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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about Cornwall in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Cornwall (disambiguation)">Cornwall (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Cornouailles" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornouaille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornouaille">Cornouaille</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style> Cornwall (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɔːrnwɔːl, -wəl/</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: Kernow; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Cornish pronunciation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɛrnɔʊ]</a>; or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɛrnɔ]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a>) is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South West England">South West England</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Interpretation_Act_1978-7">[7]</a> It is recognised by Cornish and Celtic political groups as one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>, and is the homeland of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a>. The county is bordered by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the north and west, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon">Devon</a> to the east, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Channel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the south. The largest urban area in the county is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conurbation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> that includes the former mining towns of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redruth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redruth">Redruth</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camborne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camborne">Camborne</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_town?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County town">county town</a> is the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"> <div class="fn org"> Cornwall </div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"> Kernow (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>) </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <div class="category"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"> <div class="multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px;border:none"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"> <div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_stamps_and_whim_engine_house_at_Wheal_Coates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476958.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_stamps_and_whim_engine_house_at_Wheal_Coates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476958.jpg/81px-The_stamps_and_whim_engine_house_at_Wheal_Coates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476958.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="108" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/St_Michael%27s_Mount_View.jpg/163px-St_Michael%27s_Mount_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/St_Michael%2527s_Mount_View.jpg/245px-St_Michael%2527s_Mount_View.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/St_Michael%2527s_Mount_View.jpg/326px-St_Michael%2527s_Mount_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"> <div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor,_Cornwall_(3),_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor%2C_Cornwall_%283%29%2C_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/248px-A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor%2C_Cornwall_%283%29%2C_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor%252C_Cornwall_%25283%2529%252C_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/372px-A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor%252C_Cornwall_%25283%2529%252C_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor%252C_Cornwall_%25283%2529%252C_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/496px-A_walk_on_Bodmin_Moor%252C_Cornwall_%25283%2529%252C_30_Sept._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3983" data-file-height="1776"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheal_Coates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheal Coates">Wheal Coates</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining in Cornwall and Devon">tin mine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a>, and ponies on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin Moor">Bodmin Moor</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cornwall.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cornwall"><img alt="Flag of Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Cornwall">Flag</a> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Cornwall shown within England"><img alt="Cornwall shown within England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/250px-Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/375px-Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/500px-Cornwall_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Cornwall shown within England </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DCornwall%26params%3D50_24_N_4_54_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">50°24′N 4°54′W / 50.400°N 4.900°W / 50.400; -4.900</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South West England">South West England</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic counties of England">Ancient</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time in the United Kingdom">Time zone</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylight_saving_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Summer_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UK Parliament</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Cornwall">6 MPs</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon and Cornwall Police</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall">Lord Lieutenant</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Bolitho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Bolitho">Edward Bolitho</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Sheriff of Cornwall">High Sheriff</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Stamford Timothy John Galsworthy (2024-25)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th> <td class="infobox-data">3,562 km2 (1,375 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">12th of 48</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population  <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">577,694</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">40th of 48</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th> <td class="infobox-data">162/km2 (420/sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity <div class="ib-settlement-fn">  (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_Nomis-3">[3]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>96.8% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></li> <li>1.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></li> <li>1.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a></li> <li>0.7% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Asians">Asian</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">Black</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Council</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admin HQ</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys Kernow">Lys Kernow</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th> <td class="infobox-data">3,545 km2 (1,369 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of English districts by area">4th of 296</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population  <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">575,413</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of English districts by population">5th of 296</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th> <td class="infobox-data">162/km2 (420/sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">GB-CON</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GSS_coding_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">E06000052</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Territorial_Level?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Territorial Level">ITL</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">TLK30</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cornwall.gov.uk">cornwall.gov.uk</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;">Districts</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornwall_UK_district_map_(numbered).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cornwall_UK_district_map_%28numbered%29.svg/250px-Cornwall_UK_district_map_%28numbered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cornwall_UK_district_map_%2528numbered%2529.svg/375px-Cornwall_UK_district_map_%2528numbered%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cornwall_UK_district_map_%2528numbered%2529.svg/500px-Cornwall_UK_district_map_%2528numbered%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1048"></a> Districts of Cornwall</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districts_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <ol> <li>Cornwall (unitary)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> (sui generis unitary)</li> </ol></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The county is rural, with an area of 1,375 square miles (3,562 km2) and population of 568,210. Outside of the Redruth-Camborne conurbation the largest settlements are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Austell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Austell">St Austell</a>, and Truro. For <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_government_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local government in England">local government</a> purposes most of Cornwall is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a> area, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> having a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">unique local authority</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalist</a> movement disputes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">constitutional status of Cornwall</a> and seeks greater <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is the westernmost part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_West_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South West Peninsula">South West Peninsula</a>, and the southernmost county within the United Kingdom. Its coastline is characterised by steep cliffs and, to the south, several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ria">rias</a>, including those at the mouths of the rivers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Fal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Fal">Fal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Fowey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Fowey">Fowey</a>. It includes the southernmost point on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lizard_Point,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lizard Point, Cornwall">Lizard Point</a>, and forms a large part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Cornwall National Landscape</a>. The national landscape also includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin Moor">Bodmin Moor</a>, an upland outcrop of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornubian_batholith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornubian batholith">Cornubian batholith</a> granite formation. The county contains many short rivers; the longest is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Tamar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a>, which forms the border with Devon. Cornwall had a minor Roman presence, and later formed part of the Brittonic kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a>. From the 7th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Britons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> in the South West increasingly came into conflict with the expanding Anglo-Saxon kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, eventually being pushed west of the Tamar; by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Conquest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> Cornwall was administered as part of England, though it retained its own culture. The remainder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_modern_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early modern period">Early Modern Period</a> were relatively settled, with Cornwall developing its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin_mining_in_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin mining in Britain">tin mining</a> industry and becoming a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Cornwall">duchy</a> in 1337. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the tin and copper mines were expanded and then declined, with china clay extraction becoming a major industry. Railways were built, leading to a growth of tourism in the 20th century. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extinct_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> as a living community language at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">end of the 18th century</a>, but is now being revived. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prehistory,_Roman_and_post-Roman_periods">2.1 Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conflict_with_Wessex">2.2 Conflict with Wessex</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Breton%E2%80%93Norman_period">2.3 Breton–Norman period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Later_medieval_administration_and_society">2.4 Later medieval administration and society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stannary_parliaments">2.4.1 Stannary parliaments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Piracy_and_smuggling">2.4.2 Piracy and smuggling</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heraldry">2.5 Heraldry</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physical_geography">3 Physical geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coastal_areas">3.1 Coastal areas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inland_areas">3.2 Inland areas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lizard_Peninsula">3.3 Lizard Peninsula</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hills_and_high_points">3.4 Hills and high points</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Settlements_and_transport">4 Settlements and transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ecology">5 Ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flora_and_fauna">5.1 Flora and fauna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate">5.2 Climate</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">6.1 Language</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cornish_language">6.1.1 Cornish language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#English_dialect">6.1.2 English dialect</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flag">6.2 Flag</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arts_and_media">6.3 Arts and media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music">6.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literature">6.5 Literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fiction">6.5.1 Fiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Poetry">6.5.2 Poetry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_literary_works">6.5.3 Other literary works</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports">6.6 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rugby_football">6.6.1 Rugby football</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Surfing_and_watersports">6.6.2 Surfing and watersports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fencing">6.6.3 Fencing</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cuisine">6.7 Cuisine</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politics_and_administration">7 Politics and administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cornish_national_identity">7.1 Cornish national identity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local_politics">7.2 Local politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Parliament_and_national_politics">7.3 Parliament and national politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Devolution_movement">7.4 Devolution movement</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Emergency_services">8 Emergency services</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">9 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tourism">9.1 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fishing">9.2 Fishing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agriculture">9.3 Agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mining">9.4 Mining</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Internet">9.5 Internet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aerospace">9.6 Aerospace</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">10 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">11 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">15 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/220px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="985"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 316px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/220px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="316" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/330px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/440px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> "Cornweallas" shown on an early 19th-century map of "Saxon England" (and Wales) based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Land%27s_End,_Cornwall,_England.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg/220px-Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg/220px-Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg/330px-Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg/440px-Land%27s_End%2C_Cornwall%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cliffs at Land's End </figcaption> </figure> The modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a> name "Cornwall" is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of two terms coming from two different language groups: <ul> <li>"Corn-" originates from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> *karnu- ("<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horn" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:horn">horn</a>", presumed in reference to "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headland">headland</a>"), and is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a> word "horn" and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> "cornu" (both deriving from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *ker-). There may also have been an Iron Age group that occupied the Cornish peninsula known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornovii_(Cornwall)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornovii (Cornwall)">Cornovii</a> (i.e. "people of the horn or headland").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[a]</a></li> <li>"-wall" derives from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walhaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">wealh</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> meaning "foreigner", "slave" or "Brittonic-speaker" (as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_person?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh person">Welsh</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li> </ul> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a>, Cornwall is Kernow which stems from the same <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Celtic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> root. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Cornwall">History of Cornwall</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For a chronological guide, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Cornish_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Cornish history">Timeline of Cornish history</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Men-an-Tol.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Men-an-Tol.jpg/220px-Men-an-Tol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Men-an-Tol.jpg/220px-Men-an-Tol.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Men-an-Tol.jpg/330px-Men-an-Tol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Men-an-Tol.jpg/440px-Men-an-Tol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mên-an-Tol">Mên-an-Tol</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prehistory,_Roman_and_post-Roman_periods">Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prehistoric_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prehistoric Cornwall">Prehistoric Cornwall</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> </div> Humans reoccupied <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Last Glacial Period">last Ice Age</a>. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palaeolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> periods. It continued to be occupied by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and then by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> people. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Bronze Age">Cornwall in the Late Bronze Age</a> formed part of a maritime trading-networked culture which researchers have dubbed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a> system, and which extended over most of the areas of present-day Ireland, England, Wales, France, Spain, and Portugal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Iron_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Iron Age">British Iron Age</a>, Cornwall, like all of Britain (modern England, Scotland, Wales, and the Isle of Man), was inhabited by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celtic-speaking</a> people known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britons</a> with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> spoken at this time eventually developed into several distinct tongues, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbric_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pictish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> The first written account of Cornwall comes from the 1st-century BC Sicilian Greek historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the 4th-century BCE geographer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pytheas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, who had sailed to Britain: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion (or Land's End) from their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilized in their manner of life. They prepare the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin">tin</a>, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced ... Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and after traveling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg/220px-England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 119px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg/220px-England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg/330px-England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg/440px-England_Celtic_tribes_-_South.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Celtic tribes of Southern Britain </figcaption> </figure> The identity of these merchants is unknown. It has been theorized that they were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phoenicia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, but there is no evidence for this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Professor Timothy Champion, discussing Diodorus Siculus's comments on the tin trade, states that "Diodorus never actually says that the Phoenicians sailed to Cornwall. In fact, he says quite the opposite: the production of Cornish tin was in the hands of the natives of Cornwall, and its transport to the Mediterranean was organized by local merchants, by sea and then overland through France, passing through areas well outside Phoenician control."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Isotopic evidence suggests that tin ingots found off the coast of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haifa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a>, may have been from Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Tin, required for the production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, was a relatively rare and precious commodity in the Bronze Age – hence the interest shown in Devon and Cornwall's tin resources. (For further discussion of tin mining see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">the section on the economy below</a>.) In the first four centuries AD, during the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Britain">Roman dominance in Britain</a>, Cornwall was rather remote from the main centres of Romanization – the nearest being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a>, modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>. However, the Roman road system extended into Cornwall with four significant Roman sites based on forts:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Tregear near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanstallon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanstallon">Nanstallon</a> was discovered in the early 1970s, two others were found at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restormel_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restormel Castle">Restormel Castle</a>, Lostwithiel in 2007, and a third fort near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calstock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calstock">Calstock</a> was also discovered early in 2007. In addition, a Roman-style villa was found at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illogan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illogan">Magor Farm</a>, Illogan in 1935. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographike_Hyphegesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographike Hyphegesis">Geographike Hyphegesis</a> mentions four towns controlled by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> three of which may have been in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a> However, after 410 AD, Cornwall appears to have reverted to rule by Romano-Celtic chieftains of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornovii_(Cornwall)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornovii (Cornwall)">Cornovii</a> tribe as part of the Brittonic kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> (which also included present-day Devonshire and the Scilly Isles), including the territory of one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark of Cornwall">Marcus Cunomorus</a>, with at least one significant power base at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tintagel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> in the early 6th century. King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a> is a semi-historical figure known from Welsh literature, from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matter_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, and, in particular, from the later Norman-Breton medieval romance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Yseult</a>, where he appears as a close relative of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Arthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, himself usually considered to be born of the Cornish people in folklore traditions derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s 12th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a>. Archaeology supports ecclesiastical, literary and legendary evidence for some relative economic stability and close cultural ties between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-Roman Britain">sub-Roman</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westcountry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Westcountry">Westcountry</a>, South Wales, Brittany, the Channel Islands, and Ireland through the fifth and sixth centuries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In Cornwall, the arrival of Celtic saints such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nectan_of_Hartland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nectan of Hartland">Nectan</a>, Paul Aurelian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Petroc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Petroc">Petroc</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran">Piran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samson_of_Dol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samson of Dol">Samson</a> and numerous others reinforced the preexisting Roman Christianity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Conflict_with_Wessex">Conflict with Wessex</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Conflict with Wessex" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Deorham</a> in 577 saw the separation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> (and therefore Cornwall) from Wales, following which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a> often came into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine</a> of Wessex "drove the Britons as far as the sea" in 682, and by 690 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Boniface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Boniface">St Bonifice</a>, then a Saxon boy, was attending an abbey in Exeter, which was in turn ruled by a Saxon abbot.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carmen_Rhythmicum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carmen Rhythmicum">Carmen Rhythmicum</a> written by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldhelm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a> contains the earliest literary reference to Cornwall as distinct from Devon. Religious tensions between the Dumnonians (who celebrated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Christianity">celtic Christian</a> traditions) and Wessex (who were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>) are described in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistola_ad_Geruntium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epistola ad Geruntium">Aldhelm's letter</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geraint_of_Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geraint of Dumnonia">King Geraint</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annales_Cambriae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annales Cambriae">Annales Cambriae</a> report that in AD 722 the Britons of Cornwall won a battle at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Hehil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Hehil">"Hehil"</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a> It seems likely that the enemy the Cornish fought was a West Saxon force, as evidenced by the naming of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Ine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ine">King Ine</a> of Wessex and his kinsman Nonna in reference to an earlier Battle of Llongborth in 710.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle stated in 815 (adjusted date) "and in this year king Ecgbryht raided in Cornwall from east to west." this has been interpreted to mean a raid from the Tamar to Land's End, and the end of Cornish independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> However, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in 825 (adjusted date) a battle took place between the Wealas (Cornish) and the Defnas (men of Devon) at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gafulforda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gafulforda">Gafulforda</a>. The Cornish giving battle here, and the later battle at Hingston Down, casts doubt on any claims of control Wessex had at this stage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-32">[31]</a> In 838, the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> at Hengestesdune. In 875, the last recorded king of Cornwall, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donyarth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donyarth">Dumgarth</a>, is said to have drowned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Around the 880s, Anglo-Saxons from Wessex had established modest land holdings in the north eastern part of Cornwall; notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> who had acquired a few estates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, writing around 1120, says that King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athelstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> of England (924–939) fixed the boundary between English and Cornish people at the east bank of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Tamar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stenton,_F._M._1947_p._337-35">[34]</a> While elements of William's story, like the burning of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, have been cast in doubt by recent writers<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-32">[31]</a> Athelstan did re-establish a separate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop of Cornwall">Cornish Bishop</a> and relations between Wessex and the Cornish elite improved from the time of his rule. Eventually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edgar, King of England">King Edgar</a> was able to issue charters the width of Cornwall, and frequently sent emissaries or visited personally as seen by his appearances in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin_manumissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin manumissions">Bodmin Manumissions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Breton–Norman_period">Breton–Norman period</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Breton–Norman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kernow_Hundreds.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kernow_Hundreds.png/220px-Kernow_Hundreds.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="532"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kernow_Hundreds.png/220px-Kernow_Hundreds.png" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kernow_Hundreds.png/330px-Kernow_Hundreds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kernow_Hundreds.png/440px-Kernow_Hundreds.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hundreds of Cornwall">Hundreds of Cornwall</a> </figcaption> </figure> One interpretation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domesday_Book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> is that by this time the native Cornish landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English landowners, particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Godwinson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> himself. However, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin_manumissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin manumissions">Bodmin manumissions</a> show that two leading Cornish figures nominally had Saxon names, but these were both glossed with native Cornish names.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In 1068, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brian_of_Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brian of Brittany">Brian of Brittany</a> may have been created <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl of Cornwall">Earl of Cornwall</a>, and naming evidence cited by medievalist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edith_Ditmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edith Ditmas">Edith Ditmas</a> suggests that many other post-Conquest landowners in Cornwall were Breton allies of the Normans, the Bretons being descended from Britons who had fled to what is today <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> during the early years of the Anglo-Saxon conquest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> She also proposed this period for the early composition of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a> cycle by poets such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9roul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Béroul">Béroul</a> from a pre-existing shared Brittonic oral tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Soon after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest</a> most of the land was transferred to the new Breton–Norman aristocracy, with the lion's share going to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Mortain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert, Count of Mortain">Robert, Count of Mortain</a>, half-brother of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_the_Conqueror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William the Conqueror">King William</a> and the largest landholder in England after the king with his stronghold at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trematon_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trematon Castle">Trematon Castle</a> near the mouth of the Tamar.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Later_medieval_administration_and_society">Later medieval administration and society</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Later medieval administration and society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Subsequently, however, Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornish-Norman ruling class including scholars such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Rufus_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Rufus of Cornwall">Richard Rufus of Cornwall</a>. These families eventually became the new rulers of Cornwall, typically speaking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_French?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a>, Breton-Cornish, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and eventually English, with many becoming involved in the operation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stannary_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stannary law">Stannary Parliament</a> system, the Earldom and eventually the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> continued to be spoken and acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate language from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breton language">Breton</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Stannary_parliaments">Stannary parliaments</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Stannary parliaments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stannary_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stannary law">Stannary law</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stannary_parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannary parliament">stannary parliaments</a> and stannary courts were legislative and legal institutions in Cornwall and in Devon (in the Dartmoor area). The stannary courts administered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equity_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> for the region's tin-miners and tin mining interests, and they were also courts of record for the towns dependent on the mines. The separate and powerful government institutions available to the tin miners reflected the enormous importance of the tin industry to the English economy during the Middle Ages. Special laws for tin miners pre-date written legal codes in Britain, and ancient traditions exempted everyone connected with tin mining in Cornwall and Devon from any jurisdiction other than the stannary courts in all but the most exceptional circumstances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Piracy_and_smuggling">Piracy and smuggling</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Piracy and smuggling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cornish piracy was active during the Elizabethan era on the west coast of Britain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matthew_1924-41">[40]</a> Cornwall is well known for its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrecking_(shipwreck)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrecking (shipwreck)">wreckers</a> who preyed on ships passing Cornwall's rocky coastline. During the 17th and 18th centuries Cornwall was a major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smuggling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Heraldry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_heraldry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish heraldry">Cornish heraldry</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_corporate_heraldry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish corporate heraldry">Cornish corporate heraldry</a> </div> In later times, Cornwall was known to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> as "West Wales" to distinguish it from "North Wales" (the modern nation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The name appears in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> in 891 as On Corn walum. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domesday_Book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> it was referred to as Cornualia and in c. 1198 as Cornwal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-VW-43">[42]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[b]</a> Other names for the county include a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latinisation_of_names?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latinisation of names">latinisation</a> of the name as Cornubia (first appears in a mid-9th-century deed purporting to be a copy of one dating from c. 705), and as Cornugallia in 1086. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Physical geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Cornwall">Geography of Cornwall</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geology_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geology of Cornwall">Geology of Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cw2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cw2.jpg/220px-Cw2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="373"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cw2.jpg/220px-Cw2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cw2.jpg/330px-Cw2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Cw2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Satellite image of Cornwall </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prevailing_winds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a> that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed mainly of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resistance_(geology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance (geology)">resistant</a> rocks that give rise in many places to tall cliffs. Cornwall has a border with only one other county, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon">Devon</a>, which is formed almost entirely by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Tamar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a>, and the remainder (to the north) by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marsland_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marsland Valley">Marsland Valley</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Coastal_areas">Coastal areas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Coastal areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, part of the Atlantic Ocean, is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The High Cliff, between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boscastle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boscastle">Boscastle</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Gennys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Gennys">St Gennys</a>, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in Cornwall at 223 metres (732 ft).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Beaches, which form an important part of the tourist industry, include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bude">Bude</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polzeath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polzeath">Polzeath</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Watergate_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Watergate Bay">Watergate Bay</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perranporth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perranporth">Perranporth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porthtowan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porthtowan">Porthtowan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fistral_Beach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fistral Beach">Fistral Beach</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Agnes,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Agnes, Cornwall">St Agnes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a>, and on the south coast <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyllyngvase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gyllyngvase">Gyllyngvase</a> beach in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> and the large beach at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praa_Sands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praa Sands">Praa Sands</a> further to the south-west. There are two river estuaries on the north coast: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hayle_Estuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hayle Estuary">Hayle Estuary</a> and the estuary of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Camel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Camel">River Camel</a>, which provides <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padstow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padstow">Padstow</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock, Cornwall">Rock</a> with a safe harbour. The seaside town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newlyn">Newlyn</a> is a popular holiday destination, as it is one of the last remaining traditional Cornish fishing ports, with views reaching over Mount's Bay. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:St-Michael_Mount.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/St-Michael_Mount.jpg/220px-St-Michael_Mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1174"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 86px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/St-Michael_Mount.jpg/220px-St-Michael_Mount.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/St-Michael_Mount.jpg/330px-St-Michael_Mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/St-Michael_Mount.jpg/440px-St-Michael_Mount.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a> in Marazion </figcaption> </figure> The south coast, dubbed the "Cornish Riviera", is more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries offering safe anchorages, such as at Falmouth and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fowey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fowey">Fowey</a>. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wave-cut_platform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wave-cut platform">wave-cut platform</a>. Also on the south coast, the picturesque fishing village of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polperro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polperro">Polperro</a>, at the mouth of the Pol River, and the fishing port of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Looe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Looe">Looe</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Looe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Looe">River Looe</a> are both popular with tourists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Inland_areas">Inland areas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inland areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The interior of the county consists of a roughly east–west spine of infertile and exposed upland, with a series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granite">granite</a> intrusions, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin Moor">Bodmin Moor</a>, which contains the highest land within Cornwall. From east to west, and with approximately descending altitude, these are Bodmin Moor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hensbarrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hensbarrow">Hensbarrow</a> north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Austell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Austell">St Austell</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnmenellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnmenellis">Carnmenellis</a> to the south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camborne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camborne">Camborne</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penwith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penwith">Penwith</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land%27s_End?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land's End">Land's End</a> peninsula. These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops that form the exposed parts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornubian_batholith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornubian batholith">Cornubian batholith</a> of south-west Britain, which also includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dartmoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> to the east in Devon and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> to the west, the latter now being partially submerged. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Porthcurno_beach.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Porthcurno_beach.jpg/220px-Porthcurno_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Porthcurno_beach.jpg/220px-Porthcurno_beach.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Porthcurno_beach.jpg/330px-Porthcurno_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Porthcurno_beach.jpg/440px-Porthcurno_beach.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cornwall is known for its beaches (Porthcurno Beach illustrated) and rugged coastline </figcaption> </figure> The intrusion of the granite into the surrounding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sedimentary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> rocks gave rise to extensive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metamorphism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineralization_(geology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineralization (geology)">mineralisation</a>, and this led to Cornwall being one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. It is thought <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin">tin</a> was mined here as early as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and copper, lead, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and silver have all been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">mined in Cornwall</a>. Alteration of the granite also gave rise to extensive deposits of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaolinite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaolinite">China Clay</a>, especially in the area to the north of St Austell, and the extraction of this remains an important industry. The uplands are surrounded by more fertile, mainly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasture">pastoral</a> farmland. Near the south coast, deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for flora that like shade and a moist, mild climate. These areas lie mainly on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devonian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slate">slate</a>. The north east of Cornwall lies on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carboniferous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> rocks known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culm_Measures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culm Measures">Culm Measures</a>. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can be seen on the north coast near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crackington_Haven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crackington Haven">Crackington Haven</a> and in several other locations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lizard_Peninsula">Lizard Peninsula</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lizard Peninsula" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lizard_complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lizard complex">Lizard complex</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geology_of_Lizard,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Lizard, Cornwall">geology of the Lizard peninsula</a> is unusual, in that it is mainland Britain's only example of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophiolite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophiolite">ophiolite</a>, a section of oceanic crust now found on land.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[c]</a> Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precambrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serpentinite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>, which forms spectacular cliffs, notably at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kynance_Cove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kynance Cove">Kynance Cove</a>, and carved and polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local gift shops. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultramafic_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rock</a> also forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the interior of the peninsula. This is home to rare plants, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erica_vagans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erica vagans">Cornish Heath</a>, which has been adopted as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_flower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="County flower">county flower</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hills_and_high_points">Hills and high points</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hills and high points" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_hills_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of hills of Cornwall">List of hills of Cornwall</a> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Settlements_and_transport">Settlements and transport</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Settlements and transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Cornwall_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of settlements in Cornwall by population">List of settlements in Cornwall by population</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in Cornwall">Transport in Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Truro_stmarysst.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Truro_stmarysst.jpg/220px-Truro_stmarysst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="711"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Truro_stmarysst.jpg/220px-Truro_stmarysst.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Truro_stmarysst.jpg/330px-Truro_stmarysst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Truro_stmarysst.jpg/440px-Truro_stmarysst.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a>, Cornwall's administrative centre and only city. </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall's only city, and the home of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">council headquarters</a>, is Truro. Nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> is notable as a port. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Just in Penwith">St Just in Penwith</a> is the westernmost town in England, though the same claim has been made for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, which is larger. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padstow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padstow">Padstow</a> are today small vessel ports with a major tourism and leisure sector in their economies. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a> on the north coast is another major urban settlement which is known for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination, as is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bude">Bude</a> further north, but Newquay is now also becoming important for its aviation-related industries. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camborne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camborne">Camborne</a> is the county's largest town and more populous than the county town Truro. Together with the neighbouring town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redruth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redruth">Redruth</a>, it forms the largest urban area in Cornwall, and both towns were significant as centres of the global tin mining industry in the 19th century; nearby copper mines were also very productive during that period. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Austell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Austell">St Austell</a> is also larger than Truro and was the centre of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaolin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">china clay</a> industry in Cornwall. Until four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Austell_parishes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Austell parishes">new parishes</a> were created for the St Austell area on 1 April 2009 St Austell was the largest settlement in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Cornwall borders the county of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon">Devon</a> at the River Tamar. Major roads between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A38_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A38 road">A38</a> which crosses the Tamar at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plymouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> via the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamar_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamar Bridge">Tamar Bridge</a> and the town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saltash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saltash">Saltash</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A39_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A39 road">A39 road</a> (Atlantic Highway) from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barnstaple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barnstaple">Barnstaple</a>, passing through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Cornwall">North Cornwall</a> to end in Falmouth, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A30_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A30 road">A30</a> which connects Cornwall to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M5_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M5 motorway">M5 motorway</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, crosses the border south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Launceston,_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Launceston, England">Launceston</a>, crosses Bodmin Moor and connects Bodmin, Truro, Redruth, Camborne, Hayle and Penzance. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torpoint_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torpoint Ferry">Torpoint Ferry</a> links Plymouth with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torpoint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torpoint">Torpoint</a> on the opposite side of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamoaze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamoaze">Hamoaze</a>. A rail bridge, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> built by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> (1859), provides the other main land transport link. The city of Plymouth, a large urban centre in south west Devon, is an important location for services such as hospitals, department stores, road and rail transport, and cultural venues, particularly for people living in east Cornwall. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swansea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, across the Bristol Channel, have at some times in the past been connected to Cornwall by ferry, but these do not operate now.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[47]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> are served by ferry (from Penzance) and by aeroplane, having its own airport: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Airport_(Isles_of_Scilly)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Airport (Isles of Scilly)">St Mary's Airport</a>. There are regular flights between St Mary's and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land%27s_End_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land's End Airport">Land's End Airport</a>, near St Just, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay Airport">Newquay Airport</a>; during the summer season, a service is also provided between St Mary's and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exeter_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exeter Airport">Exeter Airport</a>, in Devon. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flora and fauna of Cornwall">Flora and fauna of Cornwall</a> </div> Cornwall has varied habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems. One noted species in decline locally is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reindeer_lichen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reindeer lichen">Reindeer lichen</a>, which species has been made a priority for protection under the national UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Choughfly816.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Choughfly816.jpg/220px-Choughfly816.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="308"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Choughfly816.jpg/220px-Choughfly816.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Choughfly816.jpg/330px-Choughfly816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Choughfly816.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red-billed_chough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red-billed chough">red-billed chough</a> (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), once commonly seen throughout Cornwall, experienced a severe decline in its population in the 20th century. </figcaption> </figure> Botanists divide Cornwall and Scilly into two vice-counties: West (1) and East (2). The standard flora is by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F._H._Davey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F. H. Davey">F. H. Davey</a> Flora of Cornwall (1909). Davey was assisted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._O._Hume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A. O. Hume">A. O. Hume</a> and he thanks Hume, his companion on excursions in Cornwall and Devon, and for help in the compilation of that Flora, publication of which was financed by him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate" title="Geography of Cornwall">Geography of Cornwall § Climate</a> </div> Cornwall has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oceanic_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Cfb), with mild winters and cool summers. Cornwall has the mildest and one of the sunniest climates of the United Kingdom, as a result of its oceanic setting and the influence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_Stream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The average annual temperature in Cornwall ranges from 11.6 °C (52.9 °F) on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> to 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) in the central uplands. Winters are among the warmest in the country due to the moderating effects of the warm ocean currents, and frost and snow are very rare at the coast and are also rare in the central upland areas. Summers are, however, not as warm as in other parts of southern England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The surrounding sea and its southwesterly position mean that Cornwall's weather can be relatively changeable. Cornwall is one of the sunniest areas in the UK. It has more than 1,541 hours of sunshine per year, with the highest average of 7.6 hours of sunshine per day in July.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The moist, mild air coming from the southwest brings higher amounts of rainfall than in eastern Great Britain, at 1,051 to 1,290 mm (41.4 to 50.8 in) per year. However, this is not as much as in more northern areas of the west coast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The Isles of Scilly, for example, where there are on average fewer than two days of air frost per year, is the only area in the UK to be in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardiness_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardiness zone">Hardiness zone</a> 10. The islands have, on average, less than one day of air temperature exceeding 30 °C per year and are in the AHS Heat Zone 1. Extreme temperatures in Cornwall are particularly rare; however, extreme weather in the form of storms and floods is common. Due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a> Cornwall faces more heatwaves and severe droughts, faster coastal erosion, stronger storms and higher wind speeds as well as the possibility of more high-impact flooding.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[54]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Cornwall">Culture of Cornwall</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">Languages of England</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cornwall" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom § Cornwall</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Cornish_language">Cornish language</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cornish language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg/220px-Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="305"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg/220px-Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg/330px-Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welcome_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welcome sign">welcome sign</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, in the English and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> languages </figcaption> </figure> Cornish, a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brythonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic branch</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language family</a>, died out as a first language in the late 18th century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_revived_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of revived languages">revived</a> by a small number of speakers. It is closely related to the other Brythonic languages (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>), and less so to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goidelic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a>. Cornish has no legal status in the UK. There has been a revival of the language by academics and optimistic enthusiasts since the mid-19th century that gained momentum from the publication in 1904 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Jenner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a>'s Handbook of the Cornish Language. It is a social networking community language rather than a social community group language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Cornwall Council encourages and facilitates language classes within the county, in schools and within the wider community.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[56]</a> In 2002, Cornish was named as a UK regional language in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[57]</a> As a result, in 2005 its promoters received limited government funding.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Several words originating in Cornish are used in the mining terminology of English, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costean">costean</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gossan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gossan">gossan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gunnies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gunnies">gunnies</a>, kibbal,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keeve" class="extiw" title="wikt:keeve">kieve</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[61]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vug">vug</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="English_dialect">English dialect</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: English dialect" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish dialect</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Country_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Country English">West Country English</a> </div> The Cornish language and culture influenced the emergence of particular pronunciations and grammar not used elsewhere in England. The Cornish dialect is spoken to varying degrees; however, someone speaking in broad Cornish may be practically unintelligible to one not accustomed to it. Cornish dialect has generally declined, as in most places it is now little more than a regional accent and grammatical differences have been eroded over time. Marked differences in vocabulary and usage still exist between the eastern and western parts of Cornwall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Flag" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran%27s_Flag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran's Flag">Saint Piran's Flag</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cornwall.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/220px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/220px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/330px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/440px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The flag of Cornwall </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran">Saint Piran</a>'s Flag is the national flag and ancient banner of Cornwall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-66">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rendle-67">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fotw-68">[65]</a> and an emblem of the Cornish people. The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black background (in terms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heraldry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> 'sable, a cross argent'). According to legend Saint Piran adopted these colours from seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his discovery of tin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-66">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittany">Breton</a> black cross <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Brittany">national flag</a> and is known by the same name "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroaz_Du?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroaz Du">Kroaz Du</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg/220px-Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg/220px-Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg/330px-Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg/440px-Pamiatka_z_Kornwalii.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Souvenir flags outside a Cornish café </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Arts_and_media">Arts and media</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Arts and media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Media in Cornwall">Media in Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg/220px-Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg/220px-Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg/330px-Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg/440px-Tate_gallery_St-Ives.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tate Gallery at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg/220px-Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg/220px-Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg/330px-Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg/440px-Sphere_With_Inner_Form.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Artwork in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a> Museum in St Ives </figcaption> </figure> Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong light, has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown. Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art-colony of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newlyn">Newlyn</a>, most active at the turn of the 20th century. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newlyn_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newlyn School">Newlyn School</a> is associated with the names of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanhope_Forbes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanhope Forbes">Stanhope Forbes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_Forbes_(artist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth Forbes (artist)">Elizabeth Forbes</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Garstin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Garstin">Norman Garstin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lamorna_Birch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lamorna Birch">Lamorna Birch</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Modernist writers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D._H._Lawrence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia_Woolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> lived in Cornwall between the wars,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[71]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Nicholson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Nicholson">Ben Nicholson</a>, the painter, having visited in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife, the sculptor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a>, at the outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[72]</a> They were later joined by the Russian emigrant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naum_Gabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naum Gabo">Naum Gabo</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[73]</a> and other artists. These included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lanyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lanyon">Peter Lanyon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terry_Frost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terry Frost">Terry Frost</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_Heron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick Heron">Patrick Heron</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryan_Wynter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryan Wynter">Bryan Wynter</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Hilton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Hilton">Roger Hilton</a>. St Ives also houses the Leach Pottery, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Leach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Leach">Bernard Leach</a>, and his followers championed Japanese inspired studio pottery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Much of this modernist work can be seen in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tate_St_Ives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tate St Ives">Tate St Ives</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The Newlyn Society and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penwith_Society_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penwith Society of Arts">Penwith Society of Arts</a> continue to be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online journal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Local television programmes are provided by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Spotlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Spotlight">BBC South West</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[77]</a> & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_West_Country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITV West Country">ITV West Country</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Radio programmes are produced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Cornwall">BBC Radio Cornwall</a> in Truro for the entire county, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heart West">Heart West</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Source_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Source FM">Source FM</a> for the Falmouth and Penryn areas, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coast_FM_(West_Cornwall)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coast FM (West Cornwall)">Coast FM</a> for west Cornwall, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_St_Austell_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio St Austell Bay">Radio St Austell Bay</a> for the St Austell area, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NCB_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NCB Radio">NCB Radio</a> for north Cornwall & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirate_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate FM">Pirate FM</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music of Cornwall">Music of Cornwall</a> </div> Cornwall has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folk_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folk music">folk music</a> tradition that has survived into the present and is well known for its unusual folk survivals such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mummers_Play?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">Mummers Plays</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furry_Dance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furry Dance">Furry Dance</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helston">Helston</a> played by the famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helston_Town_Band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helston Town Band">Helston Town Band</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obby_Oss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Obby Oss">Obby Oss</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padstow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padstow">Padstow</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newlyn">Newlyn</a> is home to a food and music festival<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[80]</a> that hosts live music, cooking demonstrations, and displays of locally caught fish. As in other former mining districts of Britain, male voice choirs and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brass_band_(British_style)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass band (British style)">brass bands</a>, such as Brass on the Grass concerts during the summer at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine,_Kerrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine, Kerrier">Constantine</a>, are still very popular in Cornwall. Cornwall also has around 40 brass bands, including the six-times National Champions of Great Britain, Camborne Youth Band, and the bands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lanner,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lanner, Cornwall">Lanner</a> and St Dennis. Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several inter-Celtic festivals such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perranporth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perranporth">Perranporth</a>'s Lowender Peran folk festival.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Contemporary musician <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aphex_Twin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aphex Twin">Richard D. James</a> (also known as Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luke_Vibert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luke Vibert">Luke Vibert</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alex_Parks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alex Parks">Alex Parks</a>, winner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fame_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fame Academy">Fame Academy</a> 2003. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)">Roger Taylor</a>, the drummer from the band <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> was also raised in the county, and currently lives not far from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a>. The American singer-songwriter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tori_Amos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tori Amos">Tori Amos</a> now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far from Bude with her family.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lute">lutenist</a>, composer and festival director <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Salfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Salfield">Ben Salfield</a> lives in Truro. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mick_Fleetwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mick Fleetwood">Mick Fleetwood</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a> was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redruth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redruth">Redruth</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cornwall's rich heritage and dramatic landscape have inspired numerous writers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fiction">Fiction</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poldark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poldark">Poldark</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winston_Graham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winston Graham">Winston Graham</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Quiller-Couch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Quiller-Couch">Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch</a>, author of many novels and works of literary criticism, lived in Fowey: his novels are mainly set in Cornwall. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a> lived at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menabilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menabilly">Menabilly</a> near Fowey and many of her novels had Cornish settings: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Loving_Spirit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Loving Spirit">The Loving Spirit</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamaica Inn (novel)">Jamaica Inn</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rebecca_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rebecca (novel)">Rebecca</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frenchman%27s_Creek_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frenchman's Creek (novel)">Frenchman's Creek</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_King%27s_General?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The King's General">The King's General</a> (partially), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/My_Cousin_Rachel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="My Cousin Rachel">My Cousin Rachel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_House_on_the_Strand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The House on the Strand">The House on the Strand</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule_Britannia_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rule Britannia (novel)">Rule Britannia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[83]</a> She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall. Cornwall provided the inspiration for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Birds_(story)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Birds (story)">The Birds</a>, one of her terrifying series of short stories, made famous as a film by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RemainsofTintagel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RemainsofTintagel.jpg/220px-RemainsofTintagel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RemainsofTintagel.jpg/220px-RemainsofTintagel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RemainsofTintagel.jpg/330px-RemainsofTintagel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RemainsofTintagel.jpg/440px-RemainsofTintagel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Remains of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tintagel_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tintagel Castle">Tintagel Castle</a>, reputedly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Arthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s birthplace </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Devil%27s_Foot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Adventure of the Devil's Foot">The Adventure of the Devil's Foot</a> featuring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> is set in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winston_Graham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winston Graham">Winston Graham</a>'s series <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poldark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poldark">Poldark</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kate_Tremayne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kate Tremayne">Kate Tremayne</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Loveday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Loveday">Adam Loveday</a> series, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Susan_Cooper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Susan Cooper">Susan Cooper</a>'s novels <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Over_Sea,_Under_Stone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Over Sea, Under Stone">Over Sea, Under Stone</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[86]</a> and Greenwitch, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Wesley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Wesley">Mary Wesley</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Camomile_Lawn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Camomile Lawn">The Camomile Lawn</a> are all set in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander Kent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_Reeman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas Reeman">Douglas Reeman</a> sets parts of his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Bolitho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bolitho">Richard Bolitho</a> and Adam Bolitho series in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, particularly in Falmouth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_K._Chesterton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert K. Chesterton">Gilbert K. Chesterton</a> placed the action of many of his stories there. Medieval Cornwall is the setting of the trilogy by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monica_Furlong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monica Furlong">Monica Furlong</a>, Wise Child, Juniper and Colman, as well as part of Charles Kingsley's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hereward_the_Wake_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hereward the Wake (novel)">Hereward the Wake</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hammond_Innes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hammond Innes">Hammond Innes</a>'s novel, The Killer Mine;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_de_Lint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles de Lint">Charles de Lint</a>'s novel The Little Country;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[88]</a> and Chapters 24–25 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._K._Rowling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a> take place in Cornwall (Shell Cottage, on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[89]</a> David Cornwell, who wrote espionage novels under the name <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a>, lived and worked in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize-winning</a> novelist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Golding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Golding">William Golding</a> was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Columb_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Columb Minor">St Columb Minor</a> in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D._H._Lawrence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> spent a short time living in Cornwall. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosamunde_Pilcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosamunde Pilcher">Rosamunde Pilcher</a> grew up in Cornwall, and several of her books take place there. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Michael's Mount">St. Michael's Mount</a> in Cornwall (under the fictional name of Mount Polbearne) is the setting of the Little Beach Street Bakery series by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_Colgan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny Colgan">Jenny Colgan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[92]</a> who spent holidays in Cornwall as a child.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The book series includes Little Beach Street Bakery (2014), Summer at Little Beach Street Bakery (2015), Christmas at Little Beach Street Bakery (2016), and Sunrise by the Sea (2021). In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paddington_Bear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a> novels by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Bond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Bond">Michael Bond</a> the title character is said to have landed at an unspecified port in Cornwall having travelled in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboat</a> aboard a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cargo_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> from darkest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peru">Peru</a>. From here he travels to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a> on a train and eventually arrives at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paddington_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington Station">Paddington Station</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enid_Blyton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s 1953 novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Go_Down_to_the_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Go Down to the Sea">Five Go Down to the Sea</a> (the twelfth book in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Famous_Five?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Famous Five">The Famous Five</a> series) is set in Cornwall, near the fictional coastal village of Tremannon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Poetry">Poetry</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg/220px-ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="439"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg/220px-ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg/330px-ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg/440px-ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> "FOR THE FALLEN" plaque with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Rumps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Rumps">the Rumps</a> promontory beyond </figcaption> </figure> The late <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poet_Laureate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Betjeman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Betjeman">Sir John Betjeman</a> was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Enodoc%27s_Church,_Trebetherick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick">St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Causley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Causley">Charles Causley</a>, the poet, was born in Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_Clemo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack Clemo">Jack Clemo</a> and the scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._L._Rowse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> were also notable Cornishmen known for their poetry; The Rev. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Stephen_Hawker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stephen Hawker">R. S. Hawker</a> of Morwenstow wrote some poetry which was very popular in the Victorian period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[96]</a> The Scottish poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W._S._Graham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="W. S. Graham">W. S. Graham</a> lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurence_Binyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurence Binyon">Laurence Binyon</a> wrote "For the Fallen" (first published in 1914) while sitting on the cliffs between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentire_Head?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentire Head">Pentire Point</a> and The Rumps and a stone plaque was erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription "FOR THE FALLEN / Composed on these cliffs, 1914". The plaque also bears below this the fourth stanza (sometimes referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ode_of_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ode of Remembrance">"The Ode"</a>) of the poem: <dl> <dd> They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old </dd> <dd> Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn </dd> <dd> At the going down of the sun and in the morning </dd> <dd> We will remember them </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other_literary_works">Other literary works</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other literary works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cornwall produced a substantial number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passion_play?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">passion plays</a> such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordinalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a> during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. See also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colin_Wilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a>, a prolific writer who is best known for his debut work <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Outsider_(Colin_Wilson)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Outsider (Colin Wilson)">The Outsider</a> (1956) and for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Mind_Parasites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Mind Parasites">The Mind Parasites</a> (1967), lived in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorran_Haven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorran Haven">Gorran Haven</a>, a small village on the southern Cornish coast. The writer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D._M._Thomas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D. M. Thomas">D. M. Thomas</a> was born in Redruth but lived and worked in Australia and the United States before returning to his native Cornwall. He has written novels, poetry, and other works, including translations from Russian. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Hardy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s drama <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Famous_Tragedy_of_the_Queen_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall">The Queen of Cornwall</a> (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s opera <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> takes place in Cornwall, as do <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s operettas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruddigore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruddigore">Ruddigore</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clara_Vyvyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Vyvyan">Clara Vyvyan</a> was the author of various books about many aspects of Cornish life such as Our Cornwall. She once wrote: "The Loneliness of Cornwall is a loneliness unchanged by the presence of men, its freedoms a freedom inexpressible by description or epitaph. Your cannot say Cornwall is this or that. Your cannot describe it in a word or visualise it in a second. You may know the country from east to west and sea to sea, but if you close your eyes and think about it no clear-cut image rises before you. In this quality of changefulness have we possibly surprised the secret of Cornwall's wild spirit—in this intimacy the essence of its charm? Cornwall!".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[98]</a> A level of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomb_Raider:_Legend?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomb Raider: Legend">Tomb Raider: Legend</a>, a game dealing with Arthurian Legend, takes place in Cornwall at a museum above King Arthur's tomb. The adventure game The Lost Crown is set in the fictional town of Saxton, which uses the Cornish settlements of Polperro, Talland and Looe as its model.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[99]</a> The fairy tale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_the_Giant_Killer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack the Giant Killer">Jack the Giant Killer</a> takes place in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Mousehole_Cat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Mousehole Cat">The Mousehole Cat</a>, a children's book written by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonia_Barber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonia Barber">Antonia Barber</a> and illustrated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicola_Bayley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicola Bayley">Nicola Bayley</a>, is set in the Cornish village <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mousehole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mousehole">Mousehole</a> and based on the legend of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Bawcock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Bawcock">Tom Bawcock</a> and the continuing tradition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Bawcock%27s_Eve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Bawcock's Eve">Tom Bawcock's Eve</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in Cornwall">Sport in Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG/170px-Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG/170px-Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG/255px-Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG/340px-Gerry_and_Ashley_Cawley.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> </figcaption> </figure> The main sports played in Cornwall are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union">rugby</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. Athletes from Truro have done well in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olympic_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> fencing, winning several medals. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> is popular, particularly with tourists, thousands of whom take to the water throughout the summer months. Some towns and villages have bowling clubs, and a wide variety of British sports are played throughout Cornwall. Cornwall is also one of the few <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Shinty_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Shinty Club">places</a> in England where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinty">shinty</a> is played; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Shinty_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Shinty Association">English Shinty Association</a> is based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_County_Cricket_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall County Cricket Club">Cornwall County Cricket Club</a> plays as one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minor_counties_of_English_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor counties of English cricket">minor counties of English cricket</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clegg10-104">[101]</a> Truro, and all of the towns and some villages have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">football</a> clubs belonging to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_County_Football_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall County Football Association">Cornwall County Football Association</a>, and some clubs have teams competing higher within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_football_league_pyramid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="English football league pyramid">English football league pyramid</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NLM-105">[102]</a> Of these, the highest ranked — by two flights — is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro_City_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro City F.C.">Truro City F.C.</a>, who will be playing in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_League_South?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National League South">National League South</a> in the 2023–24 season.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Other notable Cornish teams include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mousehole_A.F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mousehole A.F.C.">Mousehole A.F.C.</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helston_Athletic_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helston Athletic F.C.">Helston Athletic F.C.</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth_Town_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Falmouth Town F.C.">Falmouth Town F.C.</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NLM-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Rugby_football">Rugby football</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rugby football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union in Cornwall">Rugby union in Cornwall</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby league in Cornwall">Rugby league in Cornwall</a> </div> Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> has become a sport strongly tied to notions of Cornishness.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv221-107">[104]</a> and since the 20th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union in Cornwall">rugby union</a> has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall (perhaps the most popular), with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clegg10-104">[101]</a> "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornishRug-108">[105]</a> In 1985, sports journalist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Gibson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Gibson">Alan Gibson</a> made a direct connection between the love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornishRug-108">[105]</a> Among Cornwall's native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic wrestling related to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittany">Breton</a> wrestling, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hurling_the_Silver_Ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurling the Silver Ball">Cornish hurling</a>, a kind of mediaeval football played with a silver ball (distinct from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hurling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hurling">Irish Hurling</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Wrestling">Cornish Wrestling</a> is Cornwall's oldest sport and as Cornwall's native tradition it has travelled the world to places like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria,_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley, California</a> following the miners and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold_rushes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold rushes">gold rushes</a>. Cornish hurling now takes place at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Columb_Major?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Columb Major">St. Columb Major</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a>, and less frequently at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[d]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_league?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_R.L.F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall R.L.F.C.">Cornwall R.L.F.C.</a>, founded in 2021, will represent the county in the professional league system. The semi-pro club will start in the third tier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFL_League_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFL League 1">RFL League 1</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[106]</a> At an amateur level, the county is represented by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Rebels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Rebels">Cornish Rebels</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Surfing_and_watersports">Surfing and watersports</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Surfing and watersports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg/220px-Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg/220px-Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg/330px-Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg/440px-Pilot_Gigs_St_Mary%27s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The world <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_pilot_gig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish pilot gig">pilot gig</a> rowing championships take place annually in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GwithianSurfing.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/GwithianSurfing.jpg/220px-GwithianSurfing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/GwithianSurfing.jpg/220px-GwithianSurfing.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/GwithianSurfing.jpg/330px-GwithianSurfing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/GwithianSurfing.jpg/440px-GwithianSurfing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cornwall's north coast is known as a centre for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfing">surfing</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Due to its long coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfing">surfing</a>. International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the Inter-Celtic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Watersports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Watersports">Watersports</a> Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very popular, as locations such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bude">Bude</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a> offer some of the best surf in the UK. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_pilot_gig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish pilot gig">Pilot gig</a> rowing has been popular for many years and the World championships takes place annually on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>. On 2 September 2007, 300 surfers at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polzeath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polzeath">Polzeath</a> beach set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave as part of the Global Surf Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_warming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fencing">Fencing</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fencing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As its population is comparatively small, and largely rural, Cornwall's contribution to British national <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">sport in the United Kingdom</a> has been limited;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clegg10-104">[101]</a> the county's greatest successes have come in fencing. In 2014, half of the men's GB team fenced for Truro Fencing Club, and 3 Truro fencers appeared at the 2012 Olympics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornish cuisine</a> </div> Cornwall has a strong culinary heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newlyn">Newlyn</a> is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed, and is known for its wide range of restaurants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Television chef <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rick_Stein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rick Stein">Rick Stein</a> has long operated a fish restaurant in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padstow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padstow">Padstow</a> for this reason, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamie_Oliver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamie Oliver">Jamie Oliver</a> chose to open his second restaurant, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifteen_(restaurant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteen (restaurant)">Fifteen</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Watergate_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Watergate Bay">Watergate Bay</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MasterChef_(UK_TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterChef (UK TV series)">MasterChef</a> host and founder of Smiths of Smithfield, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Torode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Torode">John Torode</a>, in 2007 purchased Seiners in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perranporth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perranporth">Perranporth</a>. One famous local fish dish is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stargazy_pie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stargazy pie">Stargazy pie</a>, a fish-based pie in which the heads of the fish stick through the piecrust, as though "star-gazing". The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Bawcock%27s_Eve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Bawcock's Eve">Tom Bawcock's Eve</a>, but is not generally eaten at any other time. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg/220px-Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="973"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg/220px-Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg/330px-Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg/440px-Cornish_pasty_-_cut.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasty">pasty</a> </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasty">pasties</a>, a savoury dish made with pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swedish_turnip?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish turnip">swede</a> with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. "Turmut, 'tates and mate" (i.e. "Turnip, potatoes and meat", turnip being the Cornish and Scottish term for swede, itself an abbreviation of 'Swedish Turnip', the British term for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutabaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutabaga">rutabaga</a>) describes a filling once very common. For instance, the licky pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley, and shallots.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies. Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam, apple and blackberry, plums or cherries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Martin-115">[111]</a> The wet climate and relatively poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops. However, it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the production of Cornwall's other famous export, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clotted_cream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>. This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fudge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fudge">fudge</a> and Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_cream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>. Cornish clotted cream has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">Protected Geographical Status</a> under EU law,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[112]</a> and cannot be made anywhere else. Its principal manufacturer is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._E._Rodda_%26_Son?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A. E. Rodda & Son">A. E. Rodda & Son</a> of Scorrier. Local cakes and desserts include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saffron_bun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saffron bun">Saffron cake</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavy_cake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heavy cake">Cornish heavy (hevva) cake</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_fairings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish fairings">Cornish fairings</a> biscuits, figgy 'obbin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cream_tea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cream tea">Cream tea</a> and whortleberry pie.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[115]</a> There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall—those produced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharp%27s_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharp's Brewery">Sharp's Brewery</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skinner%27s_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skinner's Brewery">Skinner's Brewery</a>, Keltek Brewery and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Austell_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Austell Brewery">St Austell Brewery</a> are the best known—including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stout">stouts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ale">ales</a> and other beer types. There is some small scale production of wine, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mead">mead</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cider?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cider">cider</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Politics_and_administration">Politics and administration</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Politics and administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Cornwall">Politics of Cornwall</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cornish_national_identity">Cornish national identity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cornish national identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png/220px-Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="18793" data-file-height="17495"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png/220px-Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png/330px-Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png/440px-Cornish_National_Identity_2011_Census.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The percentage of respondents who gave "Cornish" as an answer to the National Identity question in the 2011 census </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall is recognised by Cornish and Celtic political groups as one of six Celtic nations, alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, Ireland, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isle_of_Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, Scotland and Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Teverson-120">[116]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mebyon_Kernow_1-121">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-League_1-122">[118]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Celtic_Congress_1-123">[119]</a> (The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isle of Man Government">Isle of Man Government</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> also recognise <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asturias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Welsh_Government_1-124">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vannin_1-125">[121]</a>) Cornwall is represented, as one of the Celtic nations, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>, an annual celebration of Celtic culture held in Brittany.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Festival_1-126">[122]</a> Cornwall Council consider Cornwall's unique cultural heritage and distinctiveness to be one of the area's major assets. They see Cornwall's language, landscape, Celtic identity, political history, patterns of settlement, maritime tradition, industrial heritage, and non-conformist tradition, to be among the features making up its "distinctive" culture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[123]</a> However, it is uncertain exactly how many of the people living in Cornwall consider themselves to be Cornish; results from different surveys (including the national census) have varied. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001 census</a>, 7 per cent of people in Cornwall identified themselves as Cornish, rather than British or English. However, activists have argued that this underestimated the true number as there was no explicit "Cornish" option included in the official census form.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Subsequent surveys have suggested that as many as 44 per cent identify as Cornish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Many people in Cornwall say that this issue would be resolved if a Cornish option became available on the census.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The question and content recommendations for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a> provided an explanation of the process of selecting an ethnic identity which is relevant to the understanding of the often quoted figure of 37,000 who claimed Cornish identity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[127]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a> found that 17% of people in Cornwall identified as being Cornish (89,000), with 14% of people in Cornwall identifying as Cornish-only (80,000).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Over_100,000_people_identify_as_Cornish_in_latest_census-132">[128]</a> Again there was no tick-box provided, and "Cornish" had to be written-in as "Other".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Over_100,000_people_identify_as_Cornish_in_latest_census-132">[128]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[129]</a> On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people have been granted minority status under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc_minority_status-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Local_politics">Local politics</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Local politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_electoral_divisions_and_wards_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of electoral divisions and wards in Cornwall">List of electoral divisions and wards in Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:New_County_Hall.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_County_Hall.jpg/220px-New_County_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_County_Hall.jpg/220px-New_County_Hall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_County_Hall.jpg/330px-New_County_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_County_Hall.jpg/440px-New_County_Hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>'s headquarters in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CornwallConstituencies2010.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CornwallConstituencies2010.gif/220px-CornwallConstituencies2010.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1116"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CornwallConstituencies2010.gif/220px-CornwallConstituencies2010.gif" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CornwallConstituencies2010.gif/330px-CornwallConstituencies2010.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CornwallConstituencies2010.gif/440px-CornwallConstituencies2010.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> From the 2010 general election, Cornwall has had six parliamentary constituencies. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_county?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial county</a> of Cornwall is made up of two local government districts; mainland Cornwall, governed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Cornwall Council, formerly Cornwall County Council until 2009, is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> based at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys Kernow">Lys Kernow</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a>. The Isles of Scilly are governed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_generis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Council of the Isles of Scilly</a> based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_Town?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh Town">Hugh Town</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[133]</a> and have been administered by their own unitary authority since 1890. They are grouped with Cornwall for other administrative purposes, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon and Cornwall Constabulary">Devon and Cornwall Police</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iosuatt-138">[134]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iosrdtt-139">[135]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro_Crown_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro Crown Court">The county's Crown Court</a> is based at the Courts of Justice in Truro. Magistrates' Courts are found in Truro (but at a different location to the Crown Court) and at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a>. Cornwall County Council was established in 1889 under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> reorganised the county's second tier of administration with the formation of six district councils: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caradon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caradon">Caradon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrick,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrick, Cornwall">Carrick</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerrier">Kerrier</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Cornwall">North Cornwall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penwith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penwith">Penwith</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restormel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restormel">Restormel</a>. In 2009, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2009_structural_changes_to_local_government_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2009 structural changes to local government in England">structural changes to local government in England</a> resulted in the abolition of the six district councils and turned Cornwall Council into a unitary authority. While projected to streamline services, cut <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_tape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red tape">red tape</a> and save around £17 million a year, the reorganisation was met with wide opposition, with a poll in 2008 showing 89% disapproval from Cornish residents.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2009_Cornwall_Council_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2009 Cornwall Council election">first elections</a> for the unitary authority were held on 4 June 2009. At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_Cornwall_Council_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 Cornwall Council election">most recent council election in 2021</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> won 47 of the 87 seats. Also elected were 16 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_politician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent politician">independent</a> councillors, 13 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, five from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, five from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> and one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> representative. Before the creation of the unitary council, the former county council had 82 seats, the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats, elected at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_local_elections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2005 United Kingdom local elections">2005 county council elections</a>. The six former districts had a total of 249 council seats, and the groups with greatest numbers of councillors were Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Independents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Parliament_and_national_politics">Parliament and national politics</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Parliament and national politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Cornwall">List of parliamentary constituencies in Cornwall</a> </div> Until 1832, Cornwall was represented by 44 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Commons_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons (UK)">House of Commons</a>—more than any other county—reflecting the importance of tin mining to the Crown.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Most of the increase in numbers of MPs came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_Act_1832?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[141]</a> which enacted widespread changes to the country's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> and reduced Cornwall's number of MPs to 14. This was reduced further in subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">boundary commission</a> reviews to better reflect Cornwall's population. The county is currently divided into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Cornwall">six county constituencies</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and its successor, the Liberal Democrats, have traditionally been popular in Cornwall; the Liberals won every Cornish seat in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910</a>, and again in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> despite the party finishing third nationally. The Liberal Democrats won every seat in the county in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a>, but lost seats to the Conservatives in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a> before being wiped out in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a>. The Conservatives won all six Cornish seats in 2015, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a>. Following expectation of a Conservative defeat at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, Cornwall was considered a three-party battleground.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[142]</a> The Conservatives lost all six seats and the county is currently represented by four Labour and two Liberal Democrat MPs. Although Cornwall does not have a designated government department, in 2007 while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a> David Cameron created a Shadow Secretary of State for Cornwall. The position was not made into a formal UK Cabinet position when Cameron entered government following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 United Kingdom general election</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> UK general election results in Cornwall </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Party</th> <th colspan="5">Votes (%)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>2010</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2024</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E4003B"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td> <td>24,257 (8.6%)</td> <td>36,235 (12.3%)</td> <td>83,968 (26.7%)</td> <td>74,392 (23.1%)</td> <td>77,517 (26.3%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0087DC"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>115,016 (40.9%)</td> <td>127,079 (43.1%)</td> <td>152,428 (48.4%)</td> <td>173,117 (53.7%)</td> <td>76,817 (26.1%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FAA61A"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a></td> <td>117,307 (41.8%)</td> <td>66,056 (22.4%)</td> <td>73,875 (23.5%)</td> <td>62,169 (19.3%)</td> <td>73,691 (25.0%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#12B6CF"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reform UK">Reform</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>n/a</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">n/a</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">n/a</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">n/a</td> <td>48,574 (16.5%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#02A95B"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a></td> <td>3,573 (1.3%)</td> <td>17,241 (5.8%)</td> <td>3,218 (1.0%)</td> <td>7,139 (2.2%)</td> <td>13,778 (4.7%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6D3177"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UKIP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIP">UKIP</a></td> <td>13,763 (4.9%)</td> <td>40,785 (13.8%)</td> <td>897 (0.3%)</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">n/a</td> <td>111 (0.0%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"></td> <td style="text-align:left;">Others</td> <td>6,965 (2.5%)</td> <td>7,432 (2.5%)</td> <td>323 (0.1%)</td> <td>5,262 (1.6%)</td> <td>3,740 (1.3%)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Total</th> <th>280,881</th> <th>294,828</th> <th>314,709</th> <th>322,079</th> <th>294,228</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Devolution_movement">Devolution movement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Devolution movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a> </div> Cornish nationalists have organised into two political parties: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a>, formed in 1951, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Nationalist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Nationalist Party">Cornish Nationalist Party</a>. In addition to the political parties, there are various interest groups such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revived_Cornish_Stannary_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament">Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a>. The Cornish Constitutional Convention was formed in 2000 as a cross-party organisation including representatives from the private, public and voluntary sectors to campaign for the creation of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Assembly">Cornish Assembly</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-148">[144]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ccc-149">[145]</a> along the lines of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>. Between 5 March 2000 and December 2001, the campaign collected the signatures of 41,650 Cornish residents endorsing the call for a devolved assembly, along with 8,896 signatories from outside Cornwall. The resulting petition was presented to the Prime Minister, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Blair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-148">[144]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Emergency services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon and Cornwall Police</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service">Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Western_Ambulance_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Western Ambulance Service">South Western Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Air_Ambulance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Air Ambulance">Cornwall Air Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HM_Coastguard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Coastguard">HM Coastguard</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Search_%26_Rescue_Team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Search & Rescue Team">Cornwall Search & Rescue Team</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Transport_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Cornwall">Economy of Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FalmouthDocks.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FalmouthDocks.jpg/220px-FalmouthDocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1082"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FalmouthDocks.jpg/220px-FalmouthDocks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FalmouthDocks.jpg/330px-FalmouthDocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FalmouthDocks.jpg/440px-FalmouthDocks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Falmouth Docks is the major port of Cornwall, and one of the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_harbour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbours</a> in the world </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Eden_project1.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eden_project1.JPG/220px-Eden_project1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1396"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eden_project1.JPG/220px-Eden_project1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eden_project1.JPG/330px-Eden_project1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eden_project1.JPG/440px-Eden_project1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eden_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a> near St Austell, Cornwall's largest tourist attraction in terms of visitor numbers </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall is one of the poorest parts of the United Kingdom in terms of per capita GDP and average household incomes. At the same time, parts of the county, especially on the coast, have high house prices, driven up by demand from relatively wealthy retired people and second-home owners.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Indypoverty-150">[146]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_value_added?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> per head was 65% of the UK average for 2004.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The GDP per head for Cornwall and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> was 79.2% of the EU-27 average for 2004, the UK per head average was 123.0%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[148]</a> In 2011, the latest available figures, Cornwall's (including the Isles of Scilly) measure of wealth was 64% of the European average per capita.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Historically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining in Cornwall and Devon">mining of tin</a> (and later also of copper) was important in the Cornish economy. The first reference to this appears to be by Pytheas: see above. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> was the last classical writer to mention the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin">tin</a> trade, which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages and its importance to the Kings of England resulted in certain privileges being granted to the tinners; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish rebellion of 1497">Cornish rebellion of 1497</a> is attributed to grievances of the tin miners.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[151]</a> In the mid-19th century, however, the tin trade again fell into decline. Other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_sector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">primary sector</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industry_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> that have declined since the 1960s include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_clay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="China clay">china clay</a> production, fishing and farming. Today, the Cornish economy depends heavily on its tourist industry, which makes up around a quarter of the economy. The official measures of deprivation and poverty at district and 'sub-ward' level show that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the poorest in England and others among the top half in prosperity. For example, the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation (2006) ranged from 819th (part of Penzance East) to 30,899th (part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon), where the lower number represents the greater deprivation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Cornwall was one of two UK areas designated as 'less developed regions' by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which, prior to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brexit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, meant the area qualified for EU Cohesion Policy grants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[154]</a> It was granted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Objective 1</a> status by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> for 2000 to 2006,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[155]</a> followed by further rounds of funding known as 'Convergence Funding' from 2007 to 2013<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[156]</a> and 'Growth Programme' for 2014 to 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg/220px-Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg/220px-Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg/330px-Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg/440px-Cliffs_at_Bedruthan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The cliffs at Bedruthan </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall has a tourism-based seasonal economy which is estimated to contribute up to[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] 24% of Cornwall's gross domestic product.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In 2011 tourism brought £1.85 billion into the Cornish economy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom's main centres of population. Surrounded on three sides by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Channel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South West Coast Path">South West Coast Path</a> follows a complete circuit of both coasts. Other tourist attractions include moorland, country gardens, museums, historic and prehistoric sites, and wooded valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year, mostly drawn from within the UK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Visitors to Cornwall are served by the airport at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>, whilst private jets, charters and helicopters are also served by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perranporth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perranporth">Perranporth</a> airfield; nightsleeper and daily rail services run between Cornwall, London and other regions of the UK. Newquay and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porthtowan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porthtowan">Porthtowan</a> are popular destinations for surfers. In recent years, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eden_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Austell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Austell">St Austell</a> has been a major financial success, drawing one in eight of Cornwall's visitors in 2004.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[161]</a> In the summer of 2018, due to the recognition of its beaches and weather through social media and the marketing of travel companies, Cornwall received about 20 per cent more visitors than the usual 4.5 million figure. The sudden rise and demand of tourism in Cornwall caused multiple traffic and safety issues in coastal areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[162]</a> In October 2021, Cornwall was longlisted for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_City_of_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK City of Culture">UK City of Culture</a> 2025, but failed to make the March 2022 shortlist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fishing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg/220px-Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="579"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg/220px-Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg/330px-Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg/440px-Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tin mines between Camborne and Redruth, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890 </figcaption> </figure> Other industries include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fishing_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fishing in Cornwall">fishing</a>, although this has been significantly re-structured by EU fishing policies (as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCornwall%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a> the Southwest Handline Fishermen's Association has started to revive the fishing industry).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agriculture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Agriculture, once an important part of the Cornish economy, has declined significantly relative to other industries. However, there is still a strong dairy industry, with products such as Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clotted_cream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">Mining in Cornwall</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg/260px-Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg/260px-Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg/390px-Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg/520px-Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levant_Mine_and_Beam_Engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levant Mine and Beam Engine">Levant Mine</a> in St Just Mining District </figcaption> </figure> Mining of tin and copper was also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[165]</a> However, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camborne_School_of_Mines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camborne School of Mines">Camborne School of Mines</a>, which was relocated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penryn_Campus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penryn Campus">Penryn</a> in 2004, is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and applied geology<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[166]</a> and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaolinite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a> extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector, although the industry still employs around 2,133 people in Cornwall, and generates over £80 million to the local economy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[168]</a> In March 2016, a Canadian company, Strongbow Exploration, had acquired, from administration, a 100% interest in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Crofty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Crofty">South Crofty</a> tin mine and the associated mineral rights in Cornwall with the aim of reopening the mine and bringing it back to full production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Work is currently ongoing to build a water filtration plant in order to dewater the mine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Internet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cornwall is the landing point for twenty-two of the world's fastest high-speed undersea and transatlantic fibre optic cables, making Cornwall an important hub within Europe's Internet infrastructure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[170]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiber to the x">Superfast Cornwall</a> project completed in 2015,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[171]</a> and saw 95% of Cornish houses and businesses connected to a fibre-based broadband network, with over 90% of properties able to connect with speeds above 24 Mbit/s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aerospace">Aerospace</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Aerospace" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The county's newest industry is aviation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay Airport">Newquay Airport</a> is the home of a growing business park with Enterprise Zone status, known as Aerohub. Also a space launch facility, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaceport_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceport Cornwall">Spaceport Cornwall</a>, has been established at Newquay, in partnership with Goonhilly satellite tracking station near Helston in south Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[173]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Cornwall">Demographics of Cornwall</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Cornwall_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of settlements in Cornwall by population">List of settlements in Cornwall by population</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornwall_population.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cornwall_population.png/220px-Cornwall_population.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cornwall_population.png/220px-Cornwall_population.png" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cornwall_population.png/330px-Cornwall_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cornwall_population.png/440px-Cornwall_population.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Graph showing Cornwall's population from 1800 to 2000 </figcaption> </figure> Cornwall's population was 537,400 in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>, with a population density of 144 people per square kilometre, ranking it 40th and 41st, respectively,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] among the 47 counties of England. Cornwall's population was 95.7% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White British">White British</a> and has a relatively high rate of population growth. At 11.2% in the 1980s and 5.3% in the 1990s, it had the fifth-highest population growth rate of the counties of England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The natural change has been a small population decline, and the population increase is due to inward migration into Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[175]</a> According to the 1991 census, the population was 469,800. Cornwall has a relatively high retired population, with 22.9% of pensionable age, compared with 20.3% for the United Kingdom as a whole.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[176]</a> This may be due partly to Cornwall's rural and coastal geography increasing its popularity as a retirement location, and partly to outward migration of younger residents to more economically diverse areas.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of schools in Cornwall">List of schools in Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Falmouth_University.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falmouth_University.jpg/220px-Falmouth_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="2770"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falmouth_University.jpg/220px-Falmouth_University.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falmouth_University.jpg/330px-Falmouth_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falmouth_University.jpg/440px-Falmouth_University.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth University</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lizard,_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg/220px-Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg/220px-Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg/330px-Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg/440px-Lizard%2C_Landewednack_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1837825.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Landewednack Primary School </figcaption> </figure> Over 10,000 students attend Cornwall's two universities, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth University</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camborne_School_of_Mines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camborne School of Mines">Camborne School of Mines</a>). Falmouth University is a specialist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_university?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public university">public university</a> for the creative industries and arts, while the University Of Exeter has two campuses in Cornwall, Truro and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penryn_Campus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penryn Campus">Penryn</a>, the latter shared with Falmouth. Penryn campus is home to educational departments such as the rapidly growing Centre for Ecology and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a> (CEC), the Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_Cornish_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of Cornish Studies">Institute of Cornish Studies</a>. Cornwall has a comprehensive education system, with 31 state and eight independent secondary schools. There are three further education colleges: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro_and_Penwith_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro and Penwith College">Truro and Penwith College</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_College_(England)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwall College (England)">Cornwall College</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Callywith_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Callywith College">Callywith College</a> which opened in September 2017. The Isles of Scilly only has one school, while the former Restormel district has the highest school population, and school year sizes are around 200, with none above 270. Before the introduction of comprehensive schools there were a number of grammar schools and secondary modern schools, e.g. the schools that later became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_James_Smith%27s_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sir James Smith's School">Sir James Smith's School</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wadebridge_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wadebridge School">Wadebridge School</a>. There are also primary schools in many villages and towns: e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Mabyn_Church_of_England_Primary_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Mabyn Church of England Primary School">St Mabyn Church of England Primary School</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in Cornwall">Christianity in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Index_of_Cornwall-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Index of Cornwall-related articles">Index of Cornwall-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outline_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outline of Cornwall">Outline of Cornwall</a> – overview of the wide range of topics covered by this subject</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamar_Valley_AONB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar Valley AONB">Tamar Valley AONB</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eilert_Ekwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eilert Ekwall">Eilert Ekwall</a> who studied the place-names of England in the 1930s and 40s gives the following forms: Cornubia in Vita Melori &c.; Middle Welsh Cerniu; Welsh Cernyw; Cornish: Kernow; (on) Cornwalum ASC 891; Cornwealum ASC(E) 997; "The Brit name goes back to *Cornavia probably derived from the tribal name Cornovii. OE Cornwealas means 'the Welsh in Cornwall' this folk-name later became the name of the district".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>" is derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> word <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walhaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a>, meaning "Romanised foreigner"; through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> welisċ, wælisċ, wilisċ, meaning "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romano-British_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British</a>"; to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> Welsh. The same etymology applies to Cornwall and to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> in Belgium.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> Britain's only other example of an ophiolite, the Shetland ophiolite, is older, and linked to the Grampian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orogeny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> The Bodmin hurl is held whenever the ceremony of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beating_the_bounds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beating the bounds">beating the bounds</a> takes place: each occasion must be five years or more after the last one.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette64352" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/64352/page/5930">"No. 64352"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_London_Gazette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 22 March 2024. p. 5930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+64352&rft.pages=5930&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F64352%2Fpage%2F5930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri%3D/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/mid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas/1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx">"Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2022+population+estimates+by+Lieutenancy+areas+%28as+at+1997%29+for+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Faboutus%2Ftransparencyandgovernance%2Ffreedomofinformationfoi%2Fmid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas%2F1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E06000052" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare%3DE06000052">"2021 Census Area Profile – Cornwall Local Authority (E06000052)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Cornwall+Local+Authority+%28E06000052%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE06000052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri%3D/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612161646/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Cornwall">"Meaning of Cornwall in English"</a>. Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lexico.com/definition/cornwall">the original</a> on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+Cornwall+in+English&rft.pub=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcornwall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gerlyver Kernewek (FSS) Cornish Dictionary (SWF). Cornwall Council, Truro, Cornwall, UK. 2018. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerlyver+Kernewek+%28FSS%29+Cornish+Dictionary+%28SWF%29&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cornwall+Council%2C+Truro%2C+Cornwall%2C+UK&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Interpretation_Act_1978-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Interpretation_Act_1978_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/schedule/1/">"Interpretation Act 1978: Schedule 1"</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1978 c. 30 (sch. 1), retrieved 16 February 2024, <q>"England" means, subject to any alteration of boundaries under Part IV of the Local Government Act 1972, the area consisting of the counties established by section 1 of that Act, Greater London and the Isles of Scilly. [1st April 1974].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Interpretation+Act+1978%26%2358%3B+Schedule+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1978%2F30%2Fschedule%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term%3DCornwall">"Cornwall"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927091845/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term%3DCornwall">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornwall&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DCornwall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search%3Dhorn%26searchmode%3Dnone">"Horn"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927091746/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search%3Dhorn%26searchmode%3Dnone">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horn&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dhorn%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Payton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Payton">Payton, Philip</a> (2004). Cornwall: a history (revised ed.). 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(1986). Celtic Britain. (Ancient Peoples & Places Series.) London: Thames & Hudson</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> Ekwall, E., The Concise Dictionary of English Place-names, 2nd ed., 1940, p. 117a.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwalls.co.uk/history%23:~:text%3DThe%2520name%2520Cornwall%2520is%2520most,name%2520of%2520the%2520country%2520Wales.">"Cornish History – Stone Age to Present Day"</a>. www.cornwalls.co.uk. 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Unity & Variety: A History of the Church in Devon & Cornwall. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>. pp. 1–22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859893553?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0859893553"><bdi>0859893553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+%26+Variety%3A+A+History+of+the+Church+in+Devon+%26+Cornwall&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0859893553&rft.aulast=Orme&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProbert2010" class="citation book cs1">Probert, Duncan (2010). New light on Aldhelm's letter to King Gerent of Dumnonia. Oxbow Books. pp. 110–28. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842173572?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781842173572"><bdi>9781842173572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+light+on+Aldhelm%27s+letter+to+King+Gerent+of+Dumnonia.&rft.pages=110-28&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781842173572&rft.aulast=Probert&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html">"Medieval Sourcebook: The Annales Cambriae 447–954 (The Annals of Wales)"</a>. Fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204110611/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+The+Annales+Cambriae+447%E2%80%93954+%28The+Annals+of+Wales%29&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fannalescambriae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weatherhill,_Craig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherhill, Craig">Weatherhill, Craig</a> Cornovia; p. 10</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005105356/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Book/CHAPTERS/XIV.html">"The Foundation of the Kingdom of England"</a>. Third-millennium-library.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Book/CHAPTERS/XIV.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Foundation+of+the+Kingdom+of+England&rft.pub=Third-millennium-library.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.third-millennium-library.com%2FMedievalHistory%2FBook%2FCHAPTERS%2FXIV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2022" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, John (2022). The Western Kingdom: The Birth of Cornwall. The History Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1803990002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1803990002"><bdi>978-1803990002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Kingdom%3A+The+Birth+of+Cornwall&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1803990002&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Welsh_Annals" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Welsh Annals">Annales Cambriae</a></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (tr.) (1983), Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources, London, Penguin Books, p. 175; cf. ibid, p. 89</li> <li id="cite_note-Stenton,_F._M._1947_p._337-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stenton,_F._M._1947_p._337_35-0">^</a> Stenton, F. M. (1947) Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 337</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/bodmin/">Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511021107/https://s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/bodmin/">Archived</a> 11 May 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Heather Rose Jones</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1386666/llgc-id:1419899/llgc-id:1419912/get">"Welsh Journals Online"</a>. Welshjournals.llgc.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220817/http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1386666/llgc-id:1419899/llgc-id:1419912/get">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Journals+Online&rft.pub=Welshjournals.llgc.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelshjournals.llgc.org.uk%2Fbrowse%2Fviewpage%2Fllgc-id%3A1386666%2Fllgc-id%3A1419899%2Fllgc-id%3A1419912%2Fget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> E. M. R. Ditmas, Tristan and Iseult in Cornwall: The Twelfth-century Romance by Beroul Re-told from the Norman French, by E. M. R. Ditmas Together with Notes on Old Cornwall and a Survey of Place Names in the Poem (Forrester Roberts, 1970)</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> Williams, Ann & Martin, G. H. (2002) (tr.) Domesday Book: a complete translation, London: Penguin, pp. 341–357</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Payton (2004), chapter 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew_1924-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matthew_1924_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1924" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, David (July 1924). The Cornish and Welsh Pirates in the Reign of Elizabeth. Vol. 39. The English Historical Review: Oxford University Press. pp. 337–348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+and+Welsh+Pirates+in+the+Reign+of+Elizabeth&rft.place=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.pages=337-348&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1924-07&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacon2007" class="citation book cs1">Deacon, Bernard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DoOUWAQAAIAAJ">A Concise History of Cornwall</a>. University of Wales Press. p. 4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2032-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2032-7"><bdi>978-0-7083-2032-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220816/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DoOUWAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Cornwall&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2032-7&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoOUWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-VW-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-VW_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2010" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Victor (2010). The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-names (1st paperback ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 158. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16855-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16855-7"><bdi>978-0-521-16855-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+English+Place-names&rft.pages=158&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-16855-7&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 69. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028475-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028475-1"><bdi>978-0-14-028475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028475-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611114118/http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa%3DdspSectionDetail%26w_id%3D147">"The Official Guide to the South West Coast Path"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Guide+to+the+South+West+Coast+Path&rft.pub=Southwestcoastpath.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwestcoastpath.com%2Fmain%2Fsections%2Findex.cfm%3Ffsa%3DdspSectionDetail%26w_id%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930154036/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid%3D5430">"The Cornish Heath – County Flower"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid%3D5430">the original</a> on 30 September 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/uk1_en.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2007. 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Retrieved 8 November 2016. <q>The tin stuff is put into a "kieve" about 31⁄2 feet diameter and 21⁄2 feet deep, and with an equal volume of water is continually stirred with a shovel in one direction until the tin stuff is in a state of suspended motion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Mining%3A+A+Treatise+on+the+History%2C+Discovery%2C+Practical+Development&rft.place=London&rft.pages=778&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.+N.+Spon&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQU55QQHRGcC%26pg%3DPA778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms by American Geological Institute and U S Bureau of Mines; pp. 128, 249 & 613</li> <li id="cite_note-auto-66">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_66-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_66-1">b</a> Payton (2004), p. 262.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rendle-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rendle_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendle" class="citation web cs1">Rendle, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%2520Rendle.pdf">"Cornwall – The Mysteries of St Piran"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Vexillology. The Flag Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430082113/http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%2520Rendle.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+XIX+International+Congress+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=Cornwall+%E2%80%93+The+Mysteries+of+St+Piran&rft.aulast=Rendle&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flaginstitute.org%2Fpdfs%2FPhil%2520Rendle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-fotw-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fotw_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117170419/https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-corn.html">"Cross of Saint Piran"</a>. Flags of the World (FOTW). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-corn.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross+of+Saint+Piran&rft.pub=Flags+of+the+World+%28FOTW%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fgb-corn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Davies_Gilbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> in 1826 described it as anciently the flag of St Piran and the banner of Cornwall, and another history of 1880 said that: "The white cross of St. Piran was the ancient banner of the Cornish people."</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-corn.html">"Cornwall (United Kingdom)"</a>. Crwflags.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715174513/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/gb-corn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornwall+%28United+Kingdom%29&rft.pub=Crwflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fgb-corn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.flags.net/UNKG12.htm%23UNKG7400">"British Flags (United Kingdom) from The World Flag Database"</a>. Flags.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105165552/http://flags.net/UNKG12.htm%23UNKG7400">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Flags+%28United+Kingdom%29+from+The+World+Flag+Database&rft.pub=Flags.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flags.net%2FUNKG12.htm%23UNKG7400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513054831/http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/elizabeth-forbes.htm">"Elizabeth Adela Forbes"</a>. PenleeHouse.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/elizabeth-forbes.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Adela+Forbes&rft.pub=PenleeHouse.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penleehouse.org.uk%2Fartists%2Felizabeth-forbes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004723/http://www.haylegallery.co.uk/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id%3D59">"Samuel John Lamorna Birch"</a>. HayleGallery.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.haylegallery.co.uk/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id%3D59">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+John+Lamorna+Birch&rft.pub=HayleGallery.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haylegallery.co.uk%2Fshopdisplayproducts.asp%3Fid%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/n/nicolson-woolf.html">"Virginia Woolf"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209175353/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/n/nicolson-woolf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Virginia+Woolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fn%2Fnicolson-woolf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230035209/http://www.stormfinearts.com/images/gallery_b/b-nicholson/b-nicholson.html">"Ben Nicholson"</a>. StormFineArts.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stormfinearts.com/images/gallery_b/b-nicholson/b-nicholson.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ben+Nicholson&rft.pub=StormFineArts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stormfinearts.com%2Fimages%2Fgallery_b%2Fb-nicholson%2Fb-nicholson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.artnet.com/artist/660735/naum-gabo.html">"Naum Gabo"</a>. Artnet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413003422/http://www.artnet.com/artist/660735/naum-gabo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naum+Gabo&rft.pub=Artnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com%2Fartist%2F660735%2Fnaum-gabo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403031403/http://www.studio-pots.com/leach.htm">"Bernard Leach and the Leach Pottery"</a>. Studio-Pots.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.studio-pots.com/leach.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernard+Leach+and+the+Leach+Pottery&rft.pub=Studio-Pots.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studio-pots.com%2Fleach.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tate.org.uk/stives/">"Tate St Ives"</a>. Tate.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505124143/http://www.tate.org.uk/stives/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tate+St+Ives&rft.pub=Tate.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fstives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182708/http://www.artcornwall.org/">"art and artists in Cornwall including Cornish galleries"</a>. art cornwall .org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.artcornwall.org">the original</a> on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=art+and+artists+in+Cornwall+including+Cornish+galleries&rft.pub=art+cornwall+.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artcornwall.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pfr1">"BBC One - Spotlight"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+One+-+Spotlight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb006pfr1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/topic/cornwall">"ITV West Country Cornwall news for Bristol and the West Country"</a>. ITV News. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://radio-live-uk.com/england/cornwall">the original</a> on 6 December 2022. 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Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Daras+Cornish+Folk+Tradition&rft.pub=An-daras.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.an-daras.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman2005" class="citation news cs1">Blackman, Guy (8 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/The-whole-Tori/2005/05/05/1115092621001.html">"The whole Tori – Music – Entertainment"</a>. The Age. 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Mullion: Atmosphere; p. 22</li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.darklingroom.co.uk/thelostcrown/realsaxton/">"The 'Real' World of Saxton: From The Lost Crown"</a>. Darklingroom.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423065722/http://www.darklingroom.co.uk/thelostcrown/realsaxton/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2011. 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Retrieved 12 June 2023.</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.trurocityfc.net/news/truro-promoted-after-dramatic-play-off-final-victory-2777961.html">Truro Promoted after dramatic play-off trophy final victory</a>", Truro FC official site, 4 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</li> <li id="cite_note-Harv221-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Harv221_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey,_David2002" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/celticgeographie00harv">Celtic Geographies: Old Culture, New Times</a>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/celticgeographie00harv/page/n235">221</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22396-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22396-6"><bdi>978-0-415-22396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Geographies%3A+Old+Culture%2C+New+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22396-6&rft.au=Harvey%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticgeographie00harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CornishRug-108">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornishRug_108-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornishRug_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2008" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, Brendan (23 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027084935/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/3247717/Cornish-rugby-union-celebrate-125-years-of-pride-and-passion---but-are-they-the-lost-tribe-Rugby.html">"Cornish rugby union celebrate 125 years of pride and passion – but are they the lost tribe?"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cornish+rugby+union+celebrate+125+years+of+pride+and+passion+%E2%80%93+but+are+they+the+lost+tribe%3F&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Frugbyunion%2Fclub%2F3247717%2FCornish-rugby-union-celebrate-125-years-of-pride-and-passion---but-are-they-the-lost-tribe-Rugby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/59120702">"Cornwall to host new rugby league team"</a>. 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Dent</li> <li id="cite_note-Teverson-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Teverson_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/text/110125-0002.htm%2311012574000133">"Lords Hansard Text for 25 Jan 2011 (pt002)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hansard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hansard">Hansard</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. 25 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121214151/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/text/110125-0002.htm%2311012574000133">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011. <q>Cornwall sees itself as the fourth Celtic nation of the United Kingdom; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_Teverson,_Baron_Teverson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin Teverson, Baron Teverson">Lord Teverson</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Lords+Hansard+Text+for+25+Jan+2011+%28pt002%29&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201011%2Fldhansrd%2Ftext%2F110125-0002.htm%2311012574000133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Mebyon_Kernow_1-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mebyon_Kernow_1_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q%3Dpolicies_historic_celtic_nation">"Mebyon Kernow – The Party for Cornwall – BETA"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> website. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928063542/https://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q%3Dpolicies_historic_celtic_nation">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mebyon+Kernow+website&rft.atitle=Mebyon+Kernow+%E2%80%93+The+Party+for+Cornwall+%E2%80%93+BETA&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mebyonkernow.org%2F%3Fq%3Dpolicies_historic_celtic_nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-League_1-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-League_1_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.celticleague.net/">"The Celtic League"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a> website. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421234455/https://www.celticleague.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Celtic+League+website&rft.atitle=The+Celtic+League&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticleague.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Celtic_Congress_1-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Celtic_Congress_1_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725152111/http://www.celtic-congress.org/cc-home-en.html">"The International Celtic Congress"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Congress">International Celtic Congress</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.celtic-congress.org/cc-home-en.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Celtic+Congress&rft.pub=International+Celtic+Congress&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celtic-congress.org%2Fcc-home-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Welsh_Government_1-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Welsh_Government_1_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310213206/https://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/localgovernment/2002/4038001/?lang%3Den">"Welsh Government: Minister in Paris for launch of Celtic festival"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> website. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. 14 March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/localgovernment/2002/4038001/?lang%3Den">the original</a> on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Government+website&rft.atitle=Welsh+Government%3A+Minister+in+Paris+for+launch+of+Celtic+festival&rft.date=2002-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwales.gov.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Flocalgovernment%2F2002%2F4038001%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Vannin_1-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vannin_1_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802020158/http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/FutureIssue.aspx?categoryid%3D164">"Isle of Man Post Office Website"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isle of Man Government">Isle of Man Government</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/FutureIssue.aspx?categoryid%3D164">the original</a> on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isle+of+Man+Post+Office+Website&rft.pub=Isle+of+Man+Government&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.im%2Fpost%2Fstamps%2FFutureIssue.aspx%3Fcategoryid%3D164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Festival_1-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Festival_1_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305062016/http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php">"Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a> website. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>. 4 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php">the original</a> on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient+website&rft.atitle=Site+Officiel+du+Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-interceltique.com%2Fle-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page%3D14923">"Cornwall Council – part three"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a> website. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>. 18 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528145208/https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page%3D14923">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council+website&rft.atitle=Cornwall+Council+%E2%80%93+part+three&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D14923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2009" class="citation news cs1">Dugan, Emily (6 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">"The Cornish: they revolted in 1497, now they're at it again"</a>. London: Independent (The). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819072618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Cornish%3A+they+revolted+in+1497%2C+now+they%27re+at+it+again&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fthe-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3527673.stm">"Welsh are more patriotic"</a>. BBC. 3 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314051604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3527673.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Welsh+are+more+patriotic&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F3527673.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/recommended-questions---national-identity.pdf">"Information paper: Recommended questions for the 2009 Census Rehearsal and 2011 Census: National Identity"</a> (PDF). Office for National Statistics. December 2008. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302152351/http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/recommended-questions---national-identity.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+paper%3A+Recommended+questions+for+the+2009+Census+Rehearsal+and+2011+Census%3A+National+Identity&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2F2011-census-questionnaire-content%2Frecommended-questions---national-identity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/question-and-content-recommendations-for-2011/ethnic-group-prioritisation-tool.pdf">"2011 Census; 2011 census questionnaire content; question and content recommendations for 2011; ethnic group prioritisation tool"</a> (PDF). Office for National Statistics. pp. 20–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110152326/http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/question-and-content-recommendations-for-2011/ethnic-group-prioritisation-tool.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3B+2011+census+questionnaire+content%3B+question+and+content+recommendations+for+2011%3B+ethnic+group+prioritisation+tool&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2F2011-census-questionnaire-content%2Fquestion-and-content-recommendations-for-2011%2Fethnic-group-prioritisation-tool.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Over_100,000_people_identify_as_Cornish_in_latest_census-132">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Over_100,000_people_identify_as_Cornish_in_latest_census_132-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Over_100,000_people_identify_as_Cornish_in_latest_census_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/nearly-100000-people-identify-cornish-7875032">"Over 100,000 people identify as Cornish in latest census"</a>. Cornwall Live. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Live&rft.atitle=Over+100%2C000+people+identify+as+Cornish+in+latest+census&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwalllive.com%2Fnews%2Fcornwall-news%2Fnearly-100000-people-identify-cornish-7875032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mebyonkernow.org/news/ons-update-108860-wrote-cornish-on-2021-census/">"ONS update: 108,860 wrote "Cornish" on 2021 census"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> website. 2 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mebyon+Kernow+website&rft.atitle=ONS+update%3A+108%2C860+wrote+%22Cornish%22+on+2021+census&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmebyonkernow.org%2Fnews%2Fons-update-108860-wrote-cornish-on-2021-census%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_minority_status-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbc_minority_status_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-27132035">"Cornish people granted minority status within UK"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424071554/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-27132035">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cornish+people+granted+minority+status+within+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cornwall-27132035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/cornwall-lieutenancy/%23roles">"Cornwall Lieutenancy: Role and Responsibilities of the Lord-Lieutenant"</a>. Cornwall Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144626/https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/cornwall-lieutenancy/%23roles">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornwall+Lieutenancy%3A+Role+and+Responsibilities+of+the+Lord-Lieutenant&rft.pub=Cornwall+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fcouncil-and-democracy%2Fcornwall-lieutenancy%2F%23roles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/491/part/2/made">"The Cornwall (Structural Change) Order 2008, part 2"</a>. legislation.gov.uk. 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Retrieved 19 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isles+of+Scilly%3B+Cornwall+through+time&rft.pub=visionofbritain.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Funit_page.jsp%3Fu_id%3D10076742%26c_id%3D10171878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-iosrdtt-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iosrdtt_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506230150/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id%3D10026210%26c_id%3D10001043">"Isles of Scilly RD; Cornwall through time"</a>. visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id%3D10026210%26c_id%3D10001043">the original</a> on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isles+of+Scilly+RD%3B+Cornwall+through+time&rft.pub=visionofbritain.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Frelationships.jsp%3Fu_id%3D10026210%26c_id%3D10001043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007202640/http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/AboutUs/Pages/Aboutyourlocalpolice.aspx">"About your local police"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon and Cornwall Constabulary">Devon and Cornwall Police</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/AboutUs/Pages/Aboutyourlocalpolice.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2009. 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Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Cornwall+%E2%80%93+A+unified+council+for+Cornwall&rft.pub=Cornwall+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Findex.cfm%3Farticleid%3D37570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.onecornwall.cornwall.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid%3D44400">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004253/http://www.onecornwall.cornwall.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid%3D44400">Archived</a> 11 October 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6914947.stm">"Cornwall super-council go-ahead"</a>. BBC. 25 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519214839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6914947.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cornwall+super-council+go-ahead&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fcornwall%2F6914947.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba31/ba31regs.html">"British Archaeology, no 30, December 1997: Letters"</a>. Britarch.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213215034/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba31/ba31regs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Archaeology%2C+no+30%2C+December+1997%3A+Letters&rft.pub=Britarch.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba31%2Fba31regs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._L._Rowse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A. L.</a> (1941) Tudor Cornwall. London: Cape; pp. 91–94</li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggdljwgrno">"Camborne and Redruth: Battle lines drawn in key Cornish seat"</a>. BBC News. 15 June 2024. 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Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Blair+gets+Cornish+assembly+call&rft.date=2001-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2F1704112.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ccc-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ccc_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornish_Constitutional_Convention2005" class="citation web cs1">Cornish Constitutional Convention (3 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornishassembly.org/about.htm">"Campaign for a Cornish Assembly – Senedh Kernow"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaign+for+a+Cornish+Assembly+%E2%80%93+Senedh+Kernow&rft.pub=Cornishassembly.org&rft.date=2005-04-03&rft.au=Cornish+Constitutional+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornishassembly.org%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Indypoverty-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Indypoverty_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2008" class="citation news cs1">Dugan, Emily (27 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/cornwall-a-land-of-haves-and-have-nots-878274.html">"Cornwall: A land of haves, and have nots"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224222419/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/cornwall-a-land-of-haves-and-have-nots-878274.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cornwall%3A+A+land+of+haves%2C+and+have+nots&rft.date=2008-07-27&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fcornwall-a-land-of-haves-and-have-nots-878274.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">^</a> ONS December 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> Eurostat</li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511212356/http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Cornwall-economy-slips-fight-Europe-s-poorest/story-21063726-detail/story.html">"Cornwall economy slips back in fight with Europe's poorest"</a>. Western Morning News. 7 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Cornwall-economy-slips-fight-Europe-s-poorest/story-21063726-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Cornwall+economy+slips+back+in+fight+with+Europe%27s+poorest&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernmorningnews.co.uk%2FCornwall-economy-slips-fight-Europe-s-poorest%2Fstory-21063726-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> Halliday (1959), p. 69.</li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> Halliday (1959), p. 182.</li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002441/http://www.cornwallstatistics.org.uk/index.cfm?articleid%3D35740">"cornwallstatistics.org.uk"</a>. 5 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwallstatistics.org.uk/index.cfm?articleid%3D35740">the original</a> on 5 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cornwallstatistics.org.uk&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwallstatistics.org.uk%2Findex.cfm%3Farticleid%3D35740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/Regional%2520poverty_files/cornw/02SPA.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808101058/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/Regional%2520poverty_files/cornw/02SPA.pdf">Archived</a> 8 August 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/information/cohesion-policy-achievement-and-future-investment/factsheet/united_kingdom_en.pdf">"Cohesion Policy and the United Kingdom"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>. October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408213235/http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/information/cohesion-policy-achievement-and-future-investment/factsheet/united_kingdom_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016. <q>For 2014–2020, the UK has been allocated around €11.8 billion (current prices) in total Cohesion Policy funding: €2.6 billion for less developed regions (Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, West Wales and the Valleys).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cohesion+Policy+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fregional_policy%2Fsources%2Finformation%2Fcohesion-policy-achievement-and-future-investment%2Ffactsheet%2Funited_kingdom_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407160350/http://www.marchmont.ac.uk/Documents/Projects/objective-1_cornwall/evidence-base.pdf">"Impact Analysis: ESF Objective 1 Programme Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, 2000–2006"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_West_of_England_Regional_Development_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South West of England Regional Development Agency">South West of England Regional Development Agency</a>. March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marchmont.ac.uk/Documents/Projects/objective-1_cornwall/evidence-base.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016. <q>Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (IoS) received Objective One status in 1999, primarily as a consequence of their low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head (70.3% of the EU average). This resulted from a myriad of underlying socio-economic problems including the large number of people with relatively low levels of qualifications; with lack of basic skills beyond Level two being a particular problem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Exeter&rft.atitle=Impact+Analysis%3A+ESF+Objective+1+Programme+Cornwall+and+the+Isles+of+Scilly%2C+2000%E2%80%932006&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marchmont.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2FProjects%2Fobjective-1_cornwall%2Fevidence-base.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/315870Cornwall___Isles_of_Scilly_Convergence_Operational_Programme_2007-14.pdf">"Convergence Programme for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Operational Programme 2007–13"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Communities and Local Government">Department for Communities and Local Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/315870Cornwall___Isles_of_Scilly_Convergence_Operational_Programme_2007-14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2016. <q>The Convergence Programme for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly will succeed the current Objective One Programme, which has been delivered with great effect by the key stakeholders. A total of €458.1 million has been allocated to the new Programme for 2007–13, which will be complemented by €196 million of Convergence ESF funding to support learning and skills related activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convergence+Programme+for+Cornwall+and+the+Isles+of+Scilly+Operational+Programme+2007%E2%80%9313&rft.pub=Department+for+Communities+and+Local+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F315870Cornwall___Isles_of_Scilly_Convergence_Operational_Programme_2007-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325225534/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/business/europe/">"Cornwall Council – Business – Europe"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>. 18 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/business/europe/">the original</a> on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016. <q>The Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Growth Programme is worth €603,706,863 (excluding technical assistance) and is made up of two main funding streams: European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) -The ERDF Programme is worth €452,780,147 and makes up 75% of the Programme allocation and European Social Fund (ESF) – The ESF Programme is worth €150,926,716 and makes up 25% of the Programme allocation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornwall+Council+%E2%80%93+Business+%E2%80%93+Europe&rft.pub=Cornwall+Council&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fbusiness%2Feurope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615022352/http://db.cornwall.gov.uk/ltp/marchannex2/chapter_57.html">"Home Page – Cornwall Council"</a>. Db.cornwall.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://db.cornwall.gov.uk/ltp/marchannex2/chapter_57.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Page+%E2%80%93+Cornwall+Council&rft.pub=Db.cornwall.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fltp%2Fmarchannex2%2Fchapter_57.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614184548/http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Tourist-earnings-pound-9bn-Devon-Cornwall/story-17646443-detail/story.html">"Tourist earnings top £9bn in Devon and Cornwall"</a>. Western Morning News. 21 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Tourist-earnings-pound-9bn-Devon-Cornwall/story-17646443-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Tourist+earnings+top+%C2%A39bn+in+Devon+and+Cornwall&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernmorningnews.co.uk%2FTourist-earnings-pound-9bn-Devon-Cornwall%2Fstory-17646443-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118012613/http://www.visitcornwall.com/xsdbimgs/Tourism%2520in%2520Cornwall%25202007.pdf">"Tourism in Cornwall 1992 to 2007"</a> (PDF). Visit Cornwall. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.visitcornwall.com/xsdbimgs/Tourism%2520in%2520Cornwall%25202007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+Cornwall+1992+to+2007&rft.pub=Visit+Cornwall&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitcornwall.com%2Fxsdbimgs%2FTourism%2520in%2520Cornwall%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988">. The total number of visitors to Cornwall includes those on business and visiting relatives.</li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> Scottish Executive, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/library5/education/lrcas-14.asp">A literature review of the evidence base for culture, the arts and sport policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215135424/http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/library5/education/lrcas-14.asp">Archived</a> 15 December 2005 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cornwall-struggling-visitors-tourism-weather-heat-social-media-a8488211.html">"Heatwave leaves Cornwall so overcrowded it stops promoting beaches"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829183926/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cornwall-struggling-visitors-tourism-weather-heat-social-media-a8488211.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Heatwave+leaves+Cornwall+so+overcrowded+it+stops+promoting+beaches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fcornwall-struggling-visitors-tourism-weather-heat-social-media-a8488211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-city-of-culture-2025-shortlist-revealed/">"UK City of Culture 2025 Shortlist Revealed"</a>. Gov.UK. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.UK&rft.atitle=UK+City+of+Culture+2025+Shortlist+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fuk-city-of-culture-2025-shortlist-revealed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505130533/http://linecaught.org.uk/links.htm">"Line-caught wild bass from Cornwall – South West Handline Fishermen's Association"</a>. Linecaught.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.linecaught.org.uk/links.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Line-caught+wild+bass+from+Cornwall+%E2%80%93+South+West+Handline+Fishermen%27s+Association&rft.pub=Linecaught.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linecaught.org.uk%2Flinks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215">"Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802132748/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornwall+and+West+Devon+Mining+Landscape+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704023815/http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/">"The University of Exeter – Cornwall Campus – Camborne School of Mines"</a>. Uec.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/">the original</a> on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Exeter+%E2%80%93+Cornwall+Campus+%E2%80%93+Camborne+School+of+Mines&rft.pub=Uec.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uec.ac.uk%2Fcsm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/">"Home"</a>. Cornish-mining.org.uk. 14 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419164032/http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Cornish-mining.org.uk&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornish-mining.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> Imerys Minerals Ltd (2003) Blueprint: Vision for the Future</li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/strongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm">"Error"</a>. 17 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143646/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/strongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Error&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwired.com%2Fpress-release%2Fstrongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.submarinecablemap.com/">"Submarine Cable Map"</a>. submarinecablemap.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195838/https://www.submarinecablemap.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=submarinecablemap.com&rft.atitle=Submarine+Cable+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.submarinecablemap.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2014" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Sophie (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/broadband/10987711/Cornwall-claims-half-of-UKs-direct-fibre-broadband-links.html">"Cornwall claims 'half' of UK's direct fibre broadband links"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327151719/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/broadband/10987711/Cornwall-claims-half-of-UKs-direct-fibre-broadband-links.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cornwall+claims+%27half%27+of+UK%27s+direct+fibre+broadband+links&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fbroadband%2F10987711%2FCornwall-claims-half-of-UKs-direct-fibre-broadband-links.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321190026/http://www.superfastcornwall.org/programme">"Superfast Cornwall Programme"</a>. Superfast Cornwall. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.superfastcornwall.org/programme">the original</a> on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Superfast+Cornwall&rft.atitle=Superfast+Cornwall+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.superfastcornwall.org%2Fprogramme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiter2018" class="citation news cs1">Rossiter, Keith (17 July 2018). "Aerohub to push ahead with satellite launches". The Western Morning News. p. 6. <q>Backers of the Spaceport Cornwall project said they had reached an agreement with Virgin boss Richard Branson to launch from Newquay Airport. Virgin Orbit will use a modified Boeing 747 to put satellites into low Earth orbit ... A partnership involving Cornwall Airport Newquay, Goonhilly Earth Station and ... has been bidding for Government cash to create a spaceport ... Newquay has a very long runway, a growing airport with national and international connections and easy access to uncongested airspace over the Atlantic. Its Aerohub Enterprise Zone offers hundreds of acres for developing the business and manufacturing that will support the spaceport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Aerohub+to+push+ahead+with+satellite+launches&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Rossiter&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> Office for National Statistics, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/Facts/fact2.htm">Population Change in England by County 1981–2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630130839/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/Facts/fact2.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">^</a> Office for National Statistics, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/Facts/fact74.htm">Births, Deaths and Natural Change in Cornwall 1974 – 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029223503/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/Facts/fact74.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> Office for National Statistics, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/Transport/Ltp/Tables/Table004.htm">% of Population of Pension Age (1996)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630130904/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/Transport/Ltp/Tables/Table004.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg2005" class="citation book cs1">Clegg, David (2005). Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly: the complete guide (2nd ed.). Leicester: Matador. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904744-99-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-904744-99-0"><bdi>1-904744-99-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwall+%26+the+Isles+of+Scilly%3A+the+complete+guide&rft.place=Leicester&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Matador&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-904744-99-0&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F._E._Halliday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="F. E. Halliday">Halliday, Frank Ernest</a> (1959). A History of Cornwall. London: Gerald Duckworth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7551-0817-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7551-0817-5"><bdi>0-7551-0817-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cornwall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-7551-0817-5&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Frank+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"> A second edition was published in 2001 by the House of Stratus, Thirsk: the original text new illustrations and an afterword by Halliday's son</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Payton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Payton">Payton, Philip</a> (2004). Cornwall: A History (2nd ed.). Fowey: Cornwall Editions Ltd. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904880-00-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-904880-00-2"><bdi>1-904880-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwall%3A+A+History&rft.place=Fowey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cornwall+Editions+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-904880-00-2&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalchin1954" class="citation book cs1">Balchin, W. G. V. (1954). Cornwall: an illustrated essay on the history of the landscape (The Making of the English Landscape). London: Hodder and Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwall%3A+an+illustrated+essay+on+the+history+of+the+landscape+%28The+Making+of+the+English+Landscape%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Balchin&rft.aufirst=W.+G.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1949" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Claude (1949). Cornwall (The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Books_series?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Books series">County Books series</a>). London: Robert Hale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwall+%28The+County+Books+series%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1963" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Claude (1963). Portrait of Cornwall (The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portrait_of_(book_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portrait of (book series)">Portrait of (book series)</a>). London: Robert Hale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+Cornwall+%28The+Portrait+of+%28book+series%29%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoaseCourtney1874–1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Clement_Boase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Clement Boase">Boase, George Clement</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Prideaux_Courtney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Prideaux Courtney">Courtney, William Prideaux</a> (1874–1882). Bibliotheca Cornubiensis: a catalogue of the writings, both manuscript and printed, of Cornishmen, and of works relating to the county of Cornwall, with biographical memoranda and copious literary references. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. 3 vols.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Cornubiensis%3A+a+catalogue+of+the+writings%2C+both+manuscript+and+printed%2C+of+Cornishmen%2C+and+of+works+relating+to+the+county+of+Cornwall%2C+with+biographical+memoranda+and+copious+literary+references&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+Reader%2C+and+Dyer.+3+vols.&rft.date=1874%2F1882&rft.aulast=Boase&rft.aufirst=George+Clement&rft.au=Courtney%2C+William+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Maurier1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daphne du Maurier">du Maurier, Daphne</a> (1967). Vanishing Cornwall. London: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanishing+Cornwall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=du+Maurier&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"> (illustrated edition Published by Victor Gollancz, London, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-02844-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-02844-0">0-575-02844-0</a>, photographs by Christian Browning)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Ellis, Peter Berresford</a> (1974). The Cornish Language and its Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-7928-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-7928-1"><bdi>0-7100-7928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+Language+and+its+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7100-7928-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"> (Available online on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DL709AAAAIAAJ">Google Books</a>).</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Perceval_Graves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Perceval Graves">Graves, Alfred Perceval</a> (1928). The Celtic Song Book: Being Representative Folk Songs of the Six Celtic Nations. London: Ernest Benn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Song+Book%3A+Being+Representative+Folk+Songs+of+the+Six+Celtic+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Perceval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"> (Available online on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc%3Dgenpub;view%3Dtoc;idno%3DANC4559.0001.001">Digital Book Index</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. London: ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7"><bdi>1-85109-440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85109-440-7&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"> (Available online on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3DCeltic%2BCulture%2BBy%2BJohn%2BT.%2BKoch">Google Books</a>).</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Payton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Payton">Payton, Philip</a> (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899526-60-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-899526-60-9"><bdi>1-899526-60-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwall&rft.place=Fowey&rft.pub=Alexander+Associates&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-899526-60-9&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle,_Mark2001" class="citation web cs1">Stoyle, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_01.shtml">"BBC – History – The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?"</a>. BBC History website. BBC. Retrieved 25 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+website&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+The+Cornish%3A+A+Neglected+Nation%3F&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Stoyle%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fcornish_nation_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield-Cudworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2009). Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance, and the Wars of the Roses. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1"><bdi>978-0-77344-714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Elites+in+South-West+England%2C+1450%E2%80%931500%3A+Politics%2C+Governance%2C+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-77344-714-1&rft.aulast=Stansfield-Cudworth&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield-Cudworth2013" class="citation cs2">Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2013), "The Duchy of Cornwall and the Wars of the Roses: Patronage, Politics, and Power, 1453–1502", Cornish Studies, 2nd Series, 21: 104–50, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17613%252Fr6pf-3e17">10.17613/r6pf-3e17</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Duchy+of+Cornwall+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Patronage%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power%2C+1453%E2%80%931502&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=104-50&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17613%2Fr6pf-3e17&rft.aulast=Stansfield-Cudworth&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle2002" class="citation book cs1">Stoyle, Mark (2002). West Britons: Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85989-688-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85989-688-9"><bdi>0-85989-688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Britons%3A+Cornish+Identities+and+the+Early+Modern+British+State&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85989-688-9&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Michael, ed. (1973). My Cornwall. St Teath: Bossiney Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85989-688-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85989-688-9"><bdi>0-85989-688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Cornwall&rft.place=St+Teath&rft.pub=Bossiney+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-85989-688-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"> (eleven chapters by various hands, including three previously published essays)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Cornwall_(England)">"Cornwall (England)" </a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornwall+%28England%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornwall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/cornwall">The History of Parliament: the House of Commons – Cornwall, County, 1386 to 1831</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DCornwall%26library%3DOLBP">Online books</a>, and library resources <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DCornwall">in your library</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DCornwall%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">in other libraries</a> about Cornwall</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCornwall%26oldid%3D1259732245">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&oldid=1259732245</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 19:25 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornweal" title="Cornweal – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cornweal" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="كورنوال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورنوال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualla" title="Cornualla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cornualla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualles" title="Cornualles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cornualles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%2593%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2" title="কর্নওয়াল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্নওয়াল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernow" title="Kernow – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kernow" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Корнуал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Корнуал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%259E%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Корнўал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Корнўал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Корнуол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корнуол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernev-Veur" title="Kernev-Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kernev-Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualla" title="Cornualla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cornualla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernyw" title="Cernyw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cernyw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernow" title="Kernow – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kernow" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korniska" title="Korniska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Korniska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7" title="Κορνουάλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορνουάλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curnuv%25C3%25A0glia" title="Curnuvàglia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Curnuvàglia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualles" title="Cornualles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cornualles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornvalo" title="Kornvalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kornvalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornualles" title="Kornualles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kornualles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="کورن‌وال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورن‌وال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouailles" title="Cornouailles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cornouailles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_na_Breataine" title="Corn na Breataine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Corn na Breataine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chorn" title="Yn Chorn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chorn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25E2%2580%2599_Ch%25C3%25B2rn" title="A’ Chòrn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A’ Chòrn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualla" title="Cornualla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cornualla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258D%2585%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25BB" title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25BD%2598%25EC%259B%2594%25EC%25A3%25BC" title="콘월주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘월주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B8%25D5%25AC" title="Կոռնուոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոռնուոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="कॉर्नवल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉर्नवल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korniska" title="Korniska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Korniska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_(grofovija)" title="Cornwall (grofovija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cornwall (grofovija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwal" title="Kornwal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kornwal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornuallia" title="Cornuallia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cornuallia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB" title="Корнуолл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Корнуолл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornovaglia" title="Cornovaglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cornovaglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%259C" title="קורנוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורנוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernow" title="Kernow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kernow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornubia" title="Cornubia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cornubia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornvola" title="Kornvola – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kornvola" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornvalis" title="Kornvalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kornvalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Корнвол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корнвол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="कॉर्नवॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉर्नवॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="کورن‌وال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کورن‌وال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualha" title="Cornualha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cornualha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwallis" title="Kornwallis – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kornwallis" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25B3%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB" title="コーンウォール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーンウォール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornoalha" title="Cornoalha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cornoalha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornuoll" title="Kornuoll – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kornuoll" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="کارنوال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارنوال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwalia" title="Kornwalia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kornwalia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualha" title="Cornualha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cornualha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB" title="Корнуолл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корнуолл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornov%25C3%25A0llia" title="Cornovàllia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cornovàllia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curnuvagghia" title="Curnuvagghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Curnuvagghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_(gr%25C3%25B3fstvo)" title="Cornwall (grófstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cornwall (grófstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwalijo" title="Kornwalijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kornwalijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Корнвол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корнвол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualles" title="Cornualles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cornualles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="கார்ன்வால் மாவட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ன்வால் மாவட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%258C" title="คอร์นวอลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอร์นวอลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB" title="Корнуолл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корнуолл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB" title="Корнуолл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корнуолл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="کورنوال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کورنوال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornw%25C3%25A9l" title="Kornwél – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kornwél" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornovaja" title="Cornovaja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cornovaja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%25B7%25E6%25B2%2583%25E5%25B0%2594" title="康沃尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="康沃尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2590%25D7%259C" title="קארנוואל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארנוואל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%25B7%25E5%2592%258C%25E9%2583%25A1" title="康和郡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="康和郡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%25B7%25E6%25B2%2583%25E7%2588%25BE%25E9%2583%25A1" title="康沃爾郡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康沃爾郡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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