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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgar_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgar_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vulgar Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgar_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rationale</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rationale subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions_in_style_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions_in_style_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conventions in style guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions_in_style_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_conventions_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_conventions_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar conventions in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_conventions_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Common Era: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="الحقبة العامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحقبة العامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mina_com%C3%BAn" title="Dómina común – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dómina común" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="НилӀер эра – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="НилӀер эра" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizim_era" title="Bizim era – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizim era" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="সাধারণ অব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাধারণ অব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-le%CC%8Dk" title="Se-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша эра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наша эра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша эра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наша эра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉमन एरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कॉमन एरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_comuna" title="Era comuna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Era comuna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1%C5%A1_letopo%C4%8Det" title="Náš letopočet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náš letopočet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vor_tidsregning" title="Vor tidsregning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vor tidsregning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="إيرا عامة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيرا عامة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._u._Z." title="N. u. Z. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="N. u. Z." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Κοινή Χρονολογία (χρονολόγηση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινή Χρονολογία (χρονολόγηση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_com%C3%BAn" title="Era común – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era común" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_erao" title="Nia erao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nia erao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraingo_Aroa" title="Oraingo Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oraingo Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="دوران مشترک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوران مشترک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88re_commune" title="Ère commune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ère commune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comh-R%C3%A9" title="Comh-Ré – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comh-Ré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_com%C3%BAn" title="Era común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Era común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вай зама – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вай зама" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%86%B5_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90" title="공통 기원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공통 기원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեր թվարկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեր թվարկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="आम युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आम युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadawyan_a_Panawen" title="Kadawyan a Panawen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kadawyan a Panawen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Umum" title="Era Umum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Era Umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_commun" title="Era commun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Era commun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkar_t%C3%ADmatal" title="Okkar tímatal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Okkar tímatal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_volgare" title="Era volgare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Era volgare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97" title="ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಯುಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಯುಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عام دور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عام دور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Біздің заман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Біздің заман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_Kemmyn" title="Oos Kemmyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos Kemmyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%B2k_nou_an" title="Epòk nou an – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Epòk nou an" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aera_vulgaris" title="Aera vulgaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aera vulgaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_comun" title="Eda comun – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda comun" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_cabna_cedra" title="la cabna cedra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la cabna cedra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_comuna" title="Era comuna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Era comuna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша ера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Наша ера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1" title="കോമൺ ഇറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോമൺ ഇറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangbare_jaartelling" title="Gangbare jaartelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gangbare jaartelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9A%A6" title="西暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайн эра – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вайн эра" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r_tidsregning" title="Vår tidsregning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vår tidsregning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fvt." title="Fvt. – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fvt." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ra_comuna" title="Èra comuna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èra comuna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizning_era" title="Bizning era – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bizning era" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naszej_ery" title="Naszej ery – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naszej ery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Comum" title="Era Comum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Era Comum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_comun%C4%83" title="Era comună – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Era comună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нашой еры – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нашой еры" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша эра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наша эра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="පොදු යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොදු යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Common Era" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%A1e_%C5%A1tetje_let" title="Naše štetje let – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naše štetje let" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нова ера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нова ера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_era" title="Nova era – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nova era" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r_tider%C3%A4kning" title="Vår tideräkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vår tideräkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பொது ஊழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொது ஊழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Безнең эра – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Безнең эра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="సామాన్య శకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సామాన్య శకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="สากลศักราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สากลศักราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milat" title="Milat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша ера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наша ера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="عام زمانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عام زمانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Công Nguyên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công Nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83" title="公元 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="公元" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83" title="公元 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公元" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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Era">Revision as of 13:25, 16 March 2017</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&oldid=770604978" title="Common Era">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2017-03-16T13:25:48Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Jc3s5h" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Jc3s5h" data-mw-revid="770604978"><bdi>Jc3s5h</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jc3s5h" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Jc3s5h">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jc3s5h" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Jc3s5h">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>32,816</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Undid revision 770553812 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Permstrump" title="Special:Contributions/Permstrump">Permstrump</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Permstrump" title="User talk:Permstrump">talk</a>). The sources cited near this statement say no such thing.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&diff=prev&oldid=770604978" title="Common Era" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&oldid=770610197" title="Common Era">Revision as of 14:05, 16 March 2017</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&oldid=770610197" title="Common Era">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2017-03-16T14:05:31Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&undoafter=770604978&undo=770610197" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Permstrump" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Permstrump" data-mw-revid="770610197"><bdi>Permstrump</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Permstrump" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Permstrump">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Permstrump" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Permstrump">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>6,156</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#top">→<bdi dir="ltr">top</bdi></a>: </span> copy and pasted from the source "in the year of the Lord" the brackets are unnecessarily distracting</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&diff=next&oldid=770610197" title="Common Era" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Redirect|Era Vulgaris|the Queens of the Stone Age album |Era Vulgaris (album)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Redirect|Era Vulgaris|the Queens of the Stone Age album |Era Vulgaris (album)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Common Era''' or '''Current Era''' ('''CE''')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2 | title=History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE| date=8 February 2005 |author=BBC Team |work=BBC Religion & Ethics |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=2016-04-20}}</ref> is a year-numbering system ([[calendar era]]) for the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s that refers to the years since the start of this era, i.e., since AD 1. The preceding era is referred to as '''before the Common''' or '''Current Era''' ('''BCE'''). The Current Era notation system can be used as a [[secular]] alternative to the [[Dionysian era]] system, which distinguishes eras as AD (''{{lang|la|anno Domini}}'', "<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>the<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del> year of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>the<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del> Lord")<ref name="Anno Domini">{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini |title = Anno Domini |encyclopedia = Merriam Webster Online Dictionary |year = 2003 |publisher = Merriam-Webster |quote = Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord |accessdate = 2011-10-04}}</ref> and BC ("before Christ"). The two notation systems are numerically equivalent; thus "{{currentyear}} CE" corresponds to "AD {{currentyear}}" and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC",<ref name="Anno Domini"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm |title=Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/ |publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Common Era |dictionary=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition = 3rd |date=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}}</ref>{{efn|Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the [[Astronomical year numbering|astronomical system]] and the [[ISO 8601]] standard, do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.}} The year-numbering system for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread [[civil calendar]] system used in the world today. For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the [[United Nations]] and the [[Universal Postal Union]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Common Era''' or '''Current Era''' ('''CE''')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2 | title=History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE| date=8 February 2005 |author=BBC Team |work=BBC Religion & Ethics |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=2016-04-20}}</ref> is a year-numbering system ([[calendar era]]) for the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s that refers to the years since the start of this era, i.e., since AD 1. The preceding era is referred to as '''before the Common''' or '''Current Era''' ('''BCE'''). The Current Era notation system can be used as a [[secular]] alternative to the [[Dionysian era]] system, which distinguishes eras as AD (''{{lang|la|anno Domini}}'', "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>the year of the Lord")<ref name="Anno Domini">{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini |title = Anno Domini |encyclopedia = Merriam Webster Online Dictionary |year = 2003 |publisher = Merriam-Webster |quote = Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord |accessdate = 2011-10-04}}</ref> and BC ("before Christ"). The two notation systems are numerically equivalent; thus "{{currentyear}} CE" corresponds to "AD {{currentyear}}" and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC",<ref name="Anno Domini"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm |title=Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/ |publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Common Era |dictionary=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition = 3rd |date=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}}</ref>{{efn|Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the [[Astronomical year numbering|astronomical system]] and the [[ISO 8601]] standard, do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.}} The year-numbering system for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread [[civil calendar]] system used in the world today. For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the [[United Nations]] and the [[Universal Postal Union]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The expression has been traced back to Latin usage to 1615, as ''{{lang|la|vulgaris aerae}}'',<ref name=VulgarisAerae1/> and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".{{efn|The word "Vulgar" (from Latin ''vulgaris'') originally meant ordinary, common-place, or not regal or [[regnal year|regnal]]. (See [[wiktionary:vulgar]])}} The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,<ref name=1708CommonInEnglish/> and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize [[secularism]] or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing [[Jesus]] as "[[Christ]]" and ''Dominus'' ("Lord"), shortened from ''{{lang|la|anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi}}'' ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").<ref name=Irvin /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html |title=BCE date designation called more sensitive |author=Andrew Herrmann |publisher=Chicago Sun-Times |date=27 May 2006 |quote=Herrmann observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians" |accessdate=2016-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ9PYdzKf90C&pg=PA41|work=Westminster dictionary of theological terms |title=Common Era entry |first=Donald K |last=McKim |year=1996 |accessdate=2011-05-18 |isbn=978-0-664-25511-4}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The expression has been traced back to Latin usage to 1615, as ''{{lang|la|vulgaris aerae}}'',<ref name=VulgarisAerae1/> and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".{{efn|The word "Vulgar" (from Latin ''vulgaris'') originally meant ordinary, common-place, or not regal or [[regnal year|regnal]]. (See [[wiktionary:vulgar]])}} The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,<ref name=1708CommonInEnglish/> and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize [[secularism]] or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing [[Jesus]] as "[[Christ]]" and ''Dominus'' ("Lord"), shortened from ''{{lang|la|anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi}}'' ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").<ref name=Irvin /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html |title=BCE date designation called more sensitive |author=Andrew Herrmann |publisher=Chicago Sun-Times |date=27 May 2006 |quote=Herrmann observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians" |accessdate=2016-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ9PYdzKf90C&pg=PA41|work=Westminster dictionary of theological terms |title=Common Era entry |first=Donald K |last=McKim |year=1996 |accessdate=2011-05-18 |isbn=978-0-664-25511-4}}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 14:05, 16 March 2017</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BCE" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/BCE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BCE (disambiguation)">BCE (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Era Vulgaris" redirects here. For the Queens of the Stone Age album, see <a href="/wiki/Era_Vulgaris_(album)" title="Era Vulgaris (album)">Era Vulgaris (album)</a>.</div> <p><b>Common Era</b> or <b>Current Era</b> (<b>CE</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a year-numbering system (<a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendars</a> that refers to the years since the start of this era, i.e., since AD 1. The preceding era is referred to as <b>before the Common</b> or <b>Current Era</b> (<b>BCE</b>). The Current Era notation system can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysian era">Dionysian era</a> system, which distinguishes eras as AD (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anno Domini</i></span></i>, "in the year of the Lord")<sup id="cite_ref-Anno_Domini_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anno_Domini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BC ("before Christ"). The two notation systems are numerically equivalent; thus "2024 CE" corresponds to "AD 2024" and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC",<sup id="cite_ref-Anno_Domini_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anno_Domini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year-numbering system for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a> system used in the world today. For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>. </p><p>The expression has been traced back to Latin usage to 1615, as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vulgaris aerae</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,<sup id="cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>" and <i>Dominus</i> ("Lord"), shortened from <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi</i></span></i> ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").<sup id="cite_ref-Irvin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irvin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></div> <p>The year numbering system used with Common Era notation was devised by the Christian monk <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> in the year 525 to replace the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Era of Martyrs</a> system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to number years from an initial reference date ("<a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a>"), an event he referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a> of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "<i>Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numbering years in this manner became more widespread in Europe with its usage by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the practice of not using a year zero.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1422, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> became the last <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> country to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">switch to the system</a> begun by Dionysius.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy-Chron_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-Chron-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulgar_Era">Vulgar Era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg/220px-Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg/330px-Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg/440px-Portrait_Confused_With_Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> first used "Vulgar Era" to distinguish dates on the Christian calendar from the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> typically used in national law.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to distinguish dates on the Ecclesiastic calendar from those of the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a>, the year of reign of a sovereign, typically used in national law. </p><p>The first use of the Latin term <i>vulgaris aerae</i><sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discovered so far was in a 1615 book by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemerides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 1617.<sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of <i>Vulgar Era</i> in English.<sup id="cite_ref-1635VulgarinEnglish_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1635VulgarinEnglish-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1716 book in English by Dean <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Prideaux" title="Humphrey Prideaux">Humphrey Prideaux</a> says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase <i>aerae christianae</i> on the title page of a 1584 theology book.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1649, the Latin phrase <i>æræ Christianæ</i> appeared in the title of an English almanac.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,<sup id="cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1759 history book uses <i>common æra</i> in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses <i>common era</i> and <i>vulgar era</i> as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstBeforeCE_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstBeforeCE-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1797 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> uses the terms <i>vulgar era</i> and <i>common era</i> synonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Oracles" title="Living Oracles">Living Oracles</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement)">Alexander Campbell</a>, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also refers to the <i>common era</i> as a synonym for <i>vulgar era</i> with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1909) in at least one article<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2017)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "common era", in <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a>, also appeared in the 19th century in a <i>generic</i> sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the common era of the Mahometans",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "common era of the world",<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the common era of the foundation of Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "common era of the Nativity",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "common era of the birth of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An adapted translation of <i>Common Era</i> into pseudo-Latin as <i>Era Vulgaris</i> (in Latin this means <i>Common Mistress</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation"><span id="History_of_the_use_of_the_CE.2FBCE_abbreviation"></span>History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation</h3></div> <p>Although Jews have their own <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, they often use the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century".<sup id="cite_ref-Gormley_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gormley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jewish academics were already using the <i>CE</i> and <i>BCE</i> abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian <a href="/wiki/Morris_Jacob_Raphall" title="Morris Jacob Raphall">Morris Jacob Raphall</a> used the abbreviation in his book <i>Post-Biblical History of The Jews</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ratio of usage of BCE to BC,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CE to AD,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common Era to <i>Anno Domini</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Before Common Era to Before Christ<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in books has changed dramatically between the years 1800 and 2008, particularly since 1980, with the CE-related variants increasing in usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2></div> <p>Some academics in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> prefers Common Era usage, though individual museums are not required to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, several style guides now prefer or mandate its usage.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese <i>Maryland Church News</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gormley_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gormley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating notation. It is used by the <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a> in its history tests,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Anthology of English Literature">Norton Anthology of English Literature</a>. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as <a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem#Jerusalem,_Jews_and_Judaism" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Jerusalem and Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> introduced the BCE/CE notation system into the official school curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision that would have included the designations BCE and CE as part of state law, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of discretion at the local level.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story became national news and drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority" title="Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority">Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority</a> denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3></div> <p>The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation <i>AD</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, but who are not themselves Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-RelTolrnc_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelTolrnc-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, himself a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kofifaith_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kofifaith-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has argued: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3></div> <p>Some oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons. Because the BC/AD notation is based on the traditional year of the conception or birth of Jesus, some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to him in era notation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-SBC_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBC-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also secular concerns. English language expert <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson_(author)" title="Kenneth G. Wilson (author)">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> speculated in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short lived <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>, for example, began with the first year of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> and rejected the seven-day week (with its connections to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>) for a ten-day week. Priest and writer on interfaith issues <a href="/wiki/Raimon_Panikkar" title="Raimon Panikkar">Raimon Panikkar</a> contends that using the designation BCE/CE is a "return... to the most bigoted Christian colonialism" towards non-Christians, who do not necessarily consider the time period following the beginning of the calendar to be a "common era".<sup id="cite_ref-Panikkar_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panikkar-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, which prompted the teacher and politician <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> to found <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its "Conservapedia Commandments" is that users must always apply BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to "deny the historical basis" of the dating system.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions_in_style_guides">Conventions in style guides</h2></div> <p>The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the current year is written as 2024 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2024 CE, or as AD 2024), and the year that <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a> (e.g., "<span style="font-size:87%;">BCE</span>" or "C.E.").<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE/CE to BC/AD.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms "Common Era", "<i>Anno Domini</i>", "Before the Common Era", and "Before Christ" in contemporary English can be applied to dates that rely on either the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> or the Gregorian calendar. Modern dates are understood in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> to be in the Gregorian calendar, but for older dates writers can specify the calendar used. Dates in the Gregorian calendar in the Western world have always used the era designated in English as <i>Anno Domini</i> or <i>Common Era</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_conventions_in_other_languages">Similar conventions in other languages</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Common_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Common Era">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several languages other than English also have both religious and non-religious ways of identifying the era used in dates. In some <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period, usage of non-religious notation was mandated. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, the abbreviations "E.C." ("Era Comum", Common Era) and "A.E.C." ("Antes da Era Comum", Before Common Era) is generally used.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, بعد الميلاد (After the Birth) corresponds to CE, while قبل الميلاد (Before the Birth) corresponds to BCE. The "Birth" referenced is that of Jesus. This system is in widespread use in all Arab countries, but is accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Hijri" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hijri">Hijri</a> system. Dates are often given in both in that order. In Saudi Arabia, however, the Hijri system is predominant.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the AD is common use, used as DC "Depois de Cristo (After Christ)" and BC as AC "antes de Cristo"</li> <li>In the Chinese language, common era (公元, gong yuan) has been predominantly used to refer to the western calendar without any religious connotation.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <i>př.Kr.</i> (<i>před Kristem</i>) and <i>l.P.</i> (<i>léta Páně</i>) were partially replaced (especially <i>l.P.</i>, being in conflict with <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a>, remaining mostly on signs and cover art, used similarly to est.) by <i>př.n.l.</i> and <i>n.l.</i>, meaning <i>před naším letopočtem</i> and <i>našeho letopočtu</i>, literally "before / of our year numbering"). <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> has the ending <i>-om</i> instead of <i>-em</i> and unaccented <i>leta</i> and <i>pred</i>, allowing use of the same abbreviations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, the terms <i>f.Kr.</i> (<i>før Kristus</i>, before Christ) and <i>e.Kr.</i> (<i>efter Kristus</i>, after Christ) have traditionally been used. They are now in free variation with <i>f.v.t.</i> and <i>e.v.t.</i> (<i>før/efter vor tidsregning</i>, before/after our chronology).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> the terms <i>v.C.</i> or <i>v.Chr.</i> (<i>voor Christus</i>, before Christ) and <i>n.C.</i> or <i>n.Chr.</i> (<i>na Christus</i>, after Christ) have traditionally been used. There are alternatives <i>v.g.j.</i> and <i>g.j.</i> (<i>[vóór] gangbare/gewone jaartelling</i>, [before] conventional/ordinary chronology), <i>v.o.j.</i> and <i>n.o.j.</i> (<i>vóór/na onze jaartelling</i>, before/after our chronology) and <i>v.d.g.j.</i> and <i>n.d.g.j.</i> (<i>vóór/na de gewone jaartelling</i>, before/after the ordinary chronology), but there is still no generally accepted alternative for the Christian notation. The notation v.Chr./n.Chr. remains generally used by the media and scientists.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the terms <i>eKr.</i> (<i>ennen Kristusta</i>, before Christ) and <i>jKr.</i> (<i>jälkeen Kristuksen</i>, after Christ) were largely used until the 1980s but have been mostly replaced during the last couple of decades with terms <i>eaa.</i> (<i>ennen ajanlaskun alkua</i>, before start of chronology) and <i>jaa.</i> (<i>jälkeen ajanlaskun alun</i>, after start of chronology).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Jews in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> seem to have already been using "(Before the) Common Era" in the 18th century, while others like <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a> opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Joke-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like <i>vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung</i> (before the common chronology.)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>In 1938 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the use of this convention was also prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Teachers_League" title="National Socialist Teachers League">National Socialist Teachers League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and they found it ironic to see "<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a> following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Joke-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (1949–1990) introduced the convention of <i>v. u. Z.</i> (<i>vor unserer Zeitrechnung</i>, before our chronology) and <i>u. Z.</i> (<i>unserer Zeitrechnung</i>, of our chronology) instead of <i>v. Chr.</i> (<i>vor Christus</i>, before Christ) and <i>n. Chr.</i> (<i>nach Christus/Christi Geburt</i>, after Christ/the Nativity of Christ). The use of these terms persists in contemporary German to some extent, differing regionally and ideologically. In Jewish contexts mostly "v. d. Z." ("vor der Zeitenwende") and "n. d. Z." ("nach der Zeitenwende") is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>In Hebrew, the most common term used to refer to BCE/CE is simply לספירה (according to <b>the</b> count) for CE, and לפני הספירה (before the count) for BCE. An alternative term, expressing an ideological (sometimes religious) approach aimed at distancing oneself from the source of the count, is למניינם (according to their count). The later is sometimes added after the former, especially in the case of BCE (e.g., שנת 150 לפני הספירה למנינם), due to technical linguistic reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, similarly to the Bulgarian case, <i>i. e.</i> (<i>időszámításunk előtt</i>, before our era) and <i>i. sz.</i> (<i>időszámításunk szerint</i>, according to our era) are still widely used instead of traditional <i>Kr. e.</i> (<i>Krisztus előtt</i>, Before Christ) and <i>Kr. u.</i> (<i>Krisztus után</i>, After Christ), which were unofficially reinstituted after the Communist period.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the terms <i>SM</i> (<i>Sebelum Masehi</i>, before Masehi, from Arabic <i>Masih</i>, referring to Jesus) and <i>M</i> (<i>Masehi</i>, after Masehi) were generally used. The terms "STU" ("SebelumTarikh Umum") and "TU" ("Tarikh Umum") were used to translate "BCE" ("Before Common Era") and "CE" ("Common Era")</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <i>e.v.</i> ("Era Volgare" from Latin expression "Aera Vulgaris") and <i>p.e.v.</i> ("Prima dell'Era Volgare", before the vulgar era) may be used (both in lower case), but the historical A.C./D.C. (Avanti Cristo/Dopo Cristo, before Christ/after Christ) are much more frequent.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, years reckoned by the Western calendar as opposed to the Japanese Imperial eras are indicated by, for example, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西暦2013年</span></span>, where <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西暦</span></span> (<i>seireki</i>) literally means "Western calendar" which carries no religious connotation, aside from the fact that Christianity is a Western religion. <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紀元前</span></span> (<i>kigenzen</i>) is used to mean "before the common era (BCE)" "AD", and less commonly, "CE", are also occasionally seen, but the typical Japanese person would not care about the religious connotations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">기원전</span></span>(<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">紀元前</span></span>, <i>giwonjeon</i>), which means "preceding the [Western] era", is used to indicate years BCE. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서기</span></span>(<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">西紀</span></span>, <i>seogi</i>), "Western era", short for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서력기원</span></span>(<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">西暦紀元</span></span>, <i>seoryeokgiwon</i>), meaning "[from] the origin year of the Western calendar", is used to indicate years CE. Christians use <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">주후</span></span> (<i>juhu</i>), meaning "after [the birth of] the Lord", as a shorthand calque of Anno Domini.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">п.н.е. – пред наша ера</span></span> (<i>p.n.e. – pred nasha era</i>), meaning <i>before our era</i>, and <span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">н.е. – наша ера</span></span> (<i>n.e. – nasha era</i>), meaning <i>our era</i>, are used the same way as BCE and CE, respectively.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> the only term generally used is <i>naszej ery/przed naszą erą</i> (<i>of our era/before our era</i>). The terms <i>przed Chrystusem/po Chrystusie</i> (<i>before Christ/after Christ</i>) and <i>roku Pańskiego</i> (<i>year of the Lord</i>) are possible but almost never used in contemporary Poland.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, the common and official terms are p.n.e. ("pre nove ere", Before the new era), and n.e. ("nove ere", new era).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">communist</a> period, the preferred standard was to use the secularised <i>î. e. n.</i> (<i>înaintea erei noastre</i>, before our era) and <i>e. n.</i> (<i>era noastră</i>, our era). After the downfall of communism in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a>, the original convention using <i>î. Hr.</i> (<i>înainte de Hristos</i>, before Christ) and <i>d. Hr.</i> (<i>după Hristos</i>, after Christ) has become more widespread. Alternatively, <i>î. Cr.</i> and <i>d. Cr.</i> are used, mainly due to an alternative spelling of <i>Hristos</i> (Christ) as <i>Cristos</i>, the latter being preferred by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Churches</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the terms <i>до н.э.</i> (<i>до нашей эры</i>, before our era) and <i>н.э.</i> (<i>нашей эры</i>, our era) are often used. Their use was nearly universal during Soviet rule, and while their use in mass media has to some extent been replaced by their Christian equivalents, the BCE/CE terms remain the strongly preferred version in scientific literature, business magazines and other "serious" texts.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, EC (Era Común) is used for CE, while AEC (antes de la Era Común) is equivalent to BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> the terms <i>f.Kr.</i> (<i>före Kristus</i>, before Christ) and <i>e.Kr.</i> (<i>efter Kristus</i>, after Christ) have traditionally been used. They are seldom replaced by <i>f.v.t.</i> and <i>e.v.t.</i> (<i>före/enligt vår tidräkning</i>, before/according to our chronology).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the terms M.Ö. (Milattan Önce, before the birth (of Jesus)) and M.S. (Milattan Sonra, after the birth (of Jesus)) are commonly used. İ.Ö. (İsa'dan Önce, before Jesus) and İ.S. (İsa'dan Sonra, after Jesus) can also be seen in academic writing.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (<i>Oed Crist</i>) and CE (<i>Oes Cyffredin</i>); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, <i>Cyn Crist</i>) is used exclusively, as <i>Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin</i> would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_Natum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante Christum Natum">Ante Christum Natum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Calendar reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene Era">Holocene Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> standard, do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word "Vulgar" (from Latin <i>vulgaris</i>) originally meant ordinary, common-place, or not regal or <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal</a>. (See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulgar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vulgar">wiktionary:vulgar</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As noted in <a href="/wiki/History_of_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zero">History of the zero</a>, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the twelfth century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from the Latin word <i>vulgus</i>, the common people, i.e., those who are not royalty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The dichotomy between "common" and "royal" is a modern, republican misperception of premodern society, so this is definitely wrong. What matters, though, is whether the distinction made in sources is between commoners and the nobility, or royalty and everyone else (commoners and nobility). (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae0_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, <i>Common Era</i> is written as <i>Vulgaris Aerae</i>. It also occasionally appears as <i>æræ vulgaris</i>, <i>aerae vulgaris</i>, <i>aeram vulgarem</i>, <i>anni vulgaris</i>, <i>vulgaris aerae Christianae</i>, and <i>anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>common era</i> does not appear in this book; the term <i>Christian era</i> [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Team2005" class="citation web cs1">BBC Team (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2">"History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE"</a>. <i>BBC Religion & Ethics</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.atitle=History+of+Judaism+63+BCE+%E2%80%93+1086+CE&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.au=BBC+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_1.shtml%23section_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anno_Domini-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anno_Domini_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anno_Domini_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini">"Anno Domini"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster Online Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-04</span></span>. <q>Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anno+Domini&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2FAnno%2520Domini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm">"Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/"</a>. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversy+over+the+use+of+the+%22CE%2FBCE%22+and+%22AD%2FBC%22+dating+notation%2F&rft.pub=Ontario+Consultants+on+Religious+Tolerance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Common Era". <i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Common+Era&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/joannis-keppleri-eclogae-chronicae-ex-epistolis-doctissimorum-aliquot-virorum-suis-mutuis-quibus-examinantur-tempora-nobilissima-1-herodis-herodiadumque-2-baptismi-ministerii-christi-annorum-non-plus-2-14-3-passionis-mortis-et-resurrectionis-dn-n-iesu-christi-anno-aerae-nostrae-vulgaris-31-non-ut-vulgo-33-4-belli-iudaici-quo-funerata-fuit-cum-ierosolymis-templo-synagoga-iudaica-sublatumque-vetus-testamentum-inter-alia-commentarius-in-locum-epiphanii-obscurissimum-de-cyclo-veteri-iudaeorum/oclc/62188677">"Earliest-found use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1615)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earliest-found+use+of+%22vulgaris+aerae%22+%28Latin+for+Common+Era%29+%281615%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fjoannis-keppleri-eclogae-chronicae-ex-epistolis-doctissimorum-aliquot-virorum-suis-mutuis-quibus-examinantur-tempora-nobilissima-1-herodis-herodiadumque-2-baptismi-ministerii-christi-annorum-non-plus-2-14-3-passionis-mortis-et-resurrectionis-dn-n-iesu-christi-anno-aerae-nostrae-vulgaris-31-non-ut-vulgo-33-4-belli-iudaici-quo-funerata-fuit-cum-ierosolymis-templo-synagoga-iudaica-sublatumque-vetus-testamentum-inter-alia-commentarius-in-locum-epiphanii-obscurissimum-de-cyclo-veteri-iudaeorum%2Foclc%2F62188677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Kepler1615" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> (1615). <i>Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum</i> (in Latin). Francofurti : Tampach. <q>anno aerae nostrae vulgaris</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joannis+Keppleri+Eclogae+chronicae%3A+ex+epistolis+doctissimorum+aliquot+virorum+%26+suis+mutuis%2C+quibus+examinantur+tempora+nobilissima%3A+1.+Herodis+Herodiadumque%2C+2.+baptismi+%26+ministerii+Christi+annorum+non+plus+2+1%2F4%2C+3.+passionis%2C+mortis+et+resurrectionis+Dn.+N.+Iesu+Christi%2C+anno+aerae+nostrae+vulgaris+31.+non%2C+ut+vulgo+33.%2C+4.+belli+Iudaici%2C+quo+funerata+fuit+cum+Ierosolymis+%26+Templo+Synagoga+Iudaica%2C+sublatumque+Vetus+Testamentum.+Inter+alia+%26+commentarius+in+locum+Epiphanii+obscurissimum+de+cyclo+veteri+Iudaeorum.&rft.pub=Francofurti+%3A+Tampach&rft.date=1615&rft.au=Johannes+Kepler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_wvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22common+era%22#v=onepage&q=%22common%20era%22&f=false"><i>first so-far-found use of </i>common era<i> in English (1708)</i></a>. Printed for H. Rhodes. 1708<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=first+so-far-found+use+of+common+era+in+English+%281708%29&rft.pub=Printed+for+H.+Rhodes&rft.date=1708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_wvAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522common%2Bera%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522common%2520era%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The History of the Works of the Learned</i>. Vol. 10. London. January 1708. p. 513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Works+of+the+Learned&rft.place=London&rft.pages=513&rft.date=1708-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irvin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irvin_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvinSunquist,_Scott2001" class="citation book cs1">Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PR11&dq=before+%22common+era%22+christian"><i>History of the World Christian Movement</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08866-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08866-9"><bdi>0-567-08866-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms <i>common era</i> and <i>before the common era</i>, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+Christian+Movement&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-567-08866-9&rft.aulast=Irvin&rft.aufirst=Dale+T.&rft.au=Sunquist%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DC2akvQfa-QMC%26pg%3DPR11%26dq%3Dbefore%2B%2522common%2Bera%2522%2Bchristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Herrmann2006" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Herrmann (27 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html">"BCE date designation called more sensitive"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-18</span></span>. <q>Herrmann observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BCE+date+designation+called+more+sensitive&rft.date=2006-05-27&rft.au=Andrew+Herrmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1620546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim1996" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ9PYdzKf90C&pg=PA41"><i>Common Era entry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25511-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25511-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Era+entry&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25511-4&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJ9PYdzKf90C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen1983" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, O. (1983). "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church". In Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=66&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES"><i>The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar</i></a>. Vatican Observatory. p. 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Calendar+and+the+Life+of+the+Church&rft.btitle=The+Gregorian+Reform+of+the+Calendar&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Vatican+Observatory&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3Fjournal%3Dgrc..%26year%3D1983%26volume%3Dbook%26letter%3D.%26db_key%3DPRE%26page_ind%3D66%26plate_select%3DNO%26data_type%3DGIF%26type%3DSCREEN_GIF%26classic%3DYES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett, L.E., (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html">"Calendars"</a> in Seidelmann, P.K., <i>The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i>, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1995" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&pg=PA686&dq=jesus+birth+year+before"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780-802837813" title="Special:BookSources/9780-802837813"><bdi>9780-802837813</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780-802837813&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DBW_1mt4oebQC%26pg%3DPA686%26dq%3Djesus%2Bbirth%2Byear%2Bbefore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/book/grc../1983//0000052.000.html"><i>The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar</i></a>, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), <i>The Oxford Companion to the Year</i>, Oxford University Press, 778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-Chron-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-Chron_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"General Chronology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm"><i>New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. Vol III. Robert Appleton Company, New York. 1908<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Chronology&rft.btitle=New+Advent+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company%2C+New+York&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03738a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|volume=</code> has extra text (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#extra_text_volume" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepler,_Johann1616" class="citation book cs1">Kepler, Johann (1616). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kElSQAACAAJ&dq=vulgaris+aerae"><i>Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616)</i></a>. Plancus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+use+of+%22vulgaris+aerae%22+%28Latin+for+Common+Era%29+%281616%29&rft.pub=Plancus&rft.date=1616&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kElSQAACAAJ%26dq%3Dvulgaris%2Baerae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepler1616" class="citation book cs1">Kepler, Johann (1616). <i>Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis..</i>. Plancus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+novae+motuum+caelestium%2C+ab+%C4%80nno+vulgaris+aerae+MDCXVII+en+observationibus+potissimum+Tychonis+Brahei+hypothesibus+physicis%2C+et+tabulis+Rudolphinis...&rft.pub=Plancus&rft.date=1616&rft.aulast=Kepler&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepler,_JohannesFabricus,_David1617" class="citation book cs1">Kepler, Johannes; Fabricus, David (1617). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5w47twAACAAJ&dq=vulgaris+aerae"><i>Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617)</i></a>. sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+use+of+%22vulgaris+aerae%22+%28Latin+for+Common+Era%29+%281617%29&rft.pub=sumptibus+authoris%2C+excudebat+Iohannes+Plancus&rft.date=1617&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Fabricus%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5w47twAACAAJ%26dq%3Dvulgaris%2Baerae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Kepler,_Jakob_Bartsch1617" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, Jakob Bartsch (1617). <i>Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]..</i>. Johannes Plancus. <q>Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+novae+motuum+coelestium%2C+ab+anno+vulgaris+aerae+MDCXVII%5B-XXXVI%5D...&rft.pub=Johannes+Plancus&rft.date=1617&rft.au=Johannes+Kepler%2C+Jakob+Bartsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> * Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): <i>New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1635VulgarinEnglish-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1635VulgarinEnglish_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepler,_JohannVlacq,_Adriaan1635" class="citation book cs1">Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prP9cQAACAAJ&dq=vulgar+era"><i>Earliest so-far-found use of </i>vulgar era<i> in English (1635)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earliest+so-far-found+use+of+vulgar+era+in+English+%281635%29&rft.date=1635&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Johann&rft.au=Vlacq%2C+Adriaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprP9cQAACAAJ%26dq%3Dvulgar%2Bera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_KeplerAdriaan_Vlacq1635" class="citation book cs1">Johann Kepler; Adriaan Vlacq (1635). <i>Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633..</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+of+the+Celestiall+Motions%2C+for+the+Yeers+of+the+Vulgar+Era+1633...&rft.date=1635&rft.au=Johann+Kepler&rft.au=Adriaan+Vlacq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerc,_Jean_Le1701" class="citation book cs1">Clerc, Jean Le (1701). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jakGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5-IA4&dq=%22vulgar+era%22"><i><span></span></i>vulgar era<i> in English (1701)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=vulgar+era+in+English+%281701%29&rft.date=1701&rft.au=Clerc%2C+Jean+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjakGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA5-IA4%26dq%3D%2522vulgar%2Bera%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_LeClerc1701" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_LeClerc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John LeClerc (page does not exist)">John LeClerc</a>, ed. (1701). <i>The Harmony of the Evangelists</i>. London: Sam Buckley. p. 5. <q>Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harmony+of+the+Evangelists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Sam+Buckley&rft.date=1701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrideaux,_Humphrey1799" class="citation book cs1">Prideaux, Humphrey (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=1DQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&vq=vulgar&dq"><i>Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716)</i></a> (reprint ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>reckoning it backward from the vulgar era of Christ's incarnation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prideaux+use+of+%22Vulgar+Era%22+%281716%29&rft.edition=reprint&rft.date=1799&rft.au=Prideaux%2C+Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D1DQHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA5%26vq%3Dvulgar%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey_Prideaux,_D.D.1716" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Prideaux" title="Humphrey Prideaux">Humphrey Prideaux, D.D.</a> (1716) [from Oxford University Press 1799 (1716 edition not online, 1749 online is Vol 2)]. <i>The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations</i>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. p. 1. <q>This happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+and+New+Testament+Connected+in+the+History+of+the+Jews+and+Neighbouring+Nations&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1716&rft.au=Humphrey+Prideaux%2C+D.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vulgarera">"Merriam Webster Online entry for <i>Vulgar Era</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+entry+for+Vulgar+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvulgarera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Walker_(Rector_of_Shingham)Newton,_Sir_IsaacFalconer,_Thomas1796" class="citation book cs1">Robert Walker (Rector of Shingham); Newton, Sir Isaac; Falconer, Thomas (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=nK6IPj-Wk-kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22vulgar+era+of+the+NATIVITY%22"><i>"vulgar era of the nativity" (1796)</i></a>. T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22vulgar+era+of+the+nativity%22+%281796%29&rft.pub=T.+Cadell+jun.+and+W.+Davies&rft.date=1796&rft.au=Robert+Walker+%28Rector+of+Shingham%29&rft.au=Newton%2C+Sir+Isaac&rft.au=Falconer%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnK6IPj-Wk-kC%26pg%3DPA10%26dq%3D%2522vulgar%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNATIVITY%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._Robert_WalkerIsaac_NewtonThomas_Falconer1796" class="citation book cs1">Rev. Robert Walker; Isaac Newton; Thomas Falconer (1796). <i>Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to ..</i>. London: T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies. p. 10. <q>Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Researches+Into+the+Origin+and+Progress+of+Historical+Time%2C+from+the+Creation+to+...&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=T.+Cadell+Jr.+and+W.+Davies&rft.date=1796&rft.au=Rev.+Robert+Walker&rft.au=Isaac+Newton&rft.au=Thomas+Falconer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/de-eucharistica-controuersia-capita-doctrinae-theologicae-de-quibus-mandatu-illustrissimi-principis-ac-domini-d-iohannis-casimiri-comites-palatini-ad-rhenum-ducis-bauariae-tutoris-administratoris-electoralis-palatinatus-octonis-publicis-disputationibus-quarum-prima-est-habita-4-apr-anno-aerae-christianae-1584-marco-beumlero-respondente-praeses-iohannes-iacobus-grynaeus-orthodoxae-fidei-rationem-interrogantibus-placide-reddidit-accessit-eiusdem-iohannis-iacobi-grynaeus-synopsis-orationis-quam-de-disputationis-euentu-congressione-nona-quae-indicit-in-15-aprilis-publice-habuit/oclc/123471534">"1584 Latin use of <i>aerae christianae</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1584+Latin+use+of+aerae+christianae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fde-eucharistica-controuersia-capita-doctrinae-theologicae-de-quibus-mandatu-illustrissimi-principis-ac-domini-d-iohannis-casimiri-comites-palatini-ad-rhenum-ducis-bauariae-tutoris-administratoris-electoralis-palatinatus-octonis-publicis-disputationibus-quarum-prima-est-habita-4-apr-anno-aerae-christianae-1584-marco-beumlero-respondente-praeses-iohannes-iacobus-grynaeus-orthodoxae-fidei-rationem-interrogantibus-placide-reddidit-accessit-eiusdem-iohannis-iacobi-grynaeus-synopsis-orationis-quam-de-disputationis-euentu-congressione-nona-quae-indicit-in-15-aprilis-publice-habuit%2Foclc%2F123471534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrynaeusBeumler,_Marcus1584" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Grynaeus" title="Johann Jakob Grynaeus">Grynaeus, Johann Jacob</a>; Beumler, Marcus (1584). <i>De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit ; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit</i> (in Latin) (Editio tertia ed.). Heidelbergae: Typis Iacobi Mylij. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123471534">123471534</a>. <q>4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Eucharistica+controuersia%2C+capita+doctrinae+theologicae+de+quibus+mandatu%2C+illustrissimi+principis+ac+domini%2C+D.+Iohannis+Casimiri%2C+Comites+Palatini+ad+Rhenum%2C+Ducis+Bauariae%2C+tutoris+%26+administratoris+Electoralis+Palatinatus%2C+octonis+publicis+disputationibus+%28quarum+prima+est+habita+4+Apr.+anno+aerae+christianae+1584%2C+Marco+Beumlero+respondente%29+praeses+Iohannes+Iacobus+Grynaeus%2C+orthodoxae+fidei+rationem+interrogantibus+placid%C3%A8+reddidit+%3B+accessit+eiusdem+Iohannis+Iacobi+Grynaeus+synopsis+orationis%2C+quam+de+disputationis+euentu%2C+congressione+nona%2C+quae+indicit+in+15+Aprilis%2C+public%C3%A8+habuit.&rft.place=Heidelbergae&rft.edition=Editio+tertia&rft.pub=Typis+Iacobi+Mylij&rft.date=1584&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123471534&rft.aulast=Grynaeus&rft.aufirst=Johann+Jacob&rft.au=Beumler%2C+Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculum-uranicum-anni-r-christian-1649-or-an-almanack-and-prognosication-for-the-year-of-our-lord-1649-being-the-first-from-bissextile-or-leap-year-and-from-the-creation-of-the-world-5598-wherein-is-contained-many-useful-pleasant-and-necessary-observations-and-predictions-calculated-according-to-art-for-the-meridian-and-latitude-of-the-ancient-borrough-town-of-stamford-in-lincolnshire-and-without-sensible-errour-may-serve-the-3-kingdoms-of-england-scotland-and-ireland/oclc/18533017">"1649 use of <i>æræ Christianæ</i> in English book – 1st usage found in English"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1649+use+of+%C3%A6r%C3%A6+Christian%C3%A6+in+English+book+%E2%80%93+1st+usage+found+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fspeculum-uranicum-anni-r-christian-1649-or-an-almanack-and-prognosication-for-the-year-of-our-lord-1649-being-the-first-from-bissextile-or-leap-year-and-from-the-creation-of-the-world-5598-wherein-is-contained-many-useful-pleasant-and-necessary-observations-and-predictions-calculated-according-to-art-for-the-meridian-and-latitude-of-the-ancient-borrough-town-of-stamford-in-lincolnshire-and-without-sensible-errour-may-serve-the-3-kingdoms-of-england-scotland-and-ireland%2Foclc%2F18533017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWING1649" class="citation book cs1">WING, Vincent (1649). <i>Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland</i>. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. <q>anni æræ Christianæ, 1649</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speculum+uranicum%2C+anni+%C3%A6r%C3%A6+Christian%C3%A6%2C+1649%2C+or%2C+An+almanack+and+prognosication+for+the+year+of+our+Lord%2C+1649+being+the+first+from+bissextile+or+leap-year%2C+and+from+the+creation+of+the+world+5598%2C+wherein+is+contained+many+useful%2C+pleasant+and+necessary+observations%2C+and+predictions+...+%3A+calculated+%28according+to+art%29+for+the+meridian+and+latitude+of+the+ancient+borrough+town+of+Stamford+in+Lincolnshire+...+and+without+sensible+errour+may+serve+the+3.+kingdoms+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.L.+for+the+Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1649&rft.aulast=WING&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A24778.0001.001?view=toc"><i>first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=first+appearance+of+%22Christian+Era%22+in+English+%281652%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo2%2FA24778.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliter,_Robert1652" class="citation book cs1">Sliter, Robert (1652). <i>A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester</i>. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+celestiall+glasse%2C+or%2C+Ephemeris+for+the+year+of+the+Christian+era+1652+being+the+bissextile+or+leap-year%3A+contayning+the+lunations%2C+planetary+motions%2C+configurations+%26+ecclipses+for+this+present+year+...+%3A+with+many+other+things+very+delightfull+and+necessary+for+most+sorts+of+men%3A+calculated+exactly+and+composed+for+...+Rochester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1652&rft.au=Sliter%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryJohn_NicholsonJohn_Morphew1715" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, David; John Nicholson; <a href="/wiki/John_Morphew" title="John Morphew">John Morphew</a> (1715). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ze8ehe65hwcC&pg=RA2-PA252&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22before+chrift%22++chriftian+common+era"><i>The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew. p. 252<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Astronomy%2C+Physical+and+Geometrical&rft.place=London&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=printed+for+J.+Nicholson%2C+and+sold+by+J.+Morphew&rft.date=1715&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=John+Nicholson&rft.au=John+Morphew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dze8ehe65hwcC%26pg%3DRA2-PA252%26dq%3D%2522Common%2BEra%2522%2B%2522before%2Bchrift%2522%2B%2Bchriftian%2Bcommon%2Bera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Before Christ</i> and <i>Christian Era</i> appear on the same page 252, while <i>Vulgar Era</i> appears on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ze8ehe65hwcC&pg=RA2-PA250&dq=%22Vulgar%22">page 250</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSale,_GeorgePsalmanazar,_GeorgeBower,_ArchibaldShelvocke,_George1759" class="citation book cs1">Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=tn0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130&dq=%22Common+aEra%22+%22chrift%22"><i>1759 use of common æra</i></a>. Printed for C. Bathurst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1759+use+of+common+%C3%A6ra&rft.pub=Printed+for+C.+Bathurst&rft.date=1759&rft.au=Sale%2C+George&rft.au=Psalmanazar%2C+George&rft.au=Bower%2C+Archibald&rft.au=Shelvocke%2C+George&rft.au=Campbell%2C+John&rft.au=Swinton%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dtn0EAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA130%26dq%3D%2522Common%2BaEra%2522%2B%2522chrift%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalePsalmanazar,_GeorgeBower,_ArchibaldShelvocke,_George1759" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sale" title="George Sale">Sale, George</a>; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). <i><a href="/wiki/An_Universal_History:_From_the_Earliest_Accounts_to_the_Present_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time">An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time</a></i>. Vol. 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc.] p. 130. <q>at which time they fixed that for their common era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Universal+History%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=C.+Bathurst+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1759&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Psalmanazar%2C+George&rft.au=Bower%2C+Archibald&rft.au=Shelvocke%2C+George&rft.au=Campbell%2C+John&rft.au=Swinton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> In this case, <i>their</i> refers to the Jews.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstBeforeCE-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FirstBeforeCE_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon),_Jakob_Friedrich_Bielfeld_(FreiherrHooper,_William1770" class="citation book cs1">Von), Jakob Friedrich Bielfeld (Freiherr; Hooper, William (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=gBETAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22vulgar+Era%22+date:1-1800"><i>First-so-far found English usage of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770)</i></a>. Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First-so-far+found+English+usage+of+%22before+the+common+era%22%2C+with+%22vulgar+era%22+synonymous+with+%22common+era%22+%281770%29&rft.pub=Printed+by+G.+Scott%2C+for+J.+Robson+and+B.+Law&rft.date=1770&rft.au=Von%29%2C+Jakob+Friedrich+Bielfeld+%28Freiherr&rft.au=Hooper%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DgBETAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA105%26dq%3D%2522Common%2BEra%2522%2B%2522vulgar%2BEra%2522%2Bdate%3A1-1800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperBielfeld,_Jacob_Friedrich1770" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). <i>The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres</i>. Vol. 2. London: G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane. pp. 105, 63. <q>in the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era.... The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Universal+Erudition%3A+Containing+an+Analytical+Abridgment+of+the+Sciences%2C+Polite+Arts%2C+and+Belles+Lettres&rft.place=London&rft.pages=105%2C+63&rft.pub=G.+Scott%2C+printer%2C+for+J+Robson%2C+bookseller+in+New-Bond+Street%2C+and+B.+Law+in+Ave-Mary+Lane&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Bielfeld%2C+Jacob+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar,_ColinGleig,_George1797" class="citation book cs1">MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA228&dq=%22vulgar+era%22"><i>"vulgar era" in 1797 EB</i></a>. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22vulgar+era%22+in+1797+EB&rft.pages=p.-228+v.-14+pt.-1+P+%28Peter%29&rft.pub=A.+Bell+and+C.+Macfarquhar&rft.date=1797&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Colin&rft.au=Gleig%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DW3xMAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA228%26dq%3D%2522vulgar%2Bera%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar,_ColinGleig,_George1797" class="citation book cs1">MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22common+era%22"><i>"common era" in 1797 EB</i></a>. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era%22+in+1797+EB&rft.pages=p.-50+v.-14+pt.-1+P+%28Paul%29&rft.pub=A.+Bell+and+C.+Macfarquhar&rft.date=1797&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Colin&rft.au=Gleig%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DW3xMAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA50%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Gleig1797" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">George Gleig, ed. (1797). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes)</i>. Edinburgh. v. 14 pt. 1 P.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=v.-14+pt.-1+P&rft.date=1797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Campbell1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement)">Alexander Campbell</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L4.HTM"><i>The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition</i></a>. pp. 16–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Oracles%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Alexander+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Frels%2Frestmov%2Ftexts%2Facampbell%2Ftlo4%2FTLO400L4.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Campbell1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement)">Alexander Campbell</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L3.HTM"><i>The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition</i></a>. pp. 15–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Oracles%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Alexander+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Frels%2Frestmov%2Ftexts%2Facampbell%2Ftlo4%2FTLO400L3.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia,_Popular1874" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopedia, Popular (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=GMfyJ2PeD-cC&q=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22"><i>"common era of the Jews" (1874)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+Jews%22+%281874%29&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Encyclopedia%2C+Popular&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGMfyJ2PeD-cC%26q%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bjews%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Whitelaw1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Whitelaw" title="Alexander Whitelaw">A. Whitelaw</a>, ed. (1874). <i>Conversations Lexicon</i>. Vol. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+Lexicon&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=e6oCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176&dq=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22"><i>"common era of the Jews" (1858)</i></a>. Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+Jews%22+%281858%29&rft.pub=Wertheim%2C+MacIntosh+%26+Hunt&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3De6oCAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA176%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bjews%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._Bourchier_Wrey_Savile,_MA1858" class="citation book cs1">Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA (1858). <i>The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God</i>. London: Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+and+second+Advent%3A+or%2C+The+past+and+the+future+with+reference+to+the+Jew%2C+the+Gentile%2C+and+the+Church+of+God&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Wertheim%2C+Macintosh+and+Hunt&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Rev.+Bourchier+Wrey+Savile%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumpach,_Johannes_von1856" class="citation book cs1">Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=4WEBAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22&q=%22common+era+of+the+Mahometans%22"><i>"common era of the Mahometans" (1856)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+Mahometans%22+%281856%29&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Gumpach%2C+Johannes+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D4WEBAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2522%26q%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMahometans%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_von_Gumpach1856" class="citation book cs1">Johannes von Gumpach (1856). <i>Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar</i>. Oxford University. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+tables+for+the+reduction+of+Mahometan+dates+to+the+Christian+calendar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Johannes+von+Gumpach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_William1801" class="citation book cs1">Jones, William (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=bXIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA354&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22"><i>"common era of the world" (1801)</i></a>. F. and C. Rivington<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+world%22+%281801%29&rft.pub=F.+and+C.+Rivington&rft.date=1801&rft.au=Jones%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbXIAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA354%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1801" class="citation book cs1">Jones, William (1801). <i>The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones</i>. London: Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological%2C+Philosophical+and+Miscellaneous+Works+of+the+Rev.+William+Jones&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rivington&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Fraser_Tytler,_HON1854" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Fraser Tytler, HON (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=6FKHIeUQ2J0C&pg=PA284&dq=%22common+era+of+the+foundation+of+rome%22"><i>"common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+foundation+of+Rome%22+%281854%29&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Alexander+Fraser+Tytler%2C+HON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6FKHIeUQ2J0C%26pg%3DPA284%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfoundation%2Bof%2Brome%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Fraser_Tytler,_Lord_Woodhouselee1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fraser_Tytler" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Fraser Tytler">Alexander Fraser Tytler</a>, Lord Woodhouselee (1854). <i>Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century</i>. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. 284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+History%3A+From+the+Creation+of+the+World+to+the+Beginning+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Fetridge+and+Company&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Alexander+Fraser+Tytler%2C+Lord+Woodhouselee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes,_Thomas_Spencer1833" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA711&dq=%22common+era+of+the+incarnation%22"><i>"common era of the Incarnation" (1833)</i></a>. A. & C. Black<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+Incarnation%22+%281833%29&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1833&rft.au=Baynes%2C+Thomas+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHKgMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA711%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bincarnation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature</i>. Vol. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. 1833. p. 711.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=711&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Allen+and+Company&rft.date=1833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd,_James_Henthorn1864" class="citation book cs1">Todd, James Henthorn (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=um44AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the+Nativity%22&q=%22common+era%22+%22of+the+Nativity%22"><i>"common era" "of the Nativity" (1864)</i></a>. Hodges, Smith & co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era%22+%22of+the+Nativity%22+%281864%29&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Smith+%26+co.&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Todd%2C+James+Henthorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dum44AAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNativity%2522%26q%3D%2522common%2Bera%2522%2B%2522of%2Bthe%2BNativity%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Henthorn_Todd1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Henthorn_Todd" title="James Henthorn Todd">James Henthorn Todd</a> (1864). <i>St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission</i>. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University. pp. 495, 496, 497.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Patrick%2C+Apostle+of+Ireland%2C+A+Memoir+of+his+Life+and+Mission&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=495%2C+496%2C+497&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Smith+%26+Co%2C+Publishers+to+the+University&rft.date=1864&rft.au=James+Henthorn+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=PGdCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR16&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22"><i>"common era of the birth of Christ" (1812)</i></a>. printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne. 1812<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22common+era+of+the+birth+of+Christ%22+%281812%29&rft.pub=printed+by+A.J.+Valpy+for+T.+Payne&rft.date=1812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DPGdCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR16%26dq%3D%2522common%2Bera%2Bof%2Bthe%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeneage_Elsley1812" class="citation book cs1">Heneage Elsley (1812). <i>Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition)</i> (2nd ed.). London: A. J. Valpy for T. Payne. xvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annotations+on+the+Four+Gospels+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles+%282nd+edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xvi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.+J.+Valpy+for+T.+Payne&rft.date=1812&rft.au=Heneage+Elsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|nopp=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|no-pp=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.f. every good Latin dictionary, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=&lang=la">perseus.tufts.edu</a> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedict.com/onldict/lat.html">freedict.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.pons.eu/translate/latin-german">pons (English/German)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.pons.eu/deutsch-latein/">pons (German)</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auxilium-online.net/wb/woerterbuch.php">auxilium-online.net (German)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelema101.com/calendar">"What is Thelema?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Thelema%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelema101.com%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey_R_Rich" class="citation web cs1">Tracey R Rich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/calendar.htm#Years">"Judaism 101"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>Jews do not generally use the words "A.D." and "B.C." to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. "A.D." means "the year of our <a href="/wiki/L-rd" class="mw-redirect" title="L-rd">L-rd</a>," and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judaism+101&rft.au=Tracey+R+Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fcalendar.htm%23Years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/plymouthinscriptions.htm">"Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions"</a>. Jewish Communities & Records<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth%2C+England+Tombstone+inscriptions&rft.pub=Jewish+Communities+%26+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fjcr-uk%2Fsusser%2Fplymouthinscriptions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <br />[19 Sivan 5585 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a> is June 5, 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for <i>Vulgar Era</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gormley-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gormley_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gormley_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormley2005" class="citation news cs1">Gormley, Michael (24 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2005_3864650">"Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. p. A–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Use+of+B.C.+and+A.D.+faces+changing+times&rft.pages=A-13&rft.date=2005-04-24&rft.aulast=Gormley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D2005_3864650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of The Jews. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=CE+BCE">https://books.google.com/books?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=CE+BCE</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphall,_Morris_Jacob1856" class="citation book cs1">Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&pg=PA75&vq=era"><i>Search for </i>era<i> in this book</i></a>. Moss & Brother<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Search+for+era+in+this+book.&rft.pub=Moss+%26+Brother&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Raphall%2C+Morris+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dr7CbDH5hTe8C%26pg%3DPA75%26vq%3Dera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=BC%2CBCE&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3">"Google Ngram Viewer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DBC%252CBCE%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2000%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=CE%2CAD&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3">"Google Ngram Viewer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DCE%252CAD%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2000%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Anno+Domini%2CCommon+Era%2CChristian+Era%2CCurrent+Era%2Canno+domini&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3"><i>Google Ngram Viewer</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DAnno%2BDomini%252CCommon%2BEra%252CChristian%2BEra%252CCurrent%2BEra%252Canno%2Bdomini%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2008%26corpus%3D0%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Before+Christ%2CBefore+the+Common+Era%2CBefore+Common+Era%2CBefore+the+Christian+Era%2CBefore+the+Current+Era&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3"><i>Google Ngram Viewer</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DBefore%2BChrist%252CBefore%2Bthe%2BCommon%2BEra%252CBefore%2BCommon%2BEra%252CBefore%2Bthe%2BChristian%2BEra%252CBefore%2Bthe%2BCurrent%2BEra%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2008%26corpus%3D0%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (common era), B.P. (before present), or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years B.P." in connection with <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon ages</a>.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_for_Historical_Archaeology2006" class="citation web cs1">Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052334/http://www.sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf">"Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Style+Guide&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=Society+for+Historical+Archaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsha.org%2Fdocuments%2FSHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> whereas the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> style guide takes a different approach calling for "C.E." and "B.C.E." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Anthropological_Society2009" class="citation web cs1">American Anthropological Society (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm">"AAA Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAA+Style+Guide&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009&rft.au=American+Anthropological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaanet.org%2Fpublications%2Fguidelines.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithsonian_Institution" class="citation web cs1">Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20070928000917/http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/field_trips/standards/world_history_standards.html">"World History Standards"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Education</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/field_trips/standards/world_history_standards.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Education&rft.atitle=World+History+Standards&rft.au=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianeducation.org%2Feducators%2Ffield_trips%2Fstandards%2Fworld_history_standards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612143226/http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/guidelines.html">"Submission Guidelines for <i>The Ostracon</i>"</a>. <i>The Ostracon – Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/guidelines.html">the original</a> on June 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>For dates, please use the now-standard "BCE–CE" notation, rather than "BC–AD." Authors with strong religious preferences may use "BC–AD," however.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ostracon+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+the+Egyptian+Studies+Society&rft.atitle=Submission+Guidelines+for+The+Ostracon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptstudy.org%2Fostracon%2Fguidelines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ang-md.org/mcn/style_guide.pdf">"Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Maryland Church News</i>. 1 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Church+News&rft.atitle=Maryland+Church+News+Submission+Guide+%26+Style+Manual&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ang-md.org%2Fmcn%2Fstyle_guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist">"AP: World History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP%3A+World+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegeboard.com%2Fstudent%2Ftesting%2Fap%2Fhistory_world%2Ftopic.html%3Fworldhist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">"Jerusalem Timeline"</a>. History Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">the original</a> on May 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Timeline&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fjerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">"Jerusalem: Biographies"</a>. History Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+Biographies&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fjerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220120909/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do">"AD and BC become CE/BCE"</a>. 9 February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do">the original</a> on December 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AD+and+BC+become+CE%2FBCE&rft.date=2002-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427032052/http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html">"State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy"</a>. Family Foundation of Kentucky. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+School+Board+reverses+itself+on+B.C.%2FA.D.+controversy&rft.pub=Family+Foundation+of+Kentucky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tffky.org%2Farticles%2FPress%2520Releases%2Fprs%252006-14-06%2520MC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Biesk2006" class="citation web cs1">Joe Biesk (15 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119">"School board keeps traditional historic designations"</a>. Louisville Courier-Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+board+keeps+traditional+historic+designations&rft.pub=Louisville+Courier-Journal&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.au=Joe+Biesk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.kctcs.edu%2Ftodaysnews%2Findex.cfm%3Ftn_date%3D2006-06-16%235119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf">"Kentucky Board of Education Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kentucky Board of Education Report. 10 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kentucky+Board+of+Education+Report&rft.pub=Kentucky+Board+of+Education+Report&rft.date=2006-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpe.ky.gov%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6%2F0%2F6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2033225/Australia-goes-PC-ban-BC-Birth-Jesus-removed-reference-point-dates-school-history-books.html">"Australia goes all PC with a ban on BC: Birth of Jesus to be removed as reference point for dates in school history books"</a>. <i>Daily Mail</i>. London. 2 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Australia+goes+all+PC+with+a+ban+on+BC%3A+Birth+of+Jesus+to+be+removed+as+reference+point+for+dates+in+school+history+books&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2033225%2FAustralia-goes-PC-ban-BC-Birth-Jesus-removed-reference-point-dates-school-history-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/adbc-rock-solid-in-curriculum-20111020-1mab2.html">"AD/BC rock solid in curriculum"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 21 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=AD%2FBC+rock+solid+in+curriculum&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fadbc-rock-solid-in-curriculum-20111020-1mab2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice</i>. 1910. p. 1116. <q>It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+and+English+Encyclopedia+of+Law+and+Practice&rft.pages=1116&rft.date=1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_McDowellNathan_Robert_Brown2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael McDowell; Nathan Robert Brown (2009). <i>World Religions At Your Fingertips</i>. Penguin. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101014691" title="Special:BookSources/9781101014691"><bdi>9781101014691</bdi></a>. <q>Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin <i>Anno Domini</i>, meaning "Year of our God/Lord." This was a shortening of <i>Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi</i>, meaning "Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+At+Your+Fingertips&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781101014691&rft.au=Michael+McDowell&rft.au=Nathan+Robert+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RelTolrnc-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RelTolrnc_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/ceintro.htm">"Comments on the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history"</a>. ReligiousTolerance.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comments+on+the+use+of+CE+and+BCE+to+identify+dates+in+history&rft.pub=ReligiousTolerance.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fceintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kofifaith-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kofifaith_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefevere1998" class="citation news cs1">Lefevere, Patricia (1998-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_7_35/ai_53460476">"Annan: 'Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan"</a>. National Catholic Reporter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Annan%3A+%27Peace+is+never+a+perfect+achievement%27+%E2%80%93+United+Nations+Secretary+General+Kofi+Annan&rft.date=1998-12-11&rft.aulast=Lefevere&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1141%2Fis_7_35%2Fai_53460476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnan,_Kofi_A.,_(then_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations)1999" class="citation web cs1">Annan, Kofi A., (then Secretary-General of the United Nations) (28 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501020027/http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37">"Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values"</a>. Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37">the original</a> on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+values+for+a+common+era%3A+Even+as+we+cherish+our+diversity%2C+we+need+to+discover+our+shared+values&rft.pub=Civilization%3A+The+Magazine+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1999-06-28&rft.au=Annan%2C+Kofi+A.%2C+%28then+Secretary-General+of+the+United+Nations%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fossg%2Fsg%2Fstories%2FarticleFull.asp%3FTID%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney2006" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064">"Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The Deseret News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>I find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers.... The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards of one culture on others.'... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Altering+history%3F+Changes+have+some+asking+%27Before+what%3F%27&rft.date=2006-12-02&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4188%2Fis_20061202%2Fai_n16891064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBC-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBC_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=298">"On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>. June 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>This practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ's life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Retaining+The+Traditional+Method+Of+Calendar+Dating+%28B.C.%2FA.D.%29&rft.pub=Southern+Baptist+Convention&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.net%2Fresolutions%2FamResolution.asp%3FID%3D298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1993" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=L2ChiO2yEZ0C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=%22The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English%22+BCE&q"><i>The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E.</i></a> Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06989-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06989-2"><bdi>978-0-231-06989-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year.... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don't use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English+%E2%80%93+A.D.%2C+B.C.%2C+%28A.%29C.E.%2C+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06989-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DL2ChiO2yEZ0C%26pg%3DPA11%26lpg%3DPA11%26dq%3D%2522The%2BColumbia%2BGuide%2Bto%2BStandard%2BAmerican%2BEnglish%2522%2BBCE%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panikkar-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panikkar_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raimon_Panikkar" title="Raimon Panikkar">Panikkar, Raimon</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=9-vYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Panikkar,+Raimon+(2004).+Christophany:+The+Fullness+of+Man.">"Christophany: The Fullness of Man"</a>. Maryville, NY: Orbis Books: 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-564-4"><bdi>978-1-57075-564-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>. <q>Here is an example of the incarnation's historical-sociological implications among those who feel themselves furthest from Christianity. In certain North American academic circles one can see a return-with repercussions elsewhere-to the most bigoted Christian colonialism, along with the good intention of overcoming it. It has been suggested that the terminology of the Western calendar, Christian in origin, be replaced by one that presumably would be neutral and universal. It is understandable that some would protest the use of A.D. (anno Domini), but by eliminating B.C. (before Christ) and substituting B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) scholars betray the depths of the cultural impact of the historico-Christian event. After all, Jesus was not born in the year 1. We select a single event but without any value judgment. To call our age "the Common Era," even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christophany%3A+The+Fullness+of+Man&rft.pages=173&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-564-4&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=Raimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9-vYAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DPanikkar%2C%2BRaimon%2B%282004%29.%2BChristophany%3A%2BThe%2BFullness%2Bof%2BMan.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2007" class="citation news cs1">Simon, Stephanie (22 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/19/nation/na-schlafly19">"A conservative's answer to Wikipedia"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+conservative%27s+answer+to+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-06-22&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2007%2Fjun%2F19%2Fnation%2Fna-schlafly19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservapedia.com/Conservapedia:Commandments">Conservapedia Commandments</a> at Conservapedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909071543/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html">"Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition"</a>. University of Chicago Press. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Rule+Changes+in+The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style%2C+Fifteenth+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fabout15_rules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>SBL Handbook of Style</i> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a> 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS - The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see §7.1.3.2.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Joke-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html">"GERMANY: Jewish Joke"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 7 March 1938<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=GERMANY%3A+Jewish+Joke&rft.date=1938-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C759195%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse</i>, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838 (19 May 1838). See page 175 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFAAAAcAAJ">Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2</a> (Leipzig 1838).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Julius_F%C3%BCrst" title="Julius Fürst">Julius Fürst</a></span>, <i>Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung</i> (Leipzig 1862–1869).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See page 149 in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg">Weiße Blätter</a> issue <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf">May 1938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm">"Writing Dates in Spanish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writing+Dates+in+Spanish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspanish.about.com%2Fod%2Fwrittenspanish%2Fqt%2Fdates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=welsh-termau-cymraeg;982a203b.0610">"Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives"</a>. JISCMail. 19 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg+Archives&rft.pub=JISCMail&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwebadmin%3FA2%3Dwelsh-termau-cymraeg%3B982a203b.0610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" 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