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<span>Quantitative messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantitative_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_perception_and_data_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_perception_and_data_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Visual perception and data visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_perception_and_data_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_perception/cognition_and_data_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_perception/cognition_and_data_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Human perception/cognition and data visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_perception/cognition_and_data_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interactivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_presentation_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_presentation_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Data presentation architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_presentation_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data presentation architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_presentation_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data and information visualization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تصوير بيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير بيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="উপাত্ত ও তথ্য প্রত্যক্ষীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাত্ত ও তথ্য প্রত্যক্ষীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Визуализация на данни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Визуализация на данни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualitzaci%C3%B3_de_dades" title="Visualització de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Visualització de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizace_dat" title="Vizualizace dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vizualizace dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datavisualisering" title="Datavisualisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datavisualisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsvisualisierung" title="Informationsvisualisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informationsvisualisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmete_visualiseerimine" title="Andmete visualiseerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andmete visualiseerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Οπτικοποίηση δεδομένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτικοποίηση δεδομένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualizaci%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Visualización de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visualización de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datuen_bistaratze" title="Datuen bistaratze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datuen bistaratze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="مصورسازی داده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصورسازی داده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisation_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Visualisation de données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Visualisation de données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualizaci%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Visualización de datos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Visualización de datos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%81%ED%99%94" title="데이터 시각화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 시각화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Տվյալների վիզուալիզացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տվյալների վիզուալիզացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="आँकड़ा चाक्षुषीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आँकड़ा चाक्षुषीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisasi_data" title="Visualisasi data – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Visualisasi data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappresentazione_grafica_dei_dati" title="Rappresentazione grafica dei dati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rappresentazione grafica dei dati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הדמיית נתונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדמיית נתונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatvizualiz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Adatvizualizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adatvizualizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemvisualan_data" title="Pemvisualan data – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemvisualan data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datavisualisatie" title="Datavisualisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Datavisualisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E5%8C%96" title="データ可視化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="データ可視化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datavisualisering" title="Datavisualisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Datavisualisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_dados" title="Visualização de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Visualização de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizarea_datelor" title="Vizualizarea datelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vizualizarea datelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Визуализация данных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Визуализация данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizacija_podatkov" title="Vizualizacija podatkov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vizualizacija podatkov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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#b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This article may need to be cleaned up.</b> It has been merged from <i><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/440px-Minard.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/660px-Minard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/880px-Minard.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Statistician professor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a> described <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a>'s 1869 graphic of <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleonic France's invasion of Russia</a> as what "may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn", noting that it captures six variables in two dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-CorbettCSISS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CorbettCSISS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data and information visualization</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Major dimensions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive data visualization">Interactive data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Inferential statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Important figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wardley" title="Simon Wardley">Simon Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Albrecht" title="Kim Albrecht">Kim Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" title="Alexander Osterwalder">Alexander Osterwalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Hawkins_(climatologist)" title="Ed Hawkins (climatologist)">Ed Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bostock" title="Mike Bostock">Mike Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Ilyas" title="Ihab Ilyas">Ihab Ilyas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Information graphic types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">Line chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_chart" title="Pareto chart">Pareto chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">Area chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Tree map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_chart" title="Bubble chart">Bubble chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Stripe graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_multiple" title="Small multiple">Small multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkline" title="Sparkline">Sparkline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_plot" title="Mosaic plot">Marimekko chart</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die,_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="detail of a Tree of Knowledge after Diderot & d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, by Chrétien Frédéric Guillaume Roth"><img alt="detail of a Tree of Knowledge after Diderot & d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, by Chrétien Frédéric Guillaume Roth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/250px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/375px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/500px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Information mapping</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Topics and fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_decision_mapping" title="Business decision mapping">Business decision mapping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_communication" title="Graphic communication">Graphic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schema (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_language" title="Visual language">Visual language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Node–link approaches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">Cognitive map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept lattice">Concept lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_map" title="Concept map">Concept map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">Conceptual graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_tree" title="Hyperbolic tree">Hyperbolic tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue-based_information_system" title="Issue-based information system">Issue map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_tree" title="Issue tree">Issue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layered_graph_drawing" title="Layered graph drawing">Layered graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">Object-role modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_network" title="Pathfinder network">Pathfinder network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tree" title="Radial tree">Radial tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociogram" title="Sociogram">Sociogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">Tree structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZigZag_(software)" title="ZigZag (software)">ZigZag</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">Design rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrammatic_reasoning" title="Diagrammatic reasoning">Diagrammatic reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software" title="List of concept- and mind-mapping software">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olog" title="Olog">Olog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">Problem structuring methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Treemapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:InfoMaps" title="Template:InfoMaps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:InfoMaps" title="Template talk:InfoMaps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:InfoMaps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:InfoMaps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Data and information visualization</b> (<b>data viz/vis</b> or <b>info viz/vis</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Biz2Comm_20161005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biz2Comm_20161005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">designing</a> and creating easy-to-communicate and easy-to-understand <a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphic</a> or visual <a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">representations</a> of a large amount<sup id="cite_ref-Nussbaumer_Knaflic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaumer_Knaflic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of complex quantitative and qualitative <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> with the help of static, dynamic or interactive visual items. Typically based on data and information collected from a certain <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_expertise" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain of expertise">domain of expertise</a>, these visualizations are intended for a broader audience to help them visually explore and discover, quickly understand, interpret and gain important insights into otherwise difficult-to-identify structures, relationships, correlations, local and global patterns, trends, variations, constancy, clusters, outliers and unusual groupings within data (<i>exploratory visualization</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-HDSR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When intended for the general public (<a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a>) to convey a concise version of known, specific information in a clear and engaging manner (<i>presentational</i> or <i>explanatory visualization</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-HDSR_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is typically called <a href="/wiki/Information_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Information graphics">information graphics</a>. </p><p><b>Data visualization</b> is concerned with visually presenting sets of primarily quantitative raw data in a schematic form. The visual formats used in data visualization include <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tables</a>, charts and graphs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">pie charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">bar charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">line charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">area charts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cone chart (page does not exist)">cone charts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid chart (page does not exist)">pyramid charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donut_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Donut chart">donut charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">histograms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrograms</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohort chart (page does not exist)">cohort charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_chart" title="Waterfall chart">waterfall charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funnel_chart" title="Funnel chart">funnel charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullet_graph" title="Bullet graph">bullet graphs</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">plots</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">scatter plots</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distribution_plot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distribution plot (page does not exist)">distribution plots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Box-and-whisker_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Box-and-whisker plot">box-and-whisker plots</a>), geospatial <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Proportional_symbol_map" title="Proportional symbol map">proportional symbol maps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choropleth_map" title="Choropleth map">choropleth maps</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isopleth_map&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isopleth map (page does not exist)">isopleth maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_map" title="Heat map">heat maps</a>), figures, <a href="/wiki/Correlation_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation matrix">correlation matrices</a>, percentage <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">gauges</a>, etc., which sometimes can be combined in a <a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (business)">dashboard</a>. </p><p><b>Information visualization</b>, on the other hand, deals with multiple, large-scale and complicated datasets which contain quantitative (numerical) data as well as qualitative (non-numerical, i.e. verbal or graphical) and primarily abstract information and its goal is to add value to raw data, improve the viewers' comprehension, reinforce their cognition and help them derive insights and make decisions as they navigate and interact with the computer-supported graphical display. Visual tools used in information visualization include <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tree_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree map">tree maps</a>), <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">infographics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flow_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow chart">flow charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Network diagram">network diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">semantic networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entity-relationship_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity-relationship diagram">entity-relationship diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">venn diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">timelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">mind maps</a>, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">mixed reality</a> have the potential to make information visualization more immersive, intuitive, interactive and easily manipulable and thus enhance the user's <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In data and information visualization, the goal is to graphically present and explore abstract, non-physical and non-spatial data collected from <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing_information_system" title="Marketing information system">business data</a>, etc. (<i>presentational and exploratory visualization</i>) which is different from the field of <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">scientific visualization</a></i>, where the goal is to render realistic images based on physical and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_data_and_information" title="Geographic data and information">spatial</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific data">scientific data</a> to confirm or reject <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotheses">hypotheses</a> (<i>confirmatory visualization</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective data visualization is properly sourced, contextualized, simple and uncluttered. The underlying data is accurate and up-to-date to make sure that insights are reliable. Graphical items are well-chosen for the given datasets and aesthetically appealing, with shapes, colors and other visual elements used deliberately in a meaningful and non-distracting manner. The visuals are accompanied by supporting texts (labels and titles). These verbal and graphical components complement each other to ensure clear, quick and memorable understanding. Effective information visualization is aware of the needs and concerns and the level of expertise of the target audience, deliberately guiding them to the intended conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nussbaumer_Knaflic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaumer_Knaflic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such effective visualization can be used not only for conveying specialized, complex, big data-driven ideas to a wider group of non-technical audience in a visually appealing, engaging and accessible manner, but also to domain experts and executives for making decisions, monitoring performance, generating new ideas and stimulating research.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HDSR_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, data scientists, data analysts and data mining specialists use data visualization to check the quality of data, find errors, unusual gaps and missing values in data, clean data, explore the structures and features of data and assess outputs of data-driven models.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSR_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, data and information visualization can constitute a part of <i>data storytelling</i>, where they are paired with a coherent <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> structure or <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">storyline</a> to contextualize the analyzed data and communicate the insights gained from analyzing the data clearly and memorably with the goal of convincing the audience into making a decision or taking an action in order to create <a href="/wiki/Business_value" title="Business value">business value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nussbaumer_Knaflic_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaumer_Knaflic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be contrasted with the field of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">statistical graphics</a>, where complex statistical data are communicated graphically in an accurate and precise manner among researchers and analysts with statistical expertise to help them perform <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">exploratory data analysis</a> or to convey the results of such analyses, where visual appeal, capturing attention to a certain issue and storytelling are not as important.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of data and information visualization is of interdisciplinary nature as it incorporates principles found in the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">descriptive statistics</a> (as early as the 18th century),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">visual communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Interactive_computer_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive computer graphics">interactive computer graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since effective visualization requires design skills, statistical skills and computing skills, it is argued by authors such as Gershon and Page that it is both an art and a science.<sup id="cite_ref-Gershon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neighboring field of <a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">visual analytics</a> marries statistical data analysis, data and information visualization and human analytical reasoning through interactive visual interfaces to help human users reach conclusions, gain actionable insights and make informed decisions which are otherwise difficult for computers to do. </p><p>Research into how people read and misread various types of visualizations is helping to determine what types and features of visualizations are most understandable and effective in conveying information.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Donoghue_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Donoghue-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, unintentionally poor or intentionally misleading and deceptive visualizations (<i>misinformative visualization</i>) can function as powerful tools which disseminate <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>, manipulate public perception and divert <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> toward a certain agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus data visualization literacy has become an important component of <a href="/wiki/Data_literacy" title="Data literacy">data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">information literacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Information_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Information age">information age</a> akin to the roles played by <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">textual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">mathematical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_literacy" title="Visual literacy">visual literacy</a> in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_visualization_process_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Data_visualization_process_v1.png/330px-Data_visualization_process_v1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Data_visualization_process_v1.png/495px-Data_visualization_process_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Data_visualization_process_v1.png/660px-Data_visualization_process_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Data visualization is one of the steps in analyzing data and presenting it to users.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/240px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/360px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/480px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Partial map of the Internet early 2005 represented as a graph, each line represents two <a href="/wiki/IP_addresses" class="mw-redirect" title="IP addresses">IP addresses</a>, and some delay between those two nodes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The field of data and information visualization has emerged "from research in <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual design">visual design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Business_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Business methods">business methods</a>. It is increasingly applied as a critical component in scientific research, <a href="/wiki/Digital_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital libraries">digital libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>, financial data analysis, market studies, manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">production control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-BBB03_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data and information visualization presumes that "visual representations and interaction techniques take advantage of the human eye's broad bandwidth pathway into the mind to allow users to see, explore, and understand large amounts of information at once. Information visualization focused on the creation of approaches for conveying abstract information in intuitive ways."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data analysis is an indispensable part of all applied research and problem solving in industry. The most fundamental data analysis approaches are visualization (histograms, scatter plots, surface plots, tree maps, parallel coordinate plots, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothesis test">hypothesis test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">association mining</a>, etc.), and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> methods (<a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">clustering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision trees">decision trees</a>, etc.). Among these approaches, information visualization, or visual data analysis, is the most reliant on the cognitive skills of human analysts, and allows the discovery of unstructured actionable insights that are limited only by human imagination and creativity. The analyst does not have to learn any sophisticated methods to be able to interpret the visualizations of the data. Information visualization is also a hypothesis generation scheme, which can be, and is typically followed by more analytical or formal analysis, such as statistical hypothesis testing. </p><p>To communicate information clearly and efficiently, data visualization uses <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">statistical graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">plots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">information graphics</a> and other tools. Numerical data may be encoded using dots, lines, or bars, to visually communicate a quantitative message.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It makes complex data more accessible, understandable, and usable, but can also be reductive.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users may have particular analytical tasks, such as making comparisons or understanding <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>, and the design principle of the graphic (i.e., showing comparisons or showing causality) follows the task. Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement, while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables. </p><p>Data visualization refers to the techniques used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects (e.g., points, lines, or bars) contained in graphics. The goal is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users. It is one of the steps in <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>. According to Vitaly Friedman (2008) the "main goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and effectively through graphical means. It doesn't mean that data visualization needs to look boring to be functional or extremely sophisticated to look beautiful. To convey ideas effectively, both aesthetic form and functionality need to go hand in hand, providing insights into a rather sparse and complex data set by communicating its key aspects in a more intuitive way. Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function, creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose — to communicate information".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Viegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernanda Viegas">Fernanda Viegas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin M. Wattenberg</a> suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly, but stimulate viewer engagement and attention.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data visualization is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Information_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Information graphics">information graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">information visualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">scientific visualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">exploratory data analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">statistical graphics</a>. In the new millennium, data visualization has become an active area of research, teaching and development. According to Post et al. (2002), it has united scientific and information visualization.<sup id="cite_ref-FHP02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHP02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the commercial environment data visualization is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (business)">dashboards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographics</a> are another very common form of data visualization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_effective_graphical_displays">Characteristics of effective graphical displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics of effective graphical displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The greatest value of a picture is when it forces us to notice what we never expected to see. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tukey1977_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tukey1977-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a> has explained that users of information displays are executing particular <i>analytical tasks</i> such as making comparisons. The <i>design principle</i> of the information graphic should support the analytical task.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As William Cleveland and Robert McGill show, different graphical elements accomplish this more or less effectively. For example, dot plots and bar charts outperform pie charts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1983 book <i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a> defines 'graphical displays' and principles for effective graphical display in the following passage: "Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency. Graphical displays should: </p> <ul><li>show the data</li> <li>induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else</li> <li>avoid distorting what the data has to say</li> <li>present many numbers in a small space</li> <li>make large data sets coherent</li> <li>encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data</li> <li>reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure</li> <li>serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration</li> <li>be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.</li></ul> <p>Graphics <i>reveal</i> data. Indeed, graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations."<sup id="cite_ref-Tufte1983_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tufte1983-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the Minard diagram shows the losses suffered by Napoleon's army in the 1812–1813 period. Six variables are plotted: the size of the army, its location on a two-dimensional surface (x and y), time, the direction of movement, and temperature. The line width illustrates a comparison (size of the army at points in time), while the temperature axis suggests a cause of the change in army size. This multivariate display on a two-dimensional surface tells a story that can be grasped immediately while identifying the source data to build credibility. Tufte wrote in 1983 that: "It may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn."<sup id="cite_ref-Tufte1983_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tufte1983-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not applying these principles may result in <a href="/wiki/Misleading_graphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Misleading graphs">misleading graphs</a>, distorting the message, or supporting an erroneous conclusion. According to Tufte, <a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">chartjunk</a> refers to the extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message or gratuitous three-dimensional or perspective effects. Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself, requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key, is a form of "administrative debris." The ratio of "data to ink" should be maximized, erasing non-data ink where feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-Tufte1983_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tufte1983-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation. These included: a) Knowing your audience; b) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the report's context; and c) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantitative_messages">Quantitative messages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quantitative messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_(Sankey_diagram),_bubble_chart,_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_%28Sankey_diagram%29%2C_bubble_chart%2C_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg/220px-20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_%28Sankey_diagram%29%2C_bubble_chart%2C_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_%28Sankey_diagram%29%2C_bubble_chart%2C_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg/330px-20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_%28Sankey_diagram%29%2C_bubble_chart%2C_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_%28Sankey_diagram%29%2C_bubble_chart%2C_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg/440px-20230606_Composite_of_bar_chart_%28Sankey_diagram%29%2C_bubble_chart%2C_pie_chart_-_all_showing_same_data.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><b>The same dataset plotted in three charts:</b> Top panel is a bar chart depicting the flow of occurrences over time (resembles the Sankey diagram in the <i>New York Times</i> original<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Middle panel is a bubble chart that separately quantifies discrete outcomes. Bottom panel is an exploded pie chart showing relative shares of categories, and shares within categories.</figcaption></figure> <p>Author Stephen Few described eight types of quantitative messages that users may attempt to understand or communicate from a set of data and the associated graphs used to help communicate the message: </p> <ol><li>Time-series: A single variable is captured over a period of time, such as the unemployment rate or temperature measures over a 10-year period. A <a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">line chart</a> may be used to demonstrate the trend over time.</li> <li>Ranking: Categorical subdivisions are ranked in ascending or descending order, such as a ranking of sales performance (the <i>measure</i>) by sales persons (the <i>category</i>, with each sales person a <i>categorical subdivision</i>) during a single period. A <a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">bar chart</a> may be used to show the comparison across the sales persons.</li> <li>Part-to-whole: Categorical subdivisions are measured as a ratio to the whole (i.e., a percentage out of 100%). A <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">pie chart</a> or bar chart can show the comparison of ratios, such as the market share represented by competitors in a market.</li> <li>Deviation: Categorical subdivisions are compared against a reference, such as a comparison of actual vs. budget expenses for several departments of a business for a given time period. A bar chart can show comparison of the actual versus the reference amount.</li> <li>Frequency distribution: Shows the number of observations of a particular variable for given interval, such as the number of years in which the stock market return is between intervals such as 0–10%, 11–20%, etc. A <a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">histogram</a>, a type of bar chart, may be used for this analysis. A <a href="/wiki/Boxplot" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxplot">boxplot</a> helps visualize key statistics about the distribution, such as median, quartiles, outliers, etc.</li> <li>Correlation: Comparison between observations represented by two variables (X,Y) to determine if they tend to move in the same or opposite directions. For example, plotting unemployment (X) and inflation (Y) for a sample of months. A <a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">scatter plot</a> is typically used for this message.</li> <li>Nominal comparison: Comparing categorical subdivisions in no particular order, such as the sales volume by product code. A bar chart may be used for this comparison.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geographic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geospatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial">geospatial</a>: Comparison of a variable across a map or layout, such as the unemployment rate by state or the number of persons on the various floors of a building. A <a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">cartogram</a> is a typical graphic used.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Analysts reviewing a set of data may consider whether some or all of the messages and graphic types above are applicable to their task and audience. The process of trial and error to identify meaningful relationships and messages in the data is part of <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">exploratory data analysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_perception_and_data_visualization">Visual perception and data visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visual perception and data visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A human can distinguish differences in line length, shape, orientation, distances, and color (hue) readily without significant processing effort; these are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Pre-attentive_processing" title="Pre-attentive processing">pre-attentive attributes</a>". For example, it may require significant time and effort ("attentive processing") to identify the number of times the digit "5" appears in a series of numbers; but if that digit is different in size, orientation, or color, instances of the digit can be noted quickly through pre-attentive processing.<sup id="cite_ref-perceptualedge.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perceptualedge.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compelling graphics take advantage of pre-attentive processing and attributes and the relative strength of these attributes. For example, since humans can more easily process differences in line length than surface area, it may be more effective to use a bar chart (which takes advantage of line length to show comparison) rather than pie charts (which use surface area to show comparison).<sup id="cite_ref-perceptualedge.com_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perceptualedge.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_perception/cognition_and_data_visualization"><span id="Human_perception.2Fcognition_and_data_visualization"></span>Human perception/cognition and data visualization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human perception/cognition and data visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all data visualizations are created for human consumption. Knowledge of human perception and cognition is necessary when designing intuitive visualizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognition refers to processes in human beings like perception, attention, learning, memory, thought, concept formation, reading, and problem solving.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human visual processing is efficient in detecting changes and making comparisons between quantities, sizes, shapes and variations in lightness. When properties of symbolic data are mapped to visual properties, humans can browse through large amounts of data efficiently. It is estimated that 2/3 of the brain's neurons can be involved in visual processing. Proper visualization provides a different approach to show potential connections, relationships, etc. which are not as obvious in non-visualized quantitative data. Visualization can become a means of <a href="/wiki/Data_exploration" title="Data exploration">data exploration</a>. </p><p>Studies have shown individuals used on average 19% less cognitive resources, and 4.5% better able to recall details when comparing data visualization with text.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Infographics#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Infographics">Infographics § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png/220px-50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png/330px-50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png/440px-50_years_of_datavisulization_berengueres_own_work.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Selected milestones and inventions</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern study of visualization started with <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, which "has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the special issue of Computer Graphics on Visualization in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Computing_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Computing (magazine) (page does not exist)">Scientific Computing</a></i>. Since then there have been several conferences and workshops, co-sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGGRAPH" title="ACM SIGGRAPH">ACM SIGGRAPH</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been devoted to the general topics of <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">data visualization</a>, information visualization and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">scientific visualization</a>, and more specific areas such as <a href="/wiki/Volume_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume visualization">volume visualization</a>. In 1786, <a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a> published the first presentation graphics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProductSpaceLocalization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ProductSpaceLocalization.png/220px-ProductSpaceLocalization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ProductSpaceLocalization.png/330px-ProductSpaceLocalization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ProductSpaceLocalization.png/440px-ProductSpaceLocalization.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Product_Space" title="The Product Space">Product Space Localization</a>, intended to show the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity" title="List of countries by economic complexity">Economic Complexity</a> of a given economy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benin_English.png/250px-Benin_English.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benin_English.png/375px-Benin_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benin_English.png/500px-Benin_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Tree Map of Benin Exports (2009) by product category. The Product Exports Treemaps are one of the most recent applications of these kind of visualizations, developed by the Harvard-MIT <a href="/wiki/The_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity" title="The Observatory of Economic Complexity">Observatory of Economic Complexity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no comprehensive 'history' of data visualization. There are no accounts that span the entire development of visual thinking and the visual representation of data, and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-Verlag-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization. Contrary to general belief, data visualization is not a modern development. Since prehistory, stellar data, or information such as location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves (such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux Cave</a> in Southern France) since the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-WhitehouseIce00_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseIce00-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems#Clay_token" title="History of ancient numeral systems">clay tokens</a> (5500 BC), Inca <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipus</a> (2600 BC) and Marshall Islands <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">stick charts</a> (n.d.) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragicevic_2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragicevic_2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with <a href="/wiki/Turin_Papyrus_Map" title="Turin Papyrus Map">Turin Papyrus Map</a> which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Friendly_2001_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friendly_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such maps can be categorized as <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic cartography</a>, which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical Earth into latitude and longitude by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 85</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 165</span>] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Friendly_2001_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friendly_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history. Figure shows a graph from the 10th or possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement, used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FUNKHOUSER_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUNKHOUSER-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time. For this purpose, the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis. The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac. The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods cannot be reconciled. The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes. The curves are apparently not related in time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png/330px-Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png/495px-Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png/660px-Mouvement_des_plan%C3%A8tes_au_cours_du_temps.png 2x" data-file-width="4931" data-file-height="2786" /></a><figcaption>Planetary movements</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a "wall quadrant" constructed by <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-Verlag-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very early, the measure of time led scholars to develop innovative way of visualizing the data (e.g. Lorenz Codomann in 1596, Johannes Temporarius in 1596<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p> French philosopher and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Pierre de Fermat</a> developed analytic geometry and two-dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values. Fermat and <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>'s work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-Verlag-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Interaction Design Foundation, these developments allowed and helped William <a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">Playfair</a>, who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data, to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playfair_TimeSeries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playfair_TimeSeries.png/330px-Playfair_TimeSeries.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playfair_TimeSeries.png/495px-Playfair_TimeSeries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playfair_TimeSeries.png/660px-Playfair_TimeSeries.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Playfair TimeSeries</figcaption></figure><p> In the second half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a> used quantitative graphs to represent information "intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand-drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programs like <a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA</a>, <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a>, Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics. Other data visualization applications, more focused and unique to individuals, programming languages such as <a href="/wiki/D3.js" title="D3.js">D3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility. Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries, including free programs like <a href="/wiki/The_Data_Incubator" title="The Data Incubator">The Data Incubator</a> or paid programs like <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly">General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning with the symposium "Data to Discovery" in 2013, ArtCenter College of Design, Caltech and JPL in Pasadena have run an annual program on interactive data visualization.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program asks: How can interactive data visualization help scientists and engineers explore their data more effectively? How can computing, design, and design thinking help maximize research results? What methodologies are most effective for leveraging knowledge from these fields? By encoding relational information with appropriate visual and interactive characteristics to help interrogate, and ultimately gain new insight into data, the program develops new interdisciplinary approaches to complex science problems, combining design thinking and the latest methods from computing, user-centered design, interaction design and 3D graphics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data visualization involves specific terminology, some of which is derived from statistics. For example, author Stephen Few defines two types of data, which are used in combination to support a meaningful analysis or visualization: </p> <ul><li>Categorical: Represent groups of objects with a particular characteristic. Categorical variables can either be nominal or ordinal. Nominal variables for example gender have no order between them and are thus nominal. Ordinal variables are categories with an order, for sample recording the age group someone falls into.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Quantitative: Represent measurements, such as the height of a person or the temperature of an environment. Quantitative variables can either be <a href="/wiki/Continuous_or_discrete_variable" title="Continuous or discrete variable">continuous or discrete</a>. Continuous variables capture the idea that measurements can always be made more precisely. While discrete variables have only a finite number of possibilities, such as a count of some outcomes or an age measured in whole years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The distinction between quantitative and categorical variables is important because the two types require different methods of visualization. </p><p>Two primary types of <a href="/wiki/Information_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Information graphics">information displays</a> are tables and graphs. </p> <ul><li>A <i>table</i> contains quantitative data organized into rows and columns with categorical labels. It is primarily used to look up specific values. In the example above, the table might have categorical column labels representing the name (a <i>qualitative variable</i>) and age (a <i>quantitative variable</i>), with each row of data representing one person (the sampled <i>experimental unit</i> or <i>category subdivision</i>).</li> <li>A <i>graph</i> is primarily used to show relationships among data and portrays values encoded as <i>visual objects</i> (e.g., lines, bars, or points). Numerical values are displayed within an area delineated by one or more <i>axes</i>. These axes provide <i>scales</i> (quantitative and categorical) used to label and assign values to the visual objects. Many graphs are also referred to as <i>charts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Eppler and Lengler have developed the "Periodic Table of Visualization Methods," an interactive chart displaying various data visualization methods. It includes six types of data visualization methods: data, information, concept, strategy, metaphor and compound.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "Visualization Analysis and Design" <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a> writes "Computer-based visualization systems provide visual representations of datasets designed to help people carry out tasks more effectively." Munzner agues that visualization "is suitable when there is a need to augment human capabilities rather than replace people with computational decision-making methods."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infographic#Data_visualization" title="Infographic">Infographic § Data visualization</a></div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <th width="120"> </th> <th width="70" style="text-align:left;">Name </th> <th width="80" style="text-align:left;">Visual dimensions </th> <th width="300" style="text-align:left;">Description / Example usages </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tips-day-barchart.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tips-day-barchart.pdf/page1-220px-Tips-day-barchart.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tips-day-barchart.pdf/page1-330px-Tips-day-barchart.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tips-day-barchart.pdf/page1-440px-Tips-day-barchart.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Bar chart of tips by day of week</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>length/count</li> <li>category</li> <li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Presents <a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">categorical data</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rectangle" title="Rectangle">rectangular</a> bars with <a href="/wiki/Height" title="Height">heights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">lengths</a> proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.</li> <li>A bar graph shows comparisons among <a href="/wiki/Discrete_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete variable">discrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">categories</a>. One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis represents a measured value.</li> <li>Some bar graphs present bars clustered in groups of more than one, showing the values of more than one measured variable. These clustered groups can be differentiated using color.</li> <li>For example; comparison of values, such as sales performance for several persons or businesses in a single time period.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg/220px-20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg/330px-20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg/440px-20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Variable-width bar chart relating: <br />· population (along <i>x</i> axis), <br />· per-person emissions 1990-2018 (along <i>y</i> axis), and <br />· total emissions (area as <i>x*y</i> product of values)</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <p><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Variable-width_bar_charts">Variable-width ("variwide") bar chart</a> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>category (size/count/extent in first dimension)</li> <li>size/count/extent in second dimension</li> <li>size/count/extent as area of bar</li> <li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes most features of basic bar chart, above</li> <li>Areas of non-uniform-width bars represent quantities with areas <i>A</i> that are respective <a href="/wiki/Product_(mathematics)" title="Product (mathematics)">products</a> of related pairs of</li></ul> <dl><dd>· vertical-axis quantities (<i>A/X</i>) and</dd> <dd>· horizontal-axis quantities (<i>X</i>).</dd></dl> <ul><li>Arithmetically:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>(A/X)*X=A</i> for each bar</dd></dl> <ul><li>Instances: <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_plot" title="Mosaic plot">Mosaic plots</a> (also known as Marimekko, or Mekko, charts)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/220px-20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/330px-20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/440px-20220208_Projected_temperature_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_orthogonal_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Projected (1) frequency and (2) intensity of extreme "10-year heat waves" are connected in pairs of horizontal and vertical bars, respectively. Bars are distinguished by (3) color-coded primary category (degree of global warming).</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <p>Orthogonal (orthogonal composite) bar chart </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>numerical value of first variable (extent in first dimension; superimposed horizontal bars)</li> <li>numerical value of second variable (extent in second dimension; like conventional vertical bar chart)</li> <li>category for first and second variables (e.g., color-coded)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes most features of basic bar chart, above</li> <li>Pairs of numeric variables, usually color-coded, rendered by category</li> <li>Variables need not be directly related in the way they are in "variwide" charts</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Housingprice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Housingprice.png/220px-Housingprice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Housingprice.png/330px-Housingprice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Housingprice.png/440px-Housingprice.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Histogram of housing prices</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>bin limits</li> <li>count/length</li> <li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>An approximate representation of the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency distribution">distribution</a> of numerical data. Divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals and then count how many values fall into each interval this is called <a href="/wiki/Data_binning" title="Data binning">binning</a>. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping <a href="/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)" title="Interval (mathematics)">intervals</a> of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be adjacent, and are often (but not required to be) of equal size.</li> <li>For example, determining frequency of annual stock market percentage returns within particular ranges (bins) such as 0–10%, 11–20%, etc. The height of the bar represents the number of observations (years) with a return % in the range represented by the respective bin.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png/220px-U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png/330px-U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png/440px-U.S._Phillips_Curve_2000_to_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A scatterplot showing negative correlation between two variables</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a> (dot plot) </td> <td> <ul><li>x position</li> <li>y position</li> <li>symbol/glyph</li> <li>color</li> <li>size</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Uses <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinates</a> to display values for typically two <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variables</a> for a set of data.</li> <li>Points can be coded via color, shape and/or size to display additional variables.</li> <li>Each point on the plot has an associated x and y term that determines its location on the cartesian plane.</li> <li>Scatter plots are often used to highlight the correlation between variables (x and y).</li> <li>Also called "dot plots"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scatter_plot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scatter_plot.jpg/220px-Scatter_plot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scatter_plot.jpg/330px-Scatter_plot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scatter_plot.jpg/440px-Scatter_plot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Scatter plot</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Scatter plot (3D) </td> <td> <ul><li>position x</li> <li>position y</li> <li>position z</li> <li>color</li> <li>symbol</li> <li>size</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Similar to the 2-dimensional scatter plot above, the 3-dimensional scatter plot visualizes the relationship between typically 3 variables from a set of data.</li> <li>Again point can be coded via color, shape and/or size to display additional variables</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/220px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/330px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/440px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Network analysis</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Network_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Network chart">Network</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>nodes size</li> <li>nodes color</li> <li>ties thickness</li> <li>ties color</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialization" title="Spatialization">spatialization</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Finding clusters in the network (e.g. grouping Facebook friends into different clusters).</li> <li>Discovering bridges (information brokers or boundary spanners) between clusters in the network</li> <li>Determining the most influential nodes in the network (e.g. A company wants to target a small group of people on Twitter for a marketing campaign).</li> <li>Finding outlier actors who do not fit into any cluster or are in the periphery of a network.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_dialects1997.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/English_dialects1997.svg/220px-English_dialects1997.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/English_dialects1997.svg/330px-English_dialects1997.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/English_dialects1997.svg/440px-English_dialects1997.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Pie chart</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Represents one categorical variable which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the <a href="/wiki/Arc_length" title="Arc length">arc length</a> of each slice (and consequently its <a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">central angle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">area</a>), is <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportional</a> to the quantity it represents.</li> <li>For example, as shown in the graph to the right, the proportion of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> native speakers worldwide</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg/220px-ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg/330px-ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg/440px-ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Line chart</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">Line chart</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>x position</li> <li>y position</li> <li>symbol/glyph</li> <li>color</li> <li>size</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Represents information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments.</li> <li>Similar to a <a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">scatter plot</a> except that the measurement points are ordered (typically by their x-axis value) and joined with straight line segments.</li> <li>Often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time – a <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">time series</a> – thus the line is often drawn chronologically.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg/220px-1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg/330px-1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg/440px-1975_%E2%80%93_Price_of_solar_panels_as_a_function_of_cumulative_installed_capacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A log-log chart spanning more than one order of magnitude along both axes</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-log_plot" title="Semi-log plot">Semi-log</a> or <a href="/wiki/Log-log_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Log-log plot">log-log</a> (non-linear) charts </td> <td> <ul><li>x position</li> <li>y position</li> <li>symbol/glyph</li> <li>color</li> <li>connections</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Represents data as lines or series of points spanning large ranges on one or both axes</li> <li>One or both axes are represented using a non-linear <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LastGraph_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LastGraph_example.svg/220px-LastGraph_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LastGraph_example.svg/330px-LastGraph_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LastGraph_example.svg/440px-LastGraph_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Streamgraph</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Streamgraph" title="Streamgraph">Streamgraph</a> (type of <a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">area chart</a>) </td> <td> <ul><li>width</li> <li>color</li> <li>time (flow)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A type of stacked <a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">area chart</a> that is displaced around a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">central axis</a>, resulting in a flowing shape.</li> <li>Unlike a traditional stacked area chart in which the layers are stacked on top of an axis, in a streamgraph the layers are positioned to minimize their "wiggle".</li> <li>Streamgraphs display data with only positive values, and are not able to represent both negative and positive values.</li> <li>Example: the visual shows music listened to by a user over time</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg/220px-Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg/330px-Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg/440px-Top100_states_area_treemap_pop-density.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Treemap</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Treemap">Treemap</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>size</li> <li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Is a method for displaying <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> data using <a href="/wiki/Nesting_(computing)" title="Nesting (computing)">nested</a> figures, usually rectangles.</li> <li>For example, disk space by location / file type</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GanttChartAnatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GanttChartAnatomy.png/220px-GanttChartAnatomy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GanttChartAnatomy.png/330px-GanttChartAnatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GanttChartAnatomy.png/440px-GanttChartAnatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Gantt chart</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt chart</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>color</li> <li>time (flow)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Type of <a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">bar chart</a> that illustrates a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_(project_management)" title="Schedule (project management)">project schedule</a></li> <li>Modern Gantt charts also show the <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(project_management)" title="Dependency (project management)">dependency</a> relationships between activities and current schedule status.</li> <li>For example, used in <a href="/wiki/Project_planning" title="Project planning">project planning</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heatmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Heatmap.png/220px-Heatmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Heatmap.png/330px-Heatmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Heatmap.png/440px-Heatmap.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Heat map</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heatmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatmap">Heat map</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>color</li> <li>categorical variable</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Represents the magnitude of a phenomenon as color in two dimensions.</li> <li>There are two categories of heat maps: <ul><li>cluster heat map: where magnitudes are laid out into a matrix of fixed cell size whose rows and columns are categorical data. For example, the graph to the right.</li> <li>spatial heat map: where no matrix of fixed cell size for example a heat-map. For example, a heat map showing population densities displayed on a geographical map</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg/220px-1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg/330px-1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg/440px-1850-_Warming_stripes_-_global_average_surface_temperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Stripe graphic</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Stripe graphic</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>x position</li> <li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A sequence of colored stripes visually portrays trend of a data series.</li> <li>Portrays a single variable—prototypically <i>temperature over time</i> to portray <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a></li> <li>Deliberately <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalist</a>—with no technical indicia—to communicate intuitively with non-scientists<sup id="cite_ref-Gizmodo_20190617_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo_20190617-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Can be "stacked" to represent plural series (<a href="/wiki/File:20190909_STACKED_country_warming_stripes_AND_global_average_(1901-_).png" title="File:20190909 STACKED country warming stripes AND global average (1901- ).png">example</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif/220px-5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif/330px-5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif/440px-5_9_16_Andrea_TempSpiralEdHawkins.gif 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Animated spiral graphic</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Animated spiral graphic</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>radial distance (dependent variable)</li> <li>rotating angle (cycling through months)</li> <li>color (passing years)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Portrays a single dependent variable—prototypically <i>temperature over time</i> to portray <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a></li> <li>Dependent variable is progressively plotted along a continuous "spiral" determined as a function of (a) constantly rotating angle (twelve months per revolution) and (b) evolving color (color changes over passing years)<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20160511_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20160511-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg/220px-Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg/330px-Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg/440px-Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Box and whisker plot</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box and Whisker Plot</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>x axis</li> <li>y axis</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A method for graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their <a href="/wiki/Quartile" title="Quartile">quartiles</a>.</li> <li>Box plots may also have lines extending from the boxes (<i>whiskers</i>) indicating variability outside the upper and lower quartiles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">Outliers</a> may be plotted as individual points.</li> <li>The two boxes graphed on top of each other represent the middle 50% of the data, with the line separating the two boxes identifying the median data value and the top and bottom edges of the boxes represent the 75th and 25th percentile data points respectively.</li> <li>Box plots are <a href="/wiki/Non-parametric" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-parametric">non-parametric</a>: they display variation in samples of a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">statistical population</a> without making any assumptions of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">statistical distribution</a>, thus are useful for getting an initial understanding of a data set. For example, comparing the distribution of ages between a group of people (e.g., male and females).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LampFlowchart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LampFlowchart.svg/220px-LampFlowchart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LampFlowchart.svg/330px-LampFlowchart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LampFlowchart.svg/440px-LampFlowchart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Process" title="Process">process</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Represents a <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process" title="Process">process</a> or a step-by-step approach to solving a task.</li> <li>The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows.</li> <li>For example, outlying the actions to undertake if a lamp is not working, as shown in the diagram to the right.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MER_Star_Plot.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MER_Star_Plot.gif/220px-MER_Star_Plot.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MER_Star_Plot.gif/330px-MER_Star_Plot.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MER_Star_Plot.gif/440px-MER_Star_Plot.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Radar chart</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radar_chart" title="Radar chart">Radar chart</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>attributes</li> <li>value assigned to attributes</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Displays <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">multivariate</a> <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> in the form of a two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">chart</a> of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point.</li> <li>The relative position and angle of the axes is typically uninformative, but various heuristics, such as algorithms that plot data as the maximal total area, can be applied to sort the variables (axes) into relative positions that reveal distinct correlations, trade-offs, and a multitude of other comparative measures.</li> <li>For example, comparing attributes/skills (e.g., communication, analytical, IT skills) learnt across different university degrees (e.g., mathematics, economics, psychology)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/220px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/330px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/440px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Venn diagram</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><i>all</i> possible <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> relations between a finite collection of different <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Shows <i>all</i> possible <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> relations between a finite collection of different <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a>.</li> <li>These diagrams depict <a href="/wiki/Element_(mathematics)" title="Element (mathematics)">elements</a> as points in the plane, and <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a> as regions inside closed curves.</li> <li>A Venn diagram consists of multiple overlapping closed curves, usually circles, each representing a set.</li> <li>The points inside a curve labelled <i>S</i> represent elements of the set <i>S</i>, while points outside the boundary represent elements not in the set <i>S</i>. This lends itself to intuitive visualizations; for example, the set of all elements that are members of both sets <i>S</i> and <i>T</i>, denoted <i>S</i> ∩ <i>T</i> and read "the intersection of <i>S</i> and <i>T</i>", is represented visually by the area of overlap of the regions <i>S</i> and <i>T</i>. In Venn diagrams, the curves are overlapped in every possible way, showing all possible relations between the sets.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg/220px-AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg/330px-AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg/440px-AirMerIconographyCorrelation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Iconography of correlations</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_correlations" title="Iconography of correlations">Iconography of correlations</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>No axis</li> <li>Solid line</li> <li>dotted line</li> <li>color</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Exploratory data analysis.</li> <li>Replace a correlation matrix by a diagram where the "remarkable" correlations are represented by a solid line (positive correlation), or a dotted line (negative correlation).</li> <li>Points can be coded via color.</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_techniques">Other techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladogram</a> (phylogeny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept Map">Concept Mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</a> (classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization_reference_model" title="Information visualization reference model">Information visualization reference model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(data_visualisation)" title="Grand Tour (data visualisation)">Grand tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatmap">Heatmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperbolicTree" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperbolicTree">HyperbolicTree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling" title="Multidimensional scaling">Multidimensional scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_coordinates" title="Parallel coordinates">Parallel coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving_environment" title="Problem solving environment">Problem solving environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Treemapping</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactivity">Interactivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interactivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive visualization">Interactive visualization</a></div> <p><b>Interactive data visualization</b> enables direct actions on a graphical <a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">plot</a> to change elements and link between multiple plots.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactive data visualization has been a pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Statisticians" class="mw-redirect" title="Statisticians">statisticians</a> since the late 1960s. Examples of the developments can be found on the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a> video lending library.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common interactions include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brushing_and_linking" title="Brushing and linking">Brushing</a></b>: works by using the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> to control a paintbrush, directly changing the color or glyph of elements of a plot. The paintbrush is sometimes a pointer and sometimes works by drawing an outline of sorts around points; the outline is sometimes irregularly shaped, like a lasso. Brushing is most commonly used when multiple plots are visible and some linking mechanism exists between the plots. There are several different conceptual models for brushing and a number of common linking mechanisms. Brushing <a href="/wiki/Scatterplots" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatterplots">scatterplots</a> can be a transient operation in which points in the active plot only retain their new characteristics. At the same time, they are enclosed or intersected by the brush, or it can be a persistent operation, so that points retain their new appearance after the brush has been moved away. Transient brushing is usually chosen for linked brushing, as we have just described.</li> <li><b>Painting</b>: Persistent brushing is useful when we want to group the points into clusters and then proceed to use other operations, such as the tour, to compare the groups. It is becoming common terminology to call the persistent operation painting,</li> <li><b>Identification</b>: which could also be called labeling or label brushing, is another plot manipulation that can be linked. Bringing the cursor near a point or edge in a scatterplot, or a bar in a <a href="/wiki/Barchart" class="mw-redirect" title="Barchart">barchart</a>, causes a label to appear that identifies the plot element. It is widely available in many interactive graphics, and is sometimes called mouseover.</li> <li><b>Scaling</b>: maps the data onto the window, and changes in the area of the. mapping function help us learn different things from the same plot. Scaling is commonly used to zoom in on crowded regions of a scatterplot, and it can also be used to change the aspect ratio of a plot, to reveal different features of the data.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brushing_and_linking" title="Brushing and linking">Linking</a></b>: connects elements selected in one plot with elements in another plot. The simplest kind of linking, one-to-one, where both plots show different projections of the same data, and a point in one plot corresponds to exactly one point in the other. When using area plots, brushing any part of an area has the same effect as brushing it all and is equivalent to selecting all cases in the corresponding category. Even when some plot elements represent more than one case, the underlying linking rule still links one case in one plot to the same case in other plots. Linking can also be by categorical variable, such as by a subject id, so that all data values corresponding to that subject are highlighted, in all the visible plots.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_perspectives">Other perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different approaches on the scope of data visualization. One common focus is on information presentation, such as Friedman (2008). Friendly (2008) presumes two main parts of data visualization: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">statistical graphics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic cartography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MF08_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF08-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this line the "Data Visualization: Modern Approaches" (2007) article gives an overview of seven subjects of data visualization:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">Articles</a> & <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">resources</a></li> <li>Displaying <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/connection" class="extiw" title="wikt:connection">connections</a></li> <li>Displaying <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a></li> <li>Displaying <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a></li> <li>Displaying <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind maps</a></li> <li>Tools and services</li></ul> <p>All these subjects are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> and information representation. </p><p>On the other hand, from a <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> perspective, Frits H. Post in 2002 categorized the field into sub-fields:<sup id="cite_ref-FHP02_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHP02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FHP03_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHP03-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Interaction techniques">Interaction techniques</a> and architectures</li> <li>Modelling techniques</li> <li>Multiresolution methods</li> <li>Visualization <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume visualization">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> <p>Within The Harvard Business Review, Scott Berinato developed a framework to approach data visualisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To start thinking visually, users must consider two questions; 1) What you have and 2) what you're doing. The first step is identifying what data you want visualised. It is data-driven like profit over the past ten years or a conceptual idea like how a specific organisation is structured. Once this question is answered one can then focus on whether they are trying to communicate information (declarative visualisation) or trying to figure something out (exploratory visualisation). Scott Berinato combines these questions to give four types of visual communication that each have their own goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These four types of visual communication are as follows; </p> <ul><li>idea illustration (conceptual & declarative).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Used to teach, explain and/or simply concepts. For example, organisation charts and decision trees.</li></ul></li> <li>idea generation (conceptual & exploratory).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Used to discover, innovate and solve problems. For example, a whiteboard after a brainstorming session.</li></ul></li> <li>visual discovery (data-driven & exploratory).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Used to spot trends and make sense of data. This type of visual is more common with large and complex data where the dataset is somewhat unknown and the task is open-ended.</li></ul></li> <li>everyday data-visualisation (data-driven & declarative).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The most common and simple type of visualisation used for affirming and setting context. For example, a line graph of GDP over time.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data and information visualization insights are being applied in areas such as:<sup id="cite_ref-BBB03_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Scientific research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital libraries">Digital libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Information graphics">Information graphics</a></li> <li>Financial data analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Market studies</li> <li>Manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGovernance" class="mw-redirect" title="EGovernance">eGovernance</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Policy_Modeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policy Modeling (page does not exist)">Policy Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Data Art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable academic and industry laboratories in the field are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">IBM Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panopticon_Software" title="Panopticon Software">Panopticon Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Computing_and_Imaging_Institute" title="Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute">Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableau_Software" title="Tableau Software">Tableau Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Human-Computer_Interaction_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab">University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab</a></li></ul> <p>Conferences in this field, ranked by significance in data visualization research,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Visualization" title="IEEE Visualization">IEEE Visualization</a>: An annual international conference on scientific visualization, information visualization, and visual analytics. Conference is held in October.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">ACM SIGGRAPH</a>: An annual international conference on computer graphics, convened by the ACM SIGGRAPH organization. Conference dates vary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Human_Factors_in_Computing_Systems" title="Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems">Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)</a>: An annual international conference on human–computer interaction, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="/wiki/SIGCHI" title="SIGCHI">SIGCHI</a>. Conference is usually held in April or May.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurographics" title="Eurographics">Eurographics</a>: An annual Europe-wide computer graphics conference, held by the European Association for Computer Graphics. Conference is usually held in April or May.</li></ul> <p>For further examples, see: <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_graphics_organizations" title="Category:Computer graphics organizations">Category:Computer graphics organizations</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_presentation_architecture">Data presentation architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Data presentation architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Data and information visualization">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg/220px-Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg/330px-Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg/440px-Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A data visualization from <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Data presentation architecture</b> (<b>DPA</b>) is a skill-set that seeks to identify, locate, manipulate, format and present data in such a way as to optimally communicate meaning and proper knowledge. </p><p>Historically, the term <i>data presentation architecture</i> is attributed to Kelly Lautt:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Data Presentation Architecture (DPA) is a rarely applied skill set critical for the success and value of <a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business Intelligence</a>. Data presentation architecture weds the science of numbers, data and statistics in <a href="/wiki/Information_discovery" title="Information discovery">discovering valuable information</a> from data and making it usable, relevant and actionable with the arts of data visualization, communications, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational psychology">organizational psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">change management</a> in order to provide business intelligence solutions with the data scope, delivery timing, format and visualizations that will most effectively support and drive operational, tactical and strategic behaviour toward understood business (or organizational) goals. DPA is neither an IT nor a business skill set but exists as a separate field of expertise. Often confused with data visualization, data presentation architecture is a much broader skill set that includes determining what data on what schedule and in what exact format is to be presented, not just the best way to present data that has already been chosen. Data visualization skills are one element of DPA." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DPA has two main objectives: </p> <ul><li>To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles)</li> <li>To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: </p> <ul><li>Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology</li> <li>Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context</li> <li>Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data)</li> <li>Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data)</li> <li>Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)</li> <li>Utilizing appropriate analysis, grouping, visualization, and other presentation formats</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DPA work shares commonalities with several other fields, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a> in determining business goals, collecting requirements, mapping processes.</li> <li>Business process improvement in that its goal is to improve and streamline actions and decisions in furtherance of business goals</li> <li>Data visualization in that it uses well-established theories of visualization to add or highlight meaning or importance in data presentation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a> explores more nuanced ways of visualising complex data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a>, but information architecture's focus is on <a href="/wiki/Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured data</a> and therefore excludes both analysis (in the statistical/data sense) and direct transformation of the actual content (data, for DPA) into new entities and combinations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">HCI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">interaction design</a>, since many of the principles in how to design interactive data visualisation have been developed cross-disciplinary with HCI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data-driven_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Data-driven journalism">data-driven journalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">data journalism</a>: Visual journalism is concerned with all types of graphic facilitation of the telling of news stories, and data-driven and data journalism are not necessarily told with data visualisation. Nevertheless, the field of journalism is at the forefront in developing new data visualisations to communicate data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a>, conveying information through styling, typography, position, and other aesthetic concerns.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytics" title="Analytics">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">Climate change art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding in data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_visualistics" title="Computational visualistics">Computational visualistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_physicalization" title="Data physicalization">Data physicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Presentation_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Presentation Architecture">Data Presentation Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_profiling" title="Data profiling">Data profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(data_visualisation)" title="Grand Tour (data visualisation)">Grand Tour (data visualisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imc_FAMOS" title="Imc FAMOS">imc FAMOS</a> (1987), graphical data analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Infographics">Infographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphical_methods" title="List of graphical methods">List of graphical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software" title="List of information graphics software">List of information graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity" title="List of countries by economic complexity">List of countries by economic complexity</a>, example of Treemapping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_visualisation" title="Patent visualisation">Patent visualisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">Statistical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first formal, recorded, public usages of the term data presentation architecture were at the three formal Microsoft Office 2007 Launch events in Dec, Jan and Feb of 2007–08 in Edmonton, Calgary and Vancouver (Canada) in a presentation by Kelly Lautt describing a business intelligence system designed to improve service quality in a pulp and paper company. The term was further used and recorded in public usage on December 16, 2009 in a Microsoft Canada presentation on the value of merging Business Intelligence with corporate collaboration processes.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CorbettCSISS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CorbettCSISS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCorbett" class="citation web cs1">Corbett, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030619011958/http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58">"Charles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon's March, 1861"</a>. 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Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-07616-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-07616-0"><bdi>0-201-07616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploratory+Data+Analysis&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-201-07616-0&rft.aulast=Tukey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtechatstate2013" class="citation web cs1">techatstate (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9Y4SxgfGCg">"Tech@State: Data Visualization - Keynote by Dr Edward Tufte"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9Y4SxgfGCg">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tech%40State%3A+Data+Visualization+-+Keynote+by+Dr+Edward+Tufte&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.au=techatstate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dg9Y4SxgfGCg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandMcGill1985" class="citation journal cs1">Cleveland, W. S.; McGill, R. (1985). "Graphical perception and graphical methods for analyzing scientific data". <i>Science</i>. <b>229</b> (4716): 828–33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...229..828C">1985Sci...229..828C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.229.4716.828">10.1126/science.229.4716.828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17777913">17777913</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16342041">16342041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Graphical+perception+and+graphical+methods+for+analyzing+scientific+data&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=4716&rft.pages=828-33&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.229.4716.828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16342041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17777913&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Sci...229..828C&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft.au=McGill%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte1983" class="citation book cs1">Tufte, Edward R. (1983). <i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i> (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut, US: Graphics Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780318029924" title="Special:BookSources/9780318029924"><bdi>9780318029924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Display+of+Quantitative+Information&rft.place=Cheshire%2C+Connecticut%2C+US&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Graphics+Press+LLC&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780318029924&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tufte1983-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tufte1983_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufte1983_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufte1983_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte1983" class="citation book cs1">Tufte, Edward (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft"><i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i></a>. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9613921-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9613921-4-2"><bdi>0-9613921-4-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114070823/http://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Display+of+Quantitative+Information&rft.place=Cheshire%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-9613921-4-2&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualdisplayofq00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/45224">"Telling Visual Stories About Data - Congressional Budget Office"</a>. <i>www.cbo.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204135630/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/45224">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbo.gov&rft.atitle=Telling+Visual+Stories+About+Data+-+Congressional+Budget+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fpublication%2F45224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchananLetherby2022" class="citation news cs1">Buchanan, Larry; Letherby, Lauren (June 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html">"Who Stops a 'Bad Guy With a Gun'?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622111531/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2022. <q>Data source: Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Stops+a+%27Bad+Guy+With+a+Gun%27%3F&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Letherby%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2022%2F06%2F22%2Fus%2Fshootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/misc/Graph_Selection_Matrix.pdf">"Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Graph Selection Matrix"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005080945/http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/misc/Graph_Selection_Matrix.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Few-Perceptual+Edge-Graph+Selection+Matrix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perceptualedge.com%2Farticles%2Fmisc%2FGraph_Selection_Matrix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perceptualedge.com-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perceptualedge.com_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perceptualedge.com_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/visual_perception.pdf">"Steven Few-Tapping the Power of Visual Perception-September 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005080935/http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/visual_perception.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steven+Few-Tapping+the+Power+of+Visual+Perception-September+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perceptualedge.com%2Farticles%2Fie%2Fvisual_perception.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/data-visualization-for-human-perception">"Data Visualization for Human Perception"</a>. <i>The Interaction Design Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151958/https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/data-visualization-for-human-perception">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Interaction+Design+Foundation&rft.atitle=Data+Visualization+for+Human+Perception&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interaction-design.org%2Fliterature%2Fbook%2Fthe-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed%2Fdata-visualization-for-human-perception&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122203157/http://www.sfu.ca/gis/geog_x55/web355/icons/11_lec_vweb.pdf">"Visualization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SFU</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Venture+Beat&rft.atitle=NY+gets+new+boot+camp+for+data+scientists%3A+It%27s+free+but+harder+to+get+into+than+Harvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2014%2F04%2F15%2Fny-gets-new-bootcamp-for-data-scientists-its-free-but-harder-to-get-into-than-harvard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datavis.caltech.edu">Interactive Data Visualization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer2013" class="citation book cs1">Bulmer, Michael (2013). <i>A Portable Introduction to Data Analysis</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Periodic+Table+of+Visualization+Methods&rft.pub=www.visual-literacy.org&rft.aulast=Lengler&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Eppler%2C+Martin.+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visual-literacy.org%2Fperiodic_table%2Fperiodic_table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunznerMaguire2015" class="citation book cs1">Munzner, Tamara; Maguire, Eamonn (2015). <i>Visualization analysis & design</i>. A.K. Peters visualization series. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+Lending+Library&rft.aulast=American+Statistics+Association&rft.aufirst=Statistical+Graphics+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat-graphics.org%2Fmovies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MF08-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MF08_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone/milestone.pdf">"Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911042504/http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone/milestone.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/08/02/data-visualization-modern-approaches/">"Data Visualization: Modern Approaches"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722233419/http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/08/02/data-visualization-modern-approaches/">Archived</a> 2008-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. in: <i>Graphics</i>, August 2, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FHP03-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FHP03_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits H. Post, Gregory M. Nielson and Georges-Pierre Bonneau (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf"><i>Data Visualization: The State of the Art</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerinato2016" class="citation journal cs1">Berinato, Scott (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2016/06/visualizations-that-really-work">"Visualizations That Really Work"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>: 92–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Visualizations+That+Really+Work&rft.pages=92-100&rft.date=2016-06&rft.aulast=Berinato&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2016%2F06%2Fvisualizations-that-really-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaisalBlandfordPotts2013" class="citation journal cs1">Faisal, Sarah; Blandford, Ann; Potts, Henry WW (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1416283/1/VisPatientData_preprint.pdf">"Making sense of personal health information: Challenges for information visualization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Health Informatics Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 198–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1460458212465213">10.1177/1460458212465213</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23981395">23981395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3825148">3825148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Informatics+Journal&rft.atitle=Making+sense+of+personal+health+information%3A+Challenges+for+information+visualization&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198-217&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3825148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23981395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1460458212465213&rft.aulast=Faisal&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Blandford%2C+Ann&rft.au=Potts%2C+Henry+WW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1416283%2F1%2FVisPatientData_preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosara2013" class="citation news cs1">Kosara, Robert (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eagereyes.org/blog/2013/a-guide-to-the-quality-of-different-visualization-venues">"A Guide to the Quality of Different Visualization Venues"</a>. <i>eagereyes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eagereyes&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+Quality+of+Different+Visualization+Venues&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Kosara&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feagereyes.org%2Fblog%2F2013%2Fa-guide-to-the-quality-of-different-visualization-venues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Healy" title="Kieran Healy">Healy, Kieran</a> (2019). <i>Data Visualization: A Practical Introduction</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18161-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Visualization%3A+A+Practical+Introduction&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18161-5&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilke2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilke, Claus O. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serialmentor.com/dataviz/"><i>Fundamentals of Data Visualization</i></a>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-3108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-3108-6"><bdi>978-1-4920-3108-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Data+Visualization&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-3108-6&rft.aulast=Wilke&rft.aufirst=Claus+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fserialmentor.com%2Fdataviz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvergreen2016" class="citation book cs1">Evergreen, Stephanie (2016). <i>Effective Data Visualization: The Right Chart for the Right Data</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-0305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-0305-5"><bdi>978-1-5063-0305-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+Data+Visualization%3A+The+Right+Chart+for+the+Right+Data&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-0305-5&rft.aulast=Evergreen&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Tufte, Edward R.</a> (2015). <i>The visual display of quantitative information</i> (2 ed.). Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780961392147" title="Special:BookSources/9780961392147"><bdi>9780961392147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+visual+display+of+quantitative+information&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780961392147&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kawa Nazemi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/12076">Adaptive Semantics Visualization</a> Eurographics Association.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFew2012" class="citation book cs1">Few, Stephen (2012). <i>Show me the numbers : designing tables and graphs to enlighten</i> (2 ed.). Analytics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780970601971" title="Special:BookSources/9780970601971"><bdi>9780970601971</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795009632">795009632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Show+me+the+numbers+%3A+designing+tables+and+graphs+to+enlighten&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Analytics+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795009632&rft.isbn=9780970601971&rft.aulast=Few&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Leland</a> (2012). <i>Grammar of Graphics</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-2033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-2033-1"><bdi>978-1-4419-2033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+Graphics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-2033-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazza2009" class="citation book cs1">Mazza, Riccardo (2009). <i>Introduction to Information Visualization</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848002180" title="Special:BookSources/9781848002180"><bdi>9781848002180</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458726890">458726890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Information+Visualization&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458726890&rft.isbn=9781848002180&rft.aulast=Mazza&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Andreas Kerren, John T. Stasko, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Daniel_Fekete" title="Jean-Daniel Fekete">Jean-Daniel Fekete</a>, and Chris North (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/computer/user+interfaces/book/978-3-540-70955-8"><i>Information Visualization – Human-Centered Issues and Perspectives</i></a>. Volume 4950 of LNCS State-of-the-Art Survey, Springer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spence_(engineer)" title="Robert Spence (engineer)">Spence, Robert</a> <i>Information Visualization: Design for Interaction (2nd Edition)</i>, Prentice Hall, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-206550-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-206550-9">0-13-206550-9</a>.</li> <li>Jeffrey Heer, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_K._Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart K. Card">Stuart K. Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Landay" title="James Landay">James Landay</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bid.berkeley.edu/files/papers/2005-prefuse-CHI.pdf">"Prefuse: a toolkit for interactive information visualization"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612082611/http://bid.berkeley.edu/files/papers/2005-prefuse-CHI.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <i>ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems</i> CHI 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostNielsonBonneau2003" class="citation book cs1">Post, Frits H.; Nielson, Gregory M.; Bonneau, Georges-Pierre (2003). <i>Data Visualization: The State of the Art</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-5430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-5430-7"><bdi>978-1-4613-5430-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Visualization%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-5430-7&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Frits+H.&rft.au=Nielson%2C+Gregory+M.&rft.au=Bonneau%2C+Georges-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bederson" title="Ben Bederson">Ben Bederson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrZZQ5I76BcC&psp=1&cad=0"><i>The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann.</li> <li>Colin Ware (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/3835060155"><i>Information Visualization: Perception for design</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_K._Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart K. Card">Stuart K. Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdh2gqWfQmgC&psp=1&cad=0"><i>Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think</i></a>, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland1993" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualizingdata00will"><i>Visualizing Data</i></a>. Hobart Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634884-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634884-0-6"><bdi>0-9634884-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visualizing+Data&rft.pub=Hobart+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-9634884-0-6&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualizingdata00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+and+information+visualization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schwabish, Jonathan A. 2014. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.28.1.209">An Economist's Guide to Visualizing Data</a>." <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, 28 (1): 209–34.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_and_information_visualization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_visualization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Data visualization">Data visualization</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/">Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization</a>, An illustrated chronology of innovations by Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compsci.capture.duke.edu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ee45ebd7-da62-4d27-8d16-5647aa167946">Duke University-Christa Kelleher Presentation-Communicating through infographics-visualizing scientific & engineering information-March 6, 2015</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002000243">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566475405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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