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searchaux" style="display:none">Instrumental chemical analysis</div> <p><b>Flow injection analysis</b> (FIA) is an approach to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">chemical analysis</a>. It is accomplished by injecting a plug of sample into a flowing carrier stream.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyson1985_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyson1985-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anastos2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastos2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Segmented_Flow_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented Flow Analysis">Segmented Flow Analysis</a> (SFA) but no air is injected into the sample or reagent streams.. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FIA is an automated method of chemical analysis in which a sample is injected into a flowing carrier solution that mixes with reagents before reaching a detector. Over past 30 years, FIA techniques developed into a wide array of applications using <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">spectrophotometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">fluorescence spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>, and other methods of instrumental analysis for detection. </p><p>Automated sample processing, high repeatability, adaptability to micro-miniaturization, containment of chemicals, waste reduction, and reagent economy in a system that operates at microliter levels are all valuable assets that contribute to the application of flow injection to real-world assays. The main assets of flow injection are the well defined concentration gradient that forms when an analyte is injected into the reagent stream (which offers an infinite number of well-reproduced analyte/reagent ratios) and the exact timing of fluidic manipulations (which provide exquisite control over the reaction conditions).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on computer control, FIA evolved into Sequential Injection and Bead Injection which are novel techniques based on flow programming. FIA literature comprises over 22,000 scientific papers and 22 monographs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flow injection analysis (FIA) was first described by Ruzicka and Hansen in Denmark in 1974 and Stewart and coworkers in United States in 1979. FIA is a popular, simple, rapid, and versatile technique which is a well-established position in modern analytical chemistry, and widespread application in quantitative chemical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_of_operation">Principles of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principles of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg/220px-Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg/330px-Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg/440px-Diagram_of_Flow_Injection_Analysis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Diagram which depicts the basics of flow injection analysis</figcaption></figure> <p>A sample (<a href="/wiki/Analyte" title="Analyte">analyte</a>) is injected into a flowing carrier solution stream that is forced by a <a href="/wiki/Peristaltic_pump" title="Peristaltic pump">peristaltic pump</a>. The injection of the sample is done under controlled dispersion in known volumes. The carrier solution and sample then meet at mixing points with reagents and react. The reaction time is controlled by a pump and reaction coil. The reaction product then flows through a detector. Most often, the detector is a spectrophotometer as the reactions usually produce a colored product. One can then determine the amount of an unknown material in the sample as it is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectrum</a> given by the spectrophotometer. After moving through the detector, the sample then flows to waste. </p><p><b>Detail of sample dispersion</b> </p><p>When a sample is injected into the carrier stream it has the rectangular flow. As the sample is carried through the mixing and reaction zone, the width of the flow profile increases as the sample disperses into the carrier stream. Dispersion results from two processes: <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> due to the flow of the carrier stream and <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> due to a concentration gradient between the sample and the carrier stream. Convection of the sample occurs by <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar flow</a>, in which the linear velocity of the sample at the tube's walls is zero, while the sample at the center of the tube moves with a linear velocity twice that of the carrier stream. The result is the parabolic flow profile, before the sample passes through a detector to a waste container.<sup id="cite_ref-Trojanowicz2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trojanowicz2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detectors">Detectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Detectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A flow-through detector is located downstream from the sample injector and records a chemical physical parameter. Many types of detector can be used such as:<sup id="cite_ref-Trojanowicz2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trojanowicz2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">spectrophotometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorimeter">fluorimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-selective_electrode" title="Ion-selective electrode">ion-selective electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosensors">biosensors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_applications">Marine applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marine applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flow injection techniques have proven very useful in marine science for both organic and inorganic analytes in marine animal samples/seafood. Flow Injection methods applied to the determination of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>), DNA/RNA, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, histamine, hypoxanthine, <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, diarrheic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, succinate/glutamate, trimethylamine/ total volatile basic nitrogen, total lipid hydroperoxides, total volatile acids, <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, vitamin B12, silver, aluminium, arsenic, boron, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, gallium, mercury, indium, lithium, manganese, molibdenum, nickel, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, antimony, selenium, tin, strontium, thallium, vanadium, zinc, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate/nitrite</a>, phosphorus/phosphate and silicate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoAnalyzer" title="AutoAnalyzer">AutoAnalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetric_analysis" title="Colorimetric analysis">Colorimetric analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Xu2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFXu,_WeihongSandfordWorsfoldCarlton2005" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Weihong; Sandford, Richard; Worsfold, Paul; Carlton, Alexandra; Hanrahan, Grady (2005). "Flow Injection Techniques in Aquatic Environmental Analysis: Recent Applications and Technological Advances". <i>Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408340500323362">10.1080/10408340500323362</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95298288">95298288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Flow+Injection+Techniques+in+Aquatic+Environmental+Analysis%3A+Recent+Applications+and+Technological+Advances&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408340500323362&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95298288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Xu%2C+Weihong&rft.au=Sandford%2C+Richard&rft.au=Worsfold%2C+Paul&rft.au=Carlton%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Hanrahan%2C+Grady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyson1985-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyson1985_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson,_Julian_F.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Tyson, Julian F. (1985). "Flow injection analysis techniques for atomic-absorption spectrometry. a review". <i>The Analyst</i>. <b>110</b> (5): 419–569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Ana...110..419T">1985Ana...110..419T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fan9851000419">10.1039/an9851000419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4025835">4025835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Analyst&rft.atitle=Flow+injection+analysis+techniques+for+atomic-absorption+spectrometry.+a+review&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=419-569&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4025835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fan9851000419&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Ana...110..419T&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Julian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anastos2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anastos2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnastos,_N.BarnettHindsonLenehan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Anastos, N.; Barnett, NW; Hindson, BJ; Lenehan, CE; Lewis, SW (2004). "Comparison of soluble manganese(IV) and acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection using flow injection and sequential injection analysis for the determination of ascorbic acid in Vitamin C tablets". <i>Talanta</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 130–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2004.01.021">10.1016/j.talanta.2004.01.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18969577">18969577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talanta&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+soluble+manganese%28IV%29+and+acidic+potassium+permanganate+chemiluminescence+detection+using+flow+injection+and+sequential+injection+analysis+for+the+determination+of+ascorbic+acid+in+Vitamin+C+tablets&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-4&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2004.01.021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18969577&rft.au=Anastos%2C+N.&rft.au=Barnett%2C+NW&rft.au=Hindson%2C+BJ&rft.au=Lenehan%2C+CE&rft.au=Lewis%2C+SW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzickaHansen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ruzicka, Jaromir; Hansen, Elo Harald (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac002756m">"Peer Reviewed: Flow Injection Analysis: From Beaker to Microfluidics"</a>. <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>72</b> (5): 212 A–217 A. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac002756m">10.1021/ac002756m</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2700">0003-2700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10739186">10739186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Peer+Reviewed%3A+Flow+Injection+Analysis%3A+From+Beaker+to+Microfluidics.&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=212+A-217+A&rft.date=2000-03&rft.issn=0003-2700&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10739186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac002756m&rft.aulast=Ruzicka&rft.aufirst=Jaromir&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Elo+Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fac002756m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuscika" class="citation web cs1">Ruscika, Jarda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowinjectiontutorial.com">"Flow Injection Tutorial"</a>. <i>www.flowinjectiontutorial.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flowinjectiontutorial.com&rft.atitle=Flow+Injection+Tutorial&rft.aulast=Ruscika&rft.aufirst=Jarda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flowinjectiontutorial.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.2009" class="citation book cs1">C., Yebra-Biurrun, M. (2009). <i>Flow injection analysis of marine samples</i>. New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608765669" title="Special:BookSources/9781608765669"><bdi>9781608765669</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/593305526">593305526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+injection+analysis+of+marine+samples&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F593305526&rft.isbn=9781608765669&rft.aulast=C.&rft.aufirst=Yebra-Biurrun%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trojanowicz2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trojanowicz2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trojanowicz2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrojanowicz,_M.2000" class="citation book cs1">Trojanowicz, M. (2000). <i>Flow injection analysis : instrumentation and applications</i>. World Scientific.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+injection+analysis+%3A+instrumentation+and+applications.&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Trojanowicz%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrojanowicz,_Marek2000" class="citation book cs1">Trojanowicz, Marek (2000). <i>Flow injection analysis: instrumentation and applications</i>. Singapore: World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2710-4"><bdi>978-981-02-2710-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+injection+analysis%3A+instrumentation+and+applications&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-981-02-2710-4&rft.au=Trojanowicz%2C+Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_Elo_HaraldRůžička,_Jaromír1988" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Elo Harald; Růžička, Jaromír (1988). <i>Flow injection analysis</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-81355-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-81355-2"><bdi>978-0-471-81355-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+injection+analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-471-81355-2&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Elo+Harald&rft.au=R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka%2C+Jarom%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Calatayud,_José1996" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Calatayud, José (1996). <i>Flow injection analysis of pharmaceuticals: automation in the laboratory</i>. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0445-2"><bdi>978-0-7484-0445-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+injection+analysis+of+pharmaceuticals%3A+automation+in+the+laboratory&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7484-0445-2&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Calatayud%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacey,_Gil_E.Karlberg,_Bo1989" class="citation book cs1">Pacey, Gil E.; Karlberg, Bo (1989). <i>Flow injection analysis: a practical guide</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-88014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-88014-7"><bdi>978-0-444-88014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+injection+analysis%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-444-88014-7&rft.au=Pacey%2C+Gil+E.&rft.au=Karlberg%2C+Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerdà,_VíctorFerrer,_LauraAvivar,_JessicaCerdà,_Amalia2014" class="citation book cs1">Cerdà, Víctor; Ferrer, Laura; Avivar, Jessica; Cerdà, Amalia (2014). <i><span></span></i>Flow analysis: A practical guide<i><span></span></i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-62606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-62606-6"><bdi>978-0-444-62606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow+analysis%3A+A+practical+guide&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-444-62606-6&rft.au=Cerd%C3%A0%2C+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Ferrer%2C+Laura&rft.au=Avivar%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Cerd%C3%A0%2C+Amalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerdà,_AmaliaCerdà,_Víctor2009" class="citation book cs1">Cerdà, Amalia; Cerdà, Víctor (2009). <i><span></span></i>An introduction to flow analysis<i><span></span></i>. Mallorca: Sciware.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+flow+analysis&rft.place=Mallorca&rft.pub=Sciware&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Cerd%C3%A0%2C+Amalia&rft.au=Cerd%C3%A0%2C+V%C3%ADctor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlow+injection+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&oldid=1228772208">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flow_injection_analysis&oldid=1228772208</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_equipment" title="Category:Medical equipment">Medical equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laboratory_equipment" title="Category:Laboratory equipment">Laboratory equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Analytical_chemistry" title="Category:Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 June 2024, at 03:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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