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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Literature in Yoruba Language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Nigeria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Nigeria" title="Miss Nigeria">Miss Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Nigeria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Nigeria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #8FBC8F; color:#000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and folklore</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Nigeria" title="Irreligion in Nigeria">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Nigeria" title="Secularism in Nigeria">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Folk beliefs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #8FBC8F; color:#000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_art" title="Category:Nigerian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Art of the Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Nigeria" title="Architecture of Nigeria">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #8FBC8F; color:#000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jollof_rice" title="Jollof rice">Jollof rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afang_soup" title="Afang soup">Afang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacha_(food)" title="Abacha (food)">Abacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amala_(food)" title="Amala (food)">Amala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eba" title="Eba">Eba</a></li> <li><a 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title="Golibe Festival">Golibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festivals_in_Nigeria" title="New Yam Festivals in Nigeria">New Yam Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokun_Festival" title="Olokun Festival">Olokun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omabe_Festival" title="Omabe Festival">Omabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_Festival" title="Sango Festival">Sango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umatu_festival" title="Umatu festival">Umatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oronna_Festival" title="Oronna Festival">Oronna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #8FBC8F; color:#000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_literature" title="Edo literature">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_literature" title="Efik literature">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha_Market_Literature" title="Onitsha Market Literature">Onitsha Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Generation_of_Nigerian_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Generation of Nigerian writers">Third Generation of Nigerian writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #008B45;border-bottom:1px solid #008B45;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Culture of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Culture of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yoruba literature</b> is the spoken and written <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a>, one of the largest ethno-linguistic groups in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, as well as in dispersed Yoruba communities throughout the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the nineteenth century, local West African languages, including Yoruba, had adopted a modified Arabic script (<a href="/wiki/Ajami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajami">ajami script</a>) as the most widespread form of writing. The oldest history of the Yoruba people, written in the 17th century, was in Yoruba but reportedly used Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarringerWallace2014131_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarringerWallace2014131-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many contributions to Yoruba writing and formal study from the nineteenth century onwards were made by <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priests of Yoruba origin. A formal Yoruba grammar in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet"> Latin-script alphabet </a> was published in 1843 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Samuel Ajayi Crowther</a>. He was of Yoruba origin himself. Thus, the formation of written Yoruba was facilitated indigenously by the Yoruba people themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a> is intertwined with history, with the various Yoruba clans claiming to descend from divinities, and some of their kings becoming deified after their deaths. <i><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Itan</a></i> is the word for the sum of Yoruba religion, poetry, song, and history. Yoruba divinities are called <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orishas</a>, and make up one of the most complex pantheons in <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a>, a complex system of divination, involves recital of Yoruba poetry containing stories and proverbs bearing on the divination. A divination recital can take a whole night. The body of this poetry is vast, and passed on between Ifa oracles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiction">Fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first novel in the Yorùbá language was <i><a href="/wiki/Ogboju_Ode_ninu_Igbo_Irunmale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo Irunmale">Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo Irunmale</a></i> (translated by <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a> as <i>The Forest of A Thousand Daemons</i>), although the literal translation is "The bravery of a hunter in the forest of deities", written in 1938 by Chief <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O._Fagunwa" title="Daniel O. Fagunwa">Daniel O. Fagunwa</a> (1903–1963). It contains the <a href="/wiki/Picaresque" class="mw-redirect" title="Picaresque">picaresque</a> tales of a Yoruba hunter encountering folklore elements, such as magic, monsters, spirits, and gods. It was one of the first novels to be written in any African language. Fagunwa wrote other works based on similar themes, and remains the most widely read Yorùbá-language author. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tutuola" title="Amos Tutuola">Amos Tutuola</a> (1920–1997) was greatly inspired by Fagunwa, but wrote in an intentionally rambling, broken English, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Pidgin English">Nigerian Pidgin English</a>. Tutuola gained fame for <i>The Palm-Wine Drinkard</i> (1946, pub 1952), and other works based on Yoruba folklore. </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Afolabi_Olabimtan" title="Afolabi Olabimtan">Afolabi Olabimtan</a> (1932–1992) was a writer, university professor, and politician. He wrote Yoruba language novels about modern Nigerian life and love, such as <i>Kekere Ekun</i> (1967; <i>[Lad Nicknamed] Leopard Cub</i>), and Ayanmo (1973; <i>Predestination</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre">Theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his pioneering study of <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, Joel Adedeji traced its origins to the <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">masquerade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun</a> (the "cult of the ancestor").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdedeji196960_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdedeji196960-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rite</a> is controlled exclusively by men and culminates in a masquerade in which ancestors return to the world of the living to visit their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its origin in ritual, Yoruba theatre can be "traced to the 'theatrogenic' nature of a number of the deities in the <a href="/wiki/Orisha#Pantheon" title="Orisha">Yoruba pantheon</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Obatala" class="mw-redirect" title="Obatala">Obatala</a> the orisha of creation, <a href="/wiki/Ogoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogoun">Ogun</a> the orisha of creativeness and <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Sango</a> the orisha of lightning", whose worship is imbricated "with drama and theatre and their symbolic and psychological uses."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200588_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200588-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A1%C3%A0r%C3%ACnj%C3%B3" title="Aláàrìnjó">Aláàrìnjó</a> theatrical tradition sprang from the Egungun masquerade. The Aláàrìnjó were a troupe of traveling performers who were masked (as were the participants in the Egungun rite). They created short, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> scenes that drew on a number of established stereotypical characters. Their performances used <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a>, music and <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>. The Aláàrìnjó tradition influenced the Yoruba traveling theatre, which was the most prevalent and highly developed form of theatre in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> from the 1950s to the 1980s. In the 1990s, the Yoruba traveling theatre moved into television and film and now gives live performances only rarely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200589_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200589-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Total theatre" also developed in Nigeria in the 1950s. It used non-Naturalistic techniques, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealistic</a> physical imagery, and exercised a flexibile use of language. Playwrights writing in the mid-1970s made use of some of these techniques, but articulated them with "a radical appreciation of the problems of society."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200570_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200570-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional performance modes have strongly influenced the major figures in contemporary Nigerian theatre. The work of Chief <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Ogunde" title="Hubert Ogunde">Hubert Ogunde</a> (sometimes referred to as the "father of contemporary Yoruban theatre") was informed by the Aláàrìnjó tradition and Egungun masquerades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200576_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200576-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the first professional Nigerian theatre company in 1945 and served in many roles, including playwright, in both English and Yoruba. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a> is "generally recognized as Africa’s greatest living playwright" and was awarded the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes in English, sometimes a Nigerian pidgin English, and his subjects (in both plays and novels) include a mixture of Western, traditional, and modern African elements. He gives the god Ogun a complex <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> significance in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his essay "The Fourth Stage" (1973), Soyinka argues that "no matter how strongly African authors call for an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragic art form</a>, they smuggle into their dramas, through the back door of formalistic and ideological predilections, typically conventional Western notions and practices of rendering historical events into tragedy."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contrasts Yoruban drama with <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">classical Athenian drama</a>, relating both to the 19th-century German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s analysis of the latter in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a></i> (1879). Ogun, he argues, is "a totality of the <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Dionysian, Apollonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Promethean</a> virtues."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He develops an aesthetic of Yoruban tragedy based, in part, on the Yoruban <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">religious</a> pantheon (including Ogun and Obatala).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Akinwunmi_Isola" title="Akinwunmi Isola">Akinwunmi Isola</a> was a popular novelist (beginning with <i>O Le Ku</i>, <i>Heart-Rending Incidents</i>, in 1974), playwright, screenwriter, film producer, and professor of the Yoruba language. His works include historical dramas and analyses of modern Yoruba novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Oríkì">Oríkì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">Igbo literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_literature" title="Efik literature">Efik literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_literature" title="Edo literature">Edo literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_writers" title="List of Nigerian writers">List of Nigerian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Generation_of_Nigerian_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Generation of Nigerian writers">Third Generation of Nigerian writers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarringerWallace2014131-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarringerWallace2014131_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarringerWallace2014">Barringer & Wallace 2014</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdedeji196960-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdedeji196960_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdedeji1969">Adedeji 1969</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noret (2008, 26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200588-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200588_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanhamHillWoodyard2005">Banham, Hill & Woodyard 2005</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200589-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200589_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanhamHillWoodyard2005">Banham, Hill & Woodyard 2005</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200570-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200570_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanhamHillWoodyard2005">Banham, Hill & Woodyard 2005</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200576-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200576_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanhamHillWoodyard2005">Banham, Hill & Woodyard 2005</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanhamHillWoodyard200569_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanhamHillWoodyard2005">Banham, Hill & Woodyard 2005</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soyinka (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soyinka (1973, 120).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soyinka (1973).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/Blackhistory/article.do?nKeyValue=384733">African literature</a> Encyclopædia Britannica article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070312023202/http://wwwa.britannica.com/ebi/article-195906">African literature: Yoruba literature</a> Britannica Student Encyclopedia article</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdedeji1969" class="citation journal cs1">Adedeji, Joel (1969). "Traditional Yoruba Theater". <i>African Arts</i>. <b>3</b> (1). UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334461">3334461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=Traditional+Yoruba+Theater&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3334461%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adedeji&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanhamHillWoodyard2005" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Martin; Hill, Eroll; Woodyard, George (January 2005). <i>The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521612074" title="Special:BookSources/9780521612074"><bdi>9780521612074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+African+and+Caribbean+Theatre&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=9780521612074&rft.aulast=Banham&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Hill%2C+Eroll&rft.au=Woodyard%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarringerWallace2014" class="citation book cs1">Barringer, Terry; Wallace, Marion (July 2014). <i>African Studies in the Digital Age: DisConnects?</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004279148" title="Special:BookSources/9789004279148"><bdi>9789004279148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Studies+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+DisConnects%3F&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-07&rft.isbn=9789004279148&rft.aulast=Barringer&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Noret, Joël. 2008. "Between Authenticity and Nostalgia: The Making of a Yoruba Tradition in Southern Benin." <i>African Arts</i> 41.4 (Winter): 26-31.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Soyinka, Wole</a>. 1973. "The Fourth Stage: Through the Mysteries of Ogun to the Origin of Yoruba Tragedy." In <i>The Morality of Art: Essays Presented to G. Wilson Knight by his Colleagues and Friends.</i> Ed. Douglas William Jefferson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 119-134. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6280-2">978-0-7100-6280-2</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoruba_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoruba_topics" title="Template:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoruba_topics" title="Template talk:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoruba_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yoruba_people" title="History of the Yoruba people">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin#Demographics" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo#Ethnic_groups" title="Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_people" title="Ogu people">Egun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yewa_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yewa clan">Egbado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Igbomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awori_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Awori tribe">Awori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Akoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaje" title="Ilaje">Ilaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olukumi_people" title="Olukumi people">Olukumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Ulukwumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mokole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Dassa" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa">Rulers of Dassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Icha" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha">Rulers of Icha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Ketu" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu">Rulers of Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Sabe" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe">Rulers of Sabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olota_of_Ota" title="Olota of Ota">Olota of Ota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_Alake" class="mw-redirect" title="Egba Alake">Egba Alake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo_Kingdom" title="Iwo Kingdom">Iwo Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owu_Kingdom" title="Owu Kingdom">Owu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom" title="Ondo Kingdom">Ondo Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure_Kingdom" title="Akure Kingdom">Akure Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oke_Ila" title="Oke Ila">Oke Ila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_Yara" title="Ila Yara">Ila Yara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_Orangun" title="Ila Orangun">Ila Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoani_Confederacy" title="Idoani Confederacy">Idoani Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography<br />(<a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precolonial state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collines_Department" title="Collines Department">Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibori_Department" title="Alibori Department">Alibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Department" title="Zou Department">Zou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau (Kétou)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun_State" title="Osun State">Osun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara">Kwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogi">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%E1%BA%B9okuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Abẹokuta">Abẹokuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Ọyọ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ilé-Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure" title="Akure">Akure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbomosho" title="Ogbomosho">Ogbomosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Owo, Nigeria">Owo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ado-Ekiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-Ekiti">Ado-Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwo, Nigeria">Iwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Novo">Porto Novo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people#Demographics" title="Yoruba people">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian British">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba American">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucumi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumi people">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_of_African_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaicans of African ancestry">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Brazilian">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_traditional_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba traditional art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_numerals" title="Yoruba numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education & philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yoruba Wikipedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BAew%C3%A9_%C3%80k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" class="extiw" title="yo:Ojúewé Àkọ́kọ́">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&oldid=1257837257">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_literature&oldid=1257837257</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_by_ethnicity" 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