960–68)"><span id="Discovery_and_significance_.281960.E2.80.9368.29"></span>Discovery and significance (1960–68)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discovery and significance (1960–68)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_(1918-1997)_(5494474208).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_%281918-1997%29_%285494474208%29.jpg/240px-Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_%281918-1997%29_%285494474208%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_%281918-1997%29_%285494474208%29.jpg/360px-Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_%281918-1997%29_%285494474208%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_%281918-1997%29_%285494474208%29.jpg/480px-Anne_Stine_Moe_Ingstad_%281918-1997%29_%285494474208%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stine_Ingstad" title="Anne Stine Ingstad">Anne Stine Ingstad</a> at L'Anse aux Meadows, 1963. Ingstad, along with <a href="/wiki/Helge_Ingstad" title="Helge Ingstad">her husband</a>, led an archaeological excavation of the site.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1960, the archaeological remains of Norse buildings were discovered in Newfoundland by the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> husband-wife team of explorer <a href="/wiki/Helge_Ingstad" title="Helge Ingstad">Helge Ingstad</a> and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Anne_Stine_Ingstad" title="Anne Stine Ingstad">Anne Stine Ingstad</a>, who led an international team excavating during 1960-1968. Based on the idea that the Old Norse name <a href="/wiki/Vinland#Name" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Sagas">Icelandic Sagas</a></i> meant "wine-land", historians had long speculated that the Norse had landed in a region with wild grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common hypothesis before the Ingstads was that Vinland could not be north of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> coast, the northern limit of wild <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">grapes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they are also found in New Brunswick and the St. Lawrence River valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_2006:98-99_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_2006:98-99-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ingstads doubted this hypothesis, believing the Norse would not have felt secure settling along the American Atlantic coast. Based on an <a href="/wiki/Vinland#Name" title="Vinland">alternative pronunciation</a>, they proposed "that the name Vinland probably means land of meadows...and includes a peninsula."<sup id="cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingstad2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123">: 123 </span></sup> (However, the later discovery of butternuts in the Norse stratum of the bog implies that the Norse did sail into the grape growing regions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_2006:98-99_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_2006:98-99-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG/310px-LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG/465px-LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG/620px-LanseAuxMeadows_LargeBuilding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Norse buildings on display. The remains of seven Norse buildings were uncovered during the Ingstads' excavation of the site.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1960, George Decker, a resident of the fishing hamlet of L'Anse aux Meadows, led Helge Ingstad to a group of mounds near the village that the locals called the "old Indian camp". The grassy mounds looked like the remains of houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helge and Anne Ingstad carried out seven archaeological excavations there from 1961 to 1968, finding the remains of eight buildings and perhaps a ninth.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingstad2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> They determined that the site was a Norse settlement from the characteristics of its structures and artifacts, compared to sites in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> from around 1000 CE. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 180px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/minutes/vikings">"Vikings"</a> – Historica Canada. - <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a> (1:01 min)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'Anse aux Meadows is the only confirmed Norse site in North America outside Greenland,<sup id="cite_ref-CBC2018_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and represents the farthest known extent of European exploration and settlement of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> before the voyages of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> almost 500 years later. Historians have speculated that there were other Norse sites in the Canadian Arctic, or at least trade contacts between Norse and Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, possible Norse outposts were identified in <a href="/wiki/Nanook,_Baffin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanook, Baffin Island">Nanook</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tanfield_Valley" title="Tanfield Valley">Tanfield Valley</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunguvik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nunguvik (page does not exist)">Nunguvik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willows_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willows Island (page does not exist)">Willows Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avayalik_Islands" title="Avayalik Islands">Avayalik Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 and 2016, <a href="/wiki/Point_Rosee" title="Point Rosee">Point Rosee</a> in southwestern Newfoundland was excavated with no discoveries of a Norse presence.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC2018_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBC2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP2017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_historic_site_(1968–present)"><span id="National_historic_site_.281968.E2.80.93present.29"></span>National historic site (1968–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National historic site (1968–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Anse_aux_Meadows,_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows%2C_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg/290px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows%2C_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows%2C_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg/435px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows%2C_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows%2C_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg/580px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows%2C_main_area_inside_long_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the recreated Norse <a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">sod</a> <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouse</a>, north of the archaeological site</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> named the archaeological site a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a>. The site was also named a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. After L'Anse aux Meadows was named a national historic site, the area, and its related tourist programs, have been managed by Parks Canada. After the first excavation was completed, two more excavations of the site were ordered by Parks Canada. The excavations fell under the direction of Bengt Schonbach from 1973 to 1975 and <a href="/wiki/Birgitta_Wallace" title="Birgitta Wallace">Birgitta Wallace</a>, in 1976. Following each period of excavation, the site was reburied to protect and conserve the cultural resources. </p><p>The remains of seven Norse buildings are on display at the national historic site. North of the Norse remains are reconstructed buildings, built in the late 20th century, as a part of an interpretive display for the national historic site. The remains of an aboriginal hunting camp are also located at the site, southwest of the Norse remains. Other amenities at the site includes picnic areas, and a <a href="/wiki/Visitor_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitor centre">visitor centre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_with_Vinland_sagas">Connection with Vinland sagas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Connection with Vinland sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png/220px-Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png/330px-Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The 1590 <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Skálholt Map">Skálholt Map</a> showing Latinized Norse placenames in North America:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> • Land of the <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Risi</a> </i>(a <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">mythical location</a>)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> <br /> • <a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>)<br /> • Land of the <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skrælings</a></i> (location undetermined)<br /> • Promontory of <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Peninsula" title="Great Northern Peninsula">Great Northern Peninsula</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1073, the German cleric <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> wrote the oldest known document mentioning <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>, a history of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Bremen">archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen</a>, who held ecclesiastical authority over Norse Scandinavia at the time. He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He [the Danish king <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sven Estridsson</a>] also told me of another island discovered by many in that ocean. It is called Vinland because vines grow there on their own accord, producing the most excellent wine. Moreover, that unsown crops abound there, we have ascertained not from fabulous conjecture but from the reliable reports of the Danes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">traditional</a> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Greenlanders" title="Saga of the Greenlanders">Saga of the Greenlanders</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a></i>, tell of the <a href="/wiki/Norse_Greenlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Greenlanders">Norse Greenlanders</a> who discovered and attempted to settle a land to the west which they called Vinland. The sagas recount quarrels among the Norsemen and bloody fights with the native people they called <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skrælings</a>,</i> which led to the abandonment of the effort.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlements of Vinland mentioned in these two sagas, <a href="/wiki/Leifsbudir" title="Leifsbudir">Leifsbudir</a> (founded by <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>) and Hóp (Norse Greenlanders), have both been claimed to be the L'Anse aux Meadows site.<sup id="cite_ref-damals_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damals-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_2003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">History of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Canada" title="List of oldest buildings in Canada">List of oldest buildings in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Canada" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Canada">List of World Heritage Sites in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Barbe-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="St. Barbe-L'Anse aux Meadows">St. Barbe-L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Karlsefni" title="Thorfinn Karlsefni">Thorfinn Karlsefni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinland map">Vinland map</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nydal1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nydal1989_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nydal1989_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNydal1989" class="citation journal cs1">Nydal, Reidar (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/652904">"A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_(journal)" title="Radiocarbon (journal)">Radiocarbon</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): 976–985. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Radcb..31..976N">1989Radcb..31..976N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200012613">10.1017/S0033822200012613</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-5755">1945-5755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122050650/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/652904">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>With an assumed total systematic error of 30 ± 20 years, as a mean for various tree rings, the calibrated age range of L'Anse aux Meadows is AD 975–1020. This agrees well with the assumed historical age of ca AD 1000, a result which has also been recently corroborated by high-precision accelerator dating at the University of Toronto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Review+of+Radiocarbon+Dating+of+a+Norse+Settlement+at+L%27Anse+Aux+Meadows%2C+Newfoundland+Canada&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=976-985&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200012613&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft.eissn=1945-5755&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Radcb..31..976N&rft.aulast=Nydal&rft.aufirst=Reidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.arizona.edu%2Fhandle%2F10150%2F652904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellLightfootMcManamonMilner2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82">"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site"</a>. <i>Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02189-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150120/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>This is a substantial base for analysis, which yields an entirely credible range of dates between 990 and 1050 and a mean date of 1014 CE, which is popularly rounded off at 1000 CE .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02189-3&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Kent&rft.au=McManamon%2C+Francis&rft.au=Milner%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarfWRW5OFVgC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ledger, Paul M.; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Forbes, Véronique (15 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681721">"New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (31): 15341–15343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11615341L">2019PNAS..11615341L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2FPNAS.1907986116">10.1073/PNAS.1907986116</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681721">6681721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308231">31308231</a>. <q>Modeling results were remarkably consistent, and model A suggests Norse occupation began Cal AD 910–1030..... A weighted mean of twig dates—notwithstanding issues associated with combination of 14C ages from multiple individuals—provided a result of AD 986–1022</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=New+horizons+at+L%27Anse+aux+Meadows&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=15341-15343&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6681721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=1091-6490&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11615341L&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2FPNAS.1907986116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31308231&rft.aulast=Ledger&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.au=Girdland-Flink%2C+Linus&rft.au=Forbes%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6681721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrei2023" class="citation web cs1">Andrei, Mihai (11 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zmescience.com/science/archaeology/viking-arrived-north-america-year/">"Vikings did reach North America a thousand years ago -- and now we know exactly when"</a>. <i>ZME Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZME+Science&rft.atitle=Vikings+did+reach+North+America+a+thousand+years+ago+--+and+now+we+know+exactly+when&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft.aulast=Andrei&rft.aufirst=Mihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmescience.com%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Fviking-arrived-north-america-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KuitemsEtAl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KuitemsEtAl_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KuitemsEtAl_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitemsWallaceLindsayScifo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline (20 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>601</b> (7893): 388–391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..388K">2022Natur.601..388K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8">10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">8770119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671168">34671168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239051036">239051036</a>. <q>Our result of AD 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in AD 1021. In addition, our research demonstrates the potential of the AD 993 anomaly in atmospheric 14C concentrations for pinpointing the ages of past migrations and cultural interactions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+European+presence+in+the+Americas+in+AD+1021&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7893&rft.pages=388-391&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239051036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..388K&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34671168&rft.aulast=Kuitems&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Birgitta+L.&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Charles&rft.au=Scifo%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Doeve%2C+Petra&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Lindauer%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Erdil%2C+P%C4%B1nar&rft.au=Ledger%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Vermeeren%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, Birgitta (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26686942">"L'Anse aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson's Home in Vinland"</a>. <i>Journal of the North Atlantic</i>: 115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-1984">1935-1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26686942">26686942</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527203431/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26686942">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North+Atlantic&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows%2C+Leif+Eriksson%27s+Home+in+Vinland&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26686942%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-1984&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26686942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuitems,_etal2022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuitems,_etal2022_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitemsWallaceLindsayScifo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline; Friedrich, Ronny; Dee, Michael W. (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>601</b> (7893): 388–391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..388K">2022Natur.601..388K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8">10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">8770119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671168">34671168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+European+presence+in+the+Americas+in+ad+1021&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7893&rft.pages=388-391&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..388K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34671168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Kuitems&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Birgitta+L.&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Charles&rft.au=Scifo%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Doeve%2C+Petra&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Lindauer%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Erdil%2C+P%C4%B1nar&rft.au=Ledger%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Vermeeren%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Ronny&rft.au=Dee%2C+Michael+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TakacsCline2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TakacsCline2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarolta_Anna_TakacsEric_H._Cline2015" class="citation book cs1">Sarolta Anna Takacs; Eric H. Cline (17 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"><i>The Ancient World, Volumes 1–5</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 272–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45839-5"><bdi>978-1-317-45839-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150125/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pages=272-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45839-5&rft.au=Sarolta+Anna+Takacs&rft.au=Eric+H.+Cline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPcvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsten_Wolf2004" class="citation book cs1">Kirsten Wolf (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLHBckH-ga4C&pg=PA139"><i>Daily Life of the Vikings</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 139–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32269-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32269-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253909682">253909682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=139-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253909682&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32269-3&rft.au=Kirsten+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLHBckH-ga4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4">"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616164041/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>L'Anse aux Meadows is the first and only known site established by Vikings in North America and the earliest evidence of European settlement in the New World. As such, it is a unique milestone in the history of human migration and discovery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/house/403/reports/envi-e.htm">"ENVIRONMENT"</a>. <i>www.ourcommons.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009031758/https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/house/403/reports/envi-e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcommons.ca&rft.atitle=ENVIRONMENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2FContent%2Fhouse%2F403%2Freports%2Fenvi-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1996" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, William Baillie (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&pg=PA226"><i>Place Names of Atlantic Canada</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7570-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7570-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150138/https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>The name [L'Anse aux Meadows] is a French-English descriptive which can be translated as 'the bay with the grasslands'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+Names+of+Atlantic+Canada&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7570-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William+Baillie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAvyE0pN5akC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William B. Hamilton, <i>The Macmillan book of Canadian place names</i>, 2<sup>e</sup> édition (1978), Philip 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mentionné également par <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Millman" title="Lawrence Millman">Lawrence Millman</a> dans <i>Coins perdus : un parcours dans l'Atlantique nord</i> (titre original : Last Places), Terres d'aventure, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7427-0475-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7427-0475-2">2-7427-0475-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horwitz-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz2008" class="citation book cs1">Horwitz, Tony (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagelongstrang00horw/page/18"><i>A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagelongstrang00horw/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7603-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7603-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-7603-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+Long+and+Strange%3A+Rediscovering+the+New+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7603-5&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagelongstrang00horw%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie-Julie_Gagnon" title="Marie-Julie Gagnon">Gagnon, Marie-julie</a> (27 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RX6rDgAAQBAJ&dq=baie+de+M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&pg=PT69"><i>Cartes postales du Canada</i></a>. Michel Lafon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782749932941" title="Special:BookSources/9782749932941"><bdi>9782749932941</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403222714/https://books.google.com/books?id=RX6rDgAAQBAJ&dq=baie+de+M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&pg=PT69">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartes+postales+du+Canada&rft.pub=Michel+Lafon&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft.isbn=9782749932941&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Marie-julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRX6rDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbaie%2Bde%2BM%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9e%26pg%3DPT69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlgren2000" class="citation book cs1">Wahlgren, Erik (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hxvQgAACAAJ&pg=PA124"><i>The Vikings and America</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28199-4"><bdi>978-0-500-28199-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150129/https://books.google.com/books?id=4hxvQgAACAAJ&pg=PA124">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+and+America&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28199-4&rft.aulast=Wahlgren&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hxvQgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia2021-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia2021_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia2021_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wallace, Birgitta (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lanse-aux-meadows">"L'Anse aux Meadows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064113/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lanse-aux-meadows">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flanse-aux-meadows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellLightfootMcManamonMilner2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82">"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site"</a>. <i>Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02189-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150120/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02189-3&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Kent&rft.au=McManamon%2C+Francis&rft.au=Milner%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarfWRW5OFVgC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/">"New Dating Method Shows Vikings Occupied Newfoundland in 1021 C.E."</a> <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407134244/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+Dating+Method+Shows+Vikings+Occupied+Newfoundland+in+1021+C.E.&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fnew-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/eleanor-rosamund-barraclough">"Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228124958/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/eleanor-rosamund-barraclough">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eleanor+Rosamund+Barraclough&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fprofile%2Feleanor-rosamund-barraclough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParksCanada2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParksCanada2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParksCanada2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062153/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/visit/cartes-maps">"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>. 30 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/visit/cartes-maps">the original</a> on 9 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>Smelting hut—this small isolated building contained a furnace for producing iron from bog ore. A simple smelter stood in the middle of the floor. A charcoal kiln was nearby. The amount and type of slag found suggests that a single smelt took place. Very little iron was manufactured, only enough for making about 100 to 200 nails.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=Parks+Canada&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Flhn-nhs%2Fnl%2Fmeadows%2Fvisit%2Fcartes-maps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough2016" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, Eleanor Rosamund (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMJLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Beyond the Northlands: Viking Voyages and the Old Norse Sagas</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100448-3"><bdi>978-0-19-100448-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150132/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMJLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Northlands%3A+Viking+Voyages+and+the+Old+Norse+Sagas&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100448-3&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Rosamund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMJLDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesGirdland-FlinkLedger2019" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, Véronique; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Ledger, Paul M. (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681721">"New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (31): 15341–15343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11615341L">2019PNAS..11615341L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1907986116">10.1073/pnas.1907986116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681721">6681721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308231">31308231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=New+horizons+at+L%27Anse+aux+Meadows&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=15341-15343&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6681721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11615341L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31308231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1907986116&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Girdland-Flink%2C+Linus&rft.au=Ledger%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6681721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolodny2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny2012_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2012" class="citation book cs1">Kolodny, Annette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2qpdOb8o4cC&pg=PA95"><i>In Search of First Contact: The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo-American Anxiety of Discovery</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5286-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-5286-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2qpdOb8o4cC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+First+Contact%3A+The+Vikings+of+Vinland%2C+the+Peoples+of+the+Dawnland%2C+and+the+Anglo-American+Anxiety+of+Discovery&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5286-0&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2qpdOb8o4cC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards2005_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards2005_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2005" class="citation book cs1">Richards, J. D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOkRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112"><i>The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780192806079.003.0011">10.1093/actrade/9780192806079.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280607-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280607-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280607-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780192806079.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280607-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOkRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingstad2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingstad2000_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngstadIngstad2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Ingstad" title="Helge Ingstad">Ingstad, Helge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Stine_Ingstad" title="Anne Stine Ingstad">Ingstad, Anne Stine</a> (2000) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj-I5hdpzGoC&pg=PP1"><i>The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland</i></a>. Breakwater Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-158-2"><bdi>978-1-55081-158-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202165305/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj-I5hdpzGoC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Discovery+of+America%3A+The+Excavation+of+a+Norse+Settlement+in+L%27Anse+Aux+Meadows%2C+Newfoundland&rft.pub=Breakwater+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55081-158-2&rft.aulast=Ingstad&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft.au=Ingstad%2C+Anne+Stine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj-I5hdpzGoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/natcul/decouverte_discovery.aspx">"History – Discovery of the Site and Initial Excavations (1960–1968)"</a>. <i>L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>. 4 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929232322/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/natcul/decouverte_discovery.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Discovery+of+the+Site+and+Initial+Excavations+%281960%E2%80%931968%29&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Flhn-nhs%2Fnl%2Fmeadows%2Fnatcul%2Fdecouverte_discovery.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinland-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vinland_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522105216/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/natcul/vinland_e.asp">"History – Is L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland?"</a>. <i>L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/natcul/vinland_e.asp">the original</a> on 22 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>...Vinland was a country, not a place...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Is+L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+Vinland%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Flhn-nhs%2Fnl%2Fmeadows%2Fnatcul%2Fvinland_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault2015" class="citation news cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daily.jstor.org/anse-aux-meadows-and-the-viking-discovery-of-north-america/">"L'Anse Aux Meadows & the Viking Discovery of North America"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414031054/https://daily.jstor.org/anse-aux-meadows-and-the-viking-discovery-of-north-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+Aux+Meadows+%26+the+Viking+Discovery+of+North+America&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.aulast=Boissoneault&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fanse-aux-meadows-and-the-viking-discovery-of-north-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_2006:98-99-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_2006:98-99_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_2006:98-99_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Birgitta Linderoth (2006). <i>The Saga of L'Anse aux Meadows.</i> Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland and Labrador. pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2018-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2018_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2018_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2018" class="citation news cs1">Bird, Lindsay (30 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/codroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066">"Archeological quest for Codroy Valley Vikings comes up short – Report filed with province states no Norse activity found at dig site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603023906/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/codroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archeological+quest+for+Codroy+Valley+Vikings+comes+up+short+%E2%80%93+Report+filed+with+province+states+no+Norse+activity+found+at+dig+site&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fcodroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episodes/the-norse-an-arctic-mystery">"The Norse: An Arctic Mystery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things" title="The Nature of Things">The Nature of Things</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>. 28 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027120040/http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episodes/the-norse-an-arctic-mystery">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>; (Episode available within Canada only)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Things&rft.pub=CBC+Television&rft.date=2015-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnatureofthings%2Fepisodes%2Fthe-norse-an-arctic-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">cite episode</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2018" class="citation news cs1">Weber, Bob (22 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/vikings-yarn-inuit-research-1.4757237">"Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724220418/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/vikings-yarn-inuit-research-1.4757237">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>... Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. 'The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous,' she said. 'It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.' ... Co-author Gørill Nilsen at Tromsø University in Norway came up with a way to 'shampoo' the oil out of the fibres without damaging them. Some fibres from a site on Baffin's southern coast were then subjected to the latest carbon-dating methods. The results were jaw-dropping, said Nilsen's co-author Kevin Smith of Brown University. 'They clustered into a period from about 100 AD to about 600–800 AD—roughly 1,000 years to 500 years before the Vikings ever showed up.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Arctic+people+may+have+known+how+to+spin+yarn+long+before+Vikings+arrived&rft.date=2018-07-22&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fvikings-yarn-inuit-research-1.4757237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2012" class="citation news cs1">Pringle, Heather (19 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517220110/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/">"Evidence of Viking Outpost Found in Canada"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/">the original</a> on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Viking+Outpost+Found+in+Canada&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Heather (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119110451/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/vikings-and-indians/pringle-text">"Vikings and Native Americans"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>221</b> (11). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/vikings-and-indians/pringle-text">the original</a> on 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Vikings+and+Native+Americans&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2012%2F11%2Fvikings-and-indians%2Fpringle-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2016" class="citation news cs1">Bird, Lindsay (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/viking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129">"On the trail of Vikings: Latest search for Norse in North America"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531181120/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/viking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+trail+of+Vikings%3A+Latest+search+for+Norse+in+North+America&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fviking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP2017-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SP2017_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParcakMumford2017" class="citation news cs1">Parcak, Sarah; Mumford, Gregory (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620074156/http://vocm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf">"Point Rosee, Codroy Valley, NL (ClBu-07) 2016 Test Excavations under Archaeological Investigation Permit #16.26"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. geraldpennyassociates.com, 42 pages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vocm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>[The 2015 and 2016 excavations] found no evidence whatsoever for either a Norse presence or human activity at Point Rosee prior to the historic period. ... None of the team members, including the Norse specialists, deemed this area as having any traces of human activity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Point+Rosee%2C+Codroy+Valley%2C+NL+%28ClBu-07%29+2016+Test+Excavations+under+Archaeological+Investigation+Permit+%2316.26&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Parcak&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Mumford%2C+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvocm.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2FPENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanssonThorláksson1590" class="citation web cs1">Stefansson, Sigurd; Thorláksson, Thord (1590). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf">"Skálholt Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807191604/http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sk%C3%A1lholt+Map&rft.date=1590&rft.aulast=Stefansson&rft.aufirst=Sigurd&rft.au=Thorl%C3%A1ksson%2C+Thord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myoldmaps.com%2Frenaissance-maps-1490-1800%2F4316-skalholt-map%2F4316-skalholt-map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1974" class="citation journal cs1">Perkins, R.M. (June 1974). "Norse Implications". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>140</b> (2): 199–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1797075">10.2307/1797075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797075">1797075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Norse+Implications&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-205&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1797075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1797075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2008" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNIeXqWz9YC&pg=PA6"><i>Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact</i></a> (5th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-41101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-41101-7"><bdi>978-0-495-41101-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNIeXqWz9YC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Compact&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-41101-7&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Paul+E.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Fahs%2C+Alice&rft.au=Gerstle%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aNIeXqWz9YC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-damals-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-damals_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceSollbach2010" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wallace, Birgitta; Sollbach, Gerhard E. (18 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damals.de/de/8/Vinland-Raetsel-geloest.html?aid=189751&cp=5&action=showDetails">"Vinland-Rätsel gelöst"</a> [Vinland Riddle Solved]. <i><a href="/wiki/Damals" title="Damals">Damals</a></i> (in German). Vol. 42, no. 5. pp. 47–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627095248/http://www.damals.de/de/8/Vinland-Raetsel-geloest.html?aid=189751&cp=5&action=showDetails">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damals&rft.atitle=Vinland-R%C3%A4tsel+gel%C3%B6st&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft.au=Sollbach%2C+Gerhard+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damals.de%2Fde%2F8%2FVinland-Raetsel-geloest.html%3Faid%3D189751%26cp%3D5%26action%3DshowDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_2003-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_2003_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, Birgitta (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/140">"The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland"</a>. <i>Newfoundland and Labrador Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215210052/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/NFLDS/article/view/140">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Norse+in+Newfoundland%3A+L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+and+Vinland&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2Fnflds%2Farticle%2Fview%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell, Claire Elizabeth (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/Nature,_Place,_and_Story:_Rethinking_Historic_Sites_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature, Place, and Story: Rethinking Historic Sites in Canada">Nature, Place, and Story: Rethinking Historic Sites in Canada</a></i>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773551251" title="Special:BookSources/9780773551251">9780773551251</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2005" class="citation book cs1">Logan, F. Donald (2005). <i>The Vikings in History</i> (third ed.). New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32755-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32755-5"><bdi>0-415-32755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-32755-5&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=F.+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32756-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32756-3">0-415-32756-3</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaver2004" class="citation book cs1">Seaver, Kirsten A. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapsmythsmenstor0000seav"><i>Maps, Myths, and Men: The Story of the Vinland Map</i></a></span>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4962-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4962-0"><bdi>0-8047-4962-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps%2C+Myths%2C+and+Men%3A+The+Story+of+the+Vinland+Map&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8047-4962-0&rft.aulast=Seaver&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmapsmythsmenstor0000seav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%27Anse+aux+Meadows" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4963-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4963-9">0-8047-4963-9</a> (paperback). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13652-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13652-709-8">978-1-13652-709-8</a> (ebook).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Writing-on-Stone_Provincial_Park" title="Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park">Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9_National_Historic_Site" title="Grand-Pré National Historic Site">Grand-Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Morne_National_Park" title="Gros Morne National Park">Gros Morne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joggins" title="Joggins">Joggins Fossil Cliffs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguasha_National_Park" title="Miguasha National Park">Miguasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistaken_Point_Ecological_Reserve" title="Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve">Mistaken Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Old Town Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Quebec" title="Old Quebec">Old Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Red Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahanni_National_Park_Reserve" title="Nahanni National Park Reserve">Nahanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Shared with the <a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United States of America"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">US</span></a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> Shared with other <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">region/s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_by_location" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NHSC" title="Template:NHSC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NHSC" title="Template talk:NHSC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NHSC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NHSC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_by_location" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a> by location</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Alberta" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_British_Columbia" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Manitoba" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ontario">Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Niagara_Region" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Niagara Region">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ottawa" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Toronto" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Montreal" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec_City" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Saskatchewan" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_the_Northwest_Territories" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Nunavut" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Yukon" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_France" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in France">France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="Category:National Historic Sites of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Canada" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Canada">WikiProject</a> </b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;background:#abdb75"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Newfoundland_and_Labrador_parks" title="Template:Newfoundland and Labrador parks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newfoundland_and_Labrador_parks" title="Template talk:Newfoundland and Labrador parks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newfoundland_and_Labrador_parks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newfoundland and Labrador parks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador">Protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">CRHP</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of historic places in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_on_the_Avalon_Peninsula" title="List of historic places on the Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_Labrador" title="List of historic places in Labrador">Labrador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_western_Newfoundland" title="List of historic places in western Newfoundland">Western Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_central_Newfoundland" title="List of historic places in central Newfoundland">Central Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_the_Bonavista_Bay_region" title="List of historic places in the Bonavista Bay region">Bonavista Bay</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Morne_National_Park" title="Gros Morne National Park">Gros Morne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealy_Mountains_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mealy Mountains National Park Reserve">Mealy Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_National_Park" title="Terra Nova National Park">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains_National_Park" title="Torngat Mountains National Park">Torngat Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">National historic sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Spear" title="Cape Spear">Cape Spear Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Cottage" title="Hawthorne Cottage">Hawthorne Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopedale_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopedale Mission (page does not exist)">Hopedale Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitjigattalik_-_Ramah_Chert_Quarries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitjigattalik - Ramah Chert Quarries (page does not exist)">Kitjigattalik - Ramah Chert Quarries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_au_Choix_Archaeological_Site" title="Port au Choix Archaeological Site">Port au Choix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Premises" title="Ryan Premises">Ryan Premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill,_St._John%27s" title="Signal Hill, St. John's">Signal Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador">Provincial parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barachois_Pond_Provincial_Park" title="Barachois Pond Provincial Park">Barachois Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_Me_Down_Provincial_Park" title="Blow Me Down Provincial Park">Blow Me Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_Pot_Provincial_Park" title="Butter Pot Provincial Park">Butter Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Cove_Provincial_Park" title="Chance Cove Provincial Park">Chance Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dildo_Run_Provincial_Park" title="Dildo Run Provincial Park">Dildo Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchman%27s_Cove_Provincial_Park" title="Frenchman's Cove Provincial Park">Frenchman's Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.T._Cheeseman_Provincial_Park" title="J.T. Cheeseman Provincial Park">J.T. Cheeseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Manche_Provincial_Park" title="La Manche Provincial Park">La Manche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway" title="Newfoundland T'Railway">Newfoundland T'Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arches_Provincial_Park" title="The Arches Provincial Park">The Arches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%">Wilderness &<br />Ecological Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baccalieu_Island_Ecological_Reserve" title="Baccalieu Island Ecological Reserve">Baccalieu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_du_Nord_Wilderness_Reserve" title="Bay du Nord Wilderness Reserve">Bay du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Cape_Ecological_Reserve" title="Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve">Burnt Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Mary%27s_Ecological_Reserve" title="Cape St. Mary's Ecological Reserve">Cape St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_Island" title="Funk Island">Funk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannet_Islands_Ecological_Reserve" title="Gannet Islands Ecological Reserve">Gannet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistaken_Point_Ecological_Reserve" title="Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve">Mistaken Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witless_Bay_Ecological_Reserve" title="Witless Bay Ecological Reserve">Witless Bay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador">Category</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template:St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's geography</a></i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parks in Newfoundland and Labrador">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#History" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_symbol_museum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_symbol_museum.svg/19px-Map_symbol_museum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_symbol_museum.svg/29px-Map_symbol_museum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_symbol_museum.svg/38px-Map_symbol_museum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Museums" title="Portal:Museums">Museums</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/42px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/130px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/195px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/260px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships<br />and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands<br />and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> <br /> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189113#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143001129">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv4BfCRffhTXghCdgtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86060824">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560161405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=L%27Anse_aux_Meadows&params=51_35_47_N_55_32_00_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°35′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°32′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.59639°N 55.53333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.59639; -55.53333</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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