CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ug" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>جۇڭخۇا - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )ugwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","يانۋار","فېۋرال","مارت","ئاپرېل","ماي","ئىيۇن","ئىيۇل","ئاۋغۇست","سىنتەبىر","ئۆكتەبىر","نويابىر","دېكابىر"],"wgRequestId":"dcd6cdeb-2501-424f-8c26-65e0e1bb65ef","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"جۇڭخۇا","wgTitle":"جۇڭخۇا","wgCurRevisionId":170614,"wgRevisionId":170614,"wgArticleId":23286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using ISBN magic links","دەسلەپكى نۇسخا"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ug","wgPageContentLanguage":"ug","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"جۇڭخۇا","wgRelevantArticleId":23286,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"خىتاي","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ug","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"ug"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q29520","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ug&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ug&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/1200px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="898"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/800px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/640px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="479"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="جۇڭخۇا - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ug.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="تەھرىرلەش" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ug)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ug.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ug"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia نىڭ Atom قانالى" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-جۇڭخۇا rootpage-جۇڭخۇا skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">يوشۇر</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> يولباشچى </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA" title="باش بەتنى زىيارەت قىل [z]" accesskey="z"><span>باش بەت</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="بۇ قۇرۇلۇش ھەققىدە، سىز نېمە ئىش قىلالايسىز، قانداق قىلىش لازىم"><span>ئىجتىمائىي رايون</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3%DB%95" title="نۆۋەتتىكى ھادىسىنىڭ ئارقا كۆرۈنۈش ئۇچۇرىنى ئىزدە"><span>نۆۋەتتىكى ھادىسە</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:RecentChanges" title="wiki بېتىدىكى يېقىنقى ئۆزگىرىش تىزىملىكى [r]" accesskey="r"><span>يېقىنقى ئۆزگەرتىشلەر</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:Random" title="خالىغان بەتنى يۈكلە [x]" accesskey="x"><span>ئىختىيارىي بەت</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85:Contents" title="ياردەم ئىزدەيدىغان ئورۇن"><span>ياردەم:ياردەم</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ug.svg" style="width: 8.8125em; height: 2.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ug.svg" width="110" height="15" style="width: 6.875em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia ئىزدە [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ئىزدە</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia ئىزدەش" aria-label="Wikipedia ئىزدەش" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia ئىزدە [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ئالاھىدە:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ئىزدە</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="شەخسىي قوراللار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ug.wikipedia.org&uselang=ug" class=""><span>ئىئانە</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:CreateAccount&returnto=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" title="ھېساباتتىن بىرنى قۇرۇپ تىزىمغا كىرىشىڭىزنى تەۋسىيە قىلىمىز، ئەمما بۇ مەجبۇرىي ئەمەس." class=""><span>ھېسابات قۇر</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:UserLogin&returnto=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" title="تىزىمغا كىرىشىڭىزنى تەۋسىيە قىلىمىز ئەمما مەجبۇرىي ئەمەس [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>تىزىمغا كىرىڭ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شەخسىي قوراللار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شەخسىي قوراللار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ug.wikipedia.org&uselang=ug"><span>ئىئانە</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:CreateAccount&returnto=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" title="ھېساباتتىن بىرنى قۇرۇپ تىزىمغا كىرىشىڭىزنى تەۋسىيە قىلىمىز، ئەمما بۇ مەجبۇرىي ئەمەس."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ھېسابات قۇر</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:UserLogin&returnto=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" title="تىزىمغا كىرىشىڭىزنى تەۋسىيە قىلىمىز ئەمما مەجبۇرىي ئەمەس [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>تىزىمغا كىرىڭ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>تۆھپە</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:MyTalk" title="مەزكۇر IP ئادرېستىن كەلگەن تەھرىرنىڭ مۇنازىرىسى [n]" accesskey="n"><span>مۇنازىرە</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مەزمۇنلار" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مەزمۇنلار</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">يوشۇر</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">كىرىش سۆز</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-مەنبەلەر" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مەنبەلەر"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>مەنبەلەر</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مەنبەلەر-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مەزمۇنلار" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">جۇڭخۇا</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 تىل</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – گېرمانچە شىۋىتسارىيە" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="گېرمانچە شىۋىتسارىيە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – قەدىمكى ئىنگلىزچە" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="قەدىمكى ئىنگلىزچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="الصين (منطقة) – ئەرەبچە" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصين (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ئەرەبچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2_(%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90)" title="ܨܝܢ (ܐܪܥܐ) – ئارامۇچە" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܝܢ (ܐܪܥܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="ئارامۇچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – ئايماراچە" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ئايماراچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97_(%C5%A1al%C4%97s)" title="Kėnėjė (šalės) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėjė (šalės)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC" title="ཀྲུང་གོ – تىبەتچە" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་གོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="تىبەتچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – بىرېتونچە" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="بىرېتونچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – كاتالانچە" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="كاتالانچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_(d%C3%AA-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%86)" title="Dṳ̆ng-guók (dê-kṳ̆) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-guók (dê-kṳ̆)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85)" title="چین (ھەرێم) – مەركىزىي كۇردچە" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چین (ھەرێم)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="مەركىزىي كۇردچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieina" title="Tsieina – ۋېلشچە" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ۋېلشچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – گېرمانچە" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="گېرمانچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82" title="རྒྱ་ནག – زوڭخاچە" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="རྒྱ་ནག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="زوڭخاچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(region)" title="China (region) – ئىنگلىزچە" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="China (region)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ئىنگلىزچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inio_(regiono)" title="Ĉinio (regiono) – ئېسپرانتوچە" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio (regiono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ئېسپرانتوچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="China (región) – ئىسپانچە" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="China (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ئىسپانچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_(maa)" title="Hiina (maa) – ئېستونچە" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina (maa)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ئېستونچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinaren_izenak" title="Txinaren izenak – باسكىچە" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinaren izenak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسكىچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ملت چین – پارسچە" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملت چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="پارسچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C2%B7ina" title="Ch·ina – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ch·ina" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADn" title="An tSín – ئىرېلاندچە" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ئىرېلاندچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACona_(roinn_chultarach)" title="Sìona (roinn chultarach) – شوتلاندىيە گايلچىسى" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìona (roinn chultarach)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="شوتلاندىيە گايلچىسى" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(rexi%C3%B3n)" title="China (rexión) – گالىچە" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="China (rexión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گالىچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heen" title="Yn Çheen – مانچە" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="مانچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_(thi-kh%C3%AE)" title="Chûng-koet (thi-khî) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet (thi-khî)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="סין (אזור) – ئىبرانىيچە" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סין (אזור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ئىبرانىيچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – ھىندىچە" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ھىندىچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_(istilah)" title="Tiongkok (istilah) – ھىندونېزچە" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok (istilah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ھىندونېزچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_(menningarsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Kína (menningarsvæði) – ئىسلاندچە" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kína (menningarsvæði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ئىسلاندچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国 – ياپونچە" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ياپونچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaina" title="Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – ياۋاچە" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ياۋاچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚೀನಾ – كانناداچە" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="كانناداچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD" title="중국 – كورېيەچە" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="كورېيەچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Къытай (тарих регион) – قاراچاي-بالقارچە" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай (тарих регион)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="قاراچاي-بالقارچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – كولىشچە" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="كولىشچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – كورنىشچە" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="كورنىشچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinae_(regio)" title="Sinae (regio) – لاتىنچە" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinae (regio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتىنچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinija_(regionas)" title="Kinija (regionas) – لىتۋانىچە" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinija (regionas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="لىتۋانىچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna_(re%C4%A3ions)" title="Ķīna (reģions) – لاتچە" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīna (reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لاتچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചൈനീസ് സംസ്കാരം – مالايالامچە" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالامچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(kawasan)" title="China (kawasan) – مالايچە" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="China (kawasan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="مالايچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – گوللاندچە" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="گوللاندچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina-regionen" title="Kina-regionen – يېڭى نورۋېگچە" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kina-regionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="يېڭى نورۋېگچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_(kulturomr%C3%A5de)" title="Kina (kulturområde) – نورۋىگىيە بوكمالچە" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kina (kulturområde)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نورۋىگىيە بوكمالچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinne" title="Chinne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chinne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kine" title="Kine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – پالىچە" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="پالىچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiny_(region)" title="Chiny (region) – پولەكچە" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chiny (region)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولەكچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa" title="Chunwa – كېچىۋاچە" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="كېچىۋاچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – رومىنچە" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومىنچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="चीनः (क्षेत्रम्) – سانسكرىتچە" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनः (क्षेत्रम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سانسكرىتچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenae_(region)" title="Cheenae (region) – شوتلاندىيەچە" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenae (region)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="شوتلاندىيەچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna_(civiliz%C3%A1cia)" title="Čína (civilizácia) – سىلوۋاكچە" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čína (civilizácia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سىلوۋاكچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajska" title="Kitajska – سىلوۋېنچە" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سىلوۋېنچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Кина (регион) – سېربچە" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кина (регион)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سېربچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_(istilah)" title="Tiongkok (istilah) – سۇنداچە" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tiongkok (istilah)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سۇنداچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_(region)" title="Kina (region) – شىۋېدچە" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kina (region)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="شىۋېدچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சீனா (பக்கவழி நெறிப்படுத்துதல்) – تامىلچە" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனா (பக்கவழி நெறிப்படுத்துதல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامىلچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina_(kainkain_mining)" title="Saina (kainkain mining) – توك-پىسىنچە" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saina (kainkain mining)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="توك-پىسىنچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_(b%C3%B6lge)" title="Çin (bölge) – تۈركچە" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin (bölge)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="تۈركچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – ئۇكرائىنچە" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ئۇكرائىنچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_(khu_v%E1%BB%B1c)" title="Trung Quốc (khu vực) – ۋىيېتنامچە" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc (khu vực)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ۋىيېتنامچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – ۋارايچە" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ۋارايچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Ṣáínà – يورۇباچە" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="يورۇباچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghgoz_(digih)" title="Cunghgoz (digih) – جۇاڭچە" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghgoz (digih)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="جۇاڭچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – خەنزۇچە" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="خەنزۇچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_(i%C5%8Dng-g%C3%AD)" title="Tiong-kok (iōng-gí) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok (iōng-gí)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – گۇاڭدوڭچە" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="گۇاڭدوڭچە" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="تىل ھالقىغان ئۇلىنىشنى تەھرىرلەش" class="wbc-editpage">ئۇلىنىش تەھرىرلەش</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ئات بوشلۇقى"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" title="مەزمۇن بېتىنى كۆرسەت [c]" accesskey="c"><span>بەت</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%95:%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="بەت مەزمۇنى ھەققىدىكى مۇنازىرە (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>مۇنازىرە</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="كۆرۈنۈش"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7"><span>ئوقۇ</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>تەھرىرلەش</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=history" title="بۇ بەتنىڭ بۇرۇنقى نەشرى [h]" accesskey="h"><span>تارىخ كۆرسەت</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="قوراللار" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">قوراللار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">قوراللار</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">يوشۇر</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7"><span>ئوقۇ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>تەھرىرلەش</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=history"><span>تارىخ كۆرسەت</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ئادەتتىكى </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:WhatLinksHere/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" title="بۇ جايغا ئۇلانغان ھەممە ۋىكى بېتىنى كۆرسەت [j]" accesskey="j"><span>بۇ جايدىكى ئۇلانما</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" rel="nofollow" title="بۇ بەتكە ئۇلانغان بەتنىڭ يېقىنقى ئۆزگىرىشى [k]" accesskey="k"><span>مۇناسىۋەتلىك ئۆزگەرتىشلەر</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ug" title="ھۆججەتلەرنى يۈكلە [u]" accesskey="u"><span>ھۆججەت يۈكلەش</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:SpecialPages" title="بارلىق ئالاھىدە بەتلەر تىزىملىكى [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ئالاھىدە بەتلەر</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&oldid=170614" title="ئۆزگەرتىلگەن نەشرىدىكى بۇ بەتنىڭ مەڭگۈلۈك ئۇلانمىسى"><span>مەڭگۈلۈك ئۇلانما</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>بەت ئۇچۇر</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:CiteThisPage&page=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&id=170614&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="بۇ بەتنى قانداق ئىشلىتىش ھەققىدىكى ئۇچۇر"><span>بۇ بەتنى نەقىل ئېلىش</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fug.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AC%25DB%2587%25DA%25AD%25D8%25AE%25DB%2587%25D8%25A7"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fug.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AC%25DB%2587%25DA%25AD%25D8%25AE%25DB%2587%25D8%25A7"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> باس/چىقار </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7"><span>كۈتۈپخانا قۇرۇش</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF سۈپىتىدە چۈشۈر</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&printable=yes" title="بۇ بەتنىڭ باسما نۇسخىسى [p]" accesskey="p"><span>باسما نۇسخىسى</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> باشقا تۈرلەردە </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_/_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29520" title="ئۇلىنىشنىڭ سانلىق ئۇچۇر ساقلاش ئامبىرى تۈرىنى كۆرۈش [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata تۈرى</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">يوشۇر</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ئورنى Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(قايتا نىشان بەلگىلەش ئورنى <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="خىتاي">خىتاي</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ug" dir="rtl"><p><small> </small></p><small><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:DAB_list_RTL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DAB_list_RTL.svg/25px-DAB_list_RTL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DAB_list_RTL.svg/38px-DAB_list_RTL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DAB_list_RTL.svg/50px-DAB_list_RTL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> بۇ بەتتە نەچچە مىڭ يىلدىن بۇيانقى تارىخ ، جۇغراپىيە ، سىياسىي ، ئىقتىساد ۋە مەدەنىيەت قاتارلىق جەھەتلەردىكى <b>جۇڭخۇا</b> تونۇشتۇرۇلىدۇ｡ <ul><li>1949-يىلى <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89%DA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="بېيجىڭ">بېيجىڭ</a> قۇرۇلغانلىقى توغرىسىدا ھازىر خەلقئارادا جۇڭخۇا ھاكىمىيىتىنى كەڭ ئېتىراپ قىلدى ، "<b><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى">جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى</a></b>" دىن كۆرۈڭ｡</li> <li>ئىلگىرى خەلقئارادا كەڭ دائىرىدە جۇڭخۇاغا ۋەكىللىك قىلغان ، ھازىر <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%8A%DB%8B%DB%95%D9%86" title="تەيۋەن">تەيۋەن</a> ھاكىمىيىتى دەپ ئاتالغانلىقى توغرىسىدا "<b><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="جۇڭخۇا مىنگو">جۇڭخۇا مىنگو</a></b>" نى كۆرۈڭ｡</li></ul></li></ul></small><small></small><p><small></small> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="250" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: ; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="" style="border-bottom:3px"><font size="+1"><b>جۇڭخۇا</b></font><br /><font size="+0"><b>中华/中華</b></font> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/175px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/263px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/350px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Chinaimg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chinaimg.png/131px-Chinaimg.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chinaimg.png/197px-Chinaimg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chinaimg.png/262px-Chinaimg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg/137px-20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg/206px-20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg/274px-20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg/167px-%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg/251px-%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg/334px-%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/153px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/230px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/306px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg/153px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg/230px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg/306px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Potala_palace23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Potala_palace23.jpg/150px-Potala_palace23.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Potala_palace23.jpg/224px-Potala_palace23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Potala_palace23.jpg/299px-Potala_palace23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_(Pudong).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_%28Pudong%29.jpg/158px-Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_%28Pudong%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_%28Pudong%29.jpg/236px-Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_%28Pudong%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_%28Pudong%29.jpg/315px-Shanghai_Skyline_from_a_tour_boat_%28Pudong%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg/153px-Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg/230px-Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg/306px-Yixian_Hongcun_2016.09.09_18-17-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg/153px-Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg/230px-Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg/306px-Genshin_Impact_2021_KFC_Collab_Restaurant_Guangzhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg/307px-Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg/462px-Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg/614px-Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10439" data-file-height="4936" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg/307px-1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg/460px-1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg/614px-1_pano_cuiping_yangshuo_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17806" data-file-height="6969" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>جۇڭخۇا</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="خەنزۇچە">خەنزۇچە</a>: <b>中华</b>) ، ئەنئەنىۋى كۆز قاراش دۇنياغا جايلاشقان <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دۆلەت">دۆلەت</a> نى كۆرسىتىدۇ<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>｡ ئەسلىدىكىلەر <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%90%D9%86%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%84%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="خېنەن ئۆلكىسى">خېنەن ئۆلكىسى</a> ۋە ئەتراپتىكى <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سېرىق دەريا">سېرىق دەريا</a> نىڭ ئوتتۇرا ، تۆۋەن ئېقىمىدىكى ۋادىنى ئۆز ئىچىگە ئالىدۇ<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>｡ تارىخىي سۇلالە دەۋرىدىكى ۋاڭ سۇلالىسى ھاكىمىيىتى ئەتراپتىكى ھەرقايسى ھاكىمىيەتلەر بىلەن ئالاقە قىلىش ۋە جەڭ قىلىش ئارقىلىق ، جۇڭخۇا رايونى خەرىتىسى نەچچە قېتىم كېڭەيگەن ۋە قىسقارتىلدى ، نۆۋەتتە خېيلوڭجياڭ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89_%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="دەرياسى ۋادىسى (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">دەرياسى ۋادىسى</a> ، سېيبېي ، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="شىنجاڭ">شىنجاڭ</a> ، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%89%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AD_%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چىڭخەي-شىزاڭ ئېگىزلىكى (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">چىڭخەي-شىزاڭ ئېگىزلىكى</a> ۋە <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جەنۇبىي دېڭىزدىكى (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">جەنۇبىي دېڭىزدىكى</a> ئاراللار قاتارلىق جايلار كېڭەيدى｡ ھازىر خەلقئارادا "<b>جۇڭخۇا</b>" غا ۋەكىللىك قىلىدىغان ھاكىمىيەتنىڭ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى">جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى</a> ئىكەنلىكىنى كەڭ ئېتىراپ قىلدى｡ </p><p>جۇڭخۇا ئىنسانلارنىڭ مەدەنىيەت بۆشۈكىنىڭ بىرى｡ يېڭى تاش قۇراللار دەۋرىدە ، ئوتتۇرا تۈزلەڭلىك رايونىدا يىغىلىپ چۈشكەن تەشكىلاتلار پەيدا بولۇشقا باشلىدى مىلادىدىن<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>｡ ئىلگىرىكى 27-ئەسىر ئەتراپىدا فاڭ دۆلىتى پەيدا بولغان ، تەرەپ دۆلىتى تۈزۈمى ئورتاق ئىگىلىكنى باشلىغان ئالدىنقى 20-ئەسىردىن باشلاپ ، قەدىمكى جۇڭخۇا دۇنيا ھۇجۇمىنىڭ فېئوداللىق باسقۇچىغا كىردى مىلادىدىن ئىلگىرىكى 2-ئەسىردە ، <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="چىن سۇلالىسى">چىن سۇلالىسى</a> ئالتە دۆلەتنى يوقىتىپ ، جۇڭخۇا نىڭ تۇنجى قېتىملىق بىرلىككە كەلتۈرۈشىنى تاماملىغان<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>｡ شۇنىڭدىن كېيىنكى ئىككى مىڭ يىلدىن بۇيان، جۇڭخۇا نىڭ سىياسىي تۈزۈمى يېرىم ئەنئەنىۋى يازلىق سۇلالىسى ئاساس قىلغان دۇنياغا ھۇجۇم قىلغان پادىشاھلىق تۈزۈمنىڭ يۈرۈشتۈرۈشى كۆپ قېتىم كېڭەيدى ، بۇزۇلۇپ، قايتا تەشكىللەنگەن ، سۇلالە دەۋرىدە ئالمىشىپ ، نەچچە قېتىم بىرلىككە كەلتۈرۈش ۋە بۆلگۈنچىلىك ئارقىلىق ئالمىشىپ ئىشلىدى｡ 1911-يىلى شىنخەي ئىنقىلابىدىن كېيىن <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="جۇڭخۇا مىنگو">جۇڭخۇا مىنگو</a> نى قۇرغانغا قەدەر ، جۇڭخۇانىڭ سىياسىي تۈزۈمى پادىشاھلىق تۈزۈمىدىن جۇمھۇرىيەت تۈزۈمىگە ئۆزگەردى. 1945-يىلى 2-قېتىملىق گومىنداڭ كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسىنىڭ ئىچكى ئۇرۇشى پارتلىغاندىن كېيىن ، <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى">جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى</a> جۇڭخۇانىڭ كۆپ قىسىم زېمىنىنى تەدرىجىي كونترول قىلغان 1949-يىلى 10-ئاينىڭ 1-كۈنى جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى ھاكىمىيەت يۈرگۈزۈۋاتقان <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى">جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى</a> قۇرۇلغان ، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ</a> ھاكىمىيەت يۈرگۈزۈۋاتقان جۇڭخۇا مىنگو ھۆكۈمىتى مۇشۇ يىلنىڭ ئاخىرىدا تەيۋەنگە چېكىنىپ ، ئىككى قىرغاقنى بۆلۈپ تۈزەشتەك ھازىرقى ئەھۋالنى شەكىللەندۈردى｡ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%83%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="بىرلەشكەن دۆلەتلەر تەشكىلاتى">بىرلەشكەن دۆلەتلەر تەشكىلاتى</a> ئىچىدە جۇڭخۇا مىنگو ھۆكۈمىتى ئۇزۇندىن بۇيان "جۇڭخۇا" ۋەكىللىك ھوقۇقىغا ئىگە بولغان ، 1971-يىلى ب د ت يىغىنىنىڭ 2758-نومۇرلۇق قارارى ماقۇللانغاندىن كېيىن ، جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى تەرىپىدىن ئورنىنى ئالغان｡ 1978-يىلى <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ئىسلاھات ئېچىۋېتىشنىڭ (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">ئىسلاھات ئېچىۋېتىشنىڭ</a> يولغا قويۇلغاندىن كېيىن ، جۇڭخۇا نىڭ ئىقتىسادى تېز تەرەققىي قىلدى ، دۇنيا ئىقتىسادىغا بولغان تەسىرىمۇ كۈنسېرى گەۋدىلەندى<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>｡ </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جۇڭخۇا مەدەنىيىتى (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">جۇڭخۇا مەدەنىيىتى</a> مىڭ يىلدىن ئارتۇق تارىخىي ئۆزگىرىشلەرنى باشتىن كەچۈرگەن بولۇپ، ھەرقايسى رايونلار ، ھەر مىللەتلەرنىڭ قەدىمىي مەدەنىيىتىنىڭ ئۇزۇن مۇددەت ئۆزئارا ئالماشتۇرۇشى ، ئۆرنەك ئېلىشى، بىرلىشىشىنىڭ نەتىجىسى<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>｡ ئۇزاق مۇددەتلىك تارىخىي تەرەققىيات داۋامىدا جۇڭخۇا كۆپ مەنبەلىك بىر گەۋدىلەشكەن مەدەنىيەت ئەندىزىسىنى شەكىللەندۈردى｡ ئۇنىڭ ئاساسىي گەۋدىسى بولغان <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="خەنزۇ">خەنزۇ</a> مەدەنىيىتى <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ياپونىيە">ياپونىيە</a> ، <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B4%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چاۋشيەن">چاۋشيەن</a> ۋە <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شەرقىي جەنۇبىي ئاسىيا">شەرقىي جەنۇبىي ئاسىيا</a> چوڭقۇر تەسىر كۆرسىتىپ ، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="خەنزۇچە خەت (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">خەنزۇچە خەت</a> مەدەنىيەت چەمبىرىكىنى شەكىللەندۈردى｡ جۇڭخۇا ئەنئەنىۋى سەنئەت شەكلىدە دۆلەت مۇزىكىسى، فىلىم، دراما ، خەتتاتلىق ، دەنچىڭ ، ئەدەبىيات ، ساپال سەنئىتى ، ئويما قاتارلىقلار بار ، ئەنئەنىۋى كۆڭۈل ئېچىش پائالىيەتلىرىدە شاھمات، قورشاۋ شاھمات ، ماجاڭ ، جۇڭگو چامباشچىلىق قاتارلىقلار بار｡ چاي ، ھاراق ، كۆكتات ۋە چوكا قاتارلىقلار جۇڭگونىڭ ئۆزگىچە يېمەك-ئىچمەك مەدەنىيىتى بولۇپ ، چاغان(قەمەرىيە كالىندارى بويىچە يېڭى يىل) ، يۈەنشياۋ، چوكانتال، تاڭزۇڭزا ، تاڭزۇڭزا ، تاۋۇز چاغىنى ، چۇڭياڭ، قىش پەسلى قاتارلىقلار جۇڭگونىڭ ئەنئەنىۋى بايرىمى｡ قەدىمكى زاماندا جۇڭخۇا ئىلىم - پەن ساھەسىدىمۇ مول نەتىجىلەر بار ئىدى｡ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مەنبەلەر"><span id=".D9.85.DB.95.D9.86.D8.A8.DB.95.D9.84.DB.95.D8.B1"></span>مەنبەلەر</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="ئابزاس تەھرىرلەش: مەنبەلەر"><span>تەھرىرلەش</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李民 (2010). <i>《中原文化与民族复兴》</i>. 河南人民出版社. pp. 第7頁. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:BookSources/9787215072756" title="ئالاھىدە:BookSources/9787215072756"><bdi>9787215072756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC7%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9787215072756&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r147055">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>萌典</i>. 中華民國教育部. <q>上古時代，漢族文化發源黃河流域，以為居天下之中，故稱其地為「中國」。後各朝疆土漸廣，凡所轄境，皆稱為「中國」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%90%8C%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r147055"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>萌典</i>. 中華民國教育部. <q>古代漢族最初多建都於河南省及其附近區域，以其位居四方之中，文化美盛，故稱其地為「中華」。後各朝疆土漸廣，凡所轄地，皆稱為「中華」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%90%8C%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r147055"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105032941/http://xh.5156edu.com/html5/17162.html"><i>新華字典</i></a>. 商務印書館. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xh.5156edu.com/html5/17162.html">the original</a> on 2021-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-22</span></span>. <q>古代华夏族多建都于黄河南北，以其在四方之中，因称之为中华。后各朝疆土渐广，凡所统辖，皆称中华，亦称中国。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxh.5156edu.com%2Fhtml5%2F17162.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r147055"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>左傳正義</i>. <q>中國有禮儀之大，故稱夏，有服章之美，謂之華。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%82%B3%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r147055"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辞海 (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">辞海</a>》释“中原”：古称河南及其附近之地为中原，至到东晋南宋亦有统指黄河下游地區为中原者。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Liu. 《中国的新石器时代》. 剑桥大学出版社 .2004. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:BookSources/0521811848" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-81184-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>國史大綱</i>. 商務印書館. <q>經過戰國二百四、五十年的鬥爭，到秦始皇二十六年滅六國，而中國史遂開始有大規模的統一政府出現。……秦人統一。此間有極重要者四事：一為中國版圖之確立。二為中國民族之摶成。三為中國政治制度之創建。四為中國學術思想之奠定。……秦並六國，中國史第一次走上全國大一統的路。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r147055"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">约翰•普伦德.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/jingmao/xql-12242015095341.html">中国以空前方式影响世界经济</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE:Wayback&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="قېلىپ:Wayback (بەت مەۋجۇد ئەمەس)">قېلىپ:Wayback</a>2015-12-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306061303/https://www.chinafolklore.org/web/index.php?NewsID=2624">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>中华民族多元一体格局"理论研究概述 · 中国民俗学网-中国民俗学会 · 主办 ·"</a>. <i>www.chinafolklore.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinafolklore.org/web/index.php?NewsID=2624">the original</a> on 2023-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinafolklore.org&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%BC%E5%B1%80%E2%80%9D%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0+%C2%B7+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%A6%E7%BD%91-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A+%C2%B7+%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9E+%C2%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinafolklore.org%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3FNewsID%3D2624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fug.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r147055"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div dir="rtl" style="font-family: 'UKIJ inchike', 'Alpida_Unicode System', 'UKIJ Tuz Tom', 'Microsoft Uighur', 'uyghur ekran', 'Segoe UI', 'Tahoma'"> <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"> <table class="noresize" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%AC%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AA:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/53px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/70px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span> </td> <td>بۇ ماددا بىر دەسلەپكى نۇسخىدۇر، بۇ ماددىنى <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&action=edit">كېڭەيتىش</a></span> ياكى ئالاھىدە <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%83%D9%89_%D9%86%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="دەسلەپكى نۇسخا">دەسلەپكى نۇسخا</a> قېلىپلىردىن بىرنى قويۇپ ۋىكىپېدىيەگە توھپە قوشالايسىز. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=جۇڭخۇا&oldid=170614">https://ug.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=جۇڭخۇا&oldid=170614</a>" دىن ئېرىشكەن</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95:Categories" title="ئالاھىدە:Categories">تۈرلەر</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="تۈر:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1:%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%83%D9%89_%D9%86%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="تۈر:دەسلەپكى نۇسخا">دەسلەپكى نۇسخا</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> بۇ بەتنى 30 نويابىر 2024 ئاخىرقى قېتىم 10:23 دا ئۆزگەرتكەن.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">شەخسىيەت تاكتىكىسى</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%82%D9%82%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95">Wikipedia ھەققىدە</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85%DB%87%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4">ھوقۇق باياناتى</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">ئىجادكارلار</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ug.wikipedia.org">ستاتىستىكا</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie باياناتى</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ug.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">يان تېلېفون كۆرۈنۈشى</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-79db579f88-7pcbw","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.116","walltime":"0.167","ppvisitednodes":{"value":331,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":11400,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":6,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":23279,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 99.674 1 -total"," 97.26% 96.940 1 قېلىپ:Reflist"," 80.64% 80.373 6 قېلىپ:Cite_book"," 5.46% 5.443 1 قېلىپ:Cite_web"," 2.66% 2.648 1 قېلىپ:Stub"," 1.31% 1.303 1 قېلىپ:Wayback"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.053","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2503745,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-d75m7","timestamp":"20241130103744","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u062c\u06c7\u06ad\u062e\u06c7\u0627","url":"https:\/\/ug.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29520","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29520","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-11-04T12:34:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T10:23:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>