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Bahasa Makassar - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Klasifikasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kekerabatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekerabatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kekerabatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kekerabatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dialek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi_dan_persebaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi_dan_persebaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demografi dan persebaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografi_dan_persebaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_saat_ini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_saat_ini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status saat ini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_saat_ini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_penulisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_penulisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sistem penulisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_penulisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fonologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Fonologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vokal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vokal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsonan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsonan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Konsonan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsonan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonotaktik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonotaktik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fonotaktik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonotaktik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tekanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tekanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Tekanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tekanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tata_bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tata_bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tata bahasa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tata_bahasa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tata bahasa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tata_bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronomina_persona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronomina_persona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pronomina persona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronomina_persona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomina_dan_frasa_nomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomina_dan_frasa_nomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nomina dan frasa nomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomina_dan_frasa_nomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ciri_dan_jenis_nomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri_dan_jenis_nomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Ciri dan jenis nomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri_dan_jenis_nomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomina_turunan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomina_turunan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Nomina turunan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomina_turunan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frasa_nomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frasa_nomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Frasa nomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frasa_nomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Verba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klausa_dasar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klausa_dasar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Klausa dasar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klausa_dasar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klausa_intransitif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klausa_intransitif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Klausa intransitif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klausa_intransitif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klausa_transitif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klausa_transitif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Klausa transitif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klausa_transitif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klausa_semitransitif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klausa_semitransitif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Klausa semitransitif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klausa_semitransitif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fokus_dan_topik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fokus_dan_topik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Fokus dan topik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fokus_dan_topik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fokus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fokus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Fokus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fokus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topikalisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topikalisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Topikalisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topikalisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kala,_aspek,_dan_modalitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kala,_aspek,_dan_modalitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Kala, aspek, dan modalitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kala,_aspek,_dan_modalitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbol_dan_singkatan_istilah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbol_dan_singkatan_istilah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Simbol dan singkatan istilah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbol_dan_singkatan_istilah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Keterangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sitiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sitiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sitiran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sitiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahasa Makassar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 28 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Makassar" title="Basa Makassar – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Makassar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Makassares" title="Tataramon na Makassares – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Makassares" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Makasar" title="Basa Makasar – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Makasar" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Mangkasar" title="Basa Mangkasar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Mangkasar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar-Sprache" title="Makassar-Sprache – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makassar-Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Makassarese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarin_kieli" title="Makassarin kieli – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makassarin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_(langue)" title="Makassar (langue) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Makassar (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_makassaresa" title="Lingua makassaresa – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua makassaresa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasar_bhasa" title="Makasar bhasa – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Makasar bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Makassares" title="Pagsasao a Makassares – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Makassares" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="マカッサル語 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マカッサル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Mengkasar" title="Basa Mengkasar – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Mengkasar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მაკასარული ენა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაკასარული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Makassar" title="Bahasa Makassar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Makassar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="마카사르어 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카사르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Макассар кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Макассар кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Makassar" title="Bahasa Makassar – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Makassar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassaars" title="Makassaars – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Makassaars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_makasarski" title="Język makasarski – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język makasarski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_makasar" title="Lenga makasar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga makasar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_makassaresa" title="Língua makassaresa – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua makassaresa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Макасарский язык – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макасарский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Makassar" title="Basa Makassar – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Makassar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassariska" title="Makassariska – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makassariska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimakasar" title="Kimakasar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimakasar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษามากัซซาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามากัซซาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Makassar" title="Tiếng Makassar – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Makassar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33643#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Makassar" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Bahasa_Makassar" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Makassar"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Makassar"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Bahasa_Makassar" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Bahasa_Makassar" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;oldid=26503572" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;id=26503572&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Makassar"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Makassar"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Bahasa+Makassar"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Makassar_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bahasa_Makassar" hreflang="id"><span>Wikibuku</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33643" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mak_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mak_ka.png/43px-Mak_ka.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mak_ka.png/66px-Mak_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mak_ka.png/86px-Mak_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="676" /></a></span> Artikel ini memuat <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Makassar">aksara Makassar</a>. Tanpa dukungan multibahasa, Anda mungkin akan melihat tanda tanya, tanda kotak, atau karakter lain selain dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-fonts/raw/main/hinted/ttf/NotoSerifMakasar/NotoSerifMakasar-Regular.ttf">aksara Makassar</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lon_a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lon_a.png/35px-Lon_a.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lon_a.png/52px-Lon_a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lon_a.png/69px-Lon_a.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="676" /></a></span> Artikel ini memuat <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lontara" title="Aksara Lontara">aksara Lontara</a>. Tanpa dukungan multibahasa, Anda mungkin akan melihat tanda tanya, tanda kotak, atau karakter lain selain dari aksara Lontara.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25451299">.mw-parser-output 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class="infobox-above above bahasa" style="margin:0.2em;font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Bahasa Makassar <div style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1.3px solid #F9FAFC; font-size:80%"> <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Basa Mangkasaraʼ</li></ul></div></i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21249757">.mw-parser-output .script-makasar{font-family:"Noto Serif Makasar","Noto Sans Buginese","Jangang-jangang","FE Makasar","Salapa Jangang"}</style><span lang="mak" class="script-makasar" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;">𑻤𑻰 𑻥𑻠𑻰𑻭</span><br />ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ<br />بَاسَ مَڠْكَاسَرَءْ </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg/200px-Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg/300px-Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg/400px-Mangkasarak_in_Lontarak_Script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="line-height:normal"><i>Mangkasara'</i> dalam aksara <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Makassar_Kuno" title="Aksara Makassar Kuno">Lontara Jangang-Jangang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lontara" title="Aksara Lontara">Lontara Baru</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;">Dituturkan&#160;di</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_di_Indonesia" title="Bahasa di Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;">Wilayah</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Sulawesi Selatan">Sulawesi Selatan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Etnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnis">Etnis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><a href="/wiki/Suku_Makassar" title="Suku Makassar">Makassar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Penutur</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em">1.870.000&#160;(2010)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal; padding-right:0.5em;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa" title="Rumpun bahasa">Rumpun bahasa</a></b></div></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Silsilah_bahasa/data/Makassarik" title="Templat:Silsilah bahasa/data/Makassarik"><img alt="Lihat sumber templat}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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.tooltiptext{visibility:hidden;width:120px;background-color:#F8F9FB;color:black;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);padding:5px 0;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:150%;left:50%;margin-left:-60px;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:60%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext::after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px;border-style:solid;font-size:60%;border-color:transparent transparent #C8CBD0 transparent}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:70%;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.15s;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;opacity:1;z-index:900}</style><div class="tooltip"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Beberapa pesan mungkin terpotong pada perangkat mobile, apabila hal tersebut terjadi, silakan kunjungi <a href="/wiki/Templat:Silsilah_bahasa/data/Makassarik" title="Templat:Silsilah bahasa/data/Makassarik">halaman ini</a><hr />Klasifikasi bahasa ini dimunculkan secara otomatis dalam rangka penyeragaman padanan, beberapa parameter telah ditanggalkan dan digantikam oleh templat.</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:0.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14051308">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"><ul style="line-height:100%;padding-left:0;margin-left:0.35em"><li><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Austronesia">Austronesia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49228" title="Lihat butir Wikidata"><img alt="Lihat butir Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul style="line-height:100%;padding-left:0;margin-left:0.35em"><li><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia">Melayu-Polinesia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143158" title="Lihat butir Wikidata"><img alt="Lihat butir Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul style="line-height:100%;padding-left:0;margin-left:0.35em"><li><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Makassar" title="Rumpun bahasa Makassar">Makassar</a> <span style="color:gray"><span style="font-size:85%;">(rumpun)</span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55621824" title="Lihat butir Wikidata"><img alt="Lihat butir Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul style="line-height:100%;padding-left:0;margin-left:0.35em"><li> <b>Bahasa Makassar</b> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;">Dialek</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em">Gowa/Lakiung<br />Jeneponto/Turatea<br />Bantaeng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_penulisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem penulisan">Sistem penulisan</a></div></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><b>Moderen</b>:<br />&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin">Alfabet Latin</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lontara" title="Aksara Lontara">Aksara Lontara</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Abjad_Jawi" title="Abjad Jawi">Abjad Serang</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005122_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005122-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><b>Historis</b>:<br />&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Aksara_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Makassar">Aksara Makassar</a> (<i>Jangang-Jangang</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="margin:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: pink;line-height:1.3;padding:0.2em;">Kode bahasa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code style="padding-bottom:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em"><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mak" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mak">mak</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code style="padding-bottom:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em"><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mak" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mak">mak</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code style="padding-bottom:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maka1311">maka1311</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Penanda_bahasa_IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="Penanda bahasa IETF">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code style="padding-bottom:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em">mak</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><span id="Status_konservasi"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: pink;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Status pemertahanan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26504802"> <center> <div style="justify-content: center;margin-left:2em;margin-right:2em;text-align:center"> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_10_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 10 di Ethnologue"><div class="c10-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;Border-radius:12px 0px 0px 12px;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C10</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 10</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>telah punah</b> (<i>Extinct</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_9_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 9 di Ethnologue"><div class="c9-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C9</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 9</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sudah <b>ditinggalkan</b> dan hanya <b>segelintir</b> yang menuturkannya (<i>Dormant</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_8b_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 8b di Ethnologue"><div class="c8b-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0px;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C8b</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 8b</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>hampir punah</b> (<i>Nearly extinct</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_8a_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 8a di Ethnologue"><div class="c8a-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-left:0px;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C8a</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 8a</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>sangat sedikit</b> dituturkan dan <b>terancam berat</b> untuk punah (<i>Moribund</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_7_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 7 di Ethnologue"><div class="c7-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C7</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 7</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mulai <b>mengalami penurunan</b> ataupun penutur mulai <b>berpindah</b> menggunakan bahasa lain (<i>Shifting</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_6b_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 6b di Ethnologue"><div class="c6b-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0px;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;background:#FFE867"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C6b</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 6b</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>mulai terancam</b> (<i>Threatened</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_6a_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 6a di Ethnologue"><div class="c6a-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-left:0px;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C6a</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 6a</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa masih <b>cukup banyak dituturkan</b> (<i>Vigorous</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_5_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 5 di Ethnologue"><div class="c5-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C5</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 5</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mengalami <b>pertumbuhan populasi penutur</b> (<i>Developing</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_4_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 4 di Ethnologue"><div class="c4-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C4</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 4</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan dalam <b>institusi pendidikan</b> (<i>Educational</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_3_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 3 di Ethnologue"><div class="c3-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C3</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 3</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan <b>cukup luas</b> (<i>Wider Communication</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_2_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 2 di Ethnologue"><div class="c2-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C2</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 2</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan di <b>berbagai wilayah</b> (<i>Provincial</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_1_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 1 di Ethnologue"><div class="c1-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C1</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 1</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>nasional</b> maupun bahasa <b>resmi</b> dari suatu negara (<i>National</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_0_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 0 di Ethnologue"><div class="c0-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block; border-radius:0px 12px 12px 0px;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C0</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 0</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa merupakan <b>bahasa pengantar internasional</b> ataupun bahasa yang digunakan pada kancah antar bangsa (<i>International</i>)</span></div></a><div style="font-size:80%"><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">10</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">9</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">8</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">7</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">6</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">5</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">4</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">3</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">2</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">1</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">0</div></div></div><div style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.3"><center><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status"><b>EGIDS SIL Ethnologue</b></a>:&#160;</span><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mak">C6b Threatened</a></span></span></center>Bahasa Makassar dikategorikan sebagai <i><b>C6b Threatened</b></i> menurut <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a>, artinya bahasa ini mulai <b>terancam</b> dan mengalami <b>penurunan jumlah penutur</b> dari waktu ke waktu <div style="font-size:90%;text-align: center;margin-bottom:0.2em"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/cloud/lang-mak.png">Buka versi koordinat status pemertahanan rinci</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://cam.ethnologue.com/" title="Perlu masuk" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Perlu masuk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/10px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/15px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> </div> </center> <span style="font-size:80%; line-height:0.3"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">&#91;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33643" class="extiw" title="d:Q33643">sunting di Wikidata</a>]</div></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <center><sup>Referensi:</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></center> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: pink;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="float:left;margin-left:0.2em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/Sampel" title="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Sampel"><img alt="Informasi penggunaan templat turunan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div>Sampel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"> <div style="border-radius:0.7em; margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: pink;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><center><b>Sampel teks</b></center></div>Logo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> dalam bahasa Makassar yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.<div style="font-family: times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-left:0.8em;margin-top:0.4em;margin-right:0.8em"><div class="bg-wp"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg/170px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg/255px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg/340px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-mak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><center><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_sampel_teks" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan sampel teks">Sampel teks lainnya</a></span></center></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: pink;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Lokasi penuturan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em; padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><div class="bg-wp"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peta semenanjung Sulawesi Selatan yang diberi arsiran di bagian ujung bawahnya untuk menandai persebaran bahasa Makassar serta bahasa-bahasa rumpun Makassar lainnya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg/320px-Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="480" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg/480px-Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg/640px-Makassarese_and_Makassaric_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f3a297; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Bahasa Makassar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b7deaa; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Ragam <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Makassar" title="Rumpun bahasa Makassar">bahasa rumpun Makassar</a> lainnya</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em; padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><div style="opacity:85%; z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:250px;margin-top:0.2em;align:left;z-index:120"><div style="font-size:70%;margin:0.2em; background:white; display:inline;padding:0.1em 0.3em; line-height:normal"> <a href="/wiki/PW:BAHASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:BAHASA">ProyekWiki Bahasa</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia">Wikipedia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Templat:Peta_interaktif_bahasa" title="Templat:Peta interaktif bahasa">Kode sumber</a> </div><div style="float:left; text-align:left:display:inline"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://w.wiki/AiAJ" rel="nofollow"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/45px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa/pemeliharaan/peta#/map/0"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/30px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span><div style="font-size:60%;line-height:0.6;display:inline; background: white;text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa/pemeliharaan/peta#/map/1">Lihat dalam mode terbatas</a></span></div></div></div><div class="switcher-container"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="250" data-zoom="7" data-overlays="[&quot;_2e627fdabf1b78955bd3e8497e3270dbc19ac4a1&quot;]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,323x250.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;revid=26503572&amp;groups=_2e627fdabf1b78955bd3e8497e3270dbc19ac4a1" width="323" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,323x250@2x.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;revid=26503572&amp;groups=_2e627fdabf1b78955bd3e8497e3270dbc19ac4a1 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta yang diperbesar</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="250" data-zoom="3" data-overlays="[&quot;_2e627fdabf1b78955bd3e8497e3270dbc19ac4a1&quot;]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,323x250.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;revid=26503572&amp;groups=_2e627fdabf1b78955bd3e8497e3270dbc19ac4a1" width="323" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,323x250@2x.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;revid=26503572&amp;groups=_2e627fdabf1b78955bd3e8497e3270dbc19ac4a1 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta yang diperkecil</span></div></div>Perkiraan persebaran penuturan bahasa ini.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em; padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><div style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_peta" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan peta">Peta bahasa lain</a></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Koordinat:&#160;<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;language=id&amp;params=5_39_S_119_50_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°39′S</span> <span class="longitude">119°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.650°S 119.833°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-5.650; 119.833</span></span></span></a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33643#P625" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;text-align:left; background:lavender;padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em; line-height:1.3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25451299"> <div class="flex-container"> <div></div><div> <b>Artikel ini mengandung simbol fonetik <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Catatan_teknis" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">bantuan render</a> yang baik, Anda akan melihat <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>, bukan karakter <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Untuk pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengucapan" title="Bantuan:Pengucapan">Bantuan:IPA</a>.</div> </div></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:0px;height:20px;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;text-align:center;color:black; background-color: pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/20px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/30px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/40px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Bahasa" title="Portal:Bahasa"><span style="color: black;"><b>Portal Bahasa</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa" title="Templat:Kotak info bahasa">L</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info bahasa">B</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/PW:BAHASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:BAHASA">PW</a>&#160;&#160;&#160;<div style="float:right;right:0em; text-align:right:display:inline"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=top&amp;editintro=Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/Pemberitahuan/editintro2"><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>&#160;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33643" title="Lihat butir Wikidata"><img alt="Lihat butir Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>&#160;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="metadata i-tooltip" style="position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-85px;right:0.5em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;color:white"><div style="opacity:60%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tentang artikel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><span class="i-tooltiptext" style="padding:0.2em;-moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray;"><div class="autoconfirmed-show"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox" style="background:transparent;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;color:white"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;">Pemberitahuan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size:80%;text-align:left">Templat ini mendeteksi bahwa artikel bahasa ini masih <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa/Penilaian" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Bahasa/Penilaian"><span style="color:lavender">belum dinilai</span></a></b> kualitasnya oleh <a href="/wiki/PW:Bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:Bahasa"><span style="color:lavender">ProyekWiki Bahasa</span></a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki"><span style="color:lavender">ProyekWiki</span></a> terkait dengan subjek.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size:80%;text-align:left"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style="background-color: ; color: inherit;"><form name="createbox" class="createbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/w/index.php" method="get"><input type="hidden" value="edit" name="action" /><input type="hidden" value="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Pemberitahuan/preload" name="preload" /><input type="hidden" value="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Pemberitahuan/editintro" name="editintro" /><input type="hidden" value="Pembicaraan:Bahasa Makassar" name="prefix" /><div class="cdx-text-input"><input type="hidden" name="title" class="mw-inputbox-createbox cdx-text-input__input" placeholder="" size="12" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="create" value="Berikan penilaian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-progressive cdx-button--weight-primary" /></form></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:red"><b>Perhatian:</b> untuk penilai, halaman pembicaraan artikel ini telah diisi sehingga penilaian akan berkonflik dengan isi sebelumnya. Harap salin kode dibawah ini sebelum menilai. <p><code>&#123;&#123;<a href="/wiki/Templat:PW_Bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:PW Bahasa">PW Bahasa</a>&#124;importance=&#124;class=&#125;&#125;</code> </p> </span></span><hr /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <p>Terjadi <i>[[<span style="color:lavender">false positive</span>]]</i>? Silakan <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa" title="Pembicaraan Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Bahasa"><span style="color:lavender">laporkan kesalahan ini</span></a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right;font-size:80%; background: transparent"><span class="nowrap">08.45, Rabu, 27 November, 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>)</span>&#160;• <div class="plainlinks" style="font-weight:bold;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=purge">hapus singgahan</a></div> Sebanyak <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_bahasa_yang_membutuhkan_penilaian" title="Kategori:Artikel bahasa yang membutuhkan penilaian">1.557</a></b> artikel belum dinilai</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Artikel ini <b>belum dinilai</b> oleh <a href="/wiki/PW:BAHASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:BAHASA">ProyekWiki Bahasa</a></span></div> <div class="metadata s-tooltip" style="position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-85px;right:3.5em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;"><div style="opacity:60%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Cari artikel bahasa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><span class="s-tooltiptext" style="-moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Cari artikel bahasa<div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" value="Bahasa" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Tuju" class="cdx-button" />&#160;<input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Cari" class="cdx-button" /></form></div>Cari berdasarkan kode ISO 639 (Uji coba)<div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" value="ISO 639:" placeholder="" size="8" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Tuju" class="cdx-button" />&#160;<input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Cari" class="cdx-button" /></form></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Kolom pencarian ini hanya didukung oleh beberapa antarmuka</span></span> </span></span></span></div><div class="metadata r-tooltip" style=";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-85px;right:2em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;"><div style="opacity:60%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sembarang_di_kategori/Artikel_bahasa_dengan_kotak_info_bahasa" title="Istimewa:Sembarang di kategori/Artikel bahasa dengan kotak info bahasa"><img alt="Artikel bahasa sembarang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><span class="r-tooltiptext" style="-moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Halaman bahasa acak</span></span></span></div> <p><b>Bahasa Makassar</b> (<i>basa Mangkasaraʼ</i>; <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Makassar">Jangang-jangang</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21249757"><span lang="mak" class="script-makasar" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;">𑻤𑻰 𑻥𑻠𑻰𑻭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lontara" title="Aksara Lontara">Lontara</a>: ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ) adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa">bahasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Austronesia">Austronesia</a> yang lazimnya dituturkan oleh penduduk ber<a href="/wiki/Suku_Makassar" title="Suku Makassar">suku Makassar</a> di sebagian wilayah <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Sulawesi Selatan">Sulawesi Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Secara khusus, bahasa ini termasuk ke dalam subrumpun <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia">Melayu-Polinesia</a> cabang <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Rumpun bahasa Sulawesi Selatan">Sulawesi Selatan</a>, walaupun <a href="/wiki/Kosakata" title="Kosakata">kosakata</a> bahasa ini tergolong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divergen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Divergen (halaman belum tersedia)">divergen</a> jika dibandingkan dengan kerabat-kerabat terdekatnya di cabang yang sama. Bahasa Makassar memiliki sekitar 1,87 juta <a href="/wiki/Penutur_jati" title="Penutur jati">penutur jati</a> pada tahun 2010. </p><p>Terdapat 23 <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> dalam sistem <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">fonologi</a> bahasa Makassar. Bahasa Makassar juga memiliki beberapa deret <a href="/wiki/Konsonan" title="Konsonan">konsonan</a> ganda atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geminat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geminat (halaman belum tersedia)">geminat</a>. Sebagai bahasa <a href="/wiki/Aglutinasi" title="Aglutinasi">aglutinatif</a>, bahasa Makassar memiliki beragam <a href="/wiki/Afiks" title="Afiks">afiks</a> yang masih produktif serta serangkaian <a href="/wiki/Klitik" title="Klitik">klitik</a> yang (antara lain) memarkahi fungsi <a href="/wiki/Pronomina" title="Pronomina">pronomina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aspek" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspek">aspek</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argumen_(linguistik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Argumen (linguistik) (halaman belum tersedia)">Argumen</a> dalam bahasa Makassar dimarkahi pada <a href="/wiki/Predikat" title="Predikat">predikat</a> dengan klitik pronomina yang lazimnya mengikuti <a href="/wiki/Aliansi_gramatikal" title="Aliansi gramatikal">pola persekutuan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persekutuan_ergatif-absolutif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persekutuan ergatif-absolutif (halaman belum tersedia)">ergatif-absolutif</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14851226">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kekerabatan">Kekerabatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Kekerabatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekerabatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahasa Makassar merupakan bahasa Austronesia dari subrumpun Melayu-Polinesia cabang Sulawesi Selatan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2017443–444_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017443–444-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> khususnya kelompok <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Makassar" title="Rumpun bahasa Makassar">Makassar</a> atau Makassarik yang juga mencakup bahasa Konjo (baik ragam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Konjo_Pegunungan" title="Bahasa Konjo Pegunungan">Pegunungan</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Konjo_Pesisir" title="Bahasa Konjo Pesisir">Pesisir</a>) serta <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Selayar" title="Bahasa Selayar">bahasa Selayar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–29_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–29-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ragam bahasa Konjo dan Selayar terkadang juga dianggap sebagai dialek bahasa Makassar. Sebagai bagian dari rumpun bahasa Sulawesi Selatan, bahasa Makassar juga berkerabat dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bugis" title="Bahasa Bugis">bahasa Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandar" title="Bahasa Mandar">Mandar</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Toraja-Sa%27dan" title="Bahasa Toraja-Sa&#39;dan">Sa'dan</a> (Toraja).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam hal <a href="/wiki/Leksikon" title="Leksikon">kosakata</a>, rumpun bahasa Makassar merupakan yang paling berbeda di antara bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan. Rerata persentase <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemiripan_leksikal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemiripan leksikal (halaman belum tersedia)">kemiripan kosakata</a> antara rumpun Makassar dengan bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan lainnya adalah sebesar 43%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Secara spesifik, dialek Gowa atau Lakiung adalah yang paling divergen; tingkat kemiripan kosakata dialek ini dengan bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan lainnya sekitar 5–10 poin persentase lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan tingkat kemiripan kosakata bahasa Konjo serta Selayar dengan bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meski begitu, analisis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etimostatistik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Etimostatistik (halaman belum tersedia)">etimostatistik</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <i>functor statistics</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang dilakukan oleh linguis Ülo Sirk menghasilkan persentase kemiripan kosakata yang lebih tinggi (≥ 60%) antara bahasa Makassar dan bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan lainnya. Bukti-bukti kuantitatif ini mendukung analisis kualitatif yang menempatkan bahasa Makassar sebagai bagian dari rumpun Sulawesi Selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202024–25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202024–25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialek">Dialek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Dialek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dialek"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Makassar" title="Rumpun bahasa Makassar">Rumpun bahasa Makassar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg/330px-Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg/495px-Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg/660px-Makassaric_lexical_similarity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Diagram hubungan antara ragam-ragam bahasa/dialek dalam <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Makassar" title="Rumpun bahasa Makassar">rumpun Makassar</a> berdasarkan persentase kemiripan leksikal</figcaption></figure> <p>Ragam bahasa dalam rumpun Makassar membentuk sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kesinambungan_dialek" title="Kesinambungan dialek">kesinambungan dialek</a>, sehingga batas antara bahasa dan dialek sulit ditentukan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Survei bahasa di Sulawesi Selatan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan linguis dan antropolog Charles dan Barbara Grimes memisahkan bahasa Konjo dan Selayar dari bahasa Makassar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara survei lanjutan yang dilakukan oleh linguis Timothy Friberg dan Thomas Laskowske memecah bahasa Konjo menjadi tiga (Konjo Pesisir, Konjo Pegunungan, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bentong" title="Bahasa Bentong">Bentong/Dentong</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, dalam buku mengenai tata bahasa Makassar terbitan <a href="/wiki/Pusat_Pembinaan_dan_Pengembangan_Bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa">Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa</a>, linguis lokal Abdul Kadir Manyambeang dan tim memasukkan ragam bahasa Konjo dan Selayar sebagai dialek bahasa Makassar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak termasuk ragam-ragam bahasa Konjo dan Selayar, bahasa Makassar dapat dibagi ke dalam setidaknya tiga dialek, yaitu 1) dialek Gowa atau Lakiung, 2) dialek Jeneponto atau Turatea, dan 3) dialek Bantaeng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perbedaan utama antara ragam-ragam dialek dan bahasa dalam rumpun Makassar adalah pada tataran kosakata; tata bahasa ragam-ragam ini secara umum tidak jauh berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penutur dialek Gowa cenderung bertukar menggunakan bahasa Indonesia ketika berkomunikasi dengan penutur dialek Bantaeng atau penutur bahasa Konjo dan Selayar, begitu pula sebaliknya. Dialek Gowa umumnya dianggap sebagai "ragam tinggi" (<i>prestige variety</i>) bahasa Makassar. Sebagai ragam yang dituturkan di wilayah pusat daerah, dialek Gowa juga lazim digunakan oleh penutur dialek atau ragam bahasa lainnya dalam rumpun Makassar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi_dan_persebaran">Demografi dan persebaran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi dan persebaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi dan persebaran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg/330px-South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg/495px-South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg/660px-South_Sulawesi_languages_id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Peta persebaran <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Rumpun bahasa Sulawesi Selatan">bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan</a>; bahasa Makassar ditandai dengan arsiran hijau dan angka 8</figcaption></figure> <p>Menurut sebuah studi demografi yang didasarkan pada data sensus tahun 2010, sekitar 1,87 juta penduduk Indonesia yang berusia di atas lima tahun menggunakan bahasa Makassar sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_ibu" title="Bahasa ibu">bahasa ibu</a>. Secara nasional, bahasa Makassar termasuk ke dalam 20 bahasa dengan jumlah penutur terbanyak, tepatnya di posisi ke-16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278,_280_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278,_280-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Makassar juga merupakan bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak kedua di <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> setelah bahasa Bugis yang memiliki lebih dari 3,5 juta penutur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa Makassar utamanya dituturkan oleh etnis Makassar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015280_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> walaupun sebagian kecil (1,89%) etnis Bugis juga menggunakan bahasa ini sebagai bahasa ibu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015292_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penutur bahasa Makassar terpusat di wilayah barat daya semenanjung Sulawesi Selatan, terutama di wilayah pesisir yang subur di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Kota_Makassar" title="Kota Makassar">Kota Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Gowa" title="Kabupaten Gowa">Kabupaten Gowa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Takalar" title="Kabupaten Takalar">Kabupaten Takalar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20204_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes20204-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Makassar juga dituturkan oleh sebagian penduduk kabupaten <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Maros" title="Kabupaten Maros">Maros</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Pangkajene_dan_Kepulauan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkajene dan Kepulauan">Pangkajene dan Kepulauan</a> di utara, berdampingan dengan bahasa Bugis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penduduk kabupaten <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Jeneponto" title="Kabupaten Jeneponto">Jeneponto</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Bantaeng" title="Kabupaten Bantaeng">Bantaeng</a> umumnya juga mengidentifikasi diri sebagai bagian dari komunitas penutur bahasa Makassar, walaupun ragam yang mereka tuturkan (dialek Jeneponto atau Turatea serta dialek Bantaeng) lumayan berbeda dari dialek yang digunakan di Gowa dan Takalar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20204_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes20204-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Konjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Konjo">Bahasa Konjo</a> yang berkerabat dekat dengan bahasa Makassar dituturkan di wilayah pegunungan Gowa serta di pesisir <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Bulukumba" title="Kabupaten Bulukumba">Kabupaten Bulukumba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198728_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198728-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Selayar" title="Bahasa Selayar">bahasa Selayar</a> dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Selayar" title="Pulau Selayar">Pulau Selayar</a> di selatan semenanjung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20204_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes20204-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19963_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19963-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Kembangkan_bagian plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bagian ini memerlukan <b>pengembangan</b>. Anda dapat membantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section="><b>mengembangkannya</b></a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_saat_ini">Status saat ini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Status saat ini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Status saat ini"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahasa Makassar termasuk salah satu bahasa daerah Indonesia yang cukup berkembang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Memasuki milenium ketiga, bahasa ini masih digunakan secara luas di daerah pedesaan serta di sebagian wilayah Kota Makassar. Bahasa Makassar juga masih dianggap penting sebagai penanda identitas kesukuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202030_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202030-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, pada masyarakat urban, pembauran antara bahasa Makassar dan bahasa Indonesia melalui <a href="/wiki/Alih_kode" title="Alih kode">alih kode</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Campur_kode" title="Campur kode">campur kode</a> lazim ditemui.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagian dari masyarakat urban Makassar, terutama yang berasal dari kelas menengah ataupun berlatar belakang multietnis, juga menggunakan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa utama dalam rumah tangga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202030_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202030-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> menggolongkan bahasa Makassar sebagai bahasa dengan tingkat 6b (Terancam) dalam skala EGIDS,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang menunjukkan bahwa walaupun bahasa ini masih lazim digunakan dalam percakapan tatap muka, proses transmisi atau pengajaran bahasa secara alami antargenerasi sudah mulai terganggu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2020_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_penulisan">Sistem penulisan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem penulisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistem penulisan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="box-Kembangkan_bagian plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bagian ini memerlukan <b>pengembangan</b>. Anda dapat membantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section="><b>mengembangkannya</b></a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologi">Fonologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fonologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vokal">Vokal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Vokal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vokal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahasa Makassar memiliki lima <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokal</a>, yaitu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202085_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202085-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak ada diftong dalam bahasa Makassar, walaupun deret vokal monoftong dapat ditemukan, seperti dalam kata <i>tau</i> 'orang', <i>jai</i> 'banyak', <i>rua</i> 'dua', dan sebagainya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199623_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199623-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>1. Vokal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202085_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202085-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Depan </th> <th>Tengah </th> <th>Belakang </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tertutup </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sedang </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Terbuka </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fonem vokal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> cenderung <a href="/wiki/Alofon" title="Alofon">direalisasikan</a> sebagai vokal semiterbuka <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> jika berada di posisi akhir kata atau sebelum suku kata dengan bunyi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> lainnya. Bandingkan, misalnya, antara pengucapan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> dalam kata <i>leʼbaʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈleʔ.baʔ]</span> 'sudah' dan <i>mange</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈma.ŋɛ]</span> 'pergi ke'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202085_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202085-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> juga memiliki alofon semiterbuka <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> jika berada di posisi akhir kata atau jika mendahului suku kata dengan bunyi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, seperti yang bisa ditemukan pada kata <i>lompo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɔ̃m.pɔ]</span> 'besar' (bandingkan dengan <i>órasaʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈo.ra.saʔ]</span> 'lebat').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202086_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202086-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terlepas dari letaknya dalam sebuah kata, sebagian penutur cenderung mengucapkan kedua vokal ini dengan posisi lidah yang lebih tinggi (tertutup) sehingga mendekati pengucapan fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016105_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016105-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vokal dapat <a href="/wiki/Nasalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisasi">diucapkan secara sengau</a> jika berada di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sengau" title="Konsonan sengau">konsonan sengau</a> dalam suku kata yang sama. Terdapat dua tingkat intensitas penyengauan vokal, yaitu penyengauan kuat dan penyengauan lemah. Penyengauan lemah dapat ditemukan pada vokal sebelum konsonan sengau yang tidak berada pada akhir ucapan. Penyengauan kuat dapat ditemukan pada vokal sebelum konsonan sengau akhir ucapan atau setelah konsonan sengau secara umum. Penyengauan dapat menyebar ke vokal dalam suku kata setelah vokal sengau jika tidak ada konsonan yang menghalangi. Walaupun begitu, intensitas sengau dalam vokal seperti ini tidak sebesar vokal yang mendahuluinya, semisal dalam pengucapan kata <i>niaʼ</i> [ni͌.ãʔ]<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 'ada'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202090_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202090-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsonan">Konsonan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Konsonan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsonan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terdapat 17 konsonan dalam bahasa Makassar, seperti yang dijabarkan dalam tabel berikut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>2. Konsonan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_dental" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan dental">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan alveolar">alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan velar">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_glotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan glotal">Glotal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan nasal">Sengau</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> ⟨ny⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span> ⟨ng⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosif" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosif">Hambat</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Suara_(fonetik)" title="Suara (fonetik)">nirsuara</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> ⟨ʼ⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Suara_(fonetik)" title="Suara (fonetik)">bersuara</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ</span> ⟨j⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_frikatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan frikatif">Desis</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_lateral&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan lateral (halaman belum tersedia)">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_getar" title="Konsonan getar">Getar</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivokal" title="Semivokal">Semivokal</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> ⟨y⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> merupakan satu-satunya konsonan dengan pengucapan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_dental" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan dental">dental</a>, tidak seperti fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>l<span class="wrap"> </span>r/</span> yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan alveolar">konsonan alveolar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202070_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202070-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fonem <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_hambat" title="Konsonan hambat">hambat</a> <a href="/wiki/Suara_(fonetik)" title="Suara (fonetik)">nirsuara</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> umumnya diucapkan dengan sedikit <a href="/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik)">aspirasi</a> (aliran udara), seperti dalam kata <i>katte</i> [ˈkat̪.t̪ʰɛ] 'kitaʼ, <i>lampa</i> [ˈlam.pʰa] 'pergi', dan <i>kana</i> [ˈkʰa.nã] 'kata'. Fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> memiliki alofon <a href="/wiki/Implosif" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosif">implosif</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɓ]</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɗ]</span>, terutama pada posisi awal kata semisal <i>balu</i> [ˈɓa.lu] 'janda' dan setelah bunyi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> seperti dalam kata <i>aʼdoleng</i> [aʔ.ˈɗo.lẽŋ] 'menggelepai'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202069–71,_73_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202069–71,_73-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kedua konsonan ini, terutama <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> pada posisi awal, terkadang juga direalisasikan sebagai konsonan nirsuara tanpa aspirasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101–102_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101–102-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fonem palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span> dapat direalisasikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Afrikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikat">afrikat</a> (bunyi hambat dengan pelepasan desis) [cç] atau bahkan [tʃ]. Fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟ/</span> juga dapat diucapkan sebagai afrikat [ɟʝ]. Jukes menganalisis kedua konsonan ini sebagai konsonan hambat karena keduanya memiliki padanan sengau palatal /ɲ/, sebagaimana konsonan hambat oral lainnya juga memiliki padanan sengau masing-masing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202071_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202071-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonotaktik">Fonotaktik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Fonotaktik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fonotaktik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Struktur dasar suku kata dalam bahasa Makassar adalah (<abbr title="konsonan I">K1</abbr>)<abbr title="vokal">V</abbr>(<abbr title="konsonan II">K2</abbr>). Posisi K1 dapat diisi oleh hampir seluruh konsonan, sementara posisi K2 memiliki beberapa batasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202093_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202093-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada suku kata yang terletak dii akhir morfem, K2 dapat diisi oleh bunyi hambat (K) atau bunyi sengau (N) yang pengucapannya ditentukan oleh beberapa aturan asimilasi. Bunyi K berasimilasi (diucapkan sebagai konsonan yang sama) dengan konsonan nirsuara kecuali <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> dan direalisasikan sebagai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> dalam konteks lainnya. Bunyi N direalisasikan sebagai bunyi sengau yang homorgan (diucapkan pada tempat artikulasi yang sama) sebelum konsonan hambat atau sengau, berasimilasi dengan konsonan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, serta direalisasikan sebagai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> dalam konteks lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202093–94_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202093–94-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sedangkan pada suku kata di dalam bentuk akar, bahasa Makassar mengontraskan satu bunyi tambahan pada posisi K2 selain K dan N, yaitu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>. Analisis ini didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa bahasa Makassar membedakan antara deret bunyi lintas suku kata <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nr]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔr]</span>, dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rr]</span>. Walaupun begitu, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rr]</span> dapat pula dianggap sebagai realisasi dari satu segmen geminat murni alih-alih deret bunyi lintas suku kata.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202094–95_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202094–95-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="floatright" style="border-spacing:0px"> <caption><b>3. Contoh kata menurut pola suku kata</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202098_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202098-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;">V</td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"><i>o</i></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;">'oh' (kata seru)</td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;">KV</td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;"><i>ri</i></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"></td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposisisi, kasus preposisional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr> (partikel)</td> <td style="background:#eaecf0;&quot;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>VK</td> <td></td> <td><i>uʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'rambut'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>piʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'getah pulut'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>VV</td> <td></td> <td><i>io</i></td> <td></td> <td>'ya'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>VVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>aeng</i></td> <td></td> <td>'ayah'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVV</td> <td></td> <td><i>tau</i></td> <td></td> <td>'orang'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>taung</i></td> <td></td> <td>'tahun'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>VKVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>uluʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'kepala'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKV</td> <td></td> <td><i>sala</i></td> <td></td> <td>'salah'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>sabaʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'sebab'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKKVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>leʼbaʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'sudah'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKVKV</td> <td></td> <td><i>binánga</i></td> <td></td> <td>'sungai'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKVKVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>pásaraʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'pasar'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKVKKV</td> <td></td> <td><i>kalúppa</i></td> <td></td> <td>'lupa'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKKVKVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>kaʼlúrung</i></td> <td></td> <td>'kayu pohon palem'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>KVKVKVKVK</td> <td></td> <td><i>balakeboʼ</i></td> <td></td> <td>'ikan tamban'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;</td> <td>KVKVKVKKVK</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td><i>kalumanynyang</i></td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>'kaya'</td> <td>&#160; </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Bunyi /s l r/ dapat dikategorikan sebagai kelompok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontinuan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontinuan (halaman belum tersedia)">kontinuan</a> (bunyi yang diucapkan tanpa menghalangi secara penuh aliran udara yang keluar melalui mulut) non-sengau, dan ketiga-tiganya tidak dapat mengisi posisi akhir suku kata kecuali sebagai bagian dari deret konsonan geminasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kata dasar yang sejatinya berakhir dengan konsonan-konsonan ini akan diimbuhi vokal <a href="/wiki/Epentesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epentesis">epentetis</a> yang sama dengan vokal di suku kata sebelumnya, serta ditutup dengan konsonan hambat glotal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacknight201210_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacknight201210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> seperti pada kata <i>ótereʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oter/</span> 'tali', <i>bótoloʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/botol/</span> 'botol', dan <i>rántasaʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rantas/</span> 'kotor'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Elemen tambahan ini juga disebut sebagai deret "<a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Makassar#Tata_bunyi" title="Rumpun bahasa Makassar">vokal-konsonan pantulan</a>" (<i>echo-VC</i>), dan dapat memengaruhi posisi tekanan pada sebuah kata (lihat bagian <a href="#Tekanan">#Tekanan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umumnya, kata dasar dalam bahasa Makassar memiliki panjang dua atau tiga suku kata. Meski begitu, kata-kata yang lebih panjang dapat dibentuk karena sifat bahasa Makassar yang <a href="/wiki/Aglutinasi" title="Aglutinasi">aglutinatif</a> serta adanya proses <a href="/wiki/Reduplikasi" title="Reduplikasi">reduplikasi</a> (perulangan) yang masih sangat produktif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Jukes, kata dengan panjang enam atau tujuh suku kata lazim ditemukan dalam bahasa Makassar, sementara kata dasar dengan satu suku kata (yang bukan merupakan pinjaman dari bahasa lain) sangatlah jarang, walaupun ada beberapa kata seru dan partikel yang terdiri dari satu suku kata saja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202097,_99–100_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202097,_99–100-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tekanan">Tekanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Tekanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tekanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tekanan umumnya diberikan pada suku kata <a href="/wiki/Ultima" title="Ultima">penultima</a> (kedua dari akhir) dari sebuah kata dasar. Dalam kata ulang, tekanan sekunder akan diberikan pada unsur pertama, contohnya pada kata <i>ammèkang-mékang</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/amˌmekaŋˈmekaŋ/</span> 'memancing-mancing (secara tidak serius)'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651–652_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651–652-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sufiks umumnya dihitung sebagai bagian dari unsur fonologis yang diberikan tekanan, sementara enklitik tidak dihitung (ekstrametrikal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kata <i>gássing</i> 'kuat', misalnya, jika ditambah sufiks benefaktif <i>-ang</i> akan menjadi <i>gassíngang</i> 'lebih kuat dari' dengan tekanan pada suku kata penultima, tetapi jika diberi enklitik pemarkah persona pertama <i>=aʼ</i> akan menjadi <i>gássingaʼ</i> 'saya kuat', dengan tekanan pada suku kata antepenultima (ketiga dari akhir).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199925–26_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199925–26-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">Morfem</a> lainnya yang dihitung sebagai bagian dari unsur yang diberi tekanan adalah klitik afiksal<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pemarkah kepunyaan, seperti pada kata <i>tedóng≡ku</i> (kerbau≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>) 'kerbau saya'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Khusus untuk pemarkah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketakrifan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketakrifan (halaman belum tersedia)">takrif</a> (<i>definite marker</i>) <i>≡a</i>, morfem ini dihitung sebagai bagian dari unsur yang diberi tekanan hanya jika kata dasar yang diimbuhinya berakhiran vokal seperti pada kata <i>batúa</i> 'batu (itu)'—bandingkan dengan pola tekanan pada <i>kóngkonga</i> 'anjing (itu)' yang kata dasarnya berakhiran konsonan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652,_656,_659_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652,_656,_659-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199927_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199927-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah kata dapat memiliki tekanan pada suku kata keempat terakhir jika kata tersebut diimbuhi kombinasi enklitik dwisilabis seperti <i>=mako</i> (<i>=ma</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr> <i>=ko</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>), contoh: <i>náiʼmako</i> 'naiklah!'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Posisi tekanan juga dapat dipengaruhi proses degeminasi vokal, yaitu peleburan vokal identik lintas morfem menjadi satu. Misalnya, kata <i>jappa</i> 'jalan' jika ditambah imbuhan <i>-ang</i> akan menjadi <i>jappáng</i> 'berjalan dengan', dengan tekanan pada suku kata ultima (akhir).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652–653_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652–653-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suku kata vokal-konsonan pantulan dianggap bukan bagian dari unsur yang diberi tekanan, sehingga kata-kata yang memilikinya akan selalu diberi tekanan pada suku kata antepenultima, seperti pada kata <i>lápisiʼ</i> 'lapis', <i>bótoloʼ</i> 'botol', <i>pásaraʼ</i>, dan <i>Mangkásaraʼ</i> 'Makassar'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengimbuhan sufiks <i>-ang</i> dan <i>-i</i> menghapus vokal-konsonan pantulan dan memindahkan tekanannya ke suku kata penultima, seperti pada kata <i>lapísi</i> 'lapisi'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005653_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005653-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penambahan klitik afiksal pemarkah kepunyaan juga memindahkan tekanan ke posisi penultima, tetapi tidak menghapus deret vokal-konsonan ini, seperti pada kata <i>botolóʼna</i> 'botolnya'. Sementara, penambahan pemarkah takrif dan enklitik tidak menghapus deret ini maupun mengubah posisi tekanannya, seperti pada kata <i>pásaraka</i> 'pasar (itu)' dan <i>appásarakaʼ</i> 'saya pergi ke pasar'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926–27_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926–27-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tata_bahasa">Tata bahasa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Tata bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tata bahasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>1PRO:persona pertama, pronomina bebas 2FAMPRO:persona kedua akrab, pronomina bebas 2FAM:persona kedua, bentuk akrab 2POL:persona kedua, bentuk hormat AF:fokus aktor/pelaku BCS:sebab, karena OR:'atau' NR:pembentuk nomina </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronomina_persona">Pronomina persona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pronomina persona" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pronomina persona"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pronomina" title="Pronomina">Pronomina</a> atau kata ganti persona dalam bahasa Makassar memiliki tiga bentuk, yaitu 1) bentuk bebas, 2) <a href="/wiki/Klitik" title="Klitik">proklitik</a> yang merujuk-silang (<i>cross-reference</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argumen_(linguistik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Argumen (linguistik) (halaman belum tersedia)">argumen</a> S dan P ('absolutif'), serta 3) enklitik yang merujuk-silang argumen A ('ergatif').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005655,_658_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005655,_658-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tabel berikut menunjukkan ketiga bentuk pronomina ini beserta pemarkah kepunyaan bagi masing-masing serinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>4. Pronomina persona<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Glos </th> <th>Pronomina bebas<br />(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pronomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRO</abbr>) </th> <th>Proklitik<br />(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kasus ergatif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr>) </th> <th>Enklitik<br />(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kasus absolutif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr>) </th> <th>Pemarkah kepunyaan<br />(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr> </td> <td><i>(i)nakke</i> </td> <td><i>ku=</i> </td> <td><i>=aʼ</i> </td> <td><i>≡ku</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, jamak" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona inklusif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr> </td> <td><i>(i)katte</i> </td> <td><i>ki=</i> </td> <td><i>=kiʼ</i> </td> <td><i>≡ta</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, jamak" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona eksklusif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr> </td> <td>†<i>(i)kambe</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td>*<i>=kang</i> </td> <td>†<i>≡mang</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk akrab" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAM</abbr> </td> <td><i>(i)kau</i> </td> <td><i>nu=</i> </td> <td><i>=ko</i> </td> <td><i>≡nu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr> </td> <td><i>ia</i> </td> <td><i>na=</i> </td> <td><i>=i</i> </td> <td><i>≡na</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pronomina persona pertama jamak inklusif juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada persona kedua jamak sekaligus berfungsi sebagai bentuk hormat bagi persona kedua tunggal. Seri pronomina persona pertama <i>ku=</i> lazimnya juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada persona pertama jamak dalam bahasa Makassar modern; pronomina <i>kambe</i> dan pemarkah kepunyaan <i>≡mang</i> bersifat arkais, sementara enklitik <i>=kang</i> hanya dapat muncul dalam bentuk kombinasi dengan klitik pemarkah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modalitas_(linguistik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modalitas (linguistik) (halaman belum tersedia)">modalitas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aspek" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspek">aspek</a>, seperti <i>=pakang</i> (<i>=pa</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek imperfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPF</abbr> <i>=kang</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, jamak" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona eksklusif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Makna jamak dapat dinyatakan lebih jelas dengan menambahkan kata <i>ngaseng</i> 'semua' setelah bentuk bebas, semisal <i>ia–ngaseng</i> 'mereka semua' dan <i>ikau–ngaseng</i> 'kalian semua',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacknight201213_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacknight201213-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atau sebelum enklitik, misalnya <i>ngaseng=i</i> 'mereka semua'. Walaupun begitu, <i>ngaseng</i> tidak dapat dipasangkan dengan proklitik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bentuk proklitik dan enklitik merupakan bentuk pronomina yang paling umum digunakan untuk merujuk pada persona atau benda yang dituju (lihat bagian <a href="#Klausa_dasar">#Klausa dasar</a> untuk contoh penggunaannya). Bentuk bebas lebih jarang digunakan; pemakaiannya biasanya terbatas pada klausa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presentatif_(linguistik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presentatif (linguistik) (halaman belum tersedia)">presentatif</a> (klausa yang menyatakan atau mengenalkan sesuatu, lihat contoh 1), sebagai penekanan (2), dalam <a href="/wiki/Frasa" title="Frasa">frasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Preposisi" title="Preposisi">preposisional</a> yang berfungsi sebagai argumen maupun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjung (halaman belum tersedia)">adjung</a> (3), dan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Predikat" title="Predikat">predikat</a> (4).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169–170_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169–170-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div><i><b>Ia</b>minjo allo makaruayya</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga, pronomina bebas" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PRO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(a)njo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">itu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">allo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hari</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maka-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ordinal, urutan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dua</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ia =mo =i (a)njo allo maka- rua ≡a</p><p style="display: none;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga, pronomina bebas" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PRO</abbr> =PFV =3 itu hari ORD- dua ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Itulah hari kedua(nya).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div><i>… lompo-lompoi anaʼna, na <b>inakke</b>, tenapa kutianang</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lompo-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplikasi" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RDP</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lompo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">besar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">anaʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">anak</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah persona(l)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakke</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, pronomina bebas" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PRO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tena</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negasi/penyangkalan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek imperfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tianang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hamil</p></div><p style="display: none;">lompo- lompo =i anaʼ ≡na na i- nakke tena =pa ku= tianang</p><p style="display: none;">RDP- besar =3 anak ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.POSS dan PERS- 1PRO NEG =IPF 1= hamil</p><p style="clear: left;">'… anaknya besar-besar, sedangkan saya, belum lagi hamil.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div><i>Amminawangaʼ ri <b>katte</b></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aN(N)-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bivalen, dwivalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pinawang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ikut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=a'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposisisi, kasus preposisional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">katte</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua akrab, pronomina bebas" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAMPRO</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">aN(N)- pinawang =a' ri katte</p><p style="display: none;">BV- ikut =1 PREP 2FAMPRO</p><p style="clear: left;">'Aku mengikutimu.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p><span id="4"></span> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4)</div><div><i><b>Inakke</b>ji</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah persona(l)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakke</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, pronomina bebas" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PRO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ja</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="limitatif (&#39;saja, hanya&#39;)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LIM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">i- nakke =ja =i</p><p style="display: none;">PERS- 1PRO =LIM =3</p><p style="clear: left;">'Ini hanya aku.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomina_dan_frasa_nomina">Nomina dan frasa nomina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Nomina dan frasa nomina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nomina dan frasa nomina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ciri_dan_jenis_nomina">Ciri dan jenis nomina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Ciri dan jenis nomina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ciri dan jenis nomina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nomina" title="Nomina">Nomina</a> atau kata benda dalam bahasa Makassar merupakan kelas kata yang dapat menjadi argumen bagi sebuah predikat, sehingga bisa dirujuk-silang oleh klitik pronomina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005657_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005657-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nomina juga dapat menjadi inti dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Frasa" title="Frasa">frasa</a> nomina (termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klausa_relatif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klausa relatif (halaman belum tersedia)">klausa relatif</a>). Nomina dapat berperan sebagai pemilik maupun yang dimiliki dalam konstruksi kepemilikan; klitik afiksal akan diimbuhkan pada frasa nomina yang dimiliki. Ketakrifan nomina dapat dinyatakan dengan klitik afiksal <i>≡a</i>. Nomina tanpa imbuhan juga dapat menjadi predikat dalam sebuah kalimat. Keseluruhan poin-poin utama ini digambarkan dalam contoh berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5)</div><div><i>Anaʼnai karaenga</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">anaʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">anak</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">karaeng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">raja</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">anaʼ ≡na =i karaeng ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">anak ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.POSS =3 raja ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Ia (merupakan) anak sang <i>karaeng</i>.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Selain itu, nomina juga dapat dikhususkan oleh demonstrativa, diterangkan oleh adjektiva, dikirakan dengan numeralia, menjadi pelengkap dalam frasa preposisional, serta menjadi verba yang bermakna 'pakai/gunakan [nomina yang dimaksud]' jika diimbuhi dengan prefiks <i>aK-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nomina yang biasanya diimbuhi klitika afiksal takrif <i>≡a</i> dan pemarkah kepunyaan adalah nomina umum (<i>common noun</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, nomina diri atau <a href="/wiki/Nama_diri" title="Nama diri">nama diri</a> (<i>proper noun</i>) seperti <a href="/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi">nama tempat</a>, nama orang, dan gelar (tidak termasuk panggilan kekerabatan) biasanya tidak diimbuhi pemarkah takrif dan kepunyaan, tetapi dapat dipasangkan dengan prefiks personal <i>i-</i> seperti kelas kata pronomina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196–197_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196–197-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa nomina umum merupakan nomina generik yang sering kali menjadi inti dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kata_majemuk" title="Kata majemuk">kata majemuk</a>, seperti kata <i>jeʼneʼ</i> 'air', <i>tai</i> 'tahi', dan <i>anaʼ</i> 'anak'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contoh kata-kata majemuk yang diturunkan dari nomina generik ini adalah <i>jeʼneʼ inung</i> 'air minum', <i>tai bani</i> '<a href="/wiki/Lilin_lebah" title="Lilin lebah">lilin lebah</a>' (arti harfiah: 'tahi lebah'), dan <i>anaʼ baine</i> 'anak perempuan'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah kekerabatan yang biasa dijadikan sapaan juga tergolong nomina umum, seperti misalnya kata <i>mangge</i> 'ayah', <i>anrong</i> 'ibu', dan <i>sariʼbattang</i> 'saudara'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197,_199–200_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197,_199–200-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contoh lainnya adalah kata <i>daeng</i> yang digunakan sebagai sapaan sopan secara umum, atau oleh seorang istri kepada suaminya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelompok nomina utama lainnya adalah nomina temporal, yang biasanya muncul setelah preposisi dalam konstruksi adjung untuk menyatakan waktu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contoh nomina temporal adalah waktu jam (seperti <i>tetteʼ lima</i> '5.00 [pukul lima]'), waktu perkiraan berdasarkan pembagian hari (seperti <i>bariʼbasa</i> 'pagi'), hari-hari dalam seminggu, serta tanggal, bulan dan musim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020203–207_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020203–207-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nomina_turunan">Nomina turunan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Nomina turunan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nomina turunan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nomina turunan dapat dibentuk dengan beberapa proses <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(linguistik)" title="Morfologi (linguistik)">morfologis</a> produktif, seperti reduplikasi dan pengimbuhan afiks <i>pa-</i>, <i>ka-</i>, dan <i>-ang</i>, baik sendiri-sendiri maupun secara kombinasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tabel berikut memaparkan beberapa proses pembentukan nomina yang umum dalam bahasa Makassar:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–222_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–222-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39,_43–44,_46_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39,_43–44,_46-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"> <caption>5. Pembentukan nomina turunan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Proses </th> <th>Makna yang dihasilkan </th> <th>Contoh </th> <th>Sumber </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">reduplikasi </td> <td>bentuk mungil atau tiruan </td> <td><i>tau</i> 'orang' → <i>tau-tau</i> 'patung, boneka' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–209_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–209-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMursalinBasangWahidSyarif198145_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMursalinBasangWahidSyarif198145-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">pengimbuhan <i>pa-</i> </td> <td><i>pa-</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AKAR NOMINA/VERBA</span> </td> <td>pelaku, pembuat atau pengguna </td> <td><i>jarang</i>&#160;'kuda'&#160;→&#160;<i>pajarang</i>&#160;'penunggang kuda'; <i>botoroʼ</i>&#160;'judi'&#160;→&#160;<i>pabotoroʼ</i>&#160;'penjudi' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209–210_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209–210-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pa-</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DASAR VERBA</span><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>instrumental atau alat </td> <td><i>akkutaʼnang</i>&#160;'bertanya'&#160;→&#160;<i>pakkutaʼnang</i>&#160;'pertanyaan'; <i>anjoʼjoʼ</i>&#160;'menunjuk'&#160;→&#160;<i>panjoʼjoʼ</i>&#160;'telunjuk,&#160;penunjuk' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pa-</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DASAR VERBA TURUNAN</span><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>instrumental atau alat </td> <td><i>appakagassing</i>&#160;'menguatkan'&#160;→&#160;<i>pappakagassing</i>&#160;'obat,&#160;minuman penguat' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pa&gt;</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DASAR VERBA</span><i>&lt;ang</i> </td> <td>tempat atau waktu </td> <td><i>aʼjeʼneʼ</i>&#160;'mandi'&#160;→&#160;<i>paʼjeʼnekang</i>&#160;'pemandian,&#160;waktu mandi'; <i>angnganre</i>&#160;'makan'&#160;→&#160;<i>pangnganreang</i>&#160;'piring' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020214–215_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020214–215-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>paK&gt;</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADJEKTIVA</span><i>&lt;ang</i><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>orang yang cenderung bersifat serupa adjektiva yang dimaksud </td> <td><i>garring</i>&#160;'sakit'&#160;→&#160;<i>paʼgarringang</i>&#160;'orang&#160;yang&#160;mudah&#160;sakit' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">pengimbuhan <i>ka&gt;...&lt;ang</i> </td> <td><i>ka&gt;</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADJEKTIVA</span><i>&lt;ang</i> </td> <td>sifat </td> <td><i>kodi</i>&#160;'buruk'&#160;→&#160;<i>kakodiang</i>&#160;'keburukan' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–218_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–218-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ka&gt;</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUPLIKASI ADJEKTIVA</span><i>&lt;ang</i> </td> <td>puncak sifat sesuatu atau seseorang </td> <td><i>gassing</i>&#160;'kuat'&#160;→&#160;<i>kagassing-gassingang</i>&#160;'puncak&#160;kekuatan'<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218–219_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218–219-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ka&gt;</i><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AKAR VERBA</span><i>&lt;ang</i> </td> <td>status atau proses </td> <td><i>battu</i>&#160;'datang'&#160;→&#160;<i>kabattuang</i>&#160;'kedatangan' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020219–220_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020219–220-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">pengimbuhan <i>-ang</i> </td> <td>instrumental atau alat </td> <td><i>buleʼ</i>&#160;'usung'&#160;→&#160;<i>bulekang</i>&#160;'usungan' </td> <td style="text-align: center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020221–222_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020221–222-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197943–44_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197943–44-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Terdapat beberapa pengecualian dari pola umum yang dijabarkan di atas. Misalnya, reduplikasi kata <i>oloʼ</i> 'ulat' menjadi <i>oloʼ-oloʼ</i> menghasilkan perluasan makna menjadi 'binatang'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengimbuhan <i>pa-</i> pada dasar verba juga tidak selalu mengindikasikan instrumen atau alat, contohnya <i>paʼmaiʼ</i> 'napas, tabiat, hati' (seperti dalam frasa <i>lompo paʼmaiʼ</i> 'besar hati') yang diturunkan dari kata <i>aʼmaiʼ</i> 'bernapas'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020212–213_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020212–213-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938,_57_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938,_57-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengimbuhan <i>pa&gt;</i>...<i>&lt;ang</i> pada dasar verba <i>ammanaʼ</i> 'beranak' menghasilkan kata <i>pammanakang</i> yang bemakna 'keluarga', walaupun mungkin saja kata ini awalnya merupakan kiasan ('tempat untuk memiliki anak').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020215–216_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020215–216-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frasa_nomina">Frasa nomina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Frasa nomina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Frasa nomina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komponen frasa nomina dalam bahasa Makassar dapat dibagi menjadi tiga golongan, yaitu 1) inti (<i>head</i>), 2) pengkhusus (<i>specifier</i>), dan 3) pewatas (<i>modifier</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Yang dimaksud dengan pengkhusus adalah demonstrativa dan numeralia serta penggolong (<i>classifer</i>), sementara pewatas dapat berupa nomina, adjektiva, verba atau klausa relatif yang memodifikasi nomina inti. Pengkhusus juga berbeda dari pewatas karena dapat diletakkan sebelum nomina inti, seperti dalam frasa <i>anjo kongkong≡a</i> (itu anjing≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>) 'anjing itu'. Numeralia diletakkan sebelum nomina inti jika nomina tersebut bersifat takrif (6), tetapi diletakkan setelahnya jika nomina tersebut bersifat taktakrif (7).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222–224_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222–224-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(6)</div><div><i>Assibuntuluʼmaʼ <u>rua tau Parancisiʼ</u></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aK-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">si-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="saling" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MUT</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buntuluʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bertemu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dua</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">orang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Parancisiʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Perancis</p></div><p style="display: none;">aK- si- buntuluʼ =ma =aʼ rua tau Parancisiʼ</p><p style="display: none;">MV- <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="saling" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MUT</abbr>- bertemu =PFV =1 dua orang Perancis</p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya bertemu dengan dua orang Perancis.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(7)</div><div><i>Assibuntuluʼmaʼ <u>tau ruayya Parancisiʼ</u></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aK-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">si-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="saling" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MUT</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buntuluʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bertemu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">orang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dua</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Parancisiʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Perancis</p></div><p style="display: none;">aK- si- buntuluʼ =ma =aʼ tau rua ≡a Parancisiʼ</p><p style="display: none;">MV- <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="saling" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MUT</abbr>- bertemu =PFV =1 orang dua ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> Perancis</p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya bertemu dengan dua orang Perancis itu.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Pewatas selalu diletakkan setelah nomina inti yang dimodifikasinya, dan dapat berupa:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224–226_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224–226-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>nomina, seperti dalam frasa <i>bawi romang</i> 'babi hutan'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>adjektiva, seperti dalam frasa <i>jukuʼ lompo</i> 'ikan besar'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>verba, seperti dalam frasa <i>kappalaʼ anriʼbaʼ</i> 'kapal terbang'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>kata pemilik, seperti dalam frasa <i>tedonna i Ali</i> 'kerbaunya si Ali'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020137,_224_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020137,_224-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>klausa relatif<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Klausa relatif dalam bahasa Makassar langsung diletakkan setelah nomina inti tanpa penanda khusus (tidak seperti bahasa Indonesia yang memerlukan kata seperti 'yang' sebelum klausa relatif). Verba dalam klausa relatif akan diberi pemarkah takrif <i>≡a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(8)</div><div><i>Tau <u>battua ri Japáng</u></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">orang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">battu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">datang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposisisi, kasus preposisional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Japáng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Jepang</p></div><p style="display: none;">tau battu ≡a ri Japáng</p><p style="display: none;">orang datang ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> PREP Jepang</p><p style="clear: left;">'Orang yang datang dari Jepang.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verba">Verba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Verba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Verba"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="box-Kembangkan_bagian plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bagian ini memerlukan <b>pengembangan</b>. Anda dapat membantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section="><b>mengembangkannya</b></a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klausa_dasar">Klausa dasar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Klausa dasar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klausa dasar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klausa_intransitif">Klausa intransitif</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Klausa intransitif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klausa intransitif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam klausa intransitif bahasa Makassar, enklitik 'absolutif' (=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kasus absolutif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr>) digunakan untuk merujuk-silang satu-satunya argumen dalam klausa tersebut (S) jika argumen tersebut bersifat takrif (<i>definite</i>) atau kentara (<i>salient</i>) menurut konteks percakapannya. Enklitik ini cenderung dipasangkan pada konstituen pertama dari sebuah klausa. Prefiks (imbuhan awalan) <i>aK-</i> umumnya digunakan untuk membentuk verba intransitif, walaupun beberapa verba seperti <i>tinro</i> 'tidur' tidak memerlukan prefiks ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(11)</div><div><i>Aʼjappai Balandayya</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aK-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jappa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">jalan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Balanda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Belanda</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">aK- jappa =i Balanda ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">MV- jalan =3 Belanda ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Si orang Belanda berjalan.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p><span id="12"></span> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(12)</div><div><i>Tinroi i Ali</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tinro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tidur</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah persona(l)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ali</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ali</p></div><p style="display: none;">tinro =i i Ali</p><p style="display: none;">tidur =3 PERS Ali</p><p style="clear: left;">'Si Ali tidur.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Klausa intransitif juga dapat dibentuk dengan inti (<i>head</i>) predikat nomina (13) dan pronomina (<a href="#4">contoh (4)</a> di atas), adjektiva (14) atau frasa preposisional (15).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13)</div><div><i>Jarangaʼ</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jarang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kuda</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">jarang =aʼ</p><p style="display: none;">kuda =1</p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya (adalah seekor) kuda.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(14)</div><div><i>Bambangi alloa</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bambang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">panas</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">allo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hari</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">bambang =i allo ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">panas =3 hari ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Siang hari (ini) panas.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(15)</div><div><i>Ri ballaʼnai</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposisisi, kasus preposisional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ballaʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rumah</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ri ballaʼ ≡na =i</p><p style="display: none;">PREP rumah ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.POSS =3</p><p style="clear: left;">'Dia (berada) di rumahnya.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klausa_transitif">Klausa transitif</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Klausa transitif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klausa transitif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verba dalam klausa transitif tidak diimbuhi afiks, tetapi diberi proklitik pronomina yang menandakan A atau pelaku (<i>actor</i>) serta enklitik pronomina yang menandakan P atau penderita (<i>undergoer</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(16)</div><div><i>Nakokkokaʼ miongku</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kokkoʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">gigit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kucing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">na= kokkoʼ =aʼ miong ≡ku</p><p style="display: none;">3= gigit =1 kucing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.POSS</p><p style="clear: left;">'Kucingku menggigitku.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Jika kedua argumen yang melengkapi predikat verba sama-sama merupakan persona ketiga, dapat terjadi ketaksaan mengenai argumen mana yang dirujuk-silang oleh masing-masing klitik. Dalam kasus ini, konteks <a href="/wiki/Pragmatik" title="Pragmatik">pragmatis</a> diperlukan untuk menentukan makna yang tepat bagi klausa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(17)</div><div><i>Naciniki tedongku i Ali</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ciniʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lihat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tedong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kerbau</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah persona(l)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ali</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ali</p></div><p style="display: none;">na= ciniʼ =i tedong ≡ku i Ali</p><p style="display: none;">3= lihat =3 kerbau ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.POSS PERS Ali</p><p style="clear: left;">'Si Ali melihat kerbauku.'/'Kerbauku melihat si Ali.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Agar dapat dirujuk-silang dengan klitik, penderita dalam klausa transitif harus bersifat takrif. Contoh penderita yang bersifat takrif adalah nama dan gelar, kata yang rujukannya kentara secara pragmatis seperti pronomina persona pertama dan kedua, serta kata yang dipasangkan dengan pemarkah kepunyaan (seperti <i>miongku</i> dan <i>tedongku</i> dalam contoh 16–17) atau pemarkah takrif (seperti <i>untia</i> dalam contoh 18).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(18)</div><div><i>Kukanrei untia</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kanre</p><p style="margin: 0px;">makan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">unti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pisang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ku= kanre =i unti ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">1= makan =3 pisang ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya memakan pisang(nya).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Pengecualian terhadap pola umum pembentukan klausa transitif terjadi jika 1) argumen A atau P menjadi <a href="#Fokus">fokus</a> dalam sebuah klausa; 2) klitik dipasangkan pada kata lainnya karena ada unsur sebelum verba; atau 3) jika klausa tersebut memiliki penderita yang taktakrif (<i>indefinite</i>). Pola ketiga dianalisis oleh Jukes sebagai bentuk <a href="#Klausa_semitransitif">klausa semitransitif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69–70_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69–70-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klausa_semitransitif">Klausa semitransitif</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Klausa semitransitif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klausa semitransitif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klausa semitransitif merupakan klausa yang memiliki dua partisipan, tetapi hanya satu partisipan saja yaitu pelaku yang dirujuk-silang oleh klitik pronomina. Klitik yang dipakai adalah seri enklitik pronomina 'absolutif' (yang umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk-silang S dan P). Dengan kata lain, verba dalam klausa semitransitif umumnya bersifat bivalen atau dwivalen (memerlukan dua argumen atau pelengkap verba) seperti dalam klausa transitif, tetapi penderita dalam klausa sejenis ini berbeda dari P dalam klausa transitif pada umumnya karena tidak dirujuk-silang oleh klitik pronomina. Prefiks <i>aN(N)-</i> umumnya diimbuhkan pada verba semi-transitif. Penderita dalam klausa sejenis ini bersifat taktakrif, seperti yang bisa dilihat dari contoh (19); bandingkan dengan contoh (18) yang memiliki penderita takrif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70–71_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70–71-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(19)</div><div><i>Angnganreaʼ unti</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aN(N)-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bivalen, dwivalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kanre</p><p style="margin: 0px;">makan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">unti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pisang</p></div><p style="display: none;">aN(N)- kanre =aʼ unti</p><p style="display: none;">BV- makan =1 pisang</p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya memakan pisang.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Frasa nomina penderita (seperti <i>unti</i> 'pisang' dalam contoh 18) umumnya diperlukan untuk melengkapi klausa semi-transitif. Walaupun begitu, frasa nomina ini dapat dibuang dalam klausa dengan verba ambitransitif (verba yang dapat dimaknai sebagai verba transitif maupun intransitif) seperti <i>kanre</i> 'makan' dan <i>inung</i> 'minum'. Klausa seperti ini dapat dianggap memiliki makna intransitif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(20)</div><div><i>Angnganreaʼ</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aN(N)-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bivalen, dwivalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kanre</p><p style="margin: 0px;">makan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">aN(N)- kanre =aʼ</p><p style="display: none;">BV- makan =1</p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya makan.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fokus_dan_topik">Fokus dan topik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Fokus dan topik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fokus dan topik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fokus">Fokus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Fokus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fokus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argumen dalam sebuah kalimat dapat muncul sebelum verba dan tidak dirujung-silang dengan klitik. Argumen yang berada pada posisi ini dianggap sebagai argumen yang difokuskan, dengan fungsi pragmatis seperti disambiguasi, penekanan, atau pemastian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(21)</div><div><i><u>I Ali</u> tinro</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah persona(l)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ali</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ali</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tinro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tidur</p></div><p style="display: none;">I Ali tinro</p><p style="display: none;">PERS Ali tidur</p><p style="clear: left;">'<u>Si Ali</u> tidur.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Jika dibandingkan dengan <a href="#12">contoh (12)</a> yang sekadar merupakan pernyataan fakta ('si Ali tidur'), contoh (21) dapat menyatakan makna 'kuberitahu padamu, si Ali sedang tidur', 'kudengar si Ali sedang tidur', atau makna interogatif 'benarkah si Ali yang tidur?'. Contoh ini juga merupakan jawaban bagi pertanyaan <i>inai tinro?</i> 'siapa yang tidur?'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam kalimat transitif, salah satu argumen dapat difokuskan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbuhan <i>aN-</i> (bedakan dari imbuhan semi-transitif <i>aN(N)-</i> yang menukar konsonan awal kata dasar dengan bunyi sengau) biasanya akan ditambahkan pada kalimat dengan fokus pada argumen pelaku, sementara kalimat dengan fokus pada argumen penderita tidak memilki imbuhan apapun dan hanya ditandai dengan ketiadaan klitik yang merujuk-silang argumen tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a80_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a80-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contoh kalimat (22) memfokuskan argumen A atau pelaku, sementara contoh (23) memfokuskan argumen P atau penderita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(22)</div><div><i><u>Kongkonga</u> ambunoi mionga</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kongkong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">anjing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aN-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="fokus aktor/pelaku" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AF</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buno</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bunuh</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kucing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kongkong ≡a aN- buno =i miong ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">anjing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> AF- bunuh =3 kucing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'<u>Si anjing</u> membunuh si kucing.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(23)</div><div><i><u>Mionga</u> nabuno kongkonga</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kucing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buno</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bunuh</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kongkong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">anjing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">miong ≡a na= buno kongkong ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">kucing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> 3= bunuh anjing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Si anjing membunuh <u>si kucing</u>.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topikalisasi">Topikalisasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Topikalisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Topikalisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Topikalisasi merupakan proses pelepasan ke kiri (<i>left dislocation</i>), atau pengedepanan unsur kalimat yang disertai jeda <a href="/wiki/Prosodi" title="Prosodi">prosodik</a> antara unsur tersebut dan unsur kalimat lainnya. Topikalisasi berbeda dari fokus karena argumen inti yang dijadikan topik tetap harus dirujuk-silang. Secara fungsi, topikalisasi biasanya digunakan untuk menetapkan topik baru dalam sebuah naskah atau percakapan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020338–339_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020338–339-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perbedaan antara topik dan fokus dapat dilihat dalam contoh (24–25). Dalam kedua contoh tersebut, argumen A (<i>kongkonga</i>) berada pada posisi topik dan dirujuk-silang oleh klitik <i>na=</i>, tetapi dalam contoh (25), argumen P (<i>mionga</i>) yang berada pada posisi fokus tidak dirujuk-silang oleh klitik apapun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(24)</div><div><i>Kongkonga, nabunoi mionga</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kongkong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">anjing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buno</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bunuh</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kucing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kongkong ≡a na= buno =i miong ≡a</p><p style="display: none;">anjing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> 3= bunuh =3 kucing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'Mengenai si anjing, ia membunuh si kucing.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(25)</div><div><i>Kongkonga, mionga nabuno</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kongkong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">anjing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kucing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buno</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bunuh</p></div><p style="display: none;">kongkong ≡a miong ≡a na= buno</p><p style="display: none;">anjing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> kucing ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> 3= bunuh</p><p style="clear: left;">'Mengenai si anjing, si kucinglah yang ia bunuh.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kala,_aspek,_dan_modalitas"><span id="Kala.2C_aspek.2C_dan_modalitas"></span>Kala, aspek, dan modalitas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Kala, aspek, dan modalitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kala, aspek, dan modalitas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg/260px-Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg/390px-Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg/520px-Makassarese_clitics_order_id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Klitik kala dan aspek (<b><span style="color:red">merah</span></b>) diletakkan sebelum klitik pronomina (<b><span style="color:green">hijau</span></b>) baik sebelum maupun setelah kata dasar (<b><span style="color:blue">biru</span></b>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Selain klitik pronomina persona yang dipakai untuk merujuk-silang argumen dalam sebuah kalimat, bahasa Makassar juga memiliki serangkaian klitik yang digunakan untuk memarkahi makna gramatikal seperti <a href="/wiki/Kala_gramatikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala gramatikal">kala</a> (<i>tense</i>), aspek, modalitas, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afirmasi_dan_negasi_(linguistik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afirmasi dan negasi (linguistik) (halaman belum tersedia)">polaritas</a> (pembenaran dan penyangkalan). Klitik yang termasuk golongan ini adalah proklitik <i>la=</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kala mendatang" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr> dan <i>ta=</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negasi/penyangkalan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>, serta enklitik <i>=mo</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>, <i>=pa</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek imperfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPF</abbr>, <i>=ja</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="limitatif (&#39;saja, hanya&#39;)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LIM</abbr>, dan <i>=ka</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b123–124_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b123–124-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Klitik jenis ini secara umum diletakkan sebelum klitik pronomina (jika ada), baik dalam posisi awal atau akhir kata dasar yang diimbuhinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b124_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b124-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bunyi vokal dalam enklitik aspek/modalitas akan dibuang jika diikuti oleh enklitik pronomina <i>=aʼ</i> dan <i>=i</i>, dengan pengecualian enklitik <i>=ka</i> yang menjadi <i>=kai</i> jika dipasangkan dengan <i>=i</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020126,_132_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020126,_132-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tabel berikut menunjukkan kombinasi antara enklitik aspek/modalitas dan pronomina:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>6. Enklitik aspek/modalitas dan pronomina<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><i>=aʼ</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr> </th> <th><i>=kiʼ</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, jamak" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona inklusif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr> </th> <th><i>=kang</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama, jamak" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona eksklusif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr> </th> <th><i>=ko</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk akrab" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAM</abbr> </th> <th><i>=i</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>=mo</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr> </th> <td><i>=maʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=makiʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=makang</i> </td> <td><i>=mako</i> </td> <td><i>=mi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>=pa</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek imperfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPF</abbr> </th> <td><i>=paʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=pakiʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=pakang</i> </td> <td><i>=pako</i> </td> <td><i>=pi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>=ja</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="limitatif (&#39;saja, hanya&#39;)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LIM</abbr> </th> <td><i>=jaʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=jakiʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=jakang</i> </td> <td><i>=jako</i> </td> <td><i>=ji</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>=ka</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr> </th> <td><i>=kaʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=kakiʼ</i> </td> <td><i>=kakang</i> </td> <td><i>=kako</i> </td> <td><i>=kai</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Proklitik <i>ta=</i>, walaupun merupakan morfem penyangkal yang paling dasar dalam bahasa Makassar, bukan merupakan penyangkal yang paling umum digunakan. Konstruksi sangkalan pada umumnya menggunakan gabungan kata yang sudah mengalami gramatikalisasi seperti <i>taena</i> 'tidak'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sementara, proklitik <i>la=</i> dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kala mendatang (<i>future tense</i>) atau makna 'akan', seperti dalam contoh berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i><b>La</b>mangeaʼ ri pasaraka ammuko</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kala mendatang" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mange</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pergi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposisisi, kasus preposisional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pasaraʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pasar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ammuko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">besok</p></div><p style="display: none;">la= mange =aʼ ri pasaraʼ ≡a ammuko</p><p style="display: none;">FUT= pergi =1 PREP pasar ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> besok</p><p style="clear: left;">'Saya akan pergi ke pasar besok.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Proklitik <i>la=</i> juga dapat ditemui dalam pertanyaan, seperti dalam ungkapan <i>lakereko mae?</i> atau <i>lakeko mae?</i> 'kamu mau ke mana?' (arti harfiah: 'di mana kamu akan berada?') yang merupakan sapaan umum di Makassar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penggunaan klitik perfektif <i>=mo</i> bersamaan dengan <i>la=</i> menandakan bahwa hal yang dirujuk oleh kedua klitik tersebut akan segera terjadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i><b>La</b>kusare<b>mako</b> paʼarengang</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kala mendatang" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk akrab" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa&gt;</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pembentuk nomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</abbr>&gt;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aK-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">areng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nama</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">&lt;ang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">&lt;<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pembentuk nomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">la= ku= sare =mo =ko pa&gt; aK- areng &lt;ang</p><p style="display: none;">FUT= 1= beri =PFV =2FAM NR&gt; MV- nama &lt;NR</p><p style="clear: left;">'Akan kuberikan engkau penamaan (sekarang juga).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Enklitik <i>=mo</i> sendiri pada dasarnya merupakan pemarkah aspek perfektif atau makna 'sudah/telah'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Pirambulam<b>mi</b> battanta? Sibulam<b>maʼ</b> tacciniʼ ceraʼ</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">piraN-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">berapa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bulang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bulan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">battang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">perut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">si-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">se-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bulang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bulan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=aʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negasi/penyangkalan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aK-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ciniʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lihat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ceraʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">darah</p></div><p style="display: none;">piraN- bulang =mo =i battang ≡ta si- bulang =mo =aʼ ta= aK- ciniʼ ceraʼ</p><p style="display: none;">berapa bulan =PFV =3 perut ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr>.POSS se- bulan =PFV =1 NEG= MV- lihat darah</p><p style="clear: left;">'Sudah berapa bulan Anda hamil? Sudah sebulan saya lihat tidak ada darah.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Enklitik ini juga memiliki makna deontik (menandakan keharusan atau kepastian) dan dapat digunakan dalam konstruksi imperatif seperti dalam contoh (9). Dalam konstruksi interogatif, penambahan enklitik <i>=mo</i> menandakan bahwa penanya menginginkan jawaban yang pasti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128–129_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128–129-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Ammempo<b>makiʼ</b></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amm-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">empo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">duduk</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=kiʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">amm- empo =mo =kiʼ</p><p style="display: none;">MV- duduk =PFV =2POL</p><p style="clear: left;">'Duduklah.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Kere<b>mi</b> mae pammantangannu?</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kere</p><p style="margin: 0px;">di mana</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ada</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa&gt;</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pembentuk nomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</abbr>&gt;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amm-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="monovalen, ekavalen" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">antang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tinggal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">&lt;ang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">&lt;<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pembentuk nomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡nu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk akrab" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kere =mo =i mae pa&gt; amm- antang &lt;ang ≡nu</p><p style="display: none;">{di mana} =PFV =3 ada NR&gt; MV- tinggal &lt;NR ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk akrab" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAM</abbr>.POSS</p><p style="clear: left;">'Di mana sebetulnya tempat tinggalmu?'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Lawan dari <i>=mo</i> adalah enklitik imperfektif <i>=pa</i>, yang menyampaikan makna 'belum usai' atau 'masih'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Ingka seʼre<b>pi</b> kuboya</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ingka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tetapi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">seʼre</p><p style="margin: 0px;">satu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek imperfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">boya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cari</p></div><p style="display: none;">ingka seʼre =pa =i ku= boya</p><p style="display: none;">tetapi satu =IPF =3 1= cari</p><p style="clear: left;">'Tetapi masih ada satu hal lagi yang hendak kucari.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Makna 'saja, hanya' (dalam artian 'tidak lebih dari' atau 'tiada lain selain') disampaikan oleh enklitik limitatif <i>=ja</i>. Contoh penggunaan:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Mannantu lompo, lompo bannan<b>ji</b></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">walaupun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">antu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">itu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lompo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">besar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lompo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">besar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bannang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">benang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ja</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="limitatif (&#39;saja, hanya&#39;)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LIM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">manna antu lompo lompo bannang =ja =i</p><p style="display: none;">walaupun itu besar besar benang =LIM =3</p><p style="clear: left;">'Walaupun tebal, tebal benang sajalah itu.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Enklitik <i>=ka</i> memiliki dua fungsi. Dalam kalimat tanya, enklitik ini digunakan untuk meminta kepastian atau mengklarifikasi pernyataan lawan bicara, serupa partikel <i>question tag</i> dalam bahasa Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020132–133_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020132–133-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Lanaung<b>kako</b>?</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kala mendatang" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naung</p><p style="margin: 0px;">turun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk akrab" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2FAM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">la= naung =ka =ko</p><p style="display: none;">FUT= turun =OR =2FAM</p><p style="clear: left;">'Kau jadi turun atau tidak?'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Fungsi lain enklitik <i>=ka</i> adalah untuk memarkahi pilihan atau kemungkinan, misalnya <i>tedong=ka jarang=ka</i> (kerbau=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr> kuda=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr>) '[pilihannya] antara kerbau atau kuda'. Contoh penggunaan yang lebih panjang dapat dilihat dari kutipan mukadimah <i><a href="/wiki/Kronik_Gowa" title="Kronik Gowa">Sejarah Gowa</a></i> berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i>Ka punna taniassenga ruai kodina kisaʼring<b>kai</b> kalenta karaeng–dudu na kana<b>ka</b> tau ipantaraka tau bawang–dudu</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sebab, karena" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BCS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">punna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">jika</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negasi/penyangkalan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="diatesis pasif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asseng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tahu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dua</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kodi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buruk</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ki=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr>=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">saʼring</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rasa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kale</p><p style="margin: 0px;">diri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡nta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">karaeng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">raja</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dudu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sangat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kata</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="&#39;atau&#39;" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">orang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposisisi, kasus preposisional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pantaraʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">luar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">orang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bawang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">biasa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dudu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sangat</p></div><p style="display: none;">ka punna ta= ni- asseng ≡a rua =i kodi ≡na ki= saʼring =ka =i kale ≡nta karaeng dudu na kana =ka tau i pantaraʼ ≡a tau bawang dudu</p><p style="display: none;">BCS jika NEG= PASS- tahu ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> dua =3 buruk ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.POSS 2POL= rasa =OR =3 diri ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona kedua, bentuk hormat" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2POL</abbr>.POSS raja sangat dan kata =OR orang PREP luar ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="takrif/pasti/definit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr> orang biasa sangat</p><p style="clear: left;">'Sebab jikalau [kisah para <i>karaeng</i> terdahulu] tidak diketahui, ada dua bahayanya: entah kita merasa bahwa kita ini setara dengan para <i>karaeng</i>, atau orang luar akan mengira bahwa kita ini orang yang biasa-biasa saja.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simbol_dan_singkatan_istilah">Simbol dan singkatan istilah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Simbol dan singkatan istilah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simbol dan singkatan istilah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table style="border-spacing:10px"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</span></td> <td>persona pertama </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</span></td> <td>persona kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</span></td> <td>persona ketiga </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</span></td> <td>absolutif </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AF</span></td> <td>fokus aktor/pelaku </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BCS</span></td> <td>sebab, karena </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BV</span></td> <td>bivalen/dwivalen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</span></td> <td>definit/takrif </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</span></td> <td>ergatif </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</span></td> <td>eksklusif </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FAM</span></td> <td>bentuk akrab </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</span></td> <td>kala mendatang </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</span></td> <td>inklusif </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MV</span></td> <td>monovalen/ekavalen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</span></td> <td>negasi/sangkalan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</span></td> <td>pembentuk nomina </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OR</span></td> <td>atau, partikel tanya </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span></td> <td>ordinal/urutan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</span></td> <td>personal </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</span></td> <td>aspek perfektif </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL</span></td> <td>bentuk sopan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</span></td> <td>pemarkah posesi/kepunyaan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</span></td> <td>preposisi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RDP</span></td> <td>reduplikasi/perulangan </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterangan">Keterangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Keterangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etimostatistik adalah sebuah metode analisis kosakata kembangan linguis Rusia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Starostin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Starostin (halaman belum tersedia)">Sergei Starostin</a>. Metode ini menghitung seberapa banyak kosakata dari secuplik teks dalam satu bahasa yang dapat ditemukan kognatnya dalam bahasa lain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirk198972_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirk198972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Functor statistics</i> adalah sebuah metode analisis kosakata yang membandingkan antara morfem inti seperti pronomina, kata tunjuk, kata tanya, konjungsi, imbuhan dan sebagainya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimes &amp; Grimes (1987) mendaftar dialek keempat, yaitu dialek Maros-Pangkep, terpisah dari dialek Gowa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes25–26_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes25–26-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i> versi 4.1 mengutip kajian ini dan memasukkan Maros-Pangkep sebagai salah satu dari tiga dialek bahasa Makassar, minus dialek Bantaeng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EGIDS merupakan singkatan dari <i>Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale</i>, sebuah skala yang menilai seberapa parah pemutusan rantai transmisi antargenerasi bagi sebuah bahasa. Tingkat 1 menandakan bahwa bahasa tersebut lazim digunakan dalam komunikasi antarbangsa, sementara tingkat 10 menandakan bahwa bahasa tersebut telah punah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimons2010109–113_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimons2010109–113-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khusus dalam contoh ini, <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (tanda gelombang) ganda menandakan penyengauan yang lebih kuat daripada tilde tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202090_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202090-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pengucapan fonem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> melibatkan dua <a href="/wiki/Tempat_artikulasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempat artikulasi">tempat artikulasi</a>, yaitu bibir (labial) dan velum (velar).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contoh kata dalam dua baris pertama yang diarsir kelabu bukan merupakan kata dasar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202098_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202098-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Klitik afiksal" atau "afiks frasa" merupakan sekumpulan <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a> dalam bahasa Makassar yang memiliki sifat serupa afiks (karena dihitung untuk menentukan tekanan) maupun klitik (karena terikat dengan frasa alih-alih kata). Batas antara klitik afiksal dan morfem yang diimbuhinya ditandai dengan simbol ≡.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133–134_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133–134-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S merupakan subjek dari kalimat intransitif, A merupakan subjek kalimat transitif, dan P merupakan objek kalimat transitif. Jika sebuah bahasa memperlakukan S dan P dengan cara yang sama, maka kedua argumen ini digolongkan sebagai bentuk absolutif, sementara A yang diperlakukan berbeda digolongkan sebagai bentuk ergatif. Jika sebuah bahasa memperlakukan S dan A dengan cara yang sama, keduanya disebut sebagai bentuk nominatif, sedangkan P yang diperlakukan berbeda disebut sebagai bentuk akusatif.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singkatan glos dan pemarkah antarmorfem pada contoh-contoh di artikel ini telah diselaraskan mengikuti Jukes (2020). Simbol - digunakan untuk imbuhan, = untuk klitik, dan ≡ untuk klitik afiksal. Klitik pronomina hanya dilabeli secara minimal dengan makna persona, semisal <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona pertama" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>= untuk proklitik persona pertama ('ergatif'), dan =<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr> untuk enklitik persona ketiga ('absolutif').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020xvii–xviii_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020xvii–xviii-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dasar verba" yang dimaksud adalah verba dengan awalan <i>aK-</i> atau <i>aN(N)-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Manyambeang, Mulya &amp; Nasruddin (1996) menganalisis bentuk ini sebagai <i>paK-/paN(N)-</i> + akar verba,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199682–83_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199682–83-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi Jukes berpendapat bahwa analisis ini kurang elegan karena mengasumsikan jumlah morfem imbuhan yang lebih banyak. Selain itu, analisis ini juga tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa <i>paK-</i> dan <i>paN(N)-</i> lazimnya ditemui pada verba yang dapat diimbuhi <i>aK-</i> dan <i>aN(N)-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contohnya seperti verba kausatif yang diturunkan dari akar verba dengan imbuhan <i>pa-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Homonim" title="Homonim">homonim</a> dengan imbuhan pembentuk nomina) atau diturunkan dari akar adjektiva dengan <i>paka-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khusus untuk bentuk ini, Jukes menganalisis awalannya sebagai <i>paK-</i> alih-alih <i>pa-</i> + <i>aK-</i>, karena adjektiva dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai predikat tanpa diimbuhi <i>aK-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contoh penggunaan:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:1em"><div><i>Kagassing-gassingannami</i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka&gt;</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pembentuk nomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</abbr>&gt;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gassing-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplikasi" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RDP</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gassing</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kuat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">&lt;ang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">&lt;<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pembentuk nomina" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">≡na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pemarkah kepunyaan" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspek perfektif" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ka&gt; gassing- gassing &lt;ang ≡na =mo =i</p><p style="display: none;">NR&gt; RDP- kuat &lt;NR ≡<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persona ketiga" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.POSS =PFV =3</p><p style="clear: left;">'Dia sudah mencapai puncak kekuatannya' atau 'dia sedang kuat-kuatnya'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sitiran">Sitiran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Sitiran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sitiran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015">Ananta <i>et al</i>. (2015)</a>, hlm.&#160;278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005122-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005122_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/">"Bahasa Makassar"</a>. <i>www.ethnologue.com</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ethnologue.com&amp;rft.atitle=Bahasa+Makassar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017443–444-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2017443–444_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2017">Smith (2017)</a>, hlm.&#160;443–444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–29-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–29_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimesGrimes1987">Grimes &amp; Grimes (1987)</a>, hlm.&#160;25–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005649_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimesGrimes1987">Grimes &amp; Grimes (1987)</a>, hlm.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirk198972-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirk198972_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSirk1989">Sirk (1989)</a>, hlm.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirk198972–73_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSirk1989">Sirk (1989)</a>, hlm.&#160;72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202024–25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202024–25_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202020-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198725–26_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimesGrimes1987">Grimes &amp; Grimes (1987)</a>, hlm.&#160;25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFribergLaskowske19893_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFribergLaskowske1989">Friberg &amp; Laskowske (1989)</a>, hlm.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962–4_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangMulyaNasruddin1996">Manyambeang, Mulya &amp; Nasruddin (1996)</a>, hlm.&#160;2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202020–21_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes25–26-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes25–26_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimesGrimes">Grimes &amp; Grimes</a>, hlm.&#160;25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019">Hammarström, Forkel &amp; Haspelmath (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278,_280-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015278,_280_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015">Ananta <i>et al</i>. (2015)</a>, hlm.&#160;278, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes201699_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015280-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015280_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015">Ananta <i>et al</i>. (2015)</a>, hlm.&#160;280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015292-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015292_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015">Ananta <i>et al</i>. (2015)</a>, hlm.&#160;292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes20204-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20204_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20204_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20204_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198727_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimesGrimes1987">Grimes &amp; Grimes (1987)</a>, hlm.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19962_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangMulyaNasruddin1996">Manyambeang, Mulya &amp; Nasruddin (1996)</a>, hlm.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198728-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes198728_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimesGrimes1987">Grimes &amp; Grimes (1987)</a>, hlm.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19963-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin19963_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangMulyaNasruddin1996">Manyambeang, Mulya &amp; Nasruddin (1996)</a>, hlm.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202030-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202030_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202030_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016100-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016100_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimons2010109–113-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimons2010109–113_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisSimons2010">Lewis &amp; Simons (2010)</a>, hlm.&#160;109–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2020-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2020_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2020">Eberhard, Simons &amp; Fennig (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202085-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202085_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202085_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202085_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199623-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199623_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangMulyaNasruddin1996">Manyambeang, Mulya &amp; Nasruddin (1996)</a>, hlm.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016107_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202086-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202086_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016105-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016105_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202090-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202090_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202090_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202070-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202070_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202069–71,_73-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202069–71,_73_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;69–71, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101–102-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016101–102_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202071-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202071_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202093-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202093_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202093–94-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202093–94_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202094–95-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202094–95_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202098-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202098_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202098_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020108_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacknight201210-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacknight201210_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacknight2012">Macknight (2012)</a>, hlm.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasriBroselowFiner1999">Basri, Broselow &amp; Finer (1999)</a>, hlm.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020107,_109_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;107, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabainJukes2016108_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabainJukes2016">Tabain &amp; Jukes (2016)</a>, hlm.&#160;108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes202097,_99–100-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes202097,_99–100_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;97, 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651–652-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005651–652_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;651–652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020101_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199925–26-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199925–26_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasriBroselowFiner1999">Basri, Broselow &amp; Finer (1999)</a>, hlm.&#160;25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133–134-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133–134_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652,_656,_659-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652,_656,_659_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;652, 656, 659.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199927-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199927_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasriBroselowFiner1999">Basri, Broselow &amp; Finer (1999)</a>, hlm.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652–653-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005652–653_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;652–653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005653-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005653_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926–27-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasriBroselowFiner199926–27_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasriBroselowFiner1999">Basri, Broselow &amp; Finer (1999)</a>, hlm.&#160;26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005655,_658-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005655,_658_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;655, 658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020171_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacknight201213-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacknight201213_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacknight2012">Macknight (2012)</a>, hlm.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169–170-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020169–170_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020xvii–xviii-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020xvii–xviii_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;xvii–xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020170_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005657-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005657_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147,_196_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;147, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020147_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196–197-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020196–197_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020199_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197,_199–200-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020197,_199–200_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;197, 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020203–207-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020203–207_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;203–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–222-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–222_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;208–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39,_43–44,_46-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39,_43–44,_46_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979">Manyambeang <i>et al</i>. (1979)</a>, hlm.&#160;38–39, 43–44, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–209-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020208–209_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMursalinBasangWahidSyarif198145-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMursalinBasangWahidSyarif198145_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMursalinBasangWahidSyarif1981">Mursalin <i>et al</i>. (1981)</a>, hlm.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209–210-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209–210_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979">Manyambeang <i>et al</i>. (1979)</a>, hlm.&#160;38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199682–83-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangMulyaNasruddin199682–83_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangMulyaNasruddin1996">Manyambeang, Mulya &amp; Nasruddin (1996)</a>, hlm.&#160;82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020211–212_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938–39_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979">Manyambeang <i>et al</i>. (1979)</a>, hlm.&#160;38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020214–215-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020214–215_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–217_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–218-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020216–218_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;216–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197946_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979">Manyambeang <i>et al</i>. (1979)</a>, hlm.&#160;46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218–219-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020218–219_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020219–220-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020219–220_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020221–222-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020221–222_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197943–44-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197943–44_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979">Manyambeang <i>et al</i>. (1979)</a>, hlm.&#160;43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020209_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020212–213-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020212–213_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938,_57-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang197938,_57_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979">Manyambeang <i>et al</i>. (1979)</a>, hlm.&#160;38, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020215–216-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020215–216_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222–224-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020222–224_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;222–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020223_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224–226-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224–226_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;224–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020224_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020225_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020137,_224-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020137,_224_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;137, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020226_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a68_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69_125-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70_126-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69–70-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a69–70_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70–71-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a70–71_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a79_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005667_130-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a80-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013a80_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013a">Jukes (2013a)</a>, hlm.&#160;80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020338–339-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020338–339_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2005668_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2005">Jukes (2005)</a>, hlm.&#160;668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b123–124-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b123–124_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b124-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b124_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020126,_132-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020126,_132_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;126, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b125_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b127_138-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128–129-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b128–129_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b129_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2013b130_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2013b">Jukes (2013b)</a>, hlm.&#160;130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020132–133-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020132–133_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2020133_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJukes2020">Jukes (2020)</a>, hlm.&#160;133.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015" class="citation book">Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Hasbullah, M Sairi; Handayani, Nur Budi; Pramono, Agus (2015). <i>Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity</i>. Singapura: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789814519878" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789814519878">9789814519878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Demography+of+Indonesia%27s+Ethnicity&amp;rft.place=Singapura&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=9789814519878&amp;rft.aulast=Ananta&amp;rft.aufirst=Aris&amp;rft.au=Arifin%2C+Evi+Nurvidya&amp;rft.au=Hasbullah%2C+M+Sairi&amp;rft.au=Handayani%2C+Nur+Budi&amp;rft.au=Pramono%2C+Agus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasangArief1981" class="citation book">Basang, Djirong; Arief, Aburaerah (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3669/"><i>Struktur Bahasa Makassar</i></a>. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17565227">17565227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Struktur+Bahasa+Makassar&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17565227&amp;rft.aulast=Basang&amp;rft.aufirst=Djirong&amp;rft.au=Arief%2C+Aburaerah&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3669%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasriBroselowFiner1999" class="citation journal">Basri, Hasan; Broselow, Ellen; Finer, Daniel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6275">"Clitics and Crisp Edges in Makassarese"</a>. <i>Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics</i>. <b>16</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&amp;rft.atitle=Clitics+and+Crisp+Edges+in+Makassarese&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=Basri&amp;rft.aufirst=Hasan&amp;rft.au=Broselow%2C+Ellen&amp;rft.au=Finer%2C+Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwpl.library.utoronto.ca%2Findex.php%2Ftwpl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6275&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2007" class="citation book">Bellwood, Peter (2007). <i>Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago</i> (edisi ke-3). Canberra: ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781921313127" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781921313127">9781921313127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Indo-Malaysian+Archipelago&amp;rft.place=Canberra&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=9781921313127&amp;rft.aulast=Bellwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBulbeck2008" class="citation book">Bulbeck, David (2008). "An Archaeological Perspective on the Diversification of the Languages of the South Sulawesi Stock". Dalam Truman Simanjuntak. <i>Austronesian in Sulawesi</i>. 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"Rethinking the Imbrication of Orality and Literacy: Historical Discourse in Early Modern Makassar". <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 531–551. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3096248">10.2307/3096248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Imbrication+of+Orality+and+Literacy%3A+Historical+Discourse+in+Early+Modern+Makassar&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=531-551&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3096248&amp;rft.aulast=Cummings&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2020" class="citation web">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., ed. 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Dalam Ileana Paul. <i>Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA)</i>. Ontario: University of Western Ontario. hlm.&#160;88–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=Clause+Truncation+in+South+Sulawesi%3A+Restructuring+and+Nominalization&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Sixth+Meeting+of+the+Austronesian+Formal+Linguistics+Association+%28AFLA%29&amp;rft.place=Ontario&amp;rft.pages=88-105&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Western+Ontario&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.aulast=Finer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Basri%2C+Hasan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.uwo.ca%2Fafla%2Faflaxxvi%2Fmeeting%2F6%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFribergLaskowske1989" class="citation journal">Friberg, Timothy; Laskowske, Thomas V. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v31-p1-18.pdf">"South Sulawesi Languages"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nusa</i>. <b>31</b>: 1–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nusa&amp;rft.atitle=South+Sulawesi+Languages&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=1-18&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.aulast=Friberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy&amp;rft.au=Laskowske%2C+Thomas+V.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fnusa%2Fpdf%2Fnusa-v31-p1-18.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrimesGrimes1987" class="citation book">Grimes, Charles E.; Grimes, Barbara D. (1987). <i>Languages of South Sulawesi</i>. Pacific Linguistics. <b>D78</b>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-D78">10.15144/PL-D78</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Languages+of+South+Sulawesi&amp;rft.place=Canberra&amp;rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics&amp;rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics%2C+The+Australian+National+University&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-D78&amp;rft.aulast=Grimes&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&amp;rft.au=Grimes%2C+Barbara+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019" class="citation web">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maka1311">"Makasar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 4.1</a></i>. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.1&amp;rft.atitle=Makasar&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fmaka1311&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date-access=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJukes2005" class="citation book">Jukes, Anthony (2005). "Makassar". Dalam K. Alexander Adelaar; Nikolaus Himmelmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/austronesianlang0000unse"><i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></a>. London dan New York: Routledge. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/austronesianlang0000unse/page/649">649</a>–682. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780700712861" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780700712861">9780700712861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Makassar&amp;rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&amp;rft.place=London+dan+New+York&amp;rft.pages=649-682&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=9780700712861&amp;rft.aulast=Jukes&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustronesianlang0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJukes2013a" class="citation journal">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (2013a). "Voice, Valence, and Focus in Makassarese". <i>Nusa</i>. <b>54</b>: 67–84. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10108%2F71806">10108/71806</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nusa&amp;rft.atitle=Voice%2C+Valence%2C+and+Focus+in+Makassarese&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.pages=67-84&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10108%2F71806&amp;rft.aulast=Jukes&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJukes2013b" class="citation journal">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (2013b). "Aspectual and Modal Clitics in Makassarese". <i>Nusa</i>. <b>55</b>: 123–133. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10108%2F74329">10108/74329</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nusa&amp;rft.atitle=Aspectual+and+Modal+Clitics+in+Makassarese&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.pages=123-133&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10108%2F74329&amp;rft.aulast=Jukes&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJukes2015" class="citation journal">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (2015). "Nominalized Clauses in Makasar". <i>Nusa</i>. <b>59</b>: 21–32. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10108%2F86505">10108/86505</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nusa&amp;rft.atitle=Nominalized+Clauses+in+Makasar&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.pages=21-32&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10108%2F86505&amp;rft.aulast=Jukes&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJukes2020" class="citation book">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (2020). <i>A Grammar of Makasar</i>. Grammars and Sketches of the World's Languages. <b>10</b>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789004412668" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789004412668">9789004412668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Makasar&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.series=Grammars+and+Sketches+of+the+World%27s+Languages&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=9789004412668&amp;rft.aulast=Jukes&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKaseng1978" class="citation book">Kaseng, Syahruddin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2987/"><i>Kedudukan dan Fungsi Bahasa Makassar di Sulawesi Selatan</i></a>. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1128305657">1128305657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kedudukan+dan+Fungsi+Bahasa+Makassar+di+Sulawesi+Selatan&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1128305657&amp;rft.aulast=Kaseng&amp;rft.aufirst=Syahruddin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F2987%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimons2010" class="citation journal">Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingv.ro/RRL%202%202010%20art01Lewis.pdf">"Assessing Endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue roumaine de linguistique</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 103–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Revue+roumaine+de+linguistique&amp;rft.atitle=Assessing+Endangerment%3A+Expanding+Fishman%E2%80%99s+GIDS&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=103-120&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+Paul&amp;rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingv.ro%2FRRL%25202%25202010%2520art01Lewis.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLiebner1993" class="citation journal">Liebner, Horst (1993). "Remarks on the Terminology of Boatbuilding and Seamanship in Some Languages of South Sulawesi". <i>Indonesia Circle</i>. <b>21</b> (59): 18–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03062849208729790">10.1080/03062849208729790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Indonesia+Circle&amp;rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Terminology+of+Boatbuilding+and+Seamanship+in+Some+Languages+of+South+Sulawesi&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=59&amp;rft.pages=18-45&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03062849208729790&amp;rft.aulast=Liebner&amp;rft.aufirst=Horst&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLiebner2005" class="citation journal">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (2005). "Indigenous Concepts of Orientation of South Sulawesi Sailors". <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>161</b> (2–3): 269–317. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003710">10.1163/22134379-90003710</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&amp;rft.atitle=Indigenous+Concepts+of+Orientation+of+South+Sulawesi+Sailors&amp;rft.volume=161&amp;rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=269-317&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003710&amp;rft.aulast=Liebner&amp;rft.aufirst=Horst&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMacknight2012" class="citation book">Macknight, Charles Campbell, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxis.org/books/bm-grammars.pdf"><i>Bugis and Makasar: Two Short Grammars</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. South Sulawesi Studies. <b>1</b>. Diterjemahkan oleh Charles Campbell Macknight. Canberra: Karuda Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780977598335" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780977598335">9780977598335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bugis+and+Makasar%3A+Two+Short+Grammars&amp;rft.place=Canberra&amp;rft.series=South+Sulawesi+Studies&amp;rft.pub=Karuda+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780977598335&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxis.org%2Fbooks%2Fbm-grammars.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFManyambeangSyarifHamidBasang1979" class="citation book">Manyambeang, Abdul Kadir; Syarif, Abdul Azis; Hamid, Abdul Rahim; Basang, Djirong; Arief, Aburaerah (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3182/"><i>Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Makassar</i></a>. 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Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789794596821" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789794596821">9789794596821</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3707/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2021-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tata+Bahasa+Makassar&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9789794596821&amp;rft.aulast=Manyambeang&amp;rft.aufirst=Abdul+Kadir&amp;rft.au=Mulya%2C+Abdul+Kadir&amp;rft.au=Nasruddin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3707%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiller2010" class="citation conference">Miller, Christopher (2010). "A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines". Dalam Nicholas Rolle; Jeremy Steffman; John Sylak-Glassman. <i>Proceedings of the Thirty Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. hlm.&#160;276–291. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v36i1.3917">10.3765/bls.v36i1.3917</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=A+Gujarati+Origin+for+Scripts+of+Sumatra%2C+Sulawesi+and+the+Philippines&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Thirty+Sixth+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&amp;rft.place=Berkeley&amp;rft.pages=276-291&amp;rft.pub=Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fbls.v36i1.3917&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMills1975" class="citation journal">Mills, Roger Frederick (1975). "The Reconstruction of Proto-South-Sulawesi". <i>Archipel</i>. <b>10</b>: 205–224. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1975.1250">10.3406/arch.1975.1250</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Archipel&amp;rft.atitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Proto-South-Sulawesi&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=205-224&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.1975.1250&amp;rft.aulast=Mills&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+Frederick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMursalinBasangWahidSyarif1981" class="citation book">Mursalin, Said; Wahid, Sugira; Syarif, Abdul Azis; Rasjid, Abdul Hamid; Sannang, Ramli (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3813/"><i>Sistem Perulangan Bahasa Makassar</i></a>. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/579977038">579977038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sistem+Perulangan+Bahasa+Makassar&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F579977038&amp;rft.aulast=Mursalin&amp;rft.aufirst=Said&amp;rft.au=Wahid%2C+Sugira&amp;rft.au=Syarif%2C+Abdul+Azis&amp;rft.au=Rasjid%2C+Abdul+Hamid&amp;rft.au=Sannang%2C+Ramli&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3813%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;first2=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;last2=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNoorduyn1991" class="citation journal">Noorduyn, Jacobus (1991). "The Manuscripts of the Makasarese Chronicle of Goa and Talloq: An Evaluation". <i>Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>147</b> (4): 454–484. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003178">10.1163/22134379-90003178</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+Tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&amp;rft.atitle=The+Manuscripts+of+the+Makasarese+Chronicle+of+Goa+and+Talloq%3A+An+Evaluation&amp;rft.volume=147&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=454-484&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003178&amp;rft.aulast=Noorduyn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacobus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNoorduyn1993" class="citation journal">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (1993). "Variation in the Bugis/Makasarese Script". <i>Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>149</b> (3): 533–570. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003120">10.1163/22134379-90003120</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+Tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&amp;rft.atitle=Variation+in+the+Bugis%2FMakasarese+Script&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=533-570&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003120&amp;rft.aulast=Noorduyn&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacobus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRabiah2012" class="citation conference">Rabiah, Sitti (2012). <i>Revitalisasi Bahasa Daerah Makassar Melalui Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Makassar Sebagai Muatan Lokal</i>. Kongres Internasional II Bahasa-Bahasa Daerah Sulawesi Selatan. Makassar: Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31227%2Fosf.io%2Fbu64e">10.31227/osf.io/bu64e</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=Revitalisasi+Bahasa+Daerah+Makassar+Melalui+Pengembangan+Bahan+Ajar+Bahasa+Makassar+Sebagai+Muatan+Lokal&amp;rft.place=Makassar&amp;rft.pub=Balai+Bahasa+Provinsi+Sulawesi+Selatan+dan+Provinsi+Sulawesi+Barat&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31227%2Fosf.io%2Fbu64e&amp;rft.aulast=Rabiah&amp;rft.aufirst=Sitti&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRabiah2014" class="citation conference">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; (2014). <i>Analisis Kritis Terhadap Eksistensi Bahasa Daerah Makassar Sebagai Muatan Lokal di Sekolah Dasar Kota Makassar Pasca Implementasi Kurikulum 2013</i>. 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Surakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, FKIP, Universitas Sebelas Maret. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31227%2Fosf.io%2F5nygu">10.31227/osf.io/5nygu</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=Analisis+Kritis+Terhadap+Eksistensi+Bahasa+Daerah+Makassar+Sebagai+Muatan+Lokal+di+Sekolah+Dasar+Kota+Makassar+Pasca+Implementasi+Kurikulum+2013&amp;rft.place=Surakarta&amp;rft.pub=Program+Studi+Pendidikan+Bahasa+dan+Sastra+Indonesia%2C+FKIP%2C+Universitas+Sebelas+Maret&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31227%2Fosf.io%2F5nygu&amp;rft.aulast=Rabiah&amp;rft.aufirst=Sitti&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRivai2017" class="citation book">Rivai, Mantasiah (2017). <i>Sintaksis Bahasa Makassar: Tinjauan Transformasi Generatif</i>. 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David (1981). "Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land". <i>Aboriginal History</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 109–134. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FAH.05.2011.07">10.22459/AH.05.2011.07</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&amp;rft.atitle=Austronesian+Loanwords+in+Yolngu-Matha+of+Northeast+Arnhem+Land&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=109-134&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FAH.05.2011.07&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.au=Zorc%2C+R.+David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Makassar" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Makassar&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" 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title="incubator:Wp/mak/Main Page">bahasa Makassar</a></b></i> di <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=166">Kosakata dasar bahasa Makassar di Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821064436/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=166">Diarsipkan</a> 2022-08-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bahasa-bahasa_di_Jawa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Jawa" title="Daftar bahasa di Jawa">Bahasa-bahasa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Badui" title="Bahasa Badui">Badui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Betawi" title="Bahasa Betawi">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia_Peranakan" title="Bahasa Indonesia Peranakan">Indonesia Peranakan</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Javindo" title="Bahasa Javindo">Javindo</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kangean" title="Bahasa Kangean">Kangean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kawi">Kawi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Madura" title="Bahasa Madura">Madura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Osing" title="Bahasa Osing">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pecok" title="Bahasa Pecok">Pecok</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" title="Bahasa Sunda">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tengger" title="Bahasa Tengger">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bahasa-bahasa_di_Kepulauan_Nusa_Tenggara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Kepulauan_Nusa_Tenggara" title="Daftar bahasa di Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara">Bahasa-bahasa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Nusa_Tenggara" title="Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara">Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Abui" title="Bahasa Abui">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Adang" title="Bahasa Adang">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Adonara" title="Bahasa Adonara">Adonara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Alor" title="Bahasa Alor">Alor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amarasi" title="Bahasa Amarasi">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Anakalangu" title="Bahasa Anakalangu">Anakalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bali" title="Bahasa Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Bengkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Isyarat Bengkala">Bengkala</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bilba" title="Bahasa Bilba">Bilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bima" title="Bahasa Bima">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Blagar" title="Bahasa Blagar">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bunak" title="Bahasa Bunak">Bunak</a> <sup><small>b</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dela-Oenale" title="Bahasa Dela-Oenale">Dela-Oenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dengka" title="Bahasa Dengka">Dengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dhao" title="Bahasa Dhao">Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ende" title="Bahasa Ende">Ende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hamap" title="Bahasa Hamap">Hamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Helong" title="Bahasa Helong">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ile_Ape" title="Bahasa Ile Ape">Ile Ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kabola" title="Bahasa Kabola">Kabola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kafoa" title="Bahasa Kafoa">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kamang" title="Bahasa Kamang">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kambera" title="Bahasa Kambera">Kambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kedang" title="Bahasa Kedang">Kedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kelon">Kelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kemak" title="Bahasa Kemak">Kemak</a> <sup><small>b</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ke%27o" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Ke&#39;o">Ke'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kepo%27" title="Bahasa Kepo&#39;">Kepo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kodi" title="Bahasa Kodi">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Komodo" title="Bahasa Komodo">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kui" title="Bahasa Kui">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kula" title="Bahasa Kula">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lamaholot" title="Bahasa Lamaholot">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lamalera" title="Bahasa Lamalera">Lamalera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lamatuka" title="Bahasa Lamatuka">Lamatuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lamboya" title="Bahasa Lamboya">Lamboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lamma" title="Bahasa Lamma">Lamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Laura" title="Bahasa Laura">Laura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lembata_Barat" title="Bahasa Lembata Barat">Lembata Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lembata_Selatan" title="Bahasa Lembata Selatan">Lembata Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Levuka" title="Bahasa Levuka">Levuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lewo_Eleng" title="Bahasa Lewo Eleng">Lewo Eleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lewotobi" title="Bahasa Lewotobi">Lewotobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Lio">Lio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lole" title="Bahasa Lole">Lole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Bali" title="Bahasa Melayu Bali">Melayu Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kupang" title="Bahasa Melayu Kupang">Melayu Kupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Larantuka" title="Bahasa Melayu Larantuka">Melayu Larantuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mamboru" title="Bahasa Mamboru">Mamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Manggarai" title="Bahasa Manggarai">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nage" title="Bahasa Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nedebang" title="Bahasa Nedebang">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ngada" title="Bahasa Ngada">Ngada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ngada_Timur" title="Bahasa Ngada Timur">Ngada Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Palue" title="Bahasa Palue">Palue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rajong" title="Bahasa Rajong">Rajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rembong" title="Bahasa Rembong">Rembong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Retta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Retta (halaman belum tersedia)">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ringgou" title="Bahasa Ringgou">Ringgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Riung" title="Bahasa Riung">Riung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rongga" title="Bahasa Rongga">Rongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sabu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Sabu">Sabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sasak" title="Bahasa Sasak">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sawila" title="Bahasa Sawila">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sikka" title="Bahasa Sikka">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_So%27a" title="Bahasa So&#39;a">So'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumbawa" title="Bahasa Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tambora" title="Bahasa Tambora">Tambora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tereweng" title="Bahasa Tereweng">Tereweng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Termanu" title="Bahasa Termanu">Termanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tetun" title="Bahasa Tetun">Tetun</a> <sup><small>b</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tewa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tewa (halaman belum tersedia)">Tewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tii" title="Bahasa Tii">Tii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uab_Meto" title="Bahasa Uab Meto">Uab Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wae_Rana" title="Bahasa Wae Rana">Wae Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wanukaka" title="Bahasa Wanukaka">Wanukaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wejewa" title="Bahasa Wejewa">Wejewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wersing" title="Bahasa Wersing">Wersing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bahasa-bahasa_di_Kalimantan_*" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Kalimantan" title="Daftar bahasa di Kalimantan">Bahasa-bahasa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> <sup><small>*</small></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Suku_Dayak_Abal" title="Suku Dayak Abal">Abal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ampanang" title="Bahasa Ampanang">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aoheng" title="Bahasa Aoheng">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bahau" title="Bahasa Bahau">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bakati%27" title="Bahasa Bakati&#39;">Bakati'</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bekati%27_Rara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bekati&#39; Rara (halaman belum tersedia)">Rara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bekati%27_Sara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bekati&#39; Sara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sara</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Barangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Barangas">Barangas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bakumpai" title="Bahasa Bakumpai">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Banjar" title="Bahasa Banjar">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Basap" title="Bahasa Basap">Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Benyadu%27" title="Bahasa Benyadu&#39;">Benyadu'</a></li> <li>Bidayuh <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bidayuh_Biatah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bidayuh Biatah (halaman belum tersedia)">Biatah</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bidayuh_Bukar-Sadong&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bidayuh Bukar-Sadong (halaman belum tersedia)">Bukar-Sadong</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bolongan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bolongan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bolongan</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bukat" title="Bahasa Bukat">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bukitan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bukitan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Burusu" title="Bahasa Burusu">Burusu</a></li> <li>Dusun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dusun_Balangan" title="Bahasa Dusun Balangan">Balangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dusun_Deyah" title="Bahasa Dusun Deyah">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dusun_Malang" title="Bahasa Dusun Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dusun_Witu" title="Bahasa Dusun Witu">Witu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Embaloh" title="Bahasa Embaloh">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hovongan" title="Bahasa Hovongan">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Iban" title="Bahasa Iban">Iban</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jangkang" title="Bahasa Jangkang">Jangkang</a></li> <li>Kayan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayan_Busang" title="Bahasa Kayan Busang">Kayan Busang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayan_Sungai_Kayan" title="Bahasa Kayan Sungai Kayan">Sungai Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayan_Mahakam" title="Bahasa Kayan Mahakam">Mahakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayan_Mendalam" title="Bahasa Kayan Mendalam">Mendalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayan_Wahau" title="Bahasa Kayan Wahau">Wahau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kelabit" title="Bahasa Kelabit">Kelabit</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kembayan" title="Bahasa Kembayan">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kendayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kendayan">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Keninjal" title="Bahasa Keninjal">Keninjal</a></li> <li>Kenyah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kenyah_Kelinyau" title="Bahasa Kenyah Kelinyau">Kelinyau</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kenyah_Wahau" title="Bahasa Kenyah Wahau">Wahau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kereho" title="Bahasa Kereho">Kereho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kohin" title="Bahasa Kohin">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lawangan" title="Bahasa Lawangan">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lengilu" title="Bahasa Lengilu">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lundayeh" title="Bahasa Lundayeh">Lun Bawang</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Maanyan" title="Bahasa Maanyan">Ma'anyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kutai_Kota_Bangun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Kutai Kota Bangun">Kota Bangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Berau" title="Bahasa Berau">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bukit" title="Bahasa Bukit">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Dayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Dayak">Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Pontianak" title="Bahasa Melayu Pontianak">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Sambas" title="Bahasa Melayu Sambas">Sambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kutai_Tenggarong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Kutai Tenggarong">Tenggarong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Modang" title="Bahasa Modang">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mualang" title="Bahasa Mualang">Mualang</a></li> <li>Murut <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Selungai_Murut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Selungai Murut (halaman belum tersedia)">Selungai Murut</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sembakung_Murut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sembakung Murut (halaman belum tersedia)">Sembakung Murut</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tagal_Murut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tagal Murut (halaman belum tersedia)">Tagal Murut</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ngaju" title="Bahasa Ngaju">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Okolod" title="Bahasa Okolod">Okolod</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ot_Danum" title="Bahasa Ot Danum">Ot Danum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Paku" title="Bahasa Paku">Paku</a></li> <li>Punan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Punan_Aput" title="Bahasa Punan Aput">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Punan_Merah" title="Bahasa Punan Merah">Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Punan_Merap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Punan Merap (halaman belum tersedia)">Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Punan_Tubu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Punan Tubu (halaman belum tersedia)">Tubu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Putoh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Putoh (halaman belum tersedia)">Putoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ribun" title="Bahasa Ribun">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sa%27ban" title="Bahasa Sa&#39;ban">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanjau_Basap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sanjau Basap (halaman belum tersedia)">Sanjau Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanggau" title="Bahasa Sanggau">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Seberuang" title="Bahasa Seberuang">Seberuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Segai" title="Bahasa Segai">Segai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Semadang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Semadang (halaman belum tersedia)">Semandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Siang" title="Bahasa Siang">Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Taman" title="Bahasa Taman">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tausug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Tausug">Tausug</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tawoyan" title="Bahasa Tawoyan">Tawoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tidong" title="Bahasa Tidong">Tidong</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tunjung" title="Bahasa Tunjung">Tunjung</a></li> <li>Uma' <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Uma%27_Lasan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Uma&#39; Lasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Lasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Uma%27_Lung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Uma&#39; Lung (halaman belum tersedia)">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bahasa-bahasa_di_Sulawesi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Sulawesi" title="Daftar bahasa di Sulawesi">Bahasa-bahasa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Andio" title="Bahasa Andio">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aralle-Tabulahan" title="Bahasa Aralle-Tabulahan">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bada" title="Bahasa Bada">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bahonsuai" title="Bahasa Bahonsuai">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bajau_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Bajau Indonesia">Bajau Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Balaesang" title="Bahasa Balaesang">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Balantak" title="Bahasa Balantak">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bambam" title="Bahasa Bambam">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Banggai" title="Bahasa Banggai">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bantik" title="Bahasa Bantik">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Baras" title="Bahasa Baras">Baras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Batui" title="Bahasa Batui">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Behoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Behoa">Behoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bentong" title="Bahasa Bentong">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bintauna" title="Bahasa Bintauna">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Boano" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Boano">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bobongko" title="Bahasa Bobongko">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bolango" title="Bahasa Bolango">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bonerate" title="Bahasa Bonerate">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Budong-Budong" title="Bahasa Budong-Budong">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bugis" title="Bahasa Bugis">Bugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bungku" title="Bahasa Bungku">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Buol" title="Bahasa Buol">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Busoa" title="Bahasa Busoa">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Campalagian" title="Bahasa Campalagian">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cia-Cia" title="Bahasa Cia-Cia">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dakka" title="Bahasa Dakka">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dampelas" title="Bahasa Dampelas">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dondo" title="Bahasa Dondo">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Duri" title="Bahasa Duri">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Enrekang" title="Bahasa Enrekang">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gorontalo" title="Bahasa Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kaidipang" title="Bahasa Kaidipang">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kaili_Da%27a" title="Bahasa Kaili Da&#39;a">Kaili Da'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kaili_Ledo" title="Bahasa Kaili Ledo">Kaili Ledo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaili_Unde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaili Unde (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaili Unde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kaimbulawa" title="Bahasa Kaimbulawa">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kalao&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kalao (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kalumpang" title="Bahasa Kalumpang">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kamaru" title="Bahasa Kamaru">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kioko" title="Bahasa Kioko">Kioko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kodeoha" title="Bahasa Kodeoha">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Konjo_Pegunungan" title="Bahasa Konjo Pegunungan">Konjo Pegunungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Konjo_Pesisir" title="Bahasa Konjo Pesisir">Konjo Pesisir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Koroni" title="Bahasa Koroni">Koroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kulisusu" title="Bahasa Kulisusu">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kumbewaha" title="Bahasa Kumbewaha">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Laiyolo" title="Bahasa Laiyolo">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lasalimu" title="Bahasa Lasalimu">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lauje" title="Bahasa Lauje">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lemolang" title="Bahasa Lemolang">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Liabuku" title="Bahasa Liabuku">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Lindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Lindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lolak" title="Bahasa Lolak">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Maiwa" title="Bahasa Maiwa">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Makassar" title="Bahasa Melayu Makassar">Melayu Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Manado" title="Bahasa Manado">Melayu Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malimpung" title="Bahasa Malimpung">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mamasa" title="Bahasa Mamasa">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mamuju" title="Bahasa Mamuju">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandar" title="Bahasa Mandar">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moma" title="Bahasa Moma">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mongondow" title="Bahasa Mongondow">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mori_Atas" title="Bahasa Mori Atas">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mori_Bawah" title="Bahasa Mori Bawah">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moronene" title="Bahasa Moronene">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Muna" title="Bahasa Muna">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Napu" title="Bahasa Napu">Napu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Padoe" title="Bahasa Padoe">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pamona" title="Bahasa Pamona">Pamona (Ta'a)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Panasuan" title="Bahasa Panasuan">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pancana" title="Bahasa Pancana">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Pannei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Pannei (halaman belum tersedia)">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pendau" title="Bahasa Pendau">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ponosakan" title="Bahasa Ponosakan">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rahambuu" title="Bahasa Rahambuu">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rampi" title="Bahasa Rampi">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ratahan" title="Bahasa Ratahan">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Saluan" title="Bahasa Saluan">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sangir" title="Bahasa Sangir">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sarudu" title="Bahasa Sarudu">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sedoa" title="Bahasa Sedoa">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Seko_Padang" title="Bahasa Seko Padang">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Seko_Tengah" title="Bahasa Seko Tengah">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Selayar" title="Bahasa Selayar">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suwawa" title="Bahasa Suwawa">Suwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tae%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Tae&#39;">Tae'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Taje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Taje (halaman belum tersedia)">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tajio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tajio (halaman belum tersedia)">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Talaud" title="Bahasa Talaud">Talaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Taloki" title="Bahasa Taloki">Taloki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Talondo%27" title="Bahasa Talondo&#39;">Talondo'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Toala%27&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Toala&#39; (halaman belum tersedia)">Toala'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tolaki" title="Bahasa Tolaki">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tomadino" title="Bahasa Tomadino">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tombelala" title="Bahasa Tombelala">Tombelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tombulu" title="Bahasa Tombulu">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tomini" title="Bahasa Tomini">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tondano" title="Bahasa Tondano">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tonsawang" title="Bahasa Tonsawang">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tonsea" title="Bahasa Tonsea">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tontemboan" title="Bahasa Tontemboan">Tontemboan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Topoiyo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Topoiyo (halaman belum tersedia)">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Toraja-Sa%27dan" title="Bahasa Toraja-Sa&#39;dan">Toraja-Sa'dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Totoli" title="Bahasa Totoli">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tukang_Besi" title="Bahasa Tukang Besi">Tukang Besi Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tukang_Besi" title="Bahasa Tukang Besi">Tukang Besi Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ulumanda%27" title="Bahasa Ulumanda&#39;">Ulumanda'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Uma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Uma (halaman belum tersedia)">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Waru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Waru (halaman belum tersedia)">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wawonii" title="Bahasa Wawonii">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wolio" title="Bahasa Wolio">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wotu" title="Bahasa Wotu">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bahasa-bahasa_di_Kepulauan_Maluku" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Kepulauan_Maluku" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar bahasa di Kepulauan Maluku">Bahasa-bahasa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Maluku" title="Kepulauan Maluku">Kepulauan Maluku</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Alune" title="Bahasa Alune">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amahai" title="Bahasa Amahai">Amahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ambelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Ambelau">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aputai" title="Bahasa Aputai">Aputai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Asilulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Asilulu">Asilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Babar_Tenggara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Babar Tenggara (halaman belum tersedia)">Babar Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Babar_Utara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Babar Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Babar Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Banda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Banda">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Barakai" title="Bahasa Barakai">Barakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bati (halaman belum tersedia)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Batuley" title="Bahasa Batuley">Batuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Benggoi" title="Bahasa Benggoi">Benggoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Boano" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Boano">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bobot" title="Bahasa Bobot">Bobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Buli" title="Bahasa Buli">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Buru" title="Bahasa Buru">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dai (halaman belum tersedia)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Damar_Barat" title="Bahasa Damar Barat">Damar Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Damar_Timur" title="Bahasa Damar Timur">Damar Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dawera-Daweloor" title="Bahasa Dawera-Daweloor">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dobel" title="Bahasa Dobel">Dobel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Elpaputih&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Elpaputih (halaman belum tersedia)">Elpaputih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Emplawas" title="Bahasa Emplawas">Emplawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Fordata">Fordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Galela" title="Bahasa Galela">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gamkonora" title="Bahasa Gamkonora">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gane" title="Bahasa Gane">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gebe" title="Bahasa Gebe">Gebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Geser-Gorom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Geser-Gorom (halaman belum tersedia)">Geser-Gorom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gorap" title="Bahasa Gorap">Gorap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Haruku" title="Bahasa Haruku">Haruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hitu" title="Bahasa Hitu">Hitu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Horuru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Horuru (halaman belum tersedia)">Horuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hoti" title="Bahasa Hoti">Hoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Huaulu" title="Bahasa Huaulu">Huaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hukumina" title="Bahasa Hukumina">Hukumina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Hulung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Hulung (halaman belum tersedia)">Hulung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibu_(bahasa_daerah)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ibu (bahasa daerah) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ibu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ili%27uun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ili&#39;uun (halaman belum tersedia)">Ili'uun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Imroing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Imroing (halaman belum tersedia)">Imroing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kadai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kadai (halaman belum tersedia)">Kadai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaibobo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaibobo (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaibobo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kamarian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kamarian (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kao" title="Bahasa Kao">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Karey" title="Bahasa Karey">Karey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayeli" title="Bahasa Kayeli">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kei" title="Bahasa Kei">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kisar" title="Bahasa Kisar">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Koba" title="Bahasa Koba">Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kola" title="Bahasa Kola">Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kompane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kompane (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kur (halaman belum tersedia)">Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Laba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Laba (halaman belum tersedia)">Laba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Laha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Laha">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Larike-Wakasihu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Larike-Wakasihu (halaman belum tersedia)">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Latu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Latu (halaman belum tersedia)">Latu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Leti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Leti (halaman belum tersedia)">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Liana-Seti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Liana-Seti (halaman belum tersedia)">Liana-Seti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Lisabata-Nuniali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Lisabata-Nuniali (halaman belum tersedia)">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lisela" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Lisela">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lola" title="Bahasa Lola">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Loloda" title="Bahasa Loloda">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lorang" title="Bahasa Lorang">Lorang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Loun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Loun (halaman belum tersedia)">Loun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Luang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Luang (halaman belum tersedia)">Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Luhu" title="Bahasa Luhu">Luhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Maba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Maba (halaman belum tersedia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Makian_Barat" title="Bahasa Makian Barat">Makian Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Makian_Timur" title="Bahasa Makian Timur">Makian Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Ambon" title="Bahasa Melayu Ambon">Melayu Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Bacan" title="Bahasa Melayu Bacan">Melayu Bacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Banda" title="Bahasa Melayu Banda">Melayu Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Maluku_Utara" title="Bahasa Melayu Maluku Utara">Melayu Maluku Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mangole" title="Bahasa Mangole">Mangole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Manipa" title="Bahasa Manipa">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Manombai" title="Bahasa Manombai">Manombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Manusela" title="Bahasa Manusela">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mariri" title="Bahasa Mariri">Mariri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Masela_Barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Masela Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Masela Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Masela_Tengah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Masela Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Masela Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Masela_Timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Masela Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Masela Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Masiwang" title="Bahasa Masiwang">Masiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Modole" title="Bahasa Modole">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Moksela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Moksela (halaman belum tersedia)">Moksela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Naka%27ela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Naka&#39;ela (halaman belum tersedia)">Naka'ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nila" title="Bahasa Nila">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Naulu_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Naulu Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Naulu Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Naulu_Utara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Naulu Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Naulu Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nusa_Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nusa Laut (halaman belum tersedia)">Nusa Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Oirata" title="Bahasa Oirata">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pagu" title="Bahasa Pagu">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Palumata" title="Bahasa Palumata">Palumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Patani" title="Bahasa Patani">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Paulohi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Paulohi (halaman belum tersedia)">Paulohi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Perai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Perai (halaman belum tersedia)">Perai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Piru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Piru (halaman belum tersedia)">Piru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Roma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Roma (halaman belum tersedia)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sahu" title="Bahasa Sahu">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Salas" title="Bahasa Salas">Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Saleman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Saleman (halaman belum tersedia)">Saleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Saparua" title="Bahasa Saparua">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sawai" title="Bahasa Sawai">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Seit-Kaitetu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Seit-Kaitetu (halaman belum tersedia)">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Selaru" title="Bahasa Selaru">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Seluwasan" title="Bahasa Seluwasan">Seluwasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sepa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sepa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Serili" title="Bahasa Serili">Serili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Serua" title="Bahasa Serua">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sula" title="Bahasa Sula">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tabaru" title="Bahasa Tabaru">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Taliabu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Taliabu (halaman belum tersedia)">Taliabu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Talur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Talur (halaman belum tersedia)">Talur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tarangan_Barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tarangan Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Tarangan Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tarangan_Timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tarangan Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Tarangan Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tela-Masbuar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tela-Masbuar (halaman belum tersedia)">Tela-Masbuar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Teluti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Teluti (halaman belum tersedia)">Teluti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Teor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Teor (halaman belum tersedia)">Teor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ternate" title="Bahasa Ternate">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ternate%C3%B1o" title="Bahasa Ternateño">Ternateño</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Te%27un&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Te&#39;un (halaman belum tersedia)">Te'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tidore" title="Bahasa Tidore">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tobelo" title="Bahasa Tobelo">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tugun" title="Bahasa Tugun">Tugun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tugutil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tugutil (halaman belum tersedia)">Tugutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tulehu" title="Bahasa Tulehu">Tulehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ujir" title="Bahasa Ujir">Ujir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Waioli" title="Bahasa Waioli">Waioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Watubela" title="Bahasa Watubela">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wamale_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wamale Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Wamale Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wamale_Utara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wamale Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Wamale Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yalahatan" title="Bahasa Yalahatan">Yalahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yamdena" title="Bahasa Yamdena">Yamdena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bahasa-bahasa_di_Papua_*" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Papua" title="Daftar bahasa di Papua">Bahasa-bahasa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a> <sup><small>*</small></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Abinomn" title="Bahasa Abinomn">Abinomn</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Abun" title="Bahasa Abun">Abun</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aghu" title="Bahasa Aghu">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Airoran" title="Bahasa Airoran">Airoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ambai" title="Bahasa Ambai">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Anasi" title="Bahasa Anasi">Anasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ansus" title="Bahasa Ansus">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arandai" title="Bahasa Arandai">Arandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arguni" title="Bahasa Arguni">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_As" title="Bahasa As">As</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Asmat_Pantai_Kasuari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Asmat Pantai Kasuari (halaman belum tersedia)">Asmat Pantai Kasuari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Asmat_Tengah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Asmat Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Asmat Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Asmat_Utara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Asmat Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Asmat Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Asmat_Yaosakor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Asmat Yaosakor (halaman belum tersedia)">Asmat Yaosakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Atohwaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Atohwaim">Atohwaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Auye" title="Bahasa Auye">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Awbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Awbono">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Awera" title="Bahasa Awera">Awera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Awyi" title="Bahasa Awyi">Awyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Awyu_Asue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Awyu Asue">Awyu Asue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Awyu_Tengah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Awyu Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Awyu Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Awyu_Edera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Awyu Edera (halaman belum tersedia)">Awyu Edera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Awyu_Jair&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Awyu Jair (halaman belum tersedia)">Awyu Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Awyu_Utara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Awyu Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Awyu Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Awyu_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Awyu Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Awyu Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bagusa" title="Bahasa Bagusa">Bagusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Baham" title="Bahasa Baham">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Barapasi" title="Bahasa Barapasi">Barapasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bauzi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bauzi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bayono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bayono (halaman belum tersedia)">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Bedoanas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Bedoanas (halaman belum tersedia)">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Beneraf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Beneraf (halaman belum tersedia)">Beneraf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Berik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Berik (halaman belum tersedia)">Berik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Betaf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Betaf (halaman belum tersedia)">Betaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Biak" title="Bahasa Biak">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Biga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Biga (halaman belum tersedia)">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Biritai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Biritai (halaman belum tersedia)">Biritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bonggo" title="Bahasa Bonggo">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Burate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Burate (halaman belum tersedia)">Burate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Burmeso" title="Bahasa Burmeso">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Burumakok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Burumakok (halaman belum tersedia)">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Buruwai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Buruwai (halaman belum tersedia)">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Busami&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Busami (halaman belum tersedia)">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Citak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Citak">Citak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Citak_Tamnim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Citak Tamnim">Citak Tamnim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dabe (halaman belum tersedia)">Dabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Damal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Damal">Damal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dani_Lembah_Bawah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dani Lembah Bawah (halaman belum tersedia)">Dani Lembah Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dani_Lembah_Tengah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dani Lembah Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Dani Lembah Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dani_Lembah_Atas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dani Lembah Atas (halaman belum tersedia)">Dani Lembah Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dani_Barat" title="Bahasa Dani Barat">Dani Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dao&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dao (halaman belum tersedia)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dem" title="Bahasa Dem">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Demisa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Demisa (halaman belum tersedia)">Demisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dera (halaman belum tersedia)">Dera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Diebroud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Diebroud (halaman belum tersedia)">Diebroud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dineor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dineor (halaman belum tersedia)">Dineor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Diuwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Diuwe">Diuwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Doutai" title="Bahasa Doutai">Doutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Duriankere" title="Bahasa Duriankere">Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dusner" title="Bahasa Dusner">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Duvle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Duvle (halaman belum tersedia)">Duvle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Edopi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Edopi (halaman belum tersedia)">Edopi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Eipomek&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Eipomek (halaman belum tersedia)">Eipomek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Elseng" title="Bahasa Elseng">Elseng</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Emem" title="Bahasa Emem">Emem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Eritai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Eritai (halaman belum tersedia)">Eritai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Erokwanas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Erokwanas (halaman belum tersedia)">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fayu" title="Bahasa Fayu">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Fedan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Fedan (halaman belum tersedia)">Fedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Foau" title="Bahasa Foau">Foau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gresi" title="Bahasa Gresi">Gresi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Hatam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Hatam (halaman belum tersedia)">Hatam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hupla" title="Bahasa Hupla">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Iau" title="Bahasa Iau">Iau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Iha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Iha (halaman belum tersedia)">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Iha_Pijin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Iha Pijin (halaman belum tersedia)">Iha Pijin</a> <sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Irarutu" title="Bahasa Irarutu">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Iresin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Iresin (halaman belum tersedia)">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Isirawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Isirawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Isirawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Itik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Itik (halaman belum tersedia)">Itik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Iwur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Iwur (halaman belum tersedia)">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jofotek-Bromnya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jofotek-Bromnya (halaman belum tersedia)">Jofotek-Bromnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kaburi" title="Bahasa Kaburi">Kaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kais" title="Bahasa Kais">Kais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaiy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaiy (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kalabra" title="Bahasa Kalabra">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kamberau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kamberau (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamberau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kamoro" title="Bahasa Kamoro">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kanum_B%C3%A4di&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kanum Bädi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanum Bädi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kanum_Ngk%C3%A2lmpw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kanum Ngkâlmpw (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanum Ngkâlmpw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kanum_Sm%C3%A4rky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kanum Smärky (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanum Smärky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kanum_Sota" title="Bahasa Kanum Sota">Kanum Sota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kapauri" title="Bahasa Kapauri">Kapauri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaptiau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaptiau (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Karas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Karas (halaman belum tersedia)">Karas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Karon_Dori" title="Bahasa Karon Dori">Karon Dori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaure (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kauwera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kauwera (halaman belum tersedia)">Kauwera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kawe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kawe (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kayagar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kayagar (halaman belum tersedia)">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kayupulau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kayupulau">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kehu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kehu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehu</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaijar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaijar (halaman belum tersedia)">Keijar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kemberano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kemberano (halaman belum tersedia)">Kemberano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kembra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kembra (halaman belum tersedia)">Kembra</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kemtuik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kemtuik">Kemtuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ketengban" title="Bahasa Ketengban">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ketum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ketum (halaman belum tersedia)">Ketum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kimaghima&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kimaghima (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimaghima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kimki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kimki (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kirikiri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kirikiri (halaman belum tersedia)">Kirikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kofei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kofei (halaman belum tersedia)">Kofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kokoda" title="Bahasa Kokoda">Kokoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kombai" title="Bahasa Kombai">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Komyandaret&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Komyandaret (halaman belum tersedia)">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Konda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Konda (halaman belum tersedia)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Koneraw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Koneraw (halaman belum tersedia)">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kopkaka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kopkaka (halaman belum tersedia)">Kopkaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korowai" title="Bahasa Korowai">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Korupun-Sela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Korupun-Sela (halaman belum tersedia)">Korupun-Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kosare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kosare (halaman belum tersedia)">Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kowiai" title="Bahasa Kowiai">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kuri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kuri (halaman belum tersedia)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kurudu" title="Bahasa Kurudu">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kwer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kwer (halaman belum tersedia)">Kwer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kwerba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kwerba (halaman belum tersedia)">Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kwerba_Mamberamo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kwerba Mamberamo (halaman belum tersedia)">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kwerisa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kwerisa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kwerisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kwesten&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kwesten (halaman belum tersedia)">Kwesten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kwinsu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kwinsu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kwinsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Legenyem" title="Bahasa Legenyem">Legenyem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Lepki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Lepki (halaman belum tersedia)">Lepki</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Liki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Liki (halaman belum tersedia)">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Maden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Maden">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mai_Brat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mai Brat">Mai Brat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mairasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mairasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Maklew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Maklew (halaman belum tersedia)">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ekari" title="Bahasa Ekari">Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Papua" title="Bahasa Melayu Papua">Melayu Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mander&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mander (halaman belum tersedia)">Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mandobo_Atas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mandobo Atas (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandobo Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mandobo_Bawah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mandobo Bawah (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandobo Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Manem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Manem (halaman belum tersedia)">Manem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mantion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mantion">Manikion/Mantion/Sougb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mapia" title="Bahasa Mapia">Mapia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Marau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Marau (halaman belum tersedia)">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Marind" title="Bahasa Marind">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Marind_Bian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Marind Bian (halaman belum tersedia)">Marind Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Masimasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Masimasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Massep&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Massep (halaman belum tersedia)">Massep</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Matbat" title="Bahasa Matbat">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mawes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mawes (halaman belum tersedia)">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ma%27ya" title="Bahasa Ma&#39;ya">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mekwei" title="Bahasa Mekwei">Mekwei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Meoswar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Meoswar (halaman belum tersedia)">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mer (halaman belum tersedia)">Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Meyah" title="Bahasa Meyah">Meyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mlap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mlap (halaman belum tersedia)">Mlap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mo (halaman belum tersedia)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moi" title="Bahasa Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Molof&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Molof (halaman belum tersedia)">Molof</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mombum" title="Bahasa Mombum">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Momina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Momina (halaman belum tersedia)">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Momuna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Momuna (halaman belum tersedia)">Momuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moni" title="Bahasa Moni">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mor_(Autronesia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mor (Autronesia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mor_(Trans-Nugini)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mor (Trans-Nugini) (halaman belum tersedia)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moraid" title="Bahasa Moraid">Morai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Morori" title="Bahasa Morori">Morori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moskona" title="Bahasa Moskona">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mpur" title="Bahasa Mpur">Mpur</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Munggui&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Munggui (halaman belum tersedia)">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Murkim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Murkim (halaman belum tersedia)">Murkim</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Muyu_Utara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Muyu Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Muyu Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Muyu_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Muyu Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Muyu Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nafri" title="Bahasa Nafri">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nakai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nakai (halaman belum tersedia)">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nacla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nacla (halaman belum tersedia)">Nacla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Namla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Namla (halaman belum tersedia)">Namla</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Narau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Narau (halaman belum tersedia)">Narau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ndom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ndom (halaman belum tersedia)">Ndom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nduga" title="Bahasa Nduga">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ngalum" title="Bahasa Ngalum">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nggem" title="Bahasa Nggem">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nimboran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nimboran (halaman belum tersedia)">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ninggerum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ninggerum (halaman belum tersedia)">Ninggerum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nipsan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nipsan (halaman belum tersedia)">Nipsan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nisa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nisa (halaman belum tersedia)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Obokuitai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Obokuitai (halaman belum tersedia)">Obokuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Onin" title="Bahasa Onin">Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Onin_Pijin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Onin Pijin (halaman belum tersedia)">Onin Pijin</a> <sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ormu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ormu (halaman belum tersedia)">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Orya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Orya (halaman belum tersedia)">Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Papasena" title="Bahasa Papasena">Papasena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Papuma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Papuma (halaman belum tersedia)">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Pom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Pom (halaman belum tersedia)">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Puragi" title="Bahasa Puragi">Puragi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Rasawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Rasawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Rasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Riantana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Riantana (halaman belum tersedia)">Riantana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Roon" title="Bahasa Roon">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Samarokena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Samarokena (halaman belum tersedia)">Samarokena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Saponi" title="Bahasa Saponi">Saponi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sauri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sauri (halaman belum tersedia)">Sauri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sause&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sause (halaman belum tersedia)">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Saweru" title="Bahasa Saweru">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Seget" title="Bahasa Seget">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sekar" title="Bahasa Sekar">Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Semimi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Semimi (halaman belum tersedia)">Semimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sempan" title="Bahasa Sempan">Sempan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sentani" title="Bahasa Sentani">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Serui-Laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Serui-Laut">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sikaritai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sikaritai (halaman belum tersedia)">Sikaritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Silimo" title="Bahasa Silimo">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Skou" title="Bahasa Skou">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sobei" title="Bahasa Sobei">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sowanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sowanda (halaman belum tersedia)">Sowanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sowari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Sowari">Sowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suabo" title="Bahasa Suabo">Suabo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sunum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Sunum (halaman belum tersedia)">Sunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tabla" title="Bahasa Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Taikat" title="Bahasa Taikat">Taikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tamagario" title="Bahasa Tamagario">Tamagario</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tanahmerah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tanahmerah (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanahmerah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tandia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tangko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tangko (halaman belum tersedia)">Tangko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tarpia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tarpia (halaman belum tersedia)">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tause" title="Bahasa Tause">Tause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Tebi">Tebi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tefaro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tefaro (halaman belum tersedia)">Tefaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tehit" title="Bahasa Tehit">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tobati" title="Bahasa Tobati">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tofanma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tofanma (halaman belum tersedia)">Tofanma</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Towei" title="Bahasa Towei">Towei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Trimuris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Trimuris (halaman belum tersedia)">Trimuris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tsaukambo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tsaukambo (halaman belum tersedia)">Tsaukambo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tunggare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tunggare (halaman belum tersedia)">Tunggare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Una" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Una">Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uruangnirin" title="Bahasa Uruangnirin">Uruangnirin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Usku&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Usku (halaman belum tersedia)">Usku</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Viid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Viid (halaman belum tersedia)">Viid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Vitou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Vitou (halaman belum tersedia)">Vitou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wabo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wabo (halaman belum tersedia)">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Waigeo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Waigeo (halaman belum tersedia)">Waigeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Walak" title="Bahasa Walak">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wambon" title="Bahasa Wambon">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wandamen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wandamen (halaman belum tersedia)">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wanggom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wanggom (halaman belum tersedia)">Wanggom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wano" title="Bahasa Wano">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Warembori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Warembori (halaman belum tersedia)">Warembori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wares&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wares (halaman belum tersedia)">Wares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Waris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Waris (halaman belum tersedia)">Waris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Waritai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Waritai (halaman belum tersedia)">Waritai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Warkay-Bipim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Warkay-Bipim (halaman belum tersedia)">Warkay-Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Waropen" title="Bahasa Waropen">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Wauyai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Wauyai (halaman belum tersedia)">Wauyai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Woi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Woi (halaman belum tersedia)">Woi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wolani" title="Bahasa Wolani">Wolai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Woria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Woria (halaman belum tersedia)">Woria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yahadian" title="Bahasa Yahadian">Yahadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kosarek" title="Bahasa Kosarek">Yale Kosarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yali_Angguruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Yali Angguruk">Yali Angguruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yali_Ninia" title="Bahasa Yali Ninia">Yali Ninia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yali_Abenaho" title="Bahasa Yali Abenaho">Yali Abenaho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yaqay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yaqay (halaman belum tersedia)">Yaqay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yarsun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yarsun (halaman belum tersedia)">Yarsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yaur" title="Bahasa Yaur">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yawa" title="Bahasa Yawa">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yei (halaman belum tersedia)">Yei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yabega" title="Bahasa Yabega">Yabega</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yeretuar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yeretuar (halaman belum tersedia)">Yeretuar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yetfa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yetfa (halaman belum tersedia)">Yetfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yoke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yoke (halaman belum tersedia)">Yoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Zorop" title="Bahasa Zorop">Zorop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal Indonesia </a></span></li></ul></div> <p><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kreol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreol">Kreol</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>2</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat" title="Bahasa isyarat">Bahasa isyarat</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_isolat" title="Bahasa isolat">Bahasa isolat</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>4</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Pidgin">Bahasa Pidgin</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>5</small></sup> Tidak diklasifikasikan</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>a</small></sup> juga dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> dan/ <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>. •</span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>b</small></sup> juga dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a> dan/ negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Oseania" title="Oseania">Oseania</a> lainnya.</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>Italik</i>: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_punah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa punah">Bahasa punah</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_mati" title="Bahasa mati">bahasa mati</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>*</small></sup><b>Catatan</b>: Kalimantan dan Papua di sini hanya yang termasuk dalam teritori Indonesia.</span> </p> <span class="nowrap">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_di_Indonesia_menurut_BPS_2010" title="Daftar bahasa di Indonesia menurut BPS 2010">Daftar bahasa di Indonesia menurut BPS 2010</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7544d74b98‐z6wq9 Cached time: 20241127084547 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, 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