CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91339fb59c89ce55',cH: 'z1onJTANP.vQszxIZXUWV5XLpYqhs2G9jaH3dYHYbXI-1739772726-1.2.1.1-8ugYDJoiWvS5LXyYHAc_c_t6siyS0yraXnS2DardEBXep9t_t3CzL8HHBKK1qiDR',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=customer-supplier%20collaboration&__cf_chl_tk=cX.jJtt02QT784H2IdfVx5RmldHq4oUNQzhgFszP6VQ-1739772726-1.0.1.1-aK0qQ7ONHLrnL7CqgiOEYYf7OtCRXIUvKeklkfZyRNE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739772726',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=customer-supplier%20collaboration&__cf_chl_f_tk=cX.jJtt02QT784H2IdfVx5RmldHq4oUNQzhgFszP6VQ-1739772726-1.0.1.1-aK0qQ7ONHLrnL7CqgiOEYYf7OtCRXIUvKeklkfZyRNE",md: "u174Fi2z2sxgKDcfextH6l7aC3KVJC7h0yZPYMGuewE-1739772726-1.2.1.1-XGS0smqRl4CudQjF07pKhRaBXjApsWHdXOIpnp6LkQjzFJLjOJmXcEJRL2l75X02biiv1w0897OShLcSoMuFQfRGt9ymhnr7bEyH3GbdtUq42JXKR8D.RK6TakVzuTf_ef0ofkhGM3uQf3O9EXfVyQSondtZhySt7nmB7bN2oiYnwj_HlQQ0aktnJMI96c8iT8yeN4VM_kZmwXRKLGtGy9UQnWwctNbilVkBK2h7FNv7vZADasK1hRDRZ3fxmVgZGk6244rprH0ggJeRUrUh0G7cTVLwflxR0xyLMAG7oBAdzRwvdvmoXcSFdSLHEqz7gfqODl.YZxOx2KduVcFicNnyOauvkM95sNCXsjtCGr_i1t5apVRTga8OA3sVGxYCp5ydVLD2aeXHUu_Jx7BYAwYW5zdBZkRdbc4LqHhyVrxeFTkUkVxskLcHApf.gUA7W1drHzEtgUT4lDGXtR321Wbl8swUgjkDqFvpoGlF7B_YIOwHMt1FXSgf9vlwzSS800gCCe_w8NAfrm1Kkp0eE0oz.cAPpD_efC07.80hsQkPVNyETBkKVOG6s2hrT.2.o6EJf_e0mGH3VQx9tr2WWszKLNfvbaQEtD3dj9bgR6ZF5JygjTSAVxWR5IbOj4ctLhiEn7.X5meQ.OfPPr7BoazBFQMfWZyO_SbZKaJsia7rpCDDID9jC84z3ZCPJ.8u5equs0_Niab3E1wHCBVkT8y64uNgcyJMWQhGnCB120dDtA7PCFPmOHdhaWVfxl_6aVGJugo69HJuWOd04_Efds8cTqZWF5W8u7sn8z_AuIRiNCqrm5bg0VqnwvhBYgH.9P_Ijpg7M7W74ubJblWVx.lBn4W6T3Ku9XeacknupeGkCCa0lpJVhahW1THUVR4iwI8i5K1Taj75gTNJva2ulVYeSkj7NNAZeEpZk_GqjTZWq1XaO5r.edI0zd6qcalNoOhZSQ_c5ghdNo1io5L9esL0CgaE68zwjJoML8Z5YAZzH8KpW5xA6TyB3wTF1PDMy1Jp68hGFbZcyI14dvctDbIOlQZ2Sl_x8nZDpqxE8u7qI2YScHWTPOU99dQRYPyxc8qNNUWRPQyFRWUf4teexhYfYdxsxE6zbQVIjGOAfKrMhUnmaYpT2EbBIOwb1UzrIsR2LhaEc6pWMqgucXGH_GilIEHgDbN2C_iV0NiD4JK208EY__LwnpkpNb3Eu1RrW.HuhMO_UUWOgwCbJRhKgVKLszovT8PCvRYHz8dBozkehT1cyVYdDM0fEFjL3kxURi5PtcjxV9HBzc7CPI_kDGdKK9qY1kOdioxkfpD6mON07dkLhBW_fBDXKoiQiRbCb52.eMZC6ub9pxWJ6eGGEHbPlAMYkAHubd9RoHBbLGi14AnqcCPctcuZK1l0Pnc6JuVArFG0XDGhNhV12SYe2saiMIBr0w8EwVjrGIER4JLKb2BwnlVCpu5XhAzHkWBi0N8K8AYASiC80QR25XBx1YDEnc.XBe3tXBICyxkzQeJXrzb3thJzcTlYdQyN7RlwOzZd3xA3c0zeQL4vkFfkES_iIYf8uv8m46aBcQxWo1NdOfo2qUyfcgn_bQ_MXdMkzZB15fqHhw4T11C_Nca0TeN7mCKd9bBar.vHon4U7crMQUoHMiNQVxqg7TPoTPQJ.hhh4vYEd4uKEOH_Cn_ZsYX0ndhRJkpOa21aq0Rre0urUxGydSuhPJA6cJvfmIlSpkk8RZWx.ueqJP_HiCGfr0khlbLMjG_f_tO1GoZQdmmtodXpge76aZV9.RGjJUQekiUjaIS2biS7Q7qv5oLANNAnx0oLS5oREyoGbIxUUyJfLC1MDEy2tacy4amZoOKWM7YQt8sdn.p6WOvN0Rw7gpTm5AAzBoAXCpxWzLluMNlmE0T6KnpdFRouti68GBFuFNY1T7MKiCAE4BjTv4a6DDvwWd4.uBHDf_hbs.n_WndPDMbOKSsrzhOgKbrVONsk",mdrd: "UP3mOaYXijAWQcqzPR1VNbGBSgh53BkU7B.4DTf4D8k-1739772726-1.2.1.1-kwEtidj3CVTDfscsfJSut6MSFsSSphELPf56YodcJMqmSFzAF_7GhlcCggSwJ0tPr.02FwureXmCcd4tSMq5bgfH0K97t36eTug9YckbTQiWyjbriNjdT2WN59BFZsa1FPYz5WFOQQQbLnT_OFz6WkxilP5FNEaeYAq7km2VI_B9QiePMGInPc6j1I75ZxsAYqjIxKdi19qZizjG0tesbxQn6127QTz4a50gNn8pJAsNVXk.R6cpvwtWyy5Re44M8713GNm36ALmfDbz0rIBW68QiADItgK53iRh4hTvUddRG53VQeiJLaoL923ZdpGap7.rj1b5DOqwSMqDrkOpGfjZulKxpFpl1M027eCJg4ssO_vmyZCbWl6BN67Y8gUfGBGEIQ5J4neLiS2DHC_HNCXJ1mN2cCyBlOB_adgo0ZLR8dL22NkHVdTCQ1EP68bwepxn3r8DHV.UKvIfNc3aBRdNyXCbZxaWSG7Iy1Q8IlI.z04ZMer499xCEWG33iJ758aH.lUUrnKGNyyYdgl7w2hw4XG8yWN.3hlhGS1QTP_mM4mtHr6FZMzj1o3L9TMCGzNwNZLJ9.ql1QWS9G9pdpNHwnIL8X6.8XrZ5mMjFdYeBRPS1TH.WbTDw3iKZVZnPG7QhMPc2UjA_sIXZN3_brxjZHnyohVF4nE5bkPNeI9L9xE.RJfqoHquyCzqxOxK1fRYckdphfk9.FEAd097FFvT89EbljP3FzdTox6jyk.d_QvFL0NlMNDI_SDx5bJL2ru.I6.GCAFdPpa8vPyGSS94.lYU0dcN5_bTzMdRCfC1ZsCIaw2fdJPq.pD0_orcavvNZ11Vjg8jxkzz7uRYh4HfOOa4BWj7nFgpy4rDLza0KDAekNk8UTCjKx5MOol5pbaXWgXEQpmBiqj1RcsVOkZuumIgGESt_l2dmWjSh4ZYpcveVSyRAMHeBqV4wI9U_x4dan17E68wKrqUIBFjPGsfnRr401fFRqUZ4Ogfx8_DkB5yKltzIiEZAtdicdjwQ.2HSnkxiCJxBnQS0Ky_EehE5gEY0xXt5m3fqjBi9SEx.zfjKFvxiFirgNa6MTnQGjHhLZhtn67sNxZ6ts1oxl4.MR2ivugkS12nqNcjsekGOhgATSYOrazbqEoGNbJHY7mbmiTW0NpmrgiuOi8PotwcjIdrFmuue5Q28n_P7Vz6X6QxnBqoEbtehlypEzaBBtJou9nwyUrwvAabUZq2OyEwAav5ZuWAmV9GOPjrDRmARj5Eroz5BtGtSD6OPXp9N1K4RRcdniIsONd7bpIl9p0yWX8ymeGoVuoOUFEbTReRWn5bmapTChWDawUK1nXUraymVTV.iJcic1sJQijMG1O11zX_z8TqpJ5R4JTSBu8bDJqeBQi_F72vixK6rbzSu9gLsEILkgqEpjuaUAQyCknAfNADJN9d7VH62j1M4SR9RjMWunsMCAwIwzGCjsMLIwH_ukaFpAezM14_bWJGOOQnSYRmuP8NI7OJcHFZiqgxe8nDyb53IxD3cwXKQMs.D.UnUN0fGnUxDbObHdIeGYWnieimH.XNyOu4zM9nkNyA.OE0KOB.B2nBuTl71prAIufLCuabg4kJvanXj7z7ICSWvXhxNRKu.ie_QdmBXgFAMmjcdTNM5SEFK0e6qD825pXz_oPub9rbHzgjkHHUuZkmVNP2HQ88CPcDyq.shdxxfRPnA08gISO2_AUCJB5HjAlXj1TB3tlM1CGGfuGXFDkVK5ZbnSqxfokHV.A7W8z9UMBYrUsuk.VrLH9FxiqGU8WDgfj9dTEC9EXTfQSR0QSB3wb0L3vjAPjRB1o0V0TUMXENckqcpJsehCAQLdAM8a3mfDQVw5qzwNS..M6J3UEVuaCmEgHwOL_jgu4OThUDMXLVPLyJQ64.qYJZ5r9FL2lxN4buiwaZHL5PjrQW2CirOPKqEyXzDSpITDqSKN0IW1dDzq0WCh0P3inQPc7C"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91339fb59c89ce55';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=customer-supplier%20collaboration&__cf_chl_rt_tk=cX.jJtt02QT784H2IdfVx5RmldHq4oUNQzhgFszP6VQ-1739772726-1.0.1.1-aK0qQ7ONHLrnL7CqgiOEYYf7OtCRXIUvKeklkfZyRNE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>