CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-overflow-y avada-html-layout-wide avada-html-has-sticky-footer" lang="fr-FR" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />  <title>Presse | «En Afrique, l’étalement des villes phagocyte la structure rurale» | Institut E-Geopolis</title> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow" /> <meta name="googlebot" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1" /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://e-geopolis.org/interview/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Presse | «En Afrique, l’étalement des villes phagocyte la structure rurale» | Institut E-Geopolis" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://e-geopolis.org/interview/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Institut E-Geopolis" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Association-e-Geopolis-1609552312422568/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-09-05T13:15:20+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2018-11-27T16:54:57+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="960" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="639" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#organization","name":"Institut E-Geopolis","url":"http://e-geopolis.org/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/Association-e-Geopolis-1609552312422568/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/18549985/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#logo","inLanguage":"fr-FR","url":"http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/logo-e-geopolis.png","width":1366,"height":768,"caption":"Institut E-Geopolis"},"image":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#website","url":"http://e-geopolis.org/","name":"Institut E-Geopolis","description":"Agglom\u00e9rations & Population mondiale","publisher":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"http://e-geopolis.org/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"fr-FR","url":"http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/franc\u0327ois-moriconi.jpg","width":960,"height":639},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#webpage","url":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/","name":"Presse | \u00abEn Afrique, l\u2019\u00e9talement des villes phagocyte la structure rurale\u00bb | Institut E-Geopolis","isPartOf":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2018-09-05T13:15:20+00:00","dateModified":"2018-11-27T16:54:57+00:00","inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http://e-geopolis.org/interview/"]}]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#webpage"},"author":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#/schema/person/7cc2cb91f066dc88f79cb3253df83575"},"headline":"Presse | \u00abEn Afrique, l\u2019\u00e9talement des villes phagocyte la structure rurale\u00bb","datePublished":"2018-09-05T13:15:20+00:00","dateModified":"2018-11-27T16:54:57+00:00","commentCount":0,"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#webpage"},"publisher":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/interview/#primaryimage"},"keywords":"afrique,structure rurale","articleSection":"Actualit\u00e9s AFRICAPOLIS,Actualit\u00e9s Fran\u00e7ois MORICONI-EBRARD,PRESSE","inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":["Person"],"@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#/schema/person/7cc2cb91f066dc88f79cb3253df83575","name":"E-Geopolis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"http://e-geopolis.org/#personlogo","inLanguage":"fr-FR","url":"http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/c83b1f0212641ee9d7568e778af3545d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"E-Geopolis"}}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.w.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Institut E-Geopolis » Flux" href="http://e-geopolis.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Institut E-Geopolis » Flux des commentaires" href="http://e-geopolis.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Institut E-Geopolis » Flux iCal" href="http://e-geopolis.org/events/?ical=1" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Presse | «En Afrique, l’étalement des villes phagocyte la structure rurale»"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="http://e-geopolis.org/interview/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Institut E-Geopolis"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Le géographe François Moriconi-Ebrard revient sur les défis du continent face à la rapidité de l’urbanisation, qui modifie en profondeur le modèle de peuplement. Interview paru sur le site de Libération le 5 septembre 2018   En vingt ans, la population des cités africaines a doublé. Et dans vingt ans, elle devrait doubler encore. En 2020,"/> <meta property="og:image" content="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi.jpg"/> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"http:\/\/e-geopolis.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.3.18"}}; !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(!p||!p.fillText)return!1;switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([55357,56424,55356,57342,8205,55358,56605,8205,55357,56424,55356,57340],[55357,56424,55356,57342,8203,55358,56605,8203,55357,56424,55356,57340])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='layerslider-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/layerslider/css/layerslider.css?ver=6.7.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ls-google-fonts-css' href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:100,300,regular,700,900%7COpen+Sans:300%7CIndie+Flower:regular%7COswald:300,regular,700&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-common-skeleton-style-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.12.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-tooltip-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.12.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.3.18' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kenzap_timeline_list_style-css-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/kenzap-timeline/dist/blocks.style.build.css?ver=5.3.18' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/settings.css?ver=5.4.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'> #rs-demo-id {} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='avada-stylesheet-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=5.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada-Child-Theme/style.css?ver=5.3.18' type='text/css' media='all' />   <link rel='stylesheet' id='recent-posts-widget-with-thumbnails-public-style-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/recent-posts-widget-with-thumbnails/public.css?ver=7.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/tablepress-combined.min.css?ver=17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fusion-dynamic-css-css' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/fusion-styles/45411572090595e4dcff744322d29dd6.min.css?ver=5.3.18' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var SDT_DATA = {"ajaxurl":"http:\/\/e-geopolis.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","siteUrl":"http:\/\/e-geopolis.org\/","pluginsUrl":"http:\/\/e-geopolis.org\/wp-content\/plugins","isAdmin":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.js?ver=1.12.4-wp'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=1.4.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var LS_Meta = {"v":"6.7.6"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/layerslider/js/greensock.js?ver=1.19.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.kreaturamedia.jquery.js?ver=6.7.6'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.transitions.js?ver=6.7.6'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/jquery.themepunch.tools.min.js?ver=5.4.8'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/jquery.themepunch.revolution.min.js?ver=5.4.8'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var MyAjax = {"ajaxurl":"http:\/\/e-geopolis.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"7289b0a870"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/advanced-iframe/js/ai.min.js?ver=696808'></script> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by LayerSlider 6.7.6 - Multi-Purpose, Responsive, Parallax, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress." />  <link rel='https://api.w.org/' href='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-json/' /> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://e-geopolis.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 5.3.18" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='http://e-geopolis.org/?p=4205' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="http://e-geopolis.org"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /><meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 5.4.8 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." /> <script type="text/javascript">function setREVStartSize(e){ try{ e.c=jQuery(e.c);var i=jQuery(window).width(),t=9999,r=0,n=0,l=0,f=0,s=0,h=0; if(e.responsiveLevels&&(jQuery.each(e.responsiveLevels,function(e,f){f>i&&(t=r=f,l=e),i>f&&f>r&&(r=f,n=e)}),t>r&&(l=n)),f=e.gridheight[l]||e.gridheight[0]||e.gridheight,s=e.gridwidth[l]||e.gridwidth[0]||e.gridwidth,h=i/s,h=h>1?1:h,f=Math.round(h*f),"fullscreen"==e.sliderLayout){var u=(e.c.width(),jQuery(window).height());if(void 0!=e.fullScreenOffsetContainer){var c=e.fullScreenOffsetContainer.split(",");if (c) jQuery.each(c,function(e,i){u=jQuery(i).length>0?u-jQuery(i).outerHeight(!0):u}),e.fullScreenOffset.split("%").length>1&&void 0!=e.fullScreenOffset&&e.fullScreenOffset.length>0?u-=jQuery(window).height()*parseInt(e.fullScreenOffset,0)/100:void 0!=e.fullScreenOffset&&e.fullScreenOffset.length>0&&(u-=parseInt(e.fullScreenOffset,0))}f=u}else void 0!=e.minHeight&&f<e.minHeight&&(f=e.minHeight);e.c.closest(".rev_slider_wrapper").css({height:f}) }catch(d){console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:"+d)} };</script> <script type="text/javascript"> var doc = document.documentElement; doc.setAttribute('data-useragent', navigator.userAgent); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-105078703-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-105078703-1'); </script></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-4205 single-format-standard kenzap tribe-no-js fusion-image-hovers fusion-body ltr fusion-sticky-header no-mobile-sticky-header no-mobile-totop fusion-disable-outline mobile-logo-pos-left layout-wide-mode has-sidebar fusion-top-header menu-text-align-center mobile-menu-design-modern fusion-show-pagination-text fusion-header-layout-v2 avada-responsive avada-footer-fx-sticky fusion-search-form-classic fusion-avatar-square"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div id="wrapper" class=""> <div id="home" style="position:relative;top:-1px;"></div> <header class="fusion-header-wrapper fusion-header-shadow"> <div class="fusion-header-v2 fusion-logo-left fusion-sticky-menu- fusion-sticky-logo-1 fusion-mobile-logo- fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern"> <div class="fusion-secondary-header"> <div class="fusion-row"> <div class="fusion-alignleft"> <div class="fusion-social-links-header"><div class="fusion-social-networks boxed-icons"><div class="fusion-social-networks-wrapper"><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-facebook fusion-icon-facebook" style="color:#545489;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;" href="https://www.facebook.com/Association-e-Geopolis-1609552312422568/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="bottom" data-title="Facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Facebook"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-linkedin fusion-icon-linkedin" style="color:#545489;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/18549985/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="bottom" data-title="LinkedIn" data-toggle="tooltip" title="LinkedIn"><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-rss fusion-icon-rss" style="color:#545489;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;" href="http://e-geopolis.org/feed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="bottom" data-title="Rss" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Rss"><span class="screen-reader-text">Rss</span></a></div></div></div> </div> <div class="fusion-alignright"> <nav class="fusion-secondary-menu" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary Menu"><ul id="menu-top-menu-fr" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-90" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-90" data-item-id="90"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/institut/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="menu-text">L’institut</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-717" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-717" data-item-id="717"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/partenaires/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="menu-text">Partenaires</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2255" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2255" data-item-id="2255"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/citations/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="menu-text">Presse</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-488" data-item-id="488"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/equipe/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="menu-text">L’équipe</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-93" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-93" data-item-id="93"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/contact/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="menu-text">Contact</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="fusion-mobile-nav-holder fusion-mobile-menu-text-align-left" aria-label="Secondary Mobile Menu"></nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fusion-header-sticky-height"></div> <div class="fusion-header"> <div class="fusion-row"> <div class="fusion-logo" data-margin-top="0px" data-margin-bottom="0px" data-margin-left="0px" data-margin-right="0px"> <a class="fusion-logo-link" href="http://e-geopolis.org/" >  <img src="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/logo-2-old.png" srcset="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/logo-2-old.png 1x" width="125" height="70" alt="Institut E-Geopolis Logo" retina_logo_url="" class="fusion-standard-logo" />  <img src="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/logo-2-old.png" srcset="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/logo-2-old.png 1x" width="125" height="70" alt="Institut E-Geopolis Logo" retina_logo_url="" class="fusion-sticky-logo" /> </a> </div> <nav class="fusion-main-menu" aria-label="Main Menu"><ul id="menu-main-menu-fr" class="fusion-menu"><li id="menu-item-41" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-has-children menu-item-41 fusion-dropdown-menu" data-item-id="41"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/" class="fusion-flex-link fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-home"></i></span><span class="menu-text">Accueil</span></a><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-42" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/accueil/toute-lactualite/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-newspaper-o"></i></span>Toute l’actualité</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-602" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-tribe_events_cat menu-item-602 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/events/categorie/evenements/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-calendar-o"></i></span>Agenda</span></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-45" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-45 fusion-dropdown-menu" data-item-id="45"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/le-projet/" class="fusion-flex-link fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-th-large"></i></span><span class="menu-text">Le projet</span></a><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-47" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-47 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/le-projet/geopolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-square"></i></span>Geopolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-46" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-46 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/le-projet/geokhoris/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-square"></i></span>Geokhoris</span></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-142" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-142 fusion-dropdown-menu" data-item-id="142"><a class="fusion-flex-link fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-database"></i></span><span class="menu-text">Données</span></a><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-141" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-141 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/atlas-mondial/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-map-marker"></i></span>Atlas Mondial</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-1321" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1321 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/documentation/fiches-pays/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-file-text"></i></span>Documentation</span></a><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-71" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-71" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/fiches-pays/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Fiches pays</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-70" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-70" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/indicateurs/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Indicateurs</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-69" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-69" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/metadonnees/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Métadonnées</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2388" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2388 fusion-dropdown-menu" data-item-id="2388"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/" class="fusion-flex-link fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-flask"></i></span><span class="menu-text">Programmes de recherches</span></a><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-140" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/africapolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Africapolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-693" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-693 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/arcticapolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Arcticapolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-645 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/brasipolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Brasipolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-674 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/chinapolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Chinapolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-661 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/europolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Europolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-679" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-679 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/indiapolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Indiapolis</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-685" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-685 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/programmes-de-recherches/menapolis/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Menapolis</span></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1290" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1290 fusion-dropdown-menu" data-item-id="1290"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/publications-academiques/" class="fusion-flex-link fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span class="fusion-megamenu-icon"><i class="glyphicon fa fa-graduation-cap"></i></span><span class="menu-text">Références</span></a><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-88" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/publications-academiques/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Publications académiques</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-86" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-86 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/citations/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Citations</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2812" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2812 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/ouvrages/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Ouvrages</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-89" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/theses/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Thèses</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2811 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/conferences-colloques/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Conférences & colloques</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2391" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2391 fusion-dropdown-submenu" ><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/references/seminaire-enseignement/" class="fusion-bar-highlight" role="menuitem"><span>Séminaire & Enseignement</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fusion-custom-menu-item fusion-main-menu-search"><a class="fusion-main-menu-icon fusion-bar-highlight" href="#" aria-label="Recherche" data-title="Recherche" title="Recherche"></a><div class="fusion-custom-menu-item-contents"><form role="search" class="searchform fusion-search-form" method="get" action="http://e-geopolis.org/"> <div class="fusion-search-form-content"> <div class="fusion-search-field search-field"> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Rechercher</label> <input type="text" value="" name="s" class="s" placeholder="Rechercher..." required aria-required="true" aria-label="Rechercher..."/> </div> <div class="fusion-search-button search-button"> <input type="submit" class="fusion-search-submit searchsubmit" value="" /> </div> </div> </form> </div></li></ul></nav> <div class="fusion-mobile-menu-icons"> <a href="#" class="fusion-icon fusion-icon-bars" aria-label="Toggle mobile menu" aria-expanded="false"></a> </div> <nav class="fusion-mobile-nav-holder fusion-mobile-menu-text-align-left" aria-label="Main Menu Mobile"></nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fusion-clearfix"></div> </header> <div id="sliders-container"> </div> <main id="main" role="main" class="clearfix " style=""> <div class="fusion-row" style=""> <section id="content" style="float: left;"> <article id="post-4205" class="post post-4205 type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites-africapolis category-actualites-francois-moriconi-ebrard category-presse tag-afrique tag-structure-rurale"> <div class="fusion-post-title-meta-wrap"> <h1 class="entry-title fusion-post-title">Presse | «En Afrique, l’étalement des villes phagocyte la structure rurale»</h1> <div class="fusion-meta-info"><div class="fusion-meta-info-wrapper"><span class="vcard rich-snippet-hidden"><span class="fn"><a href="http://e-geopolis.org/author/e-geopolis/" title="Articles par E-Geopolis" rel="author">E-Geopolis</a></span></span><span class="updated rich-snippet-hidden">2018-11-27T17:54:57+01:00</span><span>05/09/2018</span><span class="fusion-inline-sep">|</span><span class="meta-tags">Tags: <a href="http://e-geopolis.org/tag/afrique/" rel="tag">afrique</a>, <a href="http://e-geopolis.org/tag/structure-rurale/" rel="tag">structure rurale</a></span><span class="fusion-inline-sep">|</span></div></div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-ie-mode nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style='background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;'> <div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""> <div class="fusion-text"><p>Le géographe François Moriconi-Ebrard revient sur les défis du continent face à la rapidité de l’urbanisation, qui modifie en profondeur le modèle de peuplement.</p> <p><span id="more-4205"></span></p> <p><em>Interview paru sur le site de <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/05/francois-moriconi-ebrard-en-afrique-l-etalement-des-villes-phagocyte-la-structure-rurale_1676819" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Libération</a> le 5 septembre 2018</em></p> <p> </p> <p><img class="size-medium wp-image-4207 alignright" src="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-200x133.jpg 200w, http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-300x200.jpg 300w, http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-400x266.jpg 400w, http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-600x399.jpg 600w, http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-768x511.jpg 768w, http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi-800x533.jpg 800w, http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/françois-moriconi.jpg 960w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />En vingt ans, la population des cités africaines a doublé. Et dans vingt ans, elle devrait doubler encore. En 2020, 728 millions d’habitants vivront dans des villes, selon un rapport de l’OCDE intitulé «Africapolis 2018», soit un taux d’urbanisation de 56,2 %. L’Afrique est déjà devenue un continent majoritairement citadin. François Moriconi-Ebrard, géographe et chercheur au CNRS, décrit la forme et les défis (économie, infrastructures, transport, énergie…) de cette urbanisation au rythme effréné.</p> <p> </p> <h5>La croissance urbaine en Afrique est-elle similaire à celle des autres continents ?</h5> <p>Non. En Afrique, le peuplement est très ancien et très rural. Or on assiste à un débordement, un étalement des villes qui phagocyte cette structure rurale. En Amérique du Sud, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo ou Caracas, par exemple, se sont étendus dans des périphéries qui étaient largement inhabitées. En Afrique, le modèle dominant, ce sont des villages éloignés de dizaines de kilomètres qui sont rattrapés par l’agglomération, ou qui grossissent eux-mêmes jusqu’à former une vaste continuité urbaine. Dans ces conditions, on ne peut pas faire de l’aménagement urbain au sens d’une création à partir de rien. Ou alors il faudrait tout raser, comme le font les Chinois. Mais cela coûte cher et cela reste un acte brutal. Dans le cas de l’Afrique, on est davantage dans la transformation, le ravaudage urbain, qui est beaucoup plus complexe.</p> <p>L’autre particularité du continent, c’est un accroissement démographique continu de plus de 3 % par an. La transition démographique n’avance pas, contrairement à ce que les institutions internationales espéraient. La combinaison de ces deux facteurs est explosive.</p> <p> </p> <h5>Cette urbanisation n’est pas homogène. Quelles régions sont les plus concernées ?</h5> <p>En Afrique forestière, on a déjà de très grandes agglomérations, très denses, comme Kinshasa en république démocratique du Congo ou Luanda en Angola, qui s’étalent sur des surfaces peu habitées. Ce sont des régions où les taux d’urbanisation sont déjà supérieurs à 50 %. Au Gabon, un pays presque vide, il est de 86 %, un taux supérieur à celui de la France ! Dans la zone sahélienne, le rythme d’urbanisation est également rapide, porté par l’accroissement démographique. Mais là encore, dans des milieux peu densément peuplés.</p> <p>En réalité, les quatre gros foyers de peuplement de l’Afrique, avec de très fortes densités de population, sont l’Egypte, le plateau éthiopien, l’Afrique des Grands Lacs et le delta du Nigeria. Les métropoles n’y sont pas forcément énormes, mais il y a une densité rurale spectaculaire. Des dizaines de villages très peuplés finissent par former une continuité urbaine, même si elle reste invisible administrativement parlant. Pourtant, elle a déjà perdu les caractéristiques de la ruralité, elle est de moins en moins agricole car il n’y a plus de place pour les cultures. L’Inde connaît un phénomène similaire dans un Etat comme le Kerala ou dans le delta du Bengale. Mais ces régions ont des taux de croissance démographique beaucoup plus faibles qu’en Afrique.</p> <p> </p> <h5>Les villes ont-elles assez d’emplois à offrir ?</h5> <p>Non car la caractéristique de l’Afrique, c’est une croissance sans industrialisation. Ce décalage est source d’inquiétude depuis longtemps. En 1974, un document américain secret, la fameuse «NSSM 200» ou «résolution Kissinger», déclassifiée en 1991, présentait l’exode rural comme une menace pour la stabilité mondiale car synonyme de déstabilisation des villes, de tensions sociales, de révoltes, voire de révolutions. En pleine guerre froide, avec des Etats-Unis obnubilés par le péril communiste, cela faisait très peur. L’une des conclusions du document était la nécessité de maintenir, en employant d’énormes moyens, les populations dans les zones rurales. Aujourd’hui, on voit en partie le résultat de cette politique : un phénomène d’urbanisation in situ, sans nécessairement de déplacement vers les métropoles.</p> <p> </p> <h5>Quelle est la priorité pour les villes, souvent pauvres, qui doivent absorber des centaines de milliers de nouveaux habitants ?</h5> <p>Tout est urgent. Les municipalités doivent avancer sur tous les fronts en même temps. Un seul point s’est amélioré dans les villes ces dernières années : la santé. Notamment la baisse de la mortalité infantile. Mais la conséquence, en termes démographiques, c’est la densification urbaine. Or c’est le premier problème des villes africaines. Dans les grands centres, l’émergence des classes moyennes a commencé à bouleverser le modèle familial : la norme est désormais d’avoir deux ou trois enfants, une télé, une voiture, etc. A Abidjan, en Côte-d’Ivoire ou à Accra, au Ghana, on retrouve beaucoup de publicités pour des appartements de type HLM à destination des petites familles, perçus comme un moyen d’élévation sociale.</p> <p><em><strong>L’Afrique dispose-t-elle d’atouts spécifiques pour répondre à ce défi d’urbanisation ?</strong></em></p> <p>Les Africains eux-mêmes ! Au niveau local, la réactivité par rapport à la résolution des problèmes est extraordinaire. Deux modèles de développement se posent. Va-t-on construire des autoroutes, des boulevards périphériques, des cités dortoirs, alors qu’on est en train de détruire ce modèle-là chez nous ? Ou bien l’Afrique va-t-elle directement passer d’une société archaïque à un modèle postmoderne respectueux de l’environnement, avec une mobilité durable ? Est-on obligé de suivre les mêmes stades, de faire les mêmes erreurs ? Je pense que non. D’une certaine façon, l’Afrique a parfois une longueur d’avance. Sur les transports urbains, en dépit des routes défoncées et des conditions épouvantables, le réseau de minibus individuels est souvent plus performant et réactif que n’importe quel algorithme élaboré par des ingénieurs en laboratoire ! Dans certains pays, comme au Ghana, des «écoquartiers» entiers se construisent sans aucune intervention de la puissance publique. Tout simplement car en Occident, c’est de l’ordre du luxe, de l’expérimentation, alors qu’en Afrique, particulièrement avec le changement climatique, cette approche est vitale.</p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div> </div> </div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;'> <div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""> <div class="fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter"><style type="text/css" scoped="scoped">.fusion-button.button-1 .fusion-button-text, .fusion-button.button-1 i {color:#ffffff;}.fusion-button.button-1 {border-width:0px;border-color:#ffffff;}.fusion-button.button-1 .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#ffffff;}.fusion-button.button-1:hover .fusion-button-text, .fusion-button.button-1:hover i,.fusion-button.button-1:focus .fusion-button-text, .fusion-button.button-1:focus i,.fusion-button.button-1:active .fusion-button-text, .fusion-button.button-1:active{color:#ffffff;}.fusion-button.button-1:hover, .fusion-button.button-1:focus, .fusion-button.button-1:active{border-width:0px;border-color:#ffffff;}.fusion-button.button-1:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider, .fusion-button.button-1:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider, .fusion-button.button-1:active .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#ffffff;}.fusion-button.button-1{width:auto;}</style><a class="fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-pill button-small button-default button-1 fusion-no-small-visibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/05/francois-moriconi-ebrard-en-afrique-l-etalement-des-villes-phagocyte-la-structure-rurale_1676819"><span class="fusion-button-text">Voir le l’article sur le site de Libération</span></a></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="fusion-sharing-box fusion-single-sharing-box share-box"> <h4>Partagez , choisissez votre Plateforme!</h4> <div class="fusion-social-networks"><div class="fusion-social-networks-wrapper"><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-facebook fusion-icon-facebook" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F&t=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB" target="_blank" data-placement="top" data-title="Facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Facebook"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-twitter fusion-icon-twitter" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Twitter"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-linkedin fusion-icon-linkedin" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://e-geopolis.org/interview/&title=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB&summary=Le%20g%C3%A9ographe%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Moriconi-Ebrard%20revient%20sur%C2%A0les%20d%C3%A9fis%20du%20continent%20face%20%C3%A0%C2%A0la%C2%A0rapidit%C3%A9%20de%20l%E2%80%99urbanisation%2C%20qui%C2%A0modifie%20en%20profondeur%20le%C2%A0mod%C3%A8le%C2%A0de%20peuplement.%0D%0A%0D%0AInterview%20paru%20sur%20le%20site%20de%20Lib%C3%A9ration%20le%205%20septembre%202018%0D%0A%C2%A0%0D%0AEn%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20la%20populatio" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="LinkedIn" data-toggle="tooltip" title="LinkedIn"><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-reddit fusion-icon-reddit" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://e-geopolis.org/interview/&title=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Reddit" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Reddit"><span class="screen-reader-text">Reddit</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-googleplus fusion-icon-googleplus" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=http://e-geopolis.org/interview/" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href,'', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600');return false;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Google+" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Google+"><span class="screen-reader-text">Google+</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-tumblr fusion-icon-tumblr" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="http://www.tumblr.com/share/link?url=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F&name=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB&description=Le%20g%C3%A9ographe%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Moriconi-Ebrard%20revient%20sur%C2%A0les%20d%C3%A9fis%20du%20continent%20face%20%C3%A0%C2%A0la%C2%A0rapidit%C3%A9%20de%20l%E2%80%99urbanisation%2C%20qui%C2%A0modifie%20en%20profondeur%20le%C2%A0mod%C3%A8le%C2%A0de%20peuplement.%0D%0A%0D%0AInterview%20paru%20sur%20le%20site%20de%20Lib%C3%A9ration%20le%205%20septembre%202018%0D%0A%26nbsp%3B%0D%0AEn%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20la%20population%20des%20cit%C3%A9s%20africaines%20a%20doubl%C3%A9.%20Et%20dans%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20elle%20devrait%20doubler%20encore." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Tumblr" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Tumblr"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tumblr</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-pinterest fusion-icon-pinterest" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F&description=Le%20g%C3%A9ographe%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Moriconi-Ebrard%20revient%20sur%C2%A0les%20d%C3%A9fis%20du%20continent%20face%20%C3%A0%C2%A0la%C2%A0rapidit%C3%A9%20de%20l%E2%80%99urbanisation%2C%20qui%C2%A0modifie%20en%20profondeur%20le%C2%A0mod%C3%A8le%C2%A0de%20peuplement.%0D%0A%0D%0AInterview%20paru%20sur%20le%20site%20de%20Lib%C3%A9ration%20le%205%20septembre%202018%0D%0A%26nbsp%3B%0D%0AEn%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20la%20population%20des%20cit%C3%A9s%20africaines%20a%20doubl%C3%A9.%20Et%20dans%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20elle%20devrait%20doubler%20encore.&media=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Ffranc%CC%A7ois-moriconi.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Pinterest"><span class="screen-reader-text">Pinterest</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-vk fusion-icon-vk" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="http://vkontakte.ru/share.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fe-geopolis.org%2Finterview%2F&title=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB&description=Le%20g%C3%A9ographe%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Moriconi-Ebrard%20revient%20sur%C2%A0les%20d%C3%A9fis%20du%20continent%20face%20%C3%A0%C2%A0la%C2%A0rapidit%C3%A9%20de%20l%E2%80%99urbanisation%2C%20qui%C2%A0modifie%20en%20profondeur%20le%C2%A0mod%C3%A8le%C2%A0de%20peuplement.%0D%0A%0D%0AInterview%20paru%20sur%20le%20site%20de%20Lib%C3%A9ration%20le%205%20septembre%202018%0D%0A%26nbsp%3B%0D%0AEn%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20la%20population%20des%20cit%C3%A9s%20africaines%20a%20doubl%C3%A9.%20Et%20dans%20vingt%C2%A0ans%2C%20elle%20devrait%20doubler%20encore." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Vk" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Vk"><span class="screen-reader-text">Vk</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-mail fusion-icon-mail fusion-last-social-icon" style="color:#bebdbd;" href="mailto:?subject=Presse%20%7C%20%C2%ABEn%20Afrique%2C%20l%E2%80%99%C3%A9talement%20des%20villes%20phagocyte%20la%20structure%20rurale%C2%BB&body=http://e-geopolis.org/interview/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="top" data-title="Email" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Email"><span class="screen-reader-text">Email</span></a><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div> </div> </article> </section> <aside id="sidebar" role="complementary" class="sidebar fusion-widget-area fusion-content-widget-area fusion-sidebar-right fusion-blogsidebar fusion-sticky-sidebar" style="float: right;" > <div class="fusion-sidebar-inner-content"> </div> </aside> </div>  </main>  <div class="fusion-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="fusion-footer-copyright-area"> <div class="fusion-row"> <div class="fusion-copyright-content"> <div class="fusion-copyright-notice"> <div> Copyright 2008 - 2018 E-Geopolis | Tous droits réservés | <a href="http://e-geopolis.org/cgu-et-mentions-legales/">CGU & Mentions légales</a> </div> </div> <div class="fusion-social-links-footer"> <div class="fusion-social-networks"><div class="fusion-social-networks-wrapper"><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-facebook fusion-icon-facebook" style="color:#ffffff;" href="https://www.facebook.com/Association-e-Geopolis-1609552312422568/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="bottom" data-title="Facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Facebook"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-linkedin fusion-icon-linkedin" style="color:#ffffff;" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/18549985/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="bottom" data-title="LinkedIn" data-toggle="tooltip" title="LinkedIn"><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a><a class="fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-rss fusion-icon-rss" style="color:#ffffff;" href="http://e-geopolis.org/feed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-placement="bottom" data-title="Rss" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Rss"><span class="screen-reader-text">Rss</span></a></div></div></div> </div>  </div>  </footer>  </div>  </div>  <a class="fusion-one-page-text-link fusion-page-load-link"></a> <script> ( function ( body ) { 'use strict'; body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' ); } )( document.body ); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery( document ).ready( function() { var ajaxurl = 'http://e-geopolis.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php'; if ( 0 < jQuery( '.fusion-login-nonce' ).length ) { jQuery.get( ajaxurl, { 'action': 'fusion_login_nonce' }, function( response ) { jQuery( '.fusion-login-nonce' ).html( response ); }); } }); </script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activer pour trier la colonne ascendante","sort_descending":": activer pour trier la colonne descendante"},"length_menu":"Afficher les saisies _MENU_","empty_table":"Aucune donn\u00e9e disponible sur le tableau","info":"Affichant_START_ \u00e0 _END_ du _TOTAL_ des saisies","info_empty":"Affichant 0 \u00e0 0 de 0 saisies","info_filtered":"(filtr\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du total des saisies _MAX_ )","zero_records":"Aucun enregistrement correspondant trouv\u00e9","search":"Rechercher :","all_selected_text":"Tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de cette page ont \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s. ","select_all_link":"S\u00e9lectionner toutes les pages","clear_selection":"Effacer la s\u00e9lection.","pagination":{"all":"Tout","next":"Suivant","previous":"Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": a s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 %d rang\u00e9es","1":": a s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 une rang\u00e9e"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["dimanche","lundi","mardi","mercredi","jeudi","vendredi","samedi"],"dayNamesShort":["dim","lun","mar","mer","jeu","ven","sam"],"dayNamesMin":["D","L","M","M","J","V","S"],"monthNames":["janvier","f\u00e9vrier","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","ao\u00fbt","septembre","octobre","novembre","d\u00e9cembre"],"monthNamesShort":["janvier","f\u00e9vrier","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","ao\u00fbt","septembre","octobre","novembre","d\u00e9cembre"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","F\u00e9v","Mar","Avr","Mai","Juin","Juil","Ao\u00fbt","Sep","Oct","Nov","D\u00e9c"],"nextText":"Suivant","prevText":"Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent","currentText":"Aujourd\u2019hui ","closeText":"Termin\u00e9","today":"Aujourd\u2019hui ","clear":"Effac\u00e9"}};/* ]]> */ </script><script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/data-tables-generator-by-supsystic/app/assets/js/dtgsnonce.js?ver=0.01'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> var DTGS_NONCE_FRONTEND = "c9a8b2aa64" </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LebeLYUAAAAAAbCm-0b9l-gB7x1ViltAuznttAg&ver=3.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6LebeLYUAAAAAAbCm-0b9l-gB7x1ViltAuznttAg","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/script.js?ver=5.2'></script>  <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/modernizr.js?ver=3.3.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.fitvids.js?ver=1.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionVideoGeneralVars = {"status_vimeo":"1","status_yt":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/fusion-video-general.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionLightboxVideoVars = {"lightbox_video_width":"1280","lightbox_video_height":"720"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.ilightbox.js?ver=2.2.3'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.mousewheel.js?ver=3.0.6'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionLightboxVars = {"status_lightbox":"1","lightbox_gallery":"","lightbox_skin":"parade","lightbox_title":"1","lightbox_arrows":"","lightbox_slideshow_speed":"5000","lightbox_autoplay":"","lightbox_opacity":"0.95","lightbox_desc":"1","lightbox_social":"","lightbox_deeplinking":"1","lightbox_path":"vertical","lightbox_post_images":"1","lightbox_animation_speed":"Fast"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-lightbox.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/imagesLoaded.js?ver=3.1.8'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/isotope.js?ver=3.0.4'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/packery.js?ver=2.0.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaPortfolioVars = {"lightbox_behavior":"all","infinite_finished_msg":"<em>All items displayed.<\/em>","infinite_blog_text":"<em>Loading the next set of posts...<\/em>","content_break_point":"800"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-core/js/min/avada-portfolio.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.infinitescroll.js?ver=2.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-core/js/min/avada-faqs.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/cssua.js?ver=2.1.28'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.waypoints.js?ver=2.0.3'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-waypoints.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionAnimationsVars = {"disable_mobile_animate_css":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-animations.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionEqualHeightVars = {"content_break_point":"800"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-equal-heights.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-content-boxes.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/library/jquery.countTo.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.easyPieChart.js?ver=2.1.7'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.appear.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-counters-circle.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.cycle.js?ver=3.0.3'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionTestimonialVars = {"testimonials_speed":"4000"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-testimonials.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-gallery.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-events.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/library/jquery.countdown.js?ver=1.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-countdown.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-progress.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionBgImageVars = {"content_break_point":"800"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-column-bg-image.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-column.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-flip-boxes.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionCountersBox = {"counter_box_speed":"1000"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-counters-box.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.collapse.js?ver=3.1.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-toggles.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/library/Chart.js?ver=2.7.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-chart.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-title.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.fade.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.requestAnimationFrame.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/fusion-parallax.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionVideoBgVars = {"status_vimeo":"1","status_yt":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/fusion-video-bg.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionContainerVars = {"content_break_point":"800","container_hundred_percent_height_mobile":"0","is_sticky_header_transparent":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-container.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionRecentPostsVars = {"infinite_loading_text":"<em>Loading the next set of posts...<\/em>","infinite_finished_msg":"<em>All items displayed.<\/em>","slideshow_autoplay":"1","slideshow_speed":"7000","pagination_video_slide":"","status_yt":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-recent-posts.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.modal.js?ver=3.1.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-modal.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-syntax-highlighter.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionMapsVars = {"admin_ajax":"http:\/\/e-geopolis.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.fusion_maps.js?ver=2.2.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-google-map.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.transition.js?ver=3.3.6'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.tab.js?ver=3.1.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionTabVars = {"content_break_point":"800"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-tabs.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/library/jquery.event.move.js?ver=2.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-image-before-after.js?ver=1.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/vimeoPlayer.js?ver=2.2.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionVideoVars = {"status_vimeo":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-builder/assets/js/min/general/fusion-video.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.hoverintent.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-vertical-menu-widget.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.tooltip.js?ver=3.3.5'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.popover.js?ver=3.3.5'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.carouFredSel.js?ver=6.2.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.easing.js?ver=1.3'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.flexslider.js?ver=2.2.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.hoverflow.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/vendor/jquery-placeholder/jquery.placeholder.min.js?ver=5.1.4'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/library/jquery.touchSwipe.js?ver=1.6.6'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-alert.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionCarouselVars = {"related_posts_speed":"2500","carousel_speed":"2500"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-carousel.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionFlexSliderVars = {"status_vimeo":"1","page_smoothHeight":"false","slideshow_autoplay":"1","slideshow_speed":"7000","pagination_video_slide":"","status_yt":"1","flex_smoothHeight":"false"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-flexslider.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-popover.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-tooltip.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-sharing-box.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionBlogVars = {"infinite_blog_text":"<em>Chargement des articles suivants...<\/em>","infinite_finished_msg":"<em>All items displayed.<\/em>","slideshow_autoplay":"1","slideshow_speed":"7000","pagination_video_slide":"","status_yt":"1","lightbox_behavior":"all","blog_pagination_type":"load_more_button","flex_smoothHeight":"false"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-blog.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-button.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-general-global.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionIe1011Vars = {"form_bg_color":"#ffffff"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-ie1011.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaHeaderVars = {"header_position":"top","header_layout":"v2","header_sticky":"1","header_sticky_type2_layout":"menu_only","side_header_break_point":"800","header_sticky_mobile":"0","header_sticky_tablet":"1","mobile_menu_design":"modern","sticky_header_shrinkage":"0","nav_height":"70","nav_highlight_border":"5","nav_highlight_style":"bar","logo_margin_top":"0px","logo_margin_bottom":"0px","layout_mode":"wide","header_padding_top":"0px","header_padding_bottom":"0px","offset_scroll":"framed"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-header.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaMenuVars = {"header_position":"Top","logo_alignment":"Left","header_sticky":"1","side_header_break_point":"800","mobile_menu_design":"modern","dropdown_goto":"Aller \u00e0...","mobile_nav_cart":"Panier","mobile_submenu_open":"Open Sub Menu","mobile_submenu_close":"Close Sub Menu","submenu_slideout":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-menu.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionScrollToAnchorVars = {"content_break_point":"800","container_hundred_percent_height_mobile":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-scroll-to-anchor.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fusionTypographyVars = {"site_width":"1100px","typography_responsive":"1","typography_sensitivity":"0.60","typography_factor":"1.50","elements":"h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/includes/lib/assets/min/js/general/fusion-responsive-typography.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/library/bootstrap.scrollspy.js?ver=3.3.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaCommentVars = {"title_style_type":"underline solid","title_margin_top":"0px","title_margin_bottom":"31px"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-comments.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-general-footer.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-quantity.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-scrollspy.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-select.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaSidebarsVars = {"header_position":"top","header_layout":"v2","header_sticky":"1","header_sticky_type2_layout":"menu_only","side_header_break_point":"800","header_sticky_tablet":"1","sticky_header_shrinkage":"0","nav_height":"70","content_break_point":"800"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-sidebars.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/library/jquery.sticky-kit.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-tabs-widget.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaLanguageVars = {"language_flag":"fr"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-wpml.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var toTopscreenReaderText = {"label":"Go to Top"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/library/jquery.toTop.js?ver=1.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaToTopVars = {"status_totop_mobile":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-to-top.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-drop-down.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaRevVars = {"avada_rev_styles":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-rev-styles.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-contact-form-7.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/library/jquery.elasticslider.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaElasticSliderVars = {"tfes_autoplay":"1","tfes_animation":"sides","tfes_interval":"3000","tfes_speed":"800","tfes_width":"150"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-elastic-slider.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-events.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/library/jquery.nicescroll.js?ver=3.7.4'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaNiceScrollVars = {"side_header_width":"0","smooth_scrolling":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/themes/Avada/assets/min/js/general/avada-nicescroll.js?ver=5.7.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var avadaFusionSliderVars = {"side_header_break_point":"800","slider_position":"below","header_transparency":"0","mobile_header_transparency":"0","header_position":"Top","content_break_point":"800","status_vimeo":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-content/plugins/fusion-core/js/min/avada-fusion-slider.js?ver=1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='http://e-geopolis.org/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=5.3.18'></script> </body> </html>