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geology</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Himalayan geology"> <meta name="keywords" content="Himalayan geology"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Himalayan geology"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 255</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Himalayan geology</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">255</span> Applications of Engineering Geology in Hydro Power Tunnel Projects in Himalayan Geological Regime</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rameh%20Chauhan">Rameh Chauhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tunnel construction in Himalayan rock is a challenging task due to fragile nature of the strata. Tunnel excavation carried out from lower Himalayas to high Himalayas in different metamorphic rock. Therefore application of engineering geology plays a vital role during various stage of the tunneling projects. Engineering geology is defined as application of geology to construction of civil structures through engineering practice. It is applied to the design, construction and performance aspects of engineering structure on the surface or sub-surface like dam, underground and surface power house, cut slopes, tunnels and underground storage cavern for nuclear material. But this paper emphasized mostly on underground structures like big caverns of Power house, desilting chambers, and tunnels of various sizes. Construction of these structures in the fragile rock conditions of Himalayan geology from Western Himalayas to Eastern Himalayas necessitated the application of the engineering geology on the micro-scale base for the stability, performance, and longevity of the civil structures. Number of hydropower projects have been constructed, some of them are under construction and under investigation stage. These projects are located in various parts of Himalayas under various seismic-tectonic zones. Tunneling works are involved in these projects. This paper represents the various engineering geological practices adopted in investigation and construction stage of various projects based on experiences gained during past construction histories in Himalayan geology of young mountains in very fragile geological conditions. Highlighting and sharing of use of these techniques on various platforms will definitely enhance the knowledge for carrying out the construction of various projects for the development of society. Construction of the tunnels, surface, and sub-surface caverns, dams, highway, metro, highway tunnels are all based on engineering geological parameters in combinations with other engineering considerations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavern-power%20house" title="cavern-power house">cavern-power house</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desilting%20chambers%20and%20tunnels" title=" desilting chambers and tunnels"> desilting chambers and tunnels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic-tectonic-zones" title=" seismic-tectonic-zones"> seismic-tectonic-zones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake-prone%20zones%20based%20on%20intensities" title=" earthquake-prone zones based on intensities"> earthquake-prone zones based on intensities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94706/applications-of-engineering-geology-in-hydro-power-tunnel-projects-in-himalayan-geological-regime" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">254</span> Unraveling the Puzzle of Out-of-Sequence Thrusting in the Higher Himalaya: Focus on Jhakri-Chaura-Sarahan Thrust, Himachal Pradesh, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Ghosh">Rajkumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study examines the structural analysis of Chaura Thrust in Himachal Pradesh, India, focusing on the activation timing of Main Central Thrust (MCT) and South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS), mylonitised zones, and the characterization of box fold and its signature in the regional geology of Himachal Himalaya. The research aims to document the Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) in Himachal Pradesh, which activated the MCTL and in between a zone south of MCTU. The study also documents the GBM-associated temperature range and the activation of Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) in Himachal Pradesh. The findings contribute to understanding the structural analysis of Chaura Thrust and its signature in the regional geology of Himachal Himalaya. The study highlights the significance of microscopic studies in documenting mylonitized zones and identifying various types of crenulated schistosity. The study concludes that Chaura Thrust is not a blind thrust and details the field evidence for the OOST. The study characterizes the box fold and its signature in the regional geology of Himachal Himalaya. The study also documents the activation timing and ages of MCT, STDS, MBT, and MFT and identifies various types of crenulated schistosity under the microscope. The study also highlights the significance of microscopic studies in the structural analysis of Chaura Thrust. Finally, the study documents the activation of Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) in Himachal Pradesh and the expectations for strain variation near the OOST. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaura%20Thrust" title="Chaura Thrust">Chaura Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Higher%20Himalaya" title=" Higher Himalaya"> Higher Himalaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jhakri%20Thrust" title=" Jhakri Thrust"> Jhakri Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Main%20Central%20Thrust" title=" Main Central Thrust"> Main Central Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Out-of-Sequence%20Thrust" title=" Out-of-Sequence Thrust"> Out-of-Sequence Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarahan%20Thrust" title=" Sarahan Thrust"> Sarahan Thrust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168724/unraveling-the-puzzle-of-out-of-sequence-thrusting-in-the-higher-himalaya-focus-on-jhakri-chaura-sarahan-thrust-himachal-pradesh-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168724.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">253</span> Design of Large Parallel Underground Openings in Himalayas: A Case Study of Desilting Chambers for Punatsangchhu-I, Bhutan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanupreiya">Kanupreiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajani%20Sharma"> Rajani Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction of a single underground structure is itself a challenging task, and it becomes more critical in tectonically active young mountains such as the Himalayas which are highly anisotropic. The Himalayan geology mostly comprises of incompetent and sheared rock mass in addition to fold/faults, rock burst, and water ingress. Underground tunnels form the most essential and important structure in run-of-river hydroelectric projects. Punatsangchhu I hydroelectric project (PHEP-I), Bhutan (1200 MW) is a run-of-river scheme which has four parallel underground desilting chambers. The Punatsangchhu River carries a large quantity of silt load during monsoon season. Desilting chambers were provided to remove the silt particles of size greater than and equal to 0.2 mm with 90% efficiency, thereby minimizing the rate of damage to turbines. These chambers are 330 m long, 18 m wide at the center and 23.87 m high, with a 5.87 m hopper portion. The geology of desilting chambers was known from an exploratory drift which exposed low dipping foliation joint and six joint sets. The RMR and Q value in this reach varied from 40 to 60 and 1 to 6 respectively. This paper describes different rock engineering principles undertaken for safe excavation and rock support of the moderately jointed, blocky and thinly foliated biotite gneiss. For the design of rock support system of desilting chambers, empirical and numerical analysis was adopted. Finite element analysis was carried out for cavern design and finalization of pillar width using Phase2. Phase2 is a powerful tool for simulation of stage-wise excavation with simultaneous provision of support system. As the geology of the region had 7 sets of joints, in addition to FEM based approach, safety factors for potentially unstable wedges were checked using UnWedge. The final support recommendations were based on continuous face mapping, numerical modelling, empirical calculations, and practical experiences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dam%20siltation" title="dam siltation">dam siltation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20geology" title=" Himalayan geology"> Himalayan geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydropower" title=" hydropower"> hydropower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20support" title=" rock support"> rock support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modelling" title=" numerical modelling"> numerical modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109418/design-of-large-parallel-underground-openings-in-himalayas-a-case-study-of-desilting-chambers-for-punatsangchhu-i-bhutan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">252</span> A study on Structural analysis of Out-of-Sequence Thrust along Sutlej River Valley (Jhakri-Wangtu section) Himachal Pradesh Higher Himalaya, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Ghosh">Rajkumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Sutlej River Valley in Himachal Pradesh, India, is home to four Out-of-Sequence Thrusts (OOST) in the Higher Himalaya. These OOSTs include Jhakri Thrust (JT), Sarahan Thrust (ST), Chaura Thrust (CT), and Jeori Dislocation (JD). The study focuses on the rock types of these OOSTs, including ductile sheared gneisses and upper greenschist-amphibolite facies metamorphosed schists. Microstructural tests reveal a progressive increase in strain approaching the Jakhri thrust zone, with temperatures increasing from 400 to 750°C. The Chaura Thrust is assumed to be folded with this anticlinorium, with various branches that make up the thrust system. Fieldwork and microstructural research have revealed the following: (a) initial top-to-SW sense of ductile shearing (Chaura thrust); (b) brittle-ductile extension (Jeori Dislocation); and (c) uniform top-to-SW sense of brittle shearing (Jhakri thrust). Samples of Rampur Quartzite from the Rampur Group of Lesser Himalayan Crystalline and schistose rock from the Jutogh Group of Greater Himalayan Crystalline were examined.The study emphasizes the value of microscopic research in detecting different types of crenulated schistosity and documenting mylonitized zones. The paper explains the field evidence for the OOST and comes to the conclusion that the Chaura Thrust is not a blind thrust. The paper describes the box fold and its characteristics in the Himachal Himalayan regional geology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Out-of-sequence%20thrust%20%28OOST%29" title="Out-of-sequence thrust (OOST)">Out-of-sequence thrust (OOST)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jakhri%20thrust%20%28JT%29" title=" jakhri thrust (JT)"> jakhri thrust (JT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sarahan%20thrust%20%28ST%29" title=" sarahan thrust (ST)"> sarahan thrust (ST)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaura%20thrust%20%28CT%29" title=" chaura thrust (CT)"> chaura thrust (CT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jeori%20dislocation%20%28JD%29" title=" jeori dislocation (JD)"> jeori dislocation (JD)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168729/a-study-on-structural-analysis-of-out-of-sequence-thrust-along-sutlej-river-valley-jhakri-wangtu-section-himachal-pradesh-higher-himalaya-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">251</span> The Structural Analysis of Out-of-Sequence Thrust: Insights from Chaura Thrust of Higher Himalaya in Himachal Pradesh, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Ghosh">Rajkumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on the structural analysis of Chaura Thrust in Himachal Pradesh, India. It investigates mylonitised zones under microscopic observation, characterizes the box fold and its signature in the regional geology of Himachal Himalaya, and documents the Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) in the region. The study aims to provide field evidence and documentation for Chaura Thrust (CT), which was previously considered a blind thrust. The research methodology involves geological field observation, microscopic studies, and strain analysis of oriented samples collected along the Jhakri-Chaura transect. The study presents findings such as the activation ages of MCT and STDS, the identification of mylonitised zones and various types of crenulated schistosity, and the manifestation of box folds and OOST. The presence of meso- and micro-scale box folds around Chaura suggests structural upliftment, while kink folds and shear sense indicators were identified. The research highlights the importance of microscopic studies and contributes to the understanding of the structural analysis of CT and its implications in the regional geology of the Himachal Himalaya. Mylonitised zones with S-C fabric were observed under the microscope, along with dynamic and bulging recrystallization and sub-grain formation. Various types of crenulated schistosity were documented, including a rare case of crenulation cleavage and sigmoid Muscovite occurring together. The conclusions emphasize the non-blind nature of Chaura Thrust, the characterization of box folds, the activation timing of different thrusts, and the significance of microscopic observations. Jhakri/Chaura/Sarahan thrusts are the zone of tectonic imbrication that transport Higher Himalayan gneissic rock on Rampur Quartzite. The evidence of frequent earthquakes and landslides in the Jhakri region confirm the study of morphometric conclusion that there is considerable neo-tectonic activity along an active fault in the Sutlej river basin. The study also documents the presence of OOST in Himachal Pradesh and its potential impact on strain accumulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Main%20Central%20Thrust" title="Main Central Thrust">Main Central Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jhakri%20Thrust" title=" Jhakri Thrust"> Jhakri Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaura%20Thrust" title=" Chaura Thrust"> Chaura Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Higher%20Himalaya" title=" Higher Himalaya"> Higher Himalaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Out-of-Sequence%20Thrust" title=" Out-of-Sequence Thrust"> Out-of-Sequence Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarahan%20Thrust" title=" Sarahan Thrust"> Sarahan Thrust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168723/the-structural-analysis-of-out-of-sequence-thrust-insights-from-chaura-thrust-of-higher-himalaya-in-himachal-pradesh-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">250</span> Landslide Hazard a Gigantic Problem in Indian Himalayan Region: Needs In-Depth Research to Minimize Disaster</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varun%20Joshi">Varun Joshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Rawat"> M. S. Rawat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is inherently fragile and susceptible to landslide hazard due to its extremely weak geology, highly rugged topography and heavy monsoonal rainfall. One of the most common hazards in the IHR is landslide, and this event is particularly frequent in Himalayan states of India i.e. Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. Landslides are mostly triggered by extreme rainfall events but the incidence increases during monsoon months (June to September). Natural slopes which are otherwise stable but they get destabilized due to anthropogenic activities like construction of various developmental activities and deforestation. These activities are required to fulfill the developmental needs and upliftment of societal status in the region. Landslides also trigger during major earthquakes and reported most observable and damaging phenomena. Studies indicate that the landslide phenomenon has increased many folds due to developmental activities in Himalayan region. Gradually increasing and devastating consequences of landslides turned into one of the most important hydro-geological hazards in Himalayan states especially in Uttarakhand and Sikkim states of India. The recent most catastrophic rainfall in June 2013 in Uttarakhand lead to colossal loss of life and property. The societal damage due to this incident is still to be recovered even after three years. Sikkim earthquake of September 2011 is witnessed for triggering of large number of coseismic landslides. The rescue and relief team faced huge problem in helping the trapped villagers in remote locations of the state due to road side blockade by landslides. The recent past incidences of landslides in Uttarakhand, as well as Sikkim states, created a new domain of research in terms of understanding the phenomena of landslide and management of disaster in such situation. Every year at many locations landslides trigger which force dwellers to either evacuate their dwelling or lose their life and property. The communication and transportation networks are also severely affected by landslides at several locations. Many times the drinking water supply disturbed and shortage of daily need household items reported during monsoon months. To minimize the severity of landslide in IHR requires in-depth research and developmental planning. For most of the areas in the present study, landslide hazard zonation is done on 1:50,000 scale. The land use planning maps on extensive basis are not available. Therefore, there is a need of large-scale landslide hazard zonation and land use planning maps. If the scientist conduct research on desired aspects and their outcome of research is utilized by the government in developmental planning then the incidents of landslide could be minimized, subsequent impact on society, life and property would be reduced. Along with the scientific research, there is another need of awareness generation in the region for stake holders and local dwellers to combat with the landslide hazard, if triggered in their location. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coseismic" title="coseismic">coseismic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20Himalayan%20Region" title=" Indian Himalayan Region"> Indian Himalayan Region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide%20hazard%20zonation" title=" landslide hazard zonation"> landslide hazard zonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sikkim" title=" Sikkim"> Sikkim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=societal" title=" societal"> societal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uttarakhand" title=" Uttarakhand"> Uttarakhand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63038/landslide-hazard-a-gigantic-problem-in-indian-himalayan-region-needs-in-depth-research-to-minimize-disaster" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">249</span> Structural Geology along the Jhakri-Wangtu Road (Jutogh Section) Himachal Pradesh, NW Higher Himalaya, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Ghosh">Rajkumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents a comprehensive study of the structural analysis of the Chaura Thrust in Himachal Pradesh, India. The research focuses on several key aspects, including the activation timing of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS), the identification and characterization of mylonitised zones through microscopic examination, and the understanding of box fold characteristics and their implications in the regional geology of the Himachal Himalaya. The primary objective of the study is to provide field documentation of the Chaura Thrust, which was previously considered a blind thrust with limited field evidence. Additionally, the research aims to characterize box folds and their signatures within the broader geological context of the Himachal Himalaya, document the temperature range associated with grain boundary migration (GBM), and explore the overprinting structures related to multiple sets of Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrusts (OOSTs). The research methodology employed geological field observations and microscopic studies. Samples were collected along the Jhakri-Chaura transect at regular intervals of approximately 1 km to conduct strain analysis. Microstructural studies at the grain scale along the Jhakri-Wangtu transect were used to document the GBM-associated temperature range. The study reveals that the MCT activated in two parts, as did the STDS, and provides insights into the activation ages of the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Under microscopic examination, the study identifies two mylonitised zones characterized by S-C fabric, and it documents dynamic and bulging recrystallization, as well as sub-grain formation. Various types of crenulated schistosity are observed in photomicrographs, including a rare occurrence where crenulation cleavage and sigmoid Muscovite are found juxtaposed. The study also notes the presence of S/SE-verging meso- and micro-scale box folds around Chaura, which may indicate structural upliftment. Kink folds near Chaura are visible, while asymmetric shear sense indicators in augen mylonite are predominantly observed under microscopic examination. Moreover, the research highlights the documentation of the Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) in Himachal Pradesh, which activated the MCT and occurred within a zone south of the Main Central Thrust Upper (MCTU). The presence of multiple sets of OOSTs suggests a zigzag pattern of strain accumulation in the area. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding the overprinting structures associated with OOSTs. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the structural analysis of the Chaura Thrust and its implications in the regional geology of the Himachal Himalaya. The research underscores the importance of microscopic studies in identifying mylonitised zones and various types of crenulated schistosity. Additionally, the study documents the GBM-associated temperature range and provides insights into the activation of the Higher Himalayan Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) in Himachal Pradesh. The findings of the study were obtained through geological field observations, microscopic studies, and strain analysis, offering valuable insights into the activation timing, mylonitization characteristics, and overprinting structures related to the Chaura Thrust and the broader tectonic framework of the region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Main%20Central%20Thrust" title="Main Central Thrust">Main Central Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jhakri%20Thrust" title=" Jhakri Thrust"> Jhakri Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaura%20Thrust" title=" Chaura Thrust"> Chaura Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Higher%20Himalaya" title=" Higher Himalaya"> Higher Himalaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Out-of-Sequence%20Thrust" title=" Out-of-Sequence Thrust"> Out-of-Sequence Thrust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarahan%20Thrust" title=" Sarahan Thrust"> Sarahan Thrust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168721/structural-geology-along-the-jhakri-wangtu-road-jutogh-section-himachal-pradesh-nw-higher-himalaya-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">248</span> Computation of Flood and Drought Years over the North-West Himalayan Region Using Indian Meteorological Department Rainfall Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudip%20Kumar%20Kundu">Sudip Kumar Kundu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charu%20Singh"> Charu Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The climatic condition over Indian region is highly dependent on monsoon. India receives maximum amount of rainfall during southwest monsoon. Indian economy is highly dependent on agriculture. The presence of flood and drought years influenced the total cultivation system as well as the economy of the country as Indian agricultural systems is still highly dependent on the monsoon rainfall. The present study has been planned to investigate the flood and drought years for the north-west Himalayan region from 1951 to 2014 by using area average Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall data. For this investigation the Normalized index (NI) has been utilized to find out whether the particular year is drought or flood. The data have been extracted for the north-west Himalayan (NWH) region states namely Uttarakhand (UK), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) to find out the rainy season average rainfall for each year, climatological mean and the standard deviation. After calculation it has been plotted by the diagrams (or graphs) to show the results- some of the years associated with drought years, some are flood years and rest are neutral. The flood and drought years can also relate with the large-scale phenomena El-Nino and La-Lina. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMD" title="IMD">IMD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normalized%20index" title=" normalized index"> normalized index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood" title=" flood"> flood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought" title=" drought"> drought</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NWH" title=" NWH"> NWH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88591/computation-of-flood-and-drought-years-over-the-north-west-himalayan-region-using-indian-meteorological-department-rainfall-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">247</span> Vulnerability of Indian Agriculture to Climate Change: A Study of the Himalayan Region State </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajendra%20Kumar%20Isaac">Rajendra Kumar Isaac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monisha%20Isaac"> Monisha Isaac</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate variability and changes are the emerging challenges for Indian agriculture with the growing population to ensure national food security. A study was conducted to assess the Climatic Change effects in medium to low altitude areas of the Himalayan region causing changes in land use and cereal crop productivity with the various climatic parameters. The rainfall and temperature changes from 1951 to 2013 were studied at four locations of varying altitudes, namely Hardwar, Rudra Prayag, Uttar Kashi and Tehri Garwal. It was observed that there is noticeable increment in temperature on all the four locations. It was surprisingly observed that the mean rainfall intensity of 30 minutes duration has increased at the rate of 0.1 mm/hours since 2000. The study shows that the combined effect of increasing temperature, rainfall, runoff and urbanization at the mid-Himalayan region is causing an increase in various climatic disasters and changes in agriculture patterns. A noticeable change in cropping patterns, crop productivity and land use change was observed. Appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies are necessary to ensure that sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture. Appropriate information is necessary for farmers, as well as planners and decision makers for developing, disseminating and adopting climate-smart technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20variability" title="climate variability">climate variability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title=" agriculture"> agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use" title=" land use"> land use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigation%20strategies" title=" mitigation strategies"> mitigation strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58743/vulnerability-of-indian-agriculture-to-climate-change-a-study-of-the-himalayan-region-state" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">246</span> Stability Assessment of Underground Power House Encountering Shear Zone: Sunni Dam Hydroelectric Project (382 MW), India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjeev%20Gupta">Sanjeev Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankit%20Prabhakar"> Ankit Prabhakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Rajkumar%20Singh"> K. Rajkumar Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sunni Dam Hydroelectric Project (382 MW) is a run of river type development with an underground powerhouse, proposed to harness the hydel potential of river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh, India. The project is located in the inner lesser Himalaya between Dhauladhar Range in the south and the higher Himalaya in the north. The project comprises two large underground caverns, a Powerhouse cavern (171m long, 22.5m wide and 51.2m high) and another transformer hall cavern (175m long, 18.7m wide and 27m high) and the rock pillar between the two caverns is 50m. The highly jointed, fractured, anisotropic rock mass is a key challenge in Himalayan geology for an underground structure. The concern for the stability of rock mass increases when weak/shear zones are encountered in the underground structure. In the Sunni Dam project, 1.7m to 2m thick weak/shear zone comprising of deformed, weak material with gauge has been encountered in powerhouse cavern at 70m having dip direction 325 degree and dip amount 38 degree which also intersects transformer hall at initial reach. The rock encountered in the powerhouse area is moderate to highly jointed, pink quartz arenite belonging to the Khaira Formation, a transition zone comprising of alternate grey, pink & white quartz arenite and shale sequence and dolomite at higher reaches. The rock mass is intersected by mainly 3 joint sets excluding bedding joints and a few random joints. The rock class in powerhouse mainly varies from poor class (class IV) to lower order fair class (class III) and in some reaches, very poor rock mass has also been encountered. To study the stability of the underground structure in weak/shear rock mass, a 3D numerical model analysis has been carried out using RS3 software. Field studies have been interpreted and analysed to derive Bieniawski’s RMR, Barton’s “Q” class and Geological Strength Index (GSI). The various material parameters, in-situ characteristics have been determined based on tests conducted by Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi. The behaviour of the cavern has been studied by assessing the displacement contours, major and minor principal stresses and plastic zones for different stage excavation sequences. For optimisation of the support system, the stability of the powerhouse cavern with different powerhouse orientations has also been studied. The numerical modeling results indicate that cavern will not likely face stress governed by structural instability with the support system to be applied to the crown and side walls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20analysis" title="3D analysis">3D analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20geology" title=" Himalayan geology"> Himalayan geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20zone" title=" shear zone"> shear zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20power%20house" title=" underground power house"> underground power house</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156644/stability-assessment-of-underground-power-house-encountering-shear-zone-sunni-dam-hydroelectric-project-382-mw-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">245</span> Fractal Behaviour of Earthquake Sequences in Himalaya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamal">Kamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Ahmad"> Adil Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earthquakes are among the most versatile natural and dynamic processes, and hence a fractal model is considered to be the best representative of the same. We present a novel method to process and analyse information hidden in earthquake sequences using Fractal Dimensions and Iterative Function Systems (IFS). Spatial and temporal variations in the fractal dimensions of seismicity observed around the Indian peninsula in last 30 years are studied. This was used as a possible precursor before large earthquakes in the region. IFS images for observed seismicity in the Himalayan belt were also obtained. We scan the whole data set and coarse grain of a selected window to reduce it to four bins. A critical analysis of four-cornered chaos-game clearly shows that the spatial variation in earthquake occurrences in Himalayan range is not random. Two subzones of Himalaya have a tendency to follow each other in time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquakes" title="earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractals" title=" fractals"> fractals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalaya" title=" Himalaya"> Himalaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iterated%20function%20systems" title=" iterated function systems "> iterated function systems </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84637/fractal-behaviour-of-earthquake-sequences-in-himalaya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">244</span> The Expansion of Buddhism from India to Nepal Himalaya and Beyond</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umesh%20Regmi">Umesh Regmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the expansion of Buddhism from India geographically to the Himalayan region of Nepal, Tibet, India, and Bhutan in chronological historical sequence. The Buddhism practiced in Tibet is the spread of the Mahayana-Vajrayana form appropriately designed by Indian Mahasiddhas, who were the practitioners of the highest form of tantra and meditation. Vajrayana Buddhism roots in the esoteric practices incorporating the teachings of Buddha, mantras, dharanis, rituals, and sadhana for attaining enlightenment. This form of Buddhism spread from India to Nepal after the 5th Century AD and Tibet after the 7th century AD and made a return journey to the Himalayan region of Nepal, India, and Bhutan after the 8th century. The first diffusion of this form of Buddhism from India to Nepal and Tibet is partially proven through Buddhist texts and the archaeological existence of monasteries historically and at times relied on mythological traditions. The second diffusion of Buddhism in Tibet was institutionalized through the textual translations and interpretations of Indian Buddhist masters and their Tibetan disciples and the establishment of different monasteries in various parts of Tibet, later resulting in different schools and their traditions: Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Gelug, and their sub-schools. The first return journey of Buddhism from Tibet to the Himalayan region of Nepal, India, and Bhutan in the 8th century is mythologically recorded in local legends of the arrival of Padmasambhava, and the second journey in the 11th century and afterward flourished by many Indian masters who practiced continuously till date. This return journey of Tibetan Buddhism has been intensified after 1959 with the Chinese occupation of Tibet, resulting in the Tibetan Buddhist masters living in exile in major locations like Kathmandu, Dharmasala, Dehradun, Sikkim, Kalimpong, and beyond. The historic-cultural-critical methodology for the recognition of the qualities of cultural expressions analysis presents the Buddhist practices of the Himalayan region, explaining the concepts of Ri (mountain as spiritual symbols), yul-lha (village deities), dhar-lha (spiritual concept of mountain passes), dharchhog-lungdhar (prayer flags), rig-sum gonpo (small stupas), Chenresig, asura (demi gods), etc. Tibetan Buddhist history has preserved important textual and practical aspects of Vajrayana from Buddhism historically in the form of arrival, advent, and development, including rising and fall. Currently, Tibetan Buddhism has influenced a great deal in the contemporary Buddhist practices of the world. The exploratory findings conducted over seven years of field visits and research in the Himalayan regions of Nepal, India, and Bhutan have demonstrated the fact that Buddhism in the Himalayan region is a return journey from Tibet and lately been popularized globally after 1959 by major monasteries and their Buddhist masters, lamas, nuns and other professionals, who have contributed in different periods of time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expansion" title=" expansion"> expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20region" title=" Himalayan region"> Himalayan region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhutan" title=" Bhutan"> Bhutan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=return" title=" return"> return</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tibet" title=" Tibet"> Tibet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vajrayana%20Buddhism" title=" Vajrayana Buddhism"> Vajrayana Buddhism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154497/the-expansion-of-buddhism-from-india-to-nepal-himalaya-and-beyond" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">243</span> Nutritional Potential and Traditional Uses of High Altitude Wild Edible Plants in Eastern Himalayas, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Tag">Hui Tag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jambey%20Tsering"> Jambey Tsering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pallabi%20Kalita%20Hui"> Pallabi Kalita Hui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baikuntha%20Jyoti%20Gogoi"> Baikuntha Jyoti Gogoi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Veer"> Vijay Veer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The food security issues and its relevance in High Mountain regions of the world have been often neglected. Wild edible plants have been playing a major role in livelihood security among the tribal Communities of East Himalayan Region of the world since time immemorial. The Eastern Himalayan Region of India is one of the mega diverse regions of world and rated as top 12th Global Biodiversity Hotspots by IUCN and recognized as one of the 200 significant eco-regions of the Globe. The region supports one of the world’s richest alpine floras and about one-third of them are endemic to the region. There are at least 7,500 flowering plants, 700 orchids, 58 bamboo species, 64 citrus species, 28 conifers, 500 mosses, 700 ferns and 728 lichens. The region is the home of more than three hundred different ethnic communities having diverse knowledge on traditional uses of flora and fauna as food, medicine and beverages. Monpa, Memba and Khamba are among the local communities residing in high altitude region of Eastern Himalaya with rich traditional knowledge related to utilization of wild edible plants. The Monpas, Memba and Khamba are the followers Mahayana sect of Himalayan Buddhism and they are mostly agrarian by primary occupation and also heavily relaying on wild edible plants for their livelihood security during famine since millennia. In the present study, we have reported traditional uses of 40 wild edible plant species and out of which 6 species were analysed at biochemical level for nutrients contents and free radical scavenging activities. The results have shown significant free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity and nutritional potential of the selected 6 wild edible plants used by the local communities of Eastern Himalayan Region of India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=East%20Himalaya" title="East Himalaya">East Himalaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20community" title=" local community"> local community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wild%20edible%20plants" title=" wild edible plants"> wild edible plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrition" title=" nutrition"> nutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title=" food security"> food security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5975/nutritional-potential-and-traditional-uses-of-high-altitude-wild-edible-plants-in-eastern-himalayas-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5975.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">242</span> Need for Elucidation of Palaeoclimatic Variability in the High Himalayan Mountains: A Multiproxy Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheikh%20Nawaz%20Ali">Sheikh Nawaz Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratima%20Pandey"> Pratima Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Morthekai"> P. Morthekai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyotsna%20Dubey"> Jyotsna Dubey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Firoze%20Quamar"> Md. Firoze Quamar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The high mountain glaciers are one of the most sensitive recorders of climate changes, because they have the tendency to respond to the combined effect of snow fall and temperature. The Himalayan glaciers have been studied with a good pace during the last decade. However, owing to its large ecological diversity and geographical vividness, major part of the Indian Himalaya is uninvestigated, and hence the palaeoclimatic patterns as well as the chronology of past glaciations in particular remain controversial for the entire Indian Himalayan transect. Although the Himalayan glaciers are nourished by two important climatic systems viz. the southwest summer monsoon and the mid-latitude westerlies, however, the influence of these systems is yet to be understood. Nevertheless, existing chronology (mostly exposure ages) indicate that irrespective of the geographical position, glaciers seem to grow during enhanced Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The Himalayan mountain glaciers are referred to the third pole or water tower of Asia as they form a huge reservoir of the fresh water supplies for the Asian countries. Mountain glaciers are sensitive probes of the local climate, and, thus, they present an opportunity and a challenge to interpret climates of the past as well as to predict future changes. The principle object of all the palaeoclimatic studies is to develop a futuristic models/scenario. However, it has been found that the glacial chronologies bracket the major phases of climatic events only, and other climatic proxies are sparse in Himalaya. This is the reason that compilation of data for rapid climatic change during the Holocene shows major gaps in this region. The sedimentation in proglacial lakes, conversely, is more continuous and, hence, can be used to reconstruct a more complete record of past climatic variability that is modulated by changing ice volume of the valley glacier. The Himalayan region has numerous proglacial lacustrine deposits formed during the late Quaternary period. However, there are only few such deposits which have been studied so far. Therefore, this is the high time when efforts have to be made to systematically map the moraines located in different climatic zones, reconstruct the local and regional moraine stratigraphy and use multiple dating techniques to bracket the events of glaciation. Besides this, emphasis must be given on carrying multiproxy studies on the lacustrine sediments that will provide a high resolution palaeoclimatic data from the alpine region of the Himalaya. Although the Himalayan glaciers fluctuated in accordance with the changing climatic conditions (natural forcing), however, it is too early to arrive at any conclusion. It is very crucial to generate multiproxy data sets covering wider geographical and ecological domains taking into consideration multiple parameters that directly or indirectly influence the glacier mass balance as well as the local climate of a region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glacial%20chronology" title="glacial chronology">glacial chronology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palaeoclimate" title=" palaeoclimate"> palaeoclimate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiproxy" title=" multiproxy"> multiproxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalaya" title=" Himalaya"> Himalaya</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54079/need-for-elucidation-of-palaeoclimatic-variability-in-the-high-himalayan-mountains-a-multiproxy-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">241</span> Examination of the Influence of the Near-Surface Geology on the Initial Infrastructural Development Using High-Resolution Seismic Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Collins%20Chiemeke">Collins Chiemeke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Ibe"> Stephen Ibe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Godwin%20Onyedim"> Godwin Onyedim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research work on high-resolution seismic tomography method was carried out with the aim of investigating how near-surface geology influences the initial distribution of infrastructural development in an area like Otuoke and its environs. To achieve this objective, seismic tomography method was employed. The result revealed that the overburden (highly-weathered layer) thickness ranges from 27 m to 50 m within the survey area, with an average value of 37 m. The 3D surface analysis for the overburden thickness distribution within the survey area showed that the thickness of the overburden is more in regions with less infrastructural development, and least in built-up areas. The range of velocity distribution from the surface to within a depth of 5 m is about 660 m/s to 1160 m/s, with an average value of 946 m/s. The 3D surface analysis of the velocity distribution also revealed that the areas with large infrastructural development are characterized with large velocity values compared with the undeveloped regions that has average low-velocity values. Hence, one can conclusively say that the initial settlement of Otuoke and its environs and the subsequent infrastructural development was influenced by the underlying near surface geology (rigid earth), among other factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title="geology">geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic" title=" seismic"> seismic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural" title=" infrastructural"> infrastructural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=near-surface" title=" near-surface"> near-surface</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51401/examination-of-the-influence-of-the-near-surface-geology-on-the-initial-infrastructural-development-using-high-resolution-seismic-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">240</span> Analysis of Shrinkage Effect during Mercerization on Himalayan Nettle, Cotton and Cotton/Nettle Yarn Blends</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reena%20Aggarwal">Reena Aggarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Kestwal"> Neha Kestwal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Himalayan Nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) has been used for centuries as fibre and food source by Himalayan communities. Himalayan Nettle is a natural cellulosic fibre that can be handled in the same way as other cellulosic fibres. The Uttarakhand Bamboo and Fibre Development Board based in Uttarakhand, India is working extensively with the nettle fibre to explore the potential of nettle for textile production in the region. The fiber is a potential resource for rural enterprise development for some high altitude pockets of the state and traditionally the plant fibre is used for making domestic products like ropes and sacks. Himalayan Nettle is an unconventional natural fiber with functional characteristics of shrink resistance, degree of pathogen and fire resistance and can blend nicely with other fibres. Most importantly, they generate mainly organic wastes and leave residues that are 100% biodegradable. The fabrics may potentially be reused or re-manufactured and can also be used as a source of cellulose feedstock for regenerated cellulosic products. Being naturally bio- degradable, the fibre can be composted if required. Though a lot of research activities and training are directed towards fibre extraction and processing techniques in different craft clusters villagers of different clusters of Uttarkashi, Chamoli and Bageshwar of Uttarakhand like retting and Degumming process, very little is been done to analyse the crucial properties of nettle fiber like shrinkage and wash fastness. These properties are very crucial to obtain desired quality of fibre for further processing of yarn making and weaving and in developing these fibers into fine saleable products. This research therefore is focused towards various on-field experiments which were focused on shrinkage properties conducted on cotton, nettle and cotton/nettle blended yarn samples. The objective of the study was to analyze the scope of the blended fiber for developing into wearable fabrics. For the study, after conducting the initial fiber length and fineness testing, cotton and nettle fibers were mixed in 60:40 ratio and five varieties of yarns were spun in open end spinning mill having yarn count of 3s, 5s, 6s, 7s and 8s. Samples of 100% Nettle 100% cotton fibers in 8s count were also developed for the study. All the six varieties of yarns were tested with shrinkage test and results were critically analyzed as per ASTM method D2259. It was observed that 100% Nettle has a least shrinkage of 3.36% while pure cotton has shrinkage approx. 13.6%. Yarns made of 100% Cotton exhibits four times more shrinkage than 100% Nettle. The results also show that cotton and Nettle blended yarn exhibit lower shrinkage than 100% cotton yarn. It was thus concluded that as the ratio of nettle increases in the samples, the shrinkage decreases in the samples. These results are very crucial for Uttarakhand people who want to commercially exploit the abundant nettle fiber for generating sustainable employment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20nettle" title="Himalayan nettle">Himalayan nettle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage" title=" shrinkage"> shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blending" title=" blending"> blending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63263/analysis-of-shrinkage-effect-during-mercerization-on-himalayan-nettle-cotton-and-cottonnettle-yarn-blends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">239</span> Exploring Academic English Language Needs of Iranian Students of Geology: A Triangulated Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rose%20Shayeghi">Rose Shayeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pejman%20Hosseinioun"> Pejman Hosseinioun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the academic year of 2014-2015, a needs analysis was conducted in four major universities of Iran to assess the present and target situation academic language needs of undergraduate students of geology. Participants included undergraduate students (N = 102), graduate students (N = 47), subject-specific teachers (N = 12), and ESAP teachers (N = 20). Instrumentation included four needs analysis questionnaires, self-assessment and semi-structured interviews. The results indicated that, despite some inconsistencies in participants’ perceptions, ‘reading subject specific texts’, ‘knowledge of general vocabulary’, ‘using bilingual technical dictionaries’, and ‘writing e-mails to teachers and field experts’ were perceived as either ‘important’ or ‘very important’ to students’ success by all the participants. Moreover, the findings revealed that undergraduate students’ General English Proficiency (GEP) level was generally lower than what is required in the EAP courses. The findings of the study can have implications for improving and renewing EAP courses under study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESP" title="ESP">ESP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EAP" title=" EAP"> EAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=needs%20analysis" title=" needs analysis"> needs analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triangulation" title=" triangulation"> triangulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title=" geology"> geology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47289/exploring-academic-english-language-needs-of-iranian-students-of-geology-a-triangulated-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">238</span> Prevalence of Parasitic Diseases in Different Fishes of North-West Himalayan Streams of India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feroz%20A.%20Shah">Feroz A. Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Balkhi"> M. H. Balkhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study was aimed at to record the distribution and prevalence of various metazoan parasites of fish from hill stream/coldwater fishes of various water bodies of northwest Himalayan region of India. Snow trout (Schizoth oracids) from eutrophic lakes and fresh water streams were collected from January to December 2012, to study the impact of environmental factors on the dynamics and distribution of parasitic infection. The prevalence of helminth parasites was correlated with available physico-chemical parameters including water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO). The most abundant parasitic infection recorded during this study was Adenoscolex sp. (Cestode parasite) which showed positive correlation with pH (significant p≤0.05) negative correlation with temperature. The Bothriocephalus was having positive correlation with water temperature while as negative correlation was observed with pH and DO. The correlation between Diplozoon sp. and Clinostomum sp. with the physiochemical parameters were non-significant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hill%20stream%20fishes" title="hill stream fishes">hill stream fishes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasites" title=" parasites"> parasites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Western%20Himalayas" title=" Western Himalayas"> Western Himalayas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevelance" title=" prevelance"> prevelance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38339/prevalence-of-parasitic-diseases-in-different-fishes-of-north-west-himalayan-streams-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38339.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">237</span> Tectonics of Out-of-Sequence Thrusting in Higher Himalaya- Example from Jhakri-Chaura-Sarahan Region, Himachal Pradesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Ghosh">Rajkumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Out-of-Sequence Thrust (OOST) is a common phenomenon in collisional tectonic settings like the Himalayas. These OOSTs are activated in different locations at different time frames. These OOST are linked with the multiple Himalayan Thrusts. Apart from minimal documentation in geological mapping for OOST, there exists a lack of field data to establish OOST in the field. This work has considered three thrusts from NW Himalaya in Himachal Pradesh with published data from other sources, allowing a re-examination for correlation of OOST. For the Sutlej section, the approach has been to do fieldwork and microstructural studies. The information related to the cross-cut signature of S/C- and relative time relation could help to predict the nature of OOST. The activation timing, along with the basis of identification of OOST in Higher Himalayan, was documented in various literature. Compilation of the Grain Boundary Migration (GBM) associated temperature range (400–750 °C) was documented from microstructural studies along the Jhakri-Chaura section. No such significant temperature variation across thrusts was observed. Strain variation paths using S Ʌ C angle measurement were carried out along the Jeori-Wangtu transect to distinguish overprinting structures for OOSTs. Near the Chaura Thrust (CT), angular variation of S Ʌ C was documented, and it varies within a range of 15° - 28 °. Along the NH22 (National Highway, 22), all tectonic units of the orogen are exposed in NW Himalaya, INDIA. But there are inherent difficulties in finding field evidence of OOST, largely due to the lack of adequate surface morphology, including topography and drainage pattern. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=out-of-sequence%20thrust%20%28OOST%29" title="out-of-sequence thrust (OOST)">out-of-sequence thrust (OOST)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=main%20central%20thrust%20%28MCT%29" title=" main central thrust (MCT)"> main central thrust (MCT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south%20tibetan%20detachment%20system%20%28STDS%29" title=" south tibetan detachment system (STDS)"> south tibetan detachment system (STDS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jhakri%20thrust%20%28JT%29" title=" jhakri thrust (JT)"> jhakri thrust (JT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sarahan%20thrust%20%28ST%29" title=" sarahan thrust (ST)"> sarahan thrust (ST)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaura%20thrust%20%28CT%29" title=" chaura thrust (CT)"> chaura thrust (CT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20himalaya%20%28HH%29" title=" higher himalaya (HH)"> higher himalaya (HH)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greater%20himalayan%20crystalline%20%28GHC%29" title=" greater himalayan crystalline (GHC)"> greater himalayan crystalline (GHC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168649/tectonics-of-out-of-sequence-thrusting-in-higher-himalaya-example-from-jhakri-chaura-sarahan-region-himachal-pradesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">236</span> High Altitude Glacier Surface Mapping in Dhauliganga Basin of Himalayan Environment Using Remote Sensing Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aayushi%20Pandey">Aayushi Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Kumar%20Pandey"> Manoj Kumar Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashutosh%20Tiwari"> Ashutosh Tiwari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kireet%20Kumar"> Kireet Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glaciers play an important role in climate change and are sensitive phenomena of global climate change scenario. Glaciers in Himalayas are unique as they are predominantly valley type and are located in tropical, high altitude regions. These glaciers are often covered with debris which greatly affects ablation rate of glaciers and work as a sensitive indicator of glacier health. The aim of this study is to map high altitude Glacier surface with a focus on glacial lake and debris estimation using different techniques in Nagling glacier of dhauliganga basin in Himalayan region. Different Image Classification techniques i.e. thresholding on different band ratios and supervised classification using maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) have been used on high resolution sentinel 2A level 1c satellite imagery of 14 October 2017.Here Near Infrared (NIR)/Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) ratio image was used to extract the glaciated classes (Snow, Ice, Ice Mixed Debris) from other non-glaciated terrain classes. SWIR/BLUE Ratio Image was used to map valley rock and Debris while Green/NIR ratio image was found most suitable for mapping Glacial Lake. Accuracy assessment was performed using high resolution (3 meters) Planetscope Imagery using 60 stratified random points. The overall accuracy of MLC was 85 % while the accuracy of Band Ratios was 96.66 %. According to Band Ratio technique total areal extent of glaciated classes (Snow, Ice ,IMD) in Nagling glacier was 10.70 km2 nearly 38.07% of study area comprising of 30.87 % Snow covered area, 3.93% Ice and 3.27 % IMD covered area. Non-glaciated classes (vegetation, glacial lake, debris and valley rock) covered 61.93 % of the total area out of which valley rock is dominant with 33.83% coverage followed by debris covering 27.7 % of the area in nagling glacier. Glacial lake and Debris were accurately mapped using Band ratio technique Hence, Band Ratio approach appears to be useful for the mapping of debris covered glacier in Himalayan Region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20ratio" title="band ratio">band ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhauliganga%20basin" title=" Dhauliganga basin"> Dhauliganga basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glacier%20mapping" title=" glacier mapping"> glacier mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20region" title=" Himalayan region"> Himalayan region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20likelihood%20classifier%20%28MLC%29" title=" maximum likelihood classifier (MLC)"> maximum likelihood classifier (MLC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sentinel-2%20satellite%20image" title=" Sentinel-2 satellite image"> Sentinel-2 satellite image</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96190/high-altitude-glacier-surface-mapping-in-dhauliganga-basin-of-himalayan-environment-using-remote-sensing-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">235</span> Conservation Planning of Paris Polyphylla Smith, an Important Medicinal Herb of the Indian Himalayan Region Using Predictive Distribution Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Tariq">Mohd Tariq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyamal%20K.%20Nandi"> Shyamal K. Nandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indra%20D.%20Bhatt"> Indra D. Bhatt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Paris polyphylla Smith (Family- Liliaceae; English name-Love apple: Local name- Satuwa) is an important folk medicinal herb of the Indian subcontinent, being a source of number of bioactive compounds for drug formulation. The rhizomes are widely used as antihelmintic, antispasmodic, digestive stomachic, expectorant and vermifuge, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, heart and vascular malady, anti-fertility and sedative. Keeping in view of this, the species is being constantly removed from nature for trade and various pharmaceuticals purpose, as a result, the availability of the species in its natural habitat is decreasing. In this context, it would be pertinent to conserve this species and reintroduce them in its natural habitat. Predictive distribution modelling of this species was performed in Western Himalayan Region. One such recent method is Ecological Niche Modelling, also popularly known as Species distribution modelling, which uses computer algorithms to generate predictive maps of species distributions in a geographic space by correlating the point distributional data with a set of environmental raster data. In case of P. polyphylla, and to understand its potential distribution zones and setting up of artificial introductions, or selecting conservation sites, and conservation and management of their native habitat. Among the different districts of Uttarakhand (28°05ˈ-31°25ˈ N and 77°45ˈ-81°45ˈ E) Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag, Chamoli, Pauri Garhwal and some parts of Bageshwar, 'Maximum Entropy' (Maxent) has predicted wider potential distribution of P. polyphylla Smith. Distribution of P. polyphylla is mainly governed by Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Mean Diurnal Range i.e., 27.08% and 18.99% respectively which indicates that humidity (27%) and average temperature (19°C) might be suitable for better growth of Paris polyphylla. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity%20conservation" title="biodiversity conservation">biodiversity conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20Himalayan%20region" title=" Indian Himalayan region"> Indian Himalayan region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paris%20polyphylla" title=" Paris polyphylla"> Paris polyphylla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictive%20distribution%20modelling" title=" predictive distribution modelling"> predictive distribution modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49276/conservation-planning-of-paris-polyphylla-smith-an-important-medicinal-herb-of-the-indian-himalayan-region-using-predictive-distribution-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49276.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Distribution and Diversity of Pyrenocarpous Lichens in India with Special Reference to Forest Health</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaurav%20Kumar%20Mishra">Gaurav Kumar Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjeeva%20Nayaka"> Sanjeeva Nayaka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalip%20Kumar%20Upreti"> Dalip Kumar Upreti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our nature exhibited presence of a number of unique plants which can be used as indicator of environmental condition of particular place. Lichens are unique plant which has an ability to absorb not only organic, inorganic and metaloties but also absorb radioactive nuclide substances present in the environment. In the present study pyrenocarpous lichens will used as indicator of good forest health in a particular place. The Pyrenocarpous lichens are simple crust forming with black dot like perithecia have few characters for their taxonomical segregation as compared to their foliose and fruticose brethrean. The thallus colour and nature, presence and absence of hypothallus are only few characters of thallus are used to segregate the pyrenocarpous taxa. The fruiting bodies of pyrenolichens i.e. ascocarps are perithecia. The perithecia and the contents found within them posses many important criteria for the segregation of pyrenocarpous lichen taxa. The ascocarp morphology, ascocarp arrangement, the perithecial wall, ascocarp shape and colour, ostiole shape and position, ostiole colour, ascocarp anatomy including type of paraphyses, asci shape and size, ascospores septation, ascospores wall and periphyses are the valuable charcters used for segregation of different pyrenocarpous lichen taxa. India is represented by the occurrence of the 350 species of 44 genera and eleven families. Among the different genera Pyrenula is dominant with 82 species followed by the Porina with 70 species. Recently, systematic of the pyrenocarpous lichens have been revised by American and European lichenologists using phylogenetic methods. Still the taxonomy of pyrenocarpous lichens is in flux and information generated after the completion of this study will play vital role in settlement of the taxonomy of this peculiar group of lichens worldwide. The Indian Himalayan region exhibit rich diversity of pyrenocarpous lichens in India. The western Himalayan region has luxuriance of pyrenocarpous lichens due to its unique topography and climate condition. However, the eastern Himalayan region has rich diversity of pyrenocarpous lichens due to its warmer and moist climate condition. The rich moist and warmer climate in eastern Himalayan region supports forest with dominance of evergreen tree vegetation. The pyrenocarpous lichens communities are good indicator of young and regenerated forest type. The rich diversity of lichens clearly indicates that moist of the forest within the eastern Himalayan region has good health of forest. Due to fast pace of urbanization and other developmental activities will defiantly have adverse effects on the diversity and distribution of pyrenocarpous lichens in different forest type and the present distribution pattern will act as baseline data for carried out future biomonitoring studies in the area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lichen%20diversity" title="lichen diversity">lichen diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indicator%20species" title=" indicator species"> indicator species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20factors" title=" environmental factors"> environmental factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrenocarpous" title=" pyrenocarpous"> pyrenocarpous</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104570/distribution-and-diversity-of-pyrenocarpous-lichens-in-india-with-special-reference-to-forest-health" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> Rupture Termination of the 1950 C. E. Earthquake and Recurrent Interval of Great Earthquake in North Eastern Himalaya, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rao%20Singh%20Priyanka">Rao Singh Priyanka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayangondaperumal%20R."> Jayangondaperumal R.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Himalayan active fault has the potential to generate great earthquakes in the future, posing a biggest existential threat to humans in the Himalayan and adjacent region. Quantitative evaluation of accumulated and released interseismic strain is crucial to assess the magnitude and spatio-temporal variability of future great earthquakes along the Himalayan arc. To mitigate the destruction and hazards associated with such earthquakes, it is important to understand their recurrence cycle. The eastern Himalayan and Indo-Burman plate boundary systems offers an oblique convergence across two orthogonal plate boundaries, resulting in a zone of distributed deformation both within and away from the plate boundary and clockwise rotation of fault-bounded blocks. This seismically active region has poorly documented historical archive of the past large earthquakes. Thus, paleoseismologicalstudies confirm the surface rupture evidences of the great continental earthquakes (Mw ≥ 8) along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which along with the Geodetic studies, collectively provide the crucial information to understand and assess the seismic potential. These investigations reveal the rupture of 3/4th of the HFT during great events since medieval time but with debatable opinions for the timing of events due to unclear evidences, ignorance of transverse segment boundaries, and lack of detail studies. Recent paleoseismological investigations in the eastern Himalaya and Mishmi ranges confirms the primary surface ruptures of the 1950 C.E. great earthquake (M>8). However, a seismic gap exists between the 1714 C.E. and 1950 C.E. Assam earthquakes that did not slip since 1697 C.E. event. Unlike the latest large blind 2015 Gorkha earthquake (Mw 7.8), the 1950 C.E. event is not triggered by a large event of 1947 C.E. that occurred near the western edge of the great upper Assam event. Moreover, the western segment of the eastern Himalayadid not witness any surface breaking earthquake along the HFT for over the past 300 yr. The frontal fault excavations reveal that during the 1950 earthquake, ~3.1-m-high scarp along the HFT was formed due to the co-seismic slip of 5.5 ± 0.7 m at Pasighat in the Eastern Himalaya and a 10-m-high-scarp at a Kamlang Nagar along the Mishmi Thrust in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis is an outcome of a dip-slip displacement of 24.6 ± 4.6 m along a 25 ± 5°E dipping fault. This event has ruptured along the two orthogonal fault systems in the form of oblique thrust fault mechanism. Approx. 130 km west of Pasighat site, the Himebasti village has witnessed two earthquakes, the historical 1697 Sadiya earthquake, and the 1950 event, with a cumulative dip-slip displacement of 15.32 ± 4.69 m. At Niglok site, Arunachal Pradesh, a cumulative slip of ~12.82 m during at least three events since pre 19585 B.P. has produced ~6.2-m high scarp while the youngest scarp of ~2.4-m height has been produced during 1697 C.E. The site preserves two deformational events along the eastern HFT, providing an idea of last serial ruptures at an interval of ~850 yearswhile the successive surface rupturing earthquakes lacks in the Mishmi Range to estimate the recurrence cycle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleoseismology" title="paleoseismology">paleoseismology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20rupture" title=" surface rupture"> surface rupture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recurrence%20interval" title=" recurrence interval"> recurrence interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eastern%20Himalaya" title=" Eastern Himalaya"> Eastern Himalaya</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150644/rupture-termination-of-the-1950-c-e-earthquake-and-recurrent-interval-of-great-earthquake-in-north-eastern-himalaya-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> Stability Assessment of Chamshir Dam Based on DEM, South West Zagros</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rezvan%20Khavari">Rezvan Khavari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Zagros fold-thrust belt in SW Iran is a part of the Alpine-Himalayan system which consists of a variety of structures with different sizes or geometries. The study area is Chamshir Dam, which is located on the Zohreh River, 20 km southeast of Gachsaran City (southwest Iran). The satellite images are valuable means available to geologists for locating geological or geomorphological features expressing regional fault or fracture systems, therefore, the satellite images were used for structural analysis of the Chamshir dam area. As well, using the DEM and geological maps, 3D Models of the area have been constructed. Then, based on these models, all the acquired fracture traces data were integrated in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment by using Arc GIS software. Based on field investigation and DEM model, main structures in the area consist of Cham Shir syncline and two fault sets, the main thrust faults with NW-SE direction and small normal faults in NE-SW direction. There are three joint sets in the study area, both of them (J1 and J3) are the main large fractures around the Chamshir dam. These fractures indeed consist with the normal faults in NE-SW direction. The third joint set in NW-SE is normal to the others. In general, according to topography, geomorphology and structural geology evidences, Chamshir dam has a potential for sliding in some parts of Gachsaran formation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DEM" title="DEM">DEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chamshir%20dam" title=" chamshir dam"> chamshir dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zohreh%20river" title=" zohreh river"> zohreh river</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20images" title=" satellite images "> satellite images </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21593/stability-assessment-of-chamshir-dam-based-on-dem-south-west-zagros" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> Practices in Planning, Design and Construction of Head Race Tunnel of a Hydroelectric Project</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Thakur">M. S. Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohit%20Shukla"> Mohit Shukla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A channel/tunnel, which carries the water to the penstock/pressure shaft is called headrace tunnel (HRT). It is necessary to know the general topography, geology of the area, state of stress and other mechanical properties of the strata. For this certain topographical and geological investigations, in-situ and laboratory tests, and observations are required to be done. These investigations play an important role in a tunnel design as these help in deciding the optimum layout, shape and size and support requirements of the tunnel. The paper includes inputs from Nathpa Jhakri Hydeoelectric project which is India’s highest capacity (1500 MW) operating hydroelectric project. The paper would help the design engineers with various new concepts and preparedness against geological surprises. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnelling" title="tunnelling">tunnelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title=" geology"> geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HRT" title=" HRT"> HRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rockmass" title=" rockmass"> rockmass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51807/practices-in-planning-design-and-construction-of-head-race-tunnel-of-a-hydroelectric-project" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51807.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> A Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate the Paleo-Discharge of the Lost Saraswati River of North-West India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zafar%20Beg">Zafar Beg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumar%20Gaurav"> Kumar Gaurav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lost Saraswati is described as a large perennial river which was 'lost' in the desert towards the end of the Indus-Saraswati civilisation. It has been proposed earlier that the lost Saraswati flowed in the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve, parallel to the present day Indus River. It is believed that one of the earliest known ancient civilizations, the 'Indus-Saraswati civilization' prospered along the course of the Saraswati River. The demise of the Indus civilization is considered to be due to desiccation of the river. Today in the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve, we observe an ephemeral river, known as Ghaggar. It is believed that along with the Ghaggar River, two other Himalayan Rivers Sutlej and Yamuna were tributaries of the lost Saraswati and made a significant contribution to its discharge. Presence of a large number of archaeological sites and the occurrence of thick fluvial sand bodies in the subsurface in the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve has been used to suggest that the Saraswati River was a large perennial river. Further, the wider course of about 4-7 km recognized from satellite imagery of Ghaggar-Hakra belt in between Suratgarh and Anupgarh strengthens this hypothesis. Here we develop a methodology to estimate the paleo discharge and paleo width of the lost Saraswati River. In doing so, we rely on the hypothesis which suggests that the ancient Saraswati River used to carry the combined flow or some part of the Yamuna, Sutlej and Ghaggar catchments. We first established a regime relationship between the drainage area-channel width and catchment area-discharge of 29 different rivers presently flowing on the Himalayan Foreland from Indus in the west to the Brahmaputra in the East. We found the width and discharge of all the Himalayan rivers scale in a similar way when they are plotted against their corresponding catchment area. Using these regime curves, we calculate the width and discharge of paleochannels originating from the Sutlej, Yamuna and Ghaggar rivers by measuring their corresponding catchment area from satellite images. Finally, we add the discharge and width obtained from each of the individual catchments to estimate the paleo width and paleo discharge respectively of the Saraswati River. Our regime curves provide a first-order estimate of the paleo discharge of the lost Saraswati. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indus%20civilization" title="Indus civilization">Indus civilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palaeochannel" title=" palaeochannel"> palaeochannel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regime%20curve" title=" regime curve"> regime curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saraswati%20River" title=" Saraswati River"> Saraswati River</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102282/a-remote-sensing-approach-to-estimate-the-paleo-discharge-of-the-lost-saraswati-river-of-north-west-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102282.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> Climate Change and the Invasive Alien Species of Western Himalayan State of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yashasvi%20Thakur">Yashasvi Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vikas%20K.%20Sharma"> Vikas K. Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fragile Himalayan ecosystems are sensitive to environmental stresses, including direct and indirect impacts of climate stresses. A total of 297 naturalized alien plant species belonging to 65 families in the IHR have already been reported. Of the total 297 naturalized alien plant species in IHR, the maximum species occur in Himachal Pradesh (232; 78.1%), followed by Jammu & Kashmir (192; 64.6%) and Uttarakhand (181; 60.90%). The present study reports the spread of some invasive and existing weed species like Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Brossnetia papyrifera, Oxalis corniculata, Galinsoga parviflora, Panicum maximum at an extent that they are not only invading the agricultural fields but are also replacing the native plant species and degrading the existing grassland quality. Moreover, the degradation of grassland has led to the dry fodder shortage for livestock in the lower Shivalik ranges of the state of Himachal Pradesh and has also encouraged the use of herbicides at an extensive scale. This article provides a mapping of the current spread of some of these species at the block level to allow the development of appropriate management strategies and policy planning for addressing issues pertaining to plant invasion, agricultural fields, and grasslands across the IHR states. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invasive%20alien%20species" title=" invasive alien species"> invasive alien species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title=" agriculture"> agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grassland" title=" grassland"> grassland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IHR" title=" IHR"> IHR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174947/climate-change-and-the-invasive-alien-species-of-western-himalayan-state-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> The Impression of Adaptive Capacity of the Rural Community in the Indian Himalayan Region: A Way Forward for Sustainable Livelihood Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rommila%20Chandra">Rommila Chandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harshika%20Choudhary"> Harshika Choudhary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The value of integrated, participatory, and community based sustainable development strategies is eminent, but in practice, it still remains fragmentary and often leads to short-lived results. Despite the global presence of climate change, its impacts are felt differently by different communities based on their vulnerability. The developing countries have the low adaptive capacity and high dependence on environmental variables, making them highly susceptible to outmigration and poverty. We need to understand how to enable these approaches, taking into account the various governmental and non-governmental stakeholders functioning at different levels, to deliver long-term socio-economic and environmental well-being of local communities. The research assessed the financial and natural vulnerability of Himalayan networks, focusing on their potential to adapt to various changes, through accessing their perceived reactions and local knowledge. The evaluation was conducted by testing indices for vulnerability, with a major focus on indicators for adaptive capacity. Data for the analysis were collected from the villages around Govind National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Indian Himalayan Region. The villages were stratified on the basis of connectivity via road, thus giving two kinds of human settlements connected and isolated. The study focused on understanding the complex relationship between outmigration and the socio-cultural sentiments of local people to not abandon their land, assessing their adaptive capacity for livelihood opportunities, and exploring their contribution that integrated participatory methodologies can play in delivering sustainable development. The result showed that the villages having better road connectivity, access to market, and basic amenities like health and education have a better understanding about the climatic shift, natural hazards, and a higher adaptive capacity for income generation in comparison to the isolated settlements in the hills. The participatory approach towards environmental conservation and sustainable use of natural resources were seen more towards the far-flung villages. The study helped to reduce the gap between local understanding and government policies by highlighting the ongoing adaptive practices and suggesting precautionary strategies for the community studied based on their local conditions, which differ on the basis of connectivity and state of development. Adaptive capacity in this study has been taken as the externally driven potential of different parameters, leading to a decrease in outmigration and upliftment of the human environment that could lead to sustainable livelihood development in the rural areas of Himalayas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20capacity" title="adaptive capacity">adaptive capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20Himalayan%20region" title=" Indian Himalayan region"> Indian Himalayan region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory" title=" participatory"> participatory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20livelihood%20development" title=" sustainable livelihood development"> sustainable livelihood development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122289/the-impression-of-adaptive-capacity-of-the-rural-community-in-the-indian-himalayan-region-a-way-forward-for-sustainable-livelihood-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> Characterization of Himalayan Phyllite with Reference to Foliation Planes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divyanshoo%20Singh">Divyanshoo Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hemant%20Kumar%20Singh"> Hemant Kumar Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumar%20Nilankar"> Kumar Nilankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Major engineering constructions and foundations (e.g., dams, tunnels, bridges, underground caverns, etc.) in and around the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand are not only confined within hard and crystalline rocks but also stretched within weak and anisotropic rocks. While constructing within such anisotropic rocks, engineers more often encounter geotechnical complications such as structural instability, slope failure, and excessive deformation. These severities/complexities arise mainly due to inherent anisotropy such as layering/foliations, preferred mineral orientations, and geo-mechanical anisotropy present within rocks and vary when measured in different directions. Of all the inherent anisotropy present within the rocks, major geotechnical complexities mainly arise due to the inappropriate orientation of weak planes (bedding/foliation). Thus, Orientations of such weak planes highly affect the fracture patterns, failure mechanism, and strength of rocks. This has led to an improved understanding of the physico-mechanical behavior of anisotropic rocks with different orientations of weak planes. Therefore, in this study, block samples of phyllite belonging to the Chandpur Group of Lesser Himalaya were collected from the Srinagar area of Uttarakhand, India, to investigate the effect of foliation angles on physico-mechanical properties of the rock. Further, collected block samples were core drilled of diameter 50 mm at different foliation angles, β (angle between foliation plane and drilling direction), i.e., 0⁰, 30⁰, 60⁰, and 90⁰, respectively. Before the test, drilled core samples were oven-dried at 110⁰C to achieve uniformity. Physical and mechanical properties such as Seismic wave velocity, density, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), point load strength (PLS), and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) test were carried out on prepared core specimens. The results indicate that seismic wave velocities (P-wave and S-wave) decrease with increasing β angle. As the β angle increases, the number of foliation planes that the wave needs to pass through increases and thus causes the dissipation of wave energy with increasing β. Maximum strength for UCS, PLS, and BTS was found to be at β angle of 90⁰. However, minimum strength for UCS and BTS was found to be at β angle of 30⁰, which differs from PLS, where minimum strength was found at 0⁰ β angle. Furthermore, failure modes also correspond to the strength of the rock, showing along foliation and non-central failure as characteristics of low strength values, while multiple fractures and central failure as characteristics of high strength values. Thus, this study will provide a better understanding of the anisotropic features of phyllite for the purpose of major engineering construction and foundations within the Himalayan Region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropic%20rocks" title="anisotropic rocks">anisotropic rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foliation%20angle" title=" foliation angle"> foliation angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Physico-mechanical%20properties" title=" Physico-mechanical properties"> Physico-mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyllite" title=" phyllite"> phyllite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20region" title=" Himalayan region"> Himalayan region</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181413/characterization-of-himalayan-phyllite-with-reference-to-foliation-planes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Climate Change and Extreme Weather: Understanding Interconnections and Implications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johnstone%20Walubengo%20Wangusi">Johnstone Walubengo Wangusi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change is undeniably altering the frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution of extreme weather events worldwide. In this paper, we explore the complex interconnections between climate change and extreme weather phenomena, drawing upon research from atmospheric science, geology, and climatology. We examine the underlying mechanisms driving these changes, the impacts on natural ecosystems and human societies, and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. By synthesizing insights from interdisciplinary research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted relationship between climate change and extreme weather, informing efforts to address the challenges posed by a changing climate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extreme%20weather" title=" extreme weather"> extreme weather</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20science" title=" atmospheric science"> atmospheric science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title=" geology"> geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climatology" title=" climatology"> climatology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impacts" title=" impacts"> impacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptation" title=" adaptation"> adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigation" title=" mitigation"> mitigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184530/climate-change-and-extreme-weather-understanding-interconnections-and-implications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20geology&page=2">2</a></li> <li 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