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hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32903584/The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53041827/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32903584/The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context">The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/PhilipPiper">Philip Piper</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. This suggests that, following initial settlement by agricultural populations who predominantly owed their origins to more northerly regions within East Asia, there was relatively rapid cultural and social diversification within the southern Vietnamese region.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-32903584-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-32903584-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257502/figure-2-map-of-the-loc-giang-site-showing-the-locations-of"><img alt="Fig. 2. A map of the Loc Giang site showing the locations of 1978, 2007 and 2014 excavations, the profiles studied during 2010 and 2014 and the approximate area of remaining Neolithic archaeological deposits (light grey; Illustration by Dang Ngoc Kinh and P.J. Piper). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257485/figure-1-the-geographic-location-of-archaeological-sites"><img alt="Fig. 1. The geographic location of archaeological sites across SEA mentioned in the text (Illustration by P.J. Piper). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257520/figure-4-one-of-the-excavated-surfaces-in-the-loc-giang"><img alt="Fig. 4. One of the excavated surfaces in the Loc Giang Phase 2 and associated postholes: F.131, F.132 and F.145 in Fig. 3a (Photograph by P.J. Piper). Fig. 3. a: The north wall (south-facing profile) of Trench 1 illustrating the different cultural layers and deposits identified during excavation. Also illustrated are the calibratec radiocarbon dates for the various dated deposits, the site phasing, monolith samples (research ongoing; black rectangles) and location of the phytolith samples (circles). Contexts ar recorded as *00 numbers and features and surfaces were recorded as F.*** numbers (Illustration by P.J. Piper).b: An illustration of the north wall (south-facing profile) of Trench 1 showing the various deposits and features encountered during excavation (Illustration by P.J. Piper). Print in colour. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257536/figure-4-the-neolithic-settlement-of-loc-giang-on-the-vam-co"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257550/figure-5-the-neolithic-settlement-of-loc-giang-on-the-vam-co"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257562/figure-6-bayesian-age-model-for-loc-giang-the-model-was"><img alt="Fig. 6. Bayesian age model for Loc Giang. The model was produced in OxCal v.4.2 [1] using the IntCal13 calibration curve [2] and assuming each date had a 5% prior probability of being an outlier within the General t-type Outlier Model [3]. Where one charcoal fragment or single shell was dated twice, the weighted average of the conventional age has been calibrated using the function R_Combine. The modelled outlier probability is shown in square brackets after each date in the form [O: posterior/prior]. Calibrated dates are shown in pale grey and modelled dates in dark grey. The modelled 68.2% and 95.4% probability ranges are indicated by the bars beneath each probability distribution (Illustration by Rachel Wood). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257572/figure-7-bayesian-age-model-for-the-excavations-at-an-son"><img alt="Fig. 7. Bayesian age model for the 1997 excavations at An Son. See Fig. 6 for details. Radiocarbon dates and stratigraphy are from [4] (Illustration by Rachel Wood). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257579/figure-8-pottery-from-lgi-pre-construction-midden-dating"><img alt="Fig. 8. Pottery from 14LGi H1 C.113 (pre-construction midden), dating between c. 1900 and 1700 cal. B.C.; a, b, c, d, e. Sand-tempered independent restricted vessels with everted rims; f. Sand-tempered unrestricted dish (possibly on a pedestal); g, h, i. Sand-tempered wavy-rimmed open bowl (Illustration by Dang Ngoc Kinh). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257588/figure-9-pottery-from-lgi-and-phase-midden-dating-from-cal"><img alt="Fig. 9. Pottery from 14LGi H1 C.112, F.143, F.145, and F.153 (Phase 1 midden), dating from c.1700-1500 cal. BCE; a, b, c, d, e. Fibre-tempered independent restricted vessels wit everted rims; f, g. Fibre-tempered unrestricted dishes (possibly on pedestals); h, i, j. Sand-tempered independent restricted vessels with everted rims (Illustration by Dang Ngoc Kinh There appears to be no taphonomic reason for any differential destruction of rice phytoliths in the Loc Giang sediments that might have distorted the outcomes of the analysis. Thus, the differences in rice abundances between An Son and Loc Giang could reflect the locations of the samples taken from at the two sites. They were collected from cooking and dumping areas at An Son, but from presumably covered Loc Giang did produce evidence for the utilization of a variety of other plants with economic uses. For instance, the volcaniform phyto- liths of banana leaves were relatively common. Banana leaves can be used for a variety of purposes, including wrapping food for cooking and carrying, plates and bowls and decoration. They are waterproof and flexible so can also be used for fencing and thatch. Bananas themselves are a common food staple throughout the Southeast Asian region (Castillo and Fuller, 2015). Commelinaceae (dayflower family) are weedy and/or ornamental plants common in disturbed, moist environ- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257595/figure-10-an-example-of-the-early-style-wavy-or-pie-crust"><img alt="Fig. 10. An example of the early style wavy or ‘pie crust’ rimmed and round-based pottery from Loc Giang and An Son (Illustration by Tran Thi Kim Quy). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257601/figure-11-comparison-of-the-radiocarbon-dates-on-tooth"><img alt="Fig. 11. A comparison of the radiocarbon dates on tooth enamel from burials at An Son [5] with the start and end Boundaries of contexts containing wavy-rim ceramics at An Son and Loc Giang. Radiocarbon dates shown in blue contain the serrated rim type, and those in red the wavy-rim type. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)Note that Cultural Phase 3 at An Son continues beyond the final dated context, and that the final Boundary for Cultural Phase 3 is a maximum estimate of this event. In general, dates on burials containing wavy-rim type ceramics are younger than contexts containing these ceramic types dated by charcoal and shell, probably because of the diagenesis of tooth enamel (Illustration by Rachel Wood). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257608/figure-12-an-example-of-the-motif-pottery-from-loc-giang"><img alt="Fig. 12. An example of the ‘S’ motif pottery from Loc Giang. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257612/table-1-the-uncalibrated-radiocarbon-dates-from-loc-giang"><img alt="The uncalibrated radiocarbon dates from Loc Giang 2014 excavations listed in stratigraphic and chronological order. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257618/figure-6-bayesian-age-model-for-loc-giang-details-are-given"><img alt="Bayesian age model for Loc Giang. Details are given in Fig. 6. Convergence should be above 95%. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257625/figure-6-bayesian-age-model-for-the-excavations-at-an-son"><img alt="Bayesian age model for the 1997 excavations at An Son. Details are given in Fig. 6. Convergence should be above 95%. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257631/figure-6-details-are-given-in-convergence-should-be-above"><img alt="Details are given in Fig. 6. Convergence should be above 95%. Bayesian age model for the burials excavated at An Son in 2004-2009. Table 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257638/table-5-the-neolithic-settlement-of-loc-giang-on-the-vam-co"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-32903584-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="040b46269331fbb16ab72e315d373a96" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53041827,"asset_id":32903584,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53041827/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32903584"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32903584"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32903584; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32903584]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32903584]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32903584; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32903584']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "040b46269331fbb16ab72e315d373a96" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32903584]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32903584,"title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. This suggests that, following initial settlement by agricultural populations who predominantly owed their origins to more northerly regions within East Asia, there was relatively rapid cultural and social diversification within the southern Vietnamese region.","ai_title_tag":"Neolithic Settlement at Loc Giang, Vietnam"},"translated_abstract":"A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. This suggests that, following initial settlement by agricultural populations who predominantly owed their origins to more northerly regions within East Asia, there was relatively rapid cultural and social diversification within the southern Vietnamese region.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32903584/The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-05-08T04:41:04.173-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":28828890,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":5720670,"email":"a***f@googlemail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"},{"id":28828891,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":32753351,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@anu.edu.au","affiliation":"The Australian National University","display_order":2,"name":"Philip Piper","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"},{"id":28828892,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":3208380,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"c***7@yahoo.com","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":3,"name":"Cristina Castillo","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"},{"id":28828893,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":27865234,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***d@anu.edu.au","display_order":4,"name":"Peter Bellwood","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53041827,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53041827/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Piper_et_al._2017_Loc_Giang_and_the_Neolithic_of_southern_Vietnam_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53041827/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/53041827/Piper_et_al._2017_Loc_Giang_and_the_Neolithic_of_southern_Vietnam_1-libre.pdf?1494243958=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=YAip5fO8PenYvp7N5pOYS0hSakAdG-2WJ-5Mg1IWhq7GAU3dLZSCwCA4uDUeO~T4LWzCokgo2Neva25iRl6CqaIphB0wi1v7KUnr13YnkAQqc7ppM88Vs~J0LDqWIzeP8vak-oKK8lHwlJHwSkRrft0H~9YCMy78EgKGbFD66jaCdG1ggyNsGQzN0Ztzy9Xuas7e5jDPtr0318tOUWYGOafUsFOksEvCilJvaq~G85CqvhlgrioLdRjqVl3L0pRPGC4tuqabgAl5-iXol8fiAsEse7YD--mw3oUvY-V3qHwiuHdffKYBqXVQU~zM3NQI5Oo2hVXIDsKh~WEUDMPCrg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. 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Anthony, D. Brown, E. Brown, A. Goodman, A. Kokhlov, P. l<osintsev, P. Kuznetsov, 0...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By David W. Anthony, D. Brown, E. Brown, A. Goodman, A. Kokhlov, P. l<osintsev, P.  Kuznetsov, 0.  Mochalov, E. Murphy, D. Peterson, A. Pike-Tay, L. Popova, A. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-32073424-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30765910"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30765910/Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51202823/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30765910/Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia">Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9fabd378c64a39b643e5b244f8e3174c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51202823,"asset_id":30765910,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51202823/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30765910"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30765910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30765910; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30765910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30765910]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30765910; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30765910']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9fabd378c64a39b643e5b244f8e3174c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30765910]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30765910,"title":"Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":51202823},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30765910/Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-01-05T05:58:07.464-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":26944426,"work_id":30765910,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51202823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51202823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51202823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51202823/Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA-libre.pdf?1483625426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=BqNUAmT~39Gu6T1NHvKvHNJnQwoKMA7SaTbA6BVk4iBc0ClOb~d74gEK9lTMRRG1wlmN8NLEXoq~JoK0SqAZaSlzM1~l3ugckr2V0quwb5PHoItEgfub-PuTjP0XPQa~Qb3MXqU93nxDb7IBLxM-LZPVglc0KuvFAkf3hZD86MRdW9pV~ATZyIuwe~B9iRk41HUiPvO-n1lVys0UBIxtTv~9EPYcRfPb8oaAHgvdJji8oZ4YV-LJt1QNKVi9TvrR5U1CVTmUQ32qcgr6jdlT08e3AbCyw3jnaokhZg81k4B0XyKbbTs8COoOGiY1SfG3BBNtjZxsJ5oKM6Q6yZTtYg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":51202823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51202823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51202823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51202823/Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA-libre.pdf?1483625426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=BqNUAmT~39Gu6T1NHvKvHNJnQwoKMA7SaTbA6BVk4iBc0ClOb~d74gEK9lTMRRG1wlmN8NLEXoq~JoK0SqAZaSlzM1~l3ugckr2V0quwb5PHoItEgfub-PuTjP0XPQa~Qb3MXqU93nxDb7IBLxM-LZPVglc0KuvFAkf3hZD86MRdW9pV~ATZyIuwe~B9iRk41HUiPvO-n1lVys0UBIxtTv~9EPYcRfPb8oaAHgvdJji8oZ4YV-LJt1QNKVi9TvrR5U1CVTmUQ32qcgr6jdlT08e3AbCyw3jnaokhZg81k4B0XyKbbTs8COoOGiY1SfG3BBNtjZxsJ5oKM6Q6yZTtYg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-30765910-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30201396"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30201396/Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeological phytoliths" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50659902/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30201396/Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths">Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeological phytoliths</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material expl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. This information is used in turn, to understand archaeobotanical results from Rach Nui, a Neolithic settled non-agricultural site in Vietnam, and Non Ban Jak, an Iron Age site with a rice farming economy in Northeast Thailand.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-30201396-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-30201396-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479091/figure-1-map-of-south-east-asia-showing-modern-and"><img alt="Fig. 1. Map of South East Asia showing modern and archaeological sites (base map by Dorian Fuller). Red stars = Modern villages, Blue stars = Archaeological sites.(For inte pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Between 159 and 324 single cells but usually around 250, and The suspension was poured off and this was repeated twice " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479107/figure-2-tung-dap-is-small-village-on-kho-pra-thong-island"><img alt="Tung Dap is a small village on Kho Pra Thong Island in the Andaman Sea off the west coast of Thailand. The island is flat with large mangrove swamps, beaches with coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) and broad inland savannahs (Srichai and Suwanprasitm, 2012). Fig. 2. Tung Dap: different uses of each plant family and how often used. The people living there identify themselves as Moklen or Chao Lay, Sea Gypsies who have become sedentary. Up until relatively recently, two generations ago according to the villagers, they spent most of the year on their boats subsisting on marine foraging in the dry season and during the monsoon season seeking temporary shelter on islands relying on gathering and trading for subsistence (Arunotai, 2006). In the past some groups settled long enough to plant rice and vegetables. Currently the vast majority of Moklen people in Thailand are sedentary, living permanently in villages, commonly on islands and in coastal areas. Their traditional knowledge of economic plants influences what they gather and when. Many older people have a specialised knowledge of woods for boat building. Their ani- mal protein comes from fish, snails, shellfish, sandworms, and in- sects as well as chickens. While there is some hunting on the island for wild boar or macaques, the people in Tung Dap and their neighbours reported that they prefer fishing. Despite having an economy based on the sea, the people exploit a large number of wild and garden cultivated plants. According to a survey made by Aroon (2000) there are 159 species (57 genera) of wild plant exploited in the Mergui Archipelago, including 83 species that are used for food. The villagers’ cash income is mostly derived from jelly fish which is processed nearby on the mainland and sold to China. Most meals consist of rice, which is purchased on the mainland, a mixture of gathered leaves, vegetables from the garden and occasionally some brought over from the mainland and some seafood; fish, squid, shellfish. sandworms. or chicken. The maioritv of meals contain " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479122/figure-3-ban-na-different-uses-of-each-plant-family-and-how"><img alt="Fig. 3. Ban Na: different uses of each plant family and how often used. Snails, frogs, fish, ducks and chickens are all typical foods. The Ban Huai Hee is a White Karen Village in the mountains near Mae Hon Song, close to the Burmese border. The Karen, the largest ethnic group of the hill tribes in North West Thailand, live in small villages of around 25 houses preferably in a valley near a water source, practicing rice agriculture; many are swidden farmers (Anderson, 1993). The traditional Karen diet consists primarily of rice, chilli paste and boiled or raw edible greens, gathered greens and garden staples. According to Johnson and Grivetti (2002) there are around 100—200 wild species of economic plants used by the " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479136/figure-4-ban-huai-hee-different-uses-of-each-plant-family"><img alt="Fig. 4. Ban Huai Hee: different uses of each plant family and how often used. The site of Rach Nui (N10°32’50”/E106°39'55”), Long An prov- ince, southern Vietnam, dated between 3390 and 3850 cal BP (Oxenham et al., 2015) is situated near the confluence of three rivers, the Vam Co Dong, Vam Co Tay, and Dong Nai, effectively an island among tidal rivers and streams in an environment of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Tunb.) and tidal mangrove (Oxenham et al., 2015). Ban Thung Lakon is a large traditional Thai village in the hills north of Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai province. The people farm wet rice for their own consumption and cultivate bamboo for weaving baskets. Gardens, where a wide range of fruit and vegetables are cultivated, surround the individual houses but neighbours are welcome to take what they need. Two community forests grow on " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479155/figure-5-ban-thung-lakon-different-uses-of-each-plant-family"><img alt="Fig. 5. Ban Thung Lakon: different uses of each plant family and how often used. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479175/figure-6-lease-cite-this-article-in-press-as-weisskopf"><img alt="lease cite this article in press as: Weisskopf, A., Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeol« hhytoliths, Quaternary International (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.028 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479196/figure-7-archaeological-phytoliths-from-non-ban-jak-and-rach"><img alt="Fig. 7. Archaeological Phytoliths from Non Ban Jak, A, B, C, and Rach Nui; D, E, F. A: Oryza leaf; B: Cyperaceae; C: dicotyledon leaf, D: Sponge spicule and cf. Musa; E: Arecaeceae; F: Oryza husk. The scale bar in each case is 50 pL. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479213/figure-9-invisible-plants-plants-used-versus-those-which"><img alt="Fig. 9. Invisible plants, plants used versus those which produce identifiable phytoliths. Fig. 8. Disposal, Clockwise: Dog eating coconut at Tung Dap, Pig eating rice bran at Ban Huai Hee, Compost soup at Ban Na, Chickens eating scraps at Tung Dap. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479230/figure-9-elusive-wild-foods-in-south-east-asian-subsistence"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479247/table-1-plant-use-record-after-anderson"><img alt="Plant use record, after Anderson, 1993. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479268/table-2-elusive-wild-foods-in-south-east-asian-subsistence"><img alt="Phytolith samples. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479287/table-2-continued-been-collected-over-several-field-seasons"><img alt="Table 2 (continued ) been collected over several field seasons from Rach Nui (n = 16) and Non Ban Jak (n = 13). 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Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. This information is used in turn, to understand archaeobotanical results from Rach Nui, a Neolithic settled non-agricultural site in Vietnam, and Non Ban Jak, an Iron Age site with a rice farming economy in Northeast Thailand."},"translated_abstract":"A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. This information is used in turn, to understand archaeobotanical results from Rach Nui, a Neolithic settled non-agricultural site in Vietnam, and Non Ban Jak, an Iron Age site with a rice farming economy in Northeast Thailand.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30201396/Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-12-01T07:55:17.093-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":26326512,"work_id":30201396,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":5720670,"email":"a***f@googlemail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeological phytoliths"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50659902,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50659902/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"QI_Elusive_Foods.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50659902/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50659902/QI_Elusive_Foods-libre.pdf?1480608114=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DElusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=c7MoG2dSSuw4qSkbAzFpI9ZCxVARCWA3-2llftTeB5ZKj7EkgfYAGZRhZ4LGEWofsp6itYUoDXLuU-2ryMZbJFUlAO62aLulRsy0znHMQ3JTYkgx-qK23EF2To0CayMvdoW~OmWx~CpxkQ~EDFHUkRDE6O7wg3VZem5GW4bvB5d2exTzLbA9GYOTUui35Hj05~scEM7tTTc-qRnOEvRW2sBz-Wv5Hta5o-NiAXovIo~9tUhJ0IewptImeoghRjpDaX47ueOfAn~Czghcg-rPo~iEaLE4Kty5d4vkDH8bqDeOoCQ4iktlddbph3CAGVuWUIslAtpJy1INghLSQ3mvHg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. 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Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. The region experienced social and climate change throughout this time and this is reflected in the results.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a058e302f1953b01613692416921d5b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50305808,"asset_id":29833729,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50305808/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="29833729"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29833729"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29833729; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29833729]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29833729]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29833729; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='29833729']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a058e302f1953b01613692416921d5b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=29833729]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":29833729,"title":"A wet and dry story: distinguishing rice and millet arable systems using phytoliths","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Changing rice and millet arable systems were closely linked to social and environmental changes in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Central China. Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. The region experienced social and climate change throughout this time and this is reflected in the results.","ai_title_tag":"Distinguishing Rice and Millet Farming via Phytoliths"},"translated_abstract":"Changing rice and millet arable systems were closely linked to social and environmental changes in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Central China. Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. The region experienced social and climate change throughout this time and this is reflected in the results.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29833729/A_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice_and_millet_arable_systems_using_phytoliths","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-11-14T10:05:14.661-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":25883508,"work_id":29833729,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":220843,"co_author_invite_id":5720670,"email":"a***f@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":1,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"A wet and dry story: distinguishing rice and millet arable systems using phytoliths"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50305808,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50305808/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Wet_and_Dry_Story.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50305808/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50305808/A_Wet_and_Dry_Story-libre.pdf?1479146846=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=gblsdV~XT2FImcy75YocOyS5Zi1wg1V~quHaCJItDve0IzOa33uVS3kJNUtjDXHw6GYHZvGw6rFyyfhrVkT47KYPFcgWUponhQgB~PQ3tgBoov72wJPIo8HPV5XRwQwS9pvv7v2aODbLB-XSt-ez2H6RYpLhp77UtumVKDvUHesaLIvn4-dQRbSDbtHEFjBO0Tgwj8FqdU3KaczJ0VmB8IEa~cm0VqK6ygb1q63N9cAfN1tvc~k8lmjsO8M2cBzJfPwoBL1hkIP25wods7bVS~LRgpKwyG6KYQNawq29W4vuWYG110vrSiQM8NXmcoRa176w5P6Eekr3bAt2W9SlWw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice_and_millet_arable_systems_using_phytoliths","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Changing rice and millet arable systems were closely linked to social and environmental changes in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Central China. Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-27701796-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18855157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18855157/Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40292207/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18855157/Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China">Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArleneRosen">Arlene Rosen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute<br />information on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct<br />connection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural<br />strategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming<br />communities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded<br />sediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we<br />identified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are<br />consistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang<br />Neolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later<br />middle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape<br />and phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild<br />rice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence<br />containing sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,<br />contained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data<br />indicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly<br />increasing social complexity</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1a4f6c122af1c28fe6750784e5d816e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40292207,"asset_id":18855157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40292207/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18855157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18855157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18855157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18855157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18855157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18855157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18855157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c1a4f6c122af1c28fe6750784e5d816e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18855157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18855157,"title":"Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute\ninformation on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct\nconnection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural\nstrategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming\ncommunities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded\nsediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we\nidentified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are\nconsistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang\nNeolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later\nmiddle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape\nand phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild\nrice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence\ncontaining sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,\ncontained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data\nindicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly\nincreasing social complexity"},"translated_abstract":"Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute\ninformation on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct\nconnection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural\nstrategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming\ncommunities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded\nsediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we\nidentified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are\nconsistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang\nNeolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later\nmiddle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape\nand phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild\nrice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence\ncontaining sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,\ncontained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data\nindicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly\nincreasing social complexity","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18855157/Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-11-23T04:29:28.369-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":10680683,"work_id":18855157,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":37819778,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***n@austin.utexas.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Arlene Rosen","title":"Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China"},{"id":10680684,"work_id":18855157,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":33425042,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"r***l@ucl.ac.uk","display_order":4194304,"name":"Richard Macphail","title":"Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40292207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40292207/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"QI_Alison.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40292207/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40292207/QI_Alison-libre.pdf?1448281731=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=cPTpR~WbM5tR7L01pE2FmUsyNtGalU5l-1n7Z6Iy3uDii0LOtr5ckOF9fOtKolBtMjydqh5nZMpbaTZyOitptOoVsPtR7PNbasF~Kzj9jI3iyjvMlkmAOpkcSFnLrSZV0mwSI6N58iets~3xbfqqJPqUZYTfHxzMjL1VwD1UISU3NfwP1MZD3cZIPTWroH~24K5wPrSui57gZb0kLMQAbwA8NYWVTmXR~v5SQqCjrE~YXSI4b~RYIaB~BeQDOCsAPYCFN8r~qAu~YYnGzAUmd2guMCEYm227Dh2cH5NiE1SAmgvOSO7pnm1b-KJwjEgaSipalWVSMuBrgaOmXbM17Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute\ninformation on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct\nconnection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural\nstrategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming\ncommunities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded\nsediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we\nidentified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are\nconsistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang\nNeolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later\nmiddle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape\nand phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild\nrice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence\ncontaining sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,\ncontained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data\nindicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly\nincreasing social complexity","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":40292207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40292207/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"QI_Alison.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40292207/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40292207/QI_Alison-libre.pdf?1448281731=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=cPTpR~WbM5tR7L01pE2FmUsyNtGalU5l-1n7Z6Iy3uDii0LOtr5ckOF9fOtKolBtMjydqh5nZMpbaTZyOitptOoVsPtR7PNbasF~Kzj9jI3iyjvMlkmAOpkcSFnLrSZV0mwSI6N58iets~3xbfqqJPqUZYTfHxzMjL1VwD1UISU3NfwP1MZD3cZIPTWroH~24K5wPrSui57gZb0kLMQAbwA8NYWVTmXR~v5SQqCjrE~YXSI4b~RYIaB~BeQDOCsAPYCFN8r~qAu~YYnGzAUmd2guMCEYm227Dh2cH5NiE1SAmgvOSO7pnm1b-KJwjEgaSipalWVSMuBrgaOmXbM17Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture"},{"id":11418,"name":"Phytolith Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytolith_Analysis"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":60487,"name":"Quaternary environments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quaternary_environments"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-18855157-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="14301063"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301063/Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38914269/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301063/Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze">Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6 on both societies and their environments in 7 ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6 <br />on both societies and their environments in 7 <br />Asia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8 <br />on wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9 <br />with resulting morphological domestication 10 <br />and the development of intensive arable 11 <br />systems, but identifying these changes in the 12 <br />archaeological record has been a complex 13 <br />process. Phytolith assemblages from three 14 <br />Neolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15 <br />reveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16 <br />was on drainage to limit the amount of water 17 <br />and force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18 <br />in the later third millennium BC that the 19 <br />strategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20 <br />into use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21 <br />wetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22 <br />fields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f939341b8978da043512640f4feab596" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38914269,"asset_id":14301063,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38914269/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="14301063"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14301063"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14301063; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14301063]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14301063]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14301063; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='14301063']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f939341b8978da043512640f4feab596" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=14301063]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":14301063,"title":"Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6\r\non both societies and their environments in 7\r\nAsia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8\r\non wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9\r\nwith resulting morphological domestication 10\r\nand the development of intensive arable 11\r\nsystems, but identifying these changes in the 12\r\narchaeological record has been a complex 13\r\nprocess. Phytolith assemblages from three 14\r\nNeolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15\r\nreveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16\r\nwas on drainage to limit the amount of water 17\r\nand force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18\r\nin the later third millennium BC that the 19\r\nstrategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20\r\ninto use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21\r\nwetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22\r\nfields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.","journal_name":"Antiquity"},"translated_abstract":"The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6\r\non both societies and their environments in 7\r\nAsia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8\r\non wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9\r\nwith resulting morphological domestication 10\r\nand the development of intensive arable 11\r\nsystems, but identifying these changes in the 12\r\narchaeological record has been a complex 13\r\nprocess. Phytolith assemblages from three 14\r\nNeolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15\r\nreveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16\r\nwas on drainage to limit the amount of water 17\r\nand force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18\r\nin the later third millennium BC that the 19\r\nstrategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20\r\ninto use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21\r\nwetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22\r\nfields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14301063/Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-22T10:24:11.928-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":3654531,"work_id":14301063,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":-1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze"},{"id":7465491,"work_id":14301063,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":77606810,"co_author_invite_id":301721,"email":"b***g@gmail.com","display_order":4194303,"name":"Ling Qin","title":"Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38914269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38914269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38914269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38914269/Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper-libre.pdf?1443438483=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=eOwGd7icgVYdiOYm2nZ9~2aSdhZqS8FU10nqBPIJdUc2tbFxXaKuMcJ4gLnZTerN5DXozyIEZuQqidfVpymJQQuMt73Bde4aeKao48hmAxJG-~034kzzol6jNbd4fvgtDg0qs6D65SxgvVDOw5xb~OlVMtvtd9VcUCDwFLNleETlZMSMwnRYphHAknaHlfjh~oVGZrjxzEzcgmDdzrAkKEukT4mch1IPWDImmBy-jUZARsWUN2yQfbry3fPT9vsl44hBCx-~wccNzZwoYd-PfHDjr6-F40RgZheIW0y9Rs4zuO1IcEX0EtPNQgVZ7jB6QBmgtUxSDAE9E3TmmjQCxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"vi","content_type":"Work","summary":"The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6\r\non both societies and their environments in 7\r\nAsia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8\r\non wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9\r\nwith resulting morphological domestication 10\r\nand the development of intensive arable 11\r\nsystems, but identifying these changes in the 12\r\narchaeological record has been a complex 13\r\nprocess. Phytolith assemblages from three 14\r\nNeolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15\r\nreveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16\r\nwas on drainage to limit the amount of water 17\r\nand force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18\r\nin the later third millennium BC that the 19\r\nstrategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20\r\ninto use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21\r\nwetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22\r\nfields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":38914269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38914269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38914269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38914269/Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper-libre.pdf?1443438483=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=eOwGd7icgVYdiOYm2nZ9~2aSdhZqS8FU10nqBPIJdUc2tbFxXaKuMcJ4gLnZTerN5DXozyIEZuQqidfVpymJQQuMt73Bde4aeKao48hmAxJG-~034kzzol6jNbd4fvgtDg0qs6D65SxgvVDOw5xb~OlVMtvtd9VcUCDwFLNleETlZMSMwnRYphHAknaHlfjh~oVGZrjxzEzcgmDdzrAkKEukT4mch1IPWDImmBy-jUZARsWUN2yQfbry3fPT9vsl44hBCx-~wccNzZwoYd-PfHDjr6-F40RgZheIW0y9Rs4zuO1IcEX0EtPNQgVZ7jB6QBmgtUxSDAE9E3TmmjQCxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-14301063-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18582208"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18582208/The_interplay_of_millets_and_rice_in_Neolithic_central_China_Integrating_phytoliths_into_the_archaeobotany_of_Baligang"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40140659/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18582208/The_interplay_of_millets_and_rice_in_Neolithic_central_China_Integrating_phytoliths_into_the_archaeobotany_of_Baligang">The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://pku.academia.edu/dengzh">Zhenhua Deng</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Baligang is a Neolithic site with a long occupation, from before 6300 BC up to the first millenni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Baligang is a Neolithic site with a long occupation, from before 6300 BC up to the first millennium BC, although the bulk of excavated finds and archaeobotanical evidence from the site comes from the Yangshao, Qujialing, Shijiahe and Longshan (4300-1800 BC). The cultural group affiliation of the site varies between northern (Yangshao and Longshan) and southern (Qujialing and Shijiahe) cultural connections. The earliest occupation of the site represents a pre-Yangshao society with early cultivation of rice (Oryza). In later periods Baligang has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum), although rice is the most prominent crop in the phytolith record throughout the occupation. Wetland rice cultivation is indicated throughout the Yangshao, Qujialing, Shijiahe and Late Longshan periods. However, there is a shift towards better watered rice in the Qujialing and Shijiahe phytolith assemblages, indicated by a decline in sedges (Cyperaceae) alongside occurrence of sponge spicules and diatoms. These data suggest deeper flooding of rice fields in order to suppress weeds and increase productivity, indicating that the ecology of rice cultivation changed over time.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-18582208-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-18582208-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664662/figure-1-weisskopf-et-al-archaeological-research-in-asia-xxx"><img alt="A. Weisskopf et al. / Archaeological Research in Asia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Baligang and other sites mentioned in the text. B = Baligang, Q = Quiialing, S = Shijiahe and H = Huizui " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664663/figure-2-weisskopf-et-al-archaeological-research-in-asia-xxx"><img alt="A. Weisskopf et al. / Archaeological Research in Asia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx Fig. 2. Chronological phases of Baligang related to those of the Yellow River and the Middle Yangtze (after Deng et al., 2015), correlated with calibrated radiocarbon dates and modelled boundary phases based on a Bayesian sequence model of AMS dates from Baligang (produced with OxCal 3.10 and IntCal13 calibration curve). Raw radiocarbon data from Deng et al., 2015. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664664/figure-3-proportion-of-crops-from-macro-remains-in-different"><img alt="Fig. 3. Proportion of crops from macro-remains in different periods of Baligang site. A mixed agricultural system had been established by the Yangshao period, comprising rice, foxtail millet and common millet. While the phytolith data suggest rice is by far the most common cereal crop, in contrast, in the macro-remains, foxtail millet and common millet are found in equivalent proportions to rice in this phase. Except for one common millet from the same context as phytolith sample B19, no crop remains were found in three floated samples from the same con- texts as phytolith samples B18, B19 and B25. One possible reason for the low densities and proportions of phytoliths from all crops in this phase is that the dehusking stage of crop processing, especially millets, may have been conducted elsewhere. However, ethnographically dehusking often takes place close to where the grain is consumed and the bran is then fed to domestic animals (Nakai, 2008; personal obser- vations of A. Weisskopf in Thailand) so a more likely explanation is " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664665/figure-4-density-of-rice-compared-to-sedges-and-wild-grasses"><img alt="Fig. 4. Density of rice compared to sedges and wild grasses. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664666/figure-5-baligang-crop-husks-all-phases-crops-identified-by"><img alt="Baligang crop husks all Phases Fig. 5. Crops identified by husk phytoliths from all phases (PY = Pre Yangshao, EY = Early Yangshao, EZ = Eastern Zhou). Please cite this article as: Weisskopf, A., et al., The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into th archaeobotany of Baligang, Archaeological Research in Asia (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2015.10.002 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664667/figure-6-baligang-oryza-husk-and-leaves-py-pre-yangshao-ey"><img alt="Fig. 6. Baligang Oryza husk and leaves (PY = pre-Yangshao, EY = Early Yangshao, EZ = Eastern Zhou). A. Weisskopf et al. / Archaeological Research in Asia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664668/figure-7-baligang-cyperaceae-husk-diatoms-and-sponge"><img alt="Baligang Cyperaceae husk, diatoms and sponge spicules Fig. 7. Baligang Yangshao and Longshan Cyperaceae husks (cones), diatoms and sponge spicules (PY = pre-Yangshao, EY = Early Yangshao, EZ = Eastern Zhou, " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664669/figure-8-the-phytolith-wet-dry-index-based-on-the-proportion"><img alt="Fig. 8. The Phytolith Wet:Dry index based on the proportion of fixed and sensitive grass phytolith morphotypes (as defined by Weisskopf et al., 2015). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664670/figure-9-three-axis-scatter-plot-of-individual-samples-in"><img alt="Fig. 9. A three axis scatter plot of individual samples in terms of the relative proportions o! morphotypes relating to crop-processing. These represent the proportions of three catego- ries (others excluded), including rice husk phytoliths, other grass husks and Cyperaceae cone (taken to represent weeds), and grass/sedge leaf/culm phytoliths, plus dicot weeds and Commelianaceae (taken to represent straw/leaves from weeds). Morphotype catego- ries are indicated in Table 3. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664671/table-1-list-of-phytolith-samples-indicating-period-and"><img alt="List of phytolith samples indicating period and context type. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664672/table-2-summary-of-distribution-of-flotation-samples-by"><img alt="Summary of distribution of flotation samples by period and context type, with total counts of the main crops and categories represented by macro-remain: Table 2 Please cite this article as: Weisskopf, A., et al., The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into thi archaeobotany of Baligang, Archaeological Research in Asia (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2015.10.002 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664673/table-3-morphotypes-included-as-oryza-and-oryza-weeds-also"><img alt="Morphotypes included as Oryza and Oryza weeds. Table 3 also counted as rice weeds, as the cone phytolith morphotypes come from Cyperaceae nutlets. While sedges may have cultural uses (e.g. culms and leaves used as matting), the phytolith record primarily indi- cates inclusion of sedge fruiting bodies. Cyperaceae are a very common weed category in rice (Kittipong, 1983; Moody, 1989; 1992; Thompson, 1996; Table 32, Bhagat et al., 1996; Galinato et al., 1999; Weisskopf et al., 2014). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664674/table-4-please-cite-this-article-as-weisskopf-et-al-the"><img alt="Please cite this article as: Weisskopf, A., et al., The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into th archaeobotany of Baligang, Archaeological Research in Asia (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2015.10.002 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664675/table-5-the-interplay-of-millets-and-rice-in-neolithic"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-18582208-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="070376d24b083e7078e4d191487dafcb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40140659,"asset_id":18582208,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40140659/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18582208"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18582208"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18582208; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18582208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18582208]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18582208; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18582208']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "070376d24b083e7078e4d191487dafcb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18582208]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18582208,"title":"The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Millets and Rice Dynamics at Neolithic Baligang","grobid_abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site with a long occupation, from before 6300 BC up to the first millennium BC, although the bulk of excavated finds and archaeobotanical evidence from the site comes from the Yangshao, Qujialing, Shijiahe and Longshan (4300-1800 BC). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-18582208-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="15326835"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/15326835/Phytoliths_as_a_tool_for_investigations_of_agricultural_origins_and_dispersals_around_the_world"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38635501/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/15326835/Phytoliths_as_a_tool_for_investigations_of_agricultural_origins_and_dispersals_around_the_world">Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LucVrydaghs">Luc Vrydaghs</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RuthDickau">Ruth Dickau</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://nmsu.academia.edu/ThomasHart">Thomas Hart</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://northwestern.academia.edu/AmandaLogan">Amanda Logan</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://gucas.academia.edu/JianpingZhang">Jianping Zhang</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://missouri.academia.edu/DeborahPearsall">Deborah Pearsall</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarolChandlerEzell">Karol Chandler-Ezell</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Agricultural origins and dispersals are subjects of fundamental importance to archaeology as well...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Agricultural origins and dispersals are subjects of fundamental importance to archaeology as well as many other scholarly disciplines. These investigations are world-wide in scope and require significant amounts of paleobotanical data attesting to the exploitation of wild progenitors of crop plants and subsequent domestication and spread. Accordingly, for the past few decades the development of methods for identifying the remains of wild and domesticated plant species has been a focus of paleoethnobotany. Phytolith analysis has increasingly taken its place as an important independent contributor of data in all areas of the globe, and the volume of literature on the subject is now both very substantial and disseminated in a range of international journals. In this paper, experts who have carried out the hands-on work review the utility and importance of phytolith analysis in documenting the domestication and dispersals of crop plants around the world. It will serve as an important resource both to paleoethnobotanists and other scholars interested in the development and spread of agriculture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-15326835-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15326835-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768340/figure-1-typical-cross-shaped-phytolith-three-dimensional"><img alt="Fig. 1. Typical cross-shaped phytolith three-dimensional structures from maize, teosinte, and non-Zea grasses. Maize produces high proportions of Variant 1 (mirror-image) cross- shapes while many wild grasses produce high proportions of other types unlike maize. Balsas teosinte, maize's wild progenitor, produces many Variant 2 cross-shapes in its leave: unlike maize. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768349/figure-3-the-various-kinds-of-non-rondel-phytoliths-found-in"><img alt="Fig. 3. The various kinds of non-rondel phytoliths found in teosinte fruitcases. Those diagnostic of teosinte are in the center (a, oblong, one-half decorated; b, elongated spiney; c, elongated with one wavy and one serrated edge). Phytoliths a—f occur in some non-Zea grasses, but they like the others are always produced in teosinte and can be used to rule out its presence if absent from samples. The phytoliths range in size from about 10 (phytolith f) to 35 4M in diameter (phytolith b). From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768355/figure-2-wavy-top-top-bottom-left-and-ruffle-top-rondels"><img alt="Fig. 2. Wavy-top (top, bottom left) and ruffle-top rondels (bottom, right) from maize. Ruffle-top rondels occur much more frequently in teosinte than maize. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768365/figure-6-scalloped-phytoliths-from-bottle-gourd-unlike-in"><img alt="Fig. 6. Scalloped phytoliths from bottle gourd. Unlike in Cucurbita, scallops are irregularly-shaped and one hemisphere of the phytolith is flat and undecorated. Size ranges from 64 to 112 uM. From Piperno, 2006. These crops, grown for their underground roots, rhizomes, tu- bers, and corms, are, with the exception of manioc, minor root crops today. However, phytolith evidence has shown they had " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768373/figure-5-scalloped-phytoliths-from-the-domesticated-species"><img alt="Fig. 5. Scalloped phytoliths from the domesticated species Cucurbita moschata. Wild squash phytoliths have the same morphology but are often much smaller than in domesticates. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768383/figure-4-tripsacum-fruitcase-phytoliths-unlike-those-of"><img alt="Fig. 4. Tripsacum fruitcase phytoliths. Unlike those of teosinte or maize, they have serrated edges and ridges across the top. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768389/figure-8-seed-phytolith-from-llern-it-is-long-from-piperno"><img alt="Fig. 8. Seed phytolith from llerén. It is 40 1M long. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768395/figure-9-an-articulated-aggregation-of-inflorescence-bract"><img alt="Fig. 9. An articulated aggregation of inflorescence bract phytoliths from Triticum aestivum showing the long cell wave patterns and papillae characteristic of Triticum sp. Photo by Arlene M. Rosen from modern plant phytolith reference collection at ICREA, University of Barcelona, courtesy of Rosa M. Albert. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768400/figure-7-seed-phytoliths-from-arrowroot-from-piperno-wheat"><img alt="Fig. 7. Seed phytoliths from arrowroot. From Piperno, 2006. Wheat and barley species are heavy silica accumulators that produce many phytolith morphotypes. Morphotypes produced by silicification of epidermal cells such as short cells, long cells, cork cells, papillae, trichomes, and trichome bases are the most char- acteristic and diagnostic for the taxa, as well as the most often observed in archaeological samples (Figs. 9-11). Both morphotypic " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768411/figure-11-drawing-of-papilla-domesticated-grasses-have"><img alt="Fig. 11. Drawing of a papilla. Domesticated grasses have a consistent papilla diameter found throughout the multi-cell, as measured by the outer ring of the papillae, while wild ‘weed’ grass will exhibit a range of papillae diameters. From Piperno, 2006; originally reprinted from Tubb et al. (1993). Fig. 10. An articulated aggregation of inflorescence bract phytoliths from Hordeum vulgare showing the long cell wave patterns and papillae characteristic of Hordeum sp. Photo by Arlene M. Rosen from modern plant phytolith reference collection at ICREA, University of Barcelona, courtesy of Rosa M. Albert. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768417/figure-11-phytoliths-as-tool-for-investigations-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768427/figure-12-undulated-patterns-and-ending-structures-of"><img alt="Fig. 12. Undulated patterns and ending structures of epidermal long cells in the upper lemma and palea for the two millet species. Q-undulated pattern (A) and wavy type (C) of ending structure in S. italic; n-undulated pattern (B) and finger type (D) of ending structure in P. miliaceum. eee ey eee Double-peaked glume cell phytoliths (Fig. 13) are unique to the enus Oryza and can separate domesticated rice from the nine wile ice species of South and Southeast Asia based on linear discrimi. ant function analysis of three glume cell measurements (Pearsal t al, 1995; Zhao and Piperno, 2000; Zhao, 1998; Zhao et al. 998). A recent study carried out by Gu et al. showed that three. Phytoliths have played a very important role in the identifica- tion of rice remains recovered from archaeological sites. In the past two decades, a number of identification criteria have been used. To " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768434/figure-13-double-peaked-glume-cell-phytoliths-from-oryza"><img alt="Fig. 13. Double-peaked glume cell phytoliths from Oryza. From Piperno, 2006. Origi- nally re-printed from Zhao et al., 1998. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768446/figure-14-comparison-of-the-scale-like-decorations-on"><img alt="Fig. 14. Comparison of the scale-like decorations on bulliform phytoliths in domesti- cated and wild rice. Modified from Fujiwara (1976). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768449/figure-15-seed-phytoliths-from-musa-acuminata-subsp-banksii"><img alt="Fig. 15. Seed phytoliths from Musa acuminata subsp. banksii (left) and Ensete, right. From Piperno, 2006; originally courtesy of Carol Lentfer. 2006; Lentfer and Green, 2004; Mbida et al., 2001; Vrydaghs et al., 2009; Wilson, 1985) and morphometric studies (Ball et al., 2006; Lentfer, 2009a; Vrydaghs et al., 2009) have been conducted to distinguish among the volcaniform phytoliths produced by different Musa and Ensete species. These phytoliths can be discriminated at the genus level allowing bananas to be distin- guished from the ensets in archaeological records (Lentfer, 2009a; Mbida et al., 2001), but reliable identification at the species level is still wanting. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768454/figure-16-seed-phytoliths-from-musa-ingens-from-piperno"><img alt="Fig. 16. Seed phytoliths from Musa ingens. From Piperno, 2006; originally courtesy o: Carol Lentfer. Archaeological evidences for Musa phytoliths have been recently summarized by Donohue and Denham (2009), with the earliest evidence for banana cultivation at Kuk Swamp in highland New Guinea, dated at 7000-6500 years ago (Denham et al., 2003). This suggests an early and long process of domestication of M. acuminata ssp. banksii in the area. Archaeological evidence of Musaceae in Melanesia (Horrocks et al., 2009; Lentfer et al., 2010), in Polynesia (Khan et al., 2014), and early evidence (from 5000 BP) in Southeast Asia falls within the natural range of several wild banana species (Kealhofer, 2003) making it difficult to disentangle cultivation versus exploitation of wild plants, but later evidence in east Asia seems to suggest human agency (Zhao and Piperno, 2000). The earliest findings in South Asia are from sites of the greater Indus Valley at Loteshwar (3681—2243 cal BC) in North Gujarat, India (Garcia-Granero et al., 2015a,b) and the Mature " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768461/figure-17-comparison-of-leaf-phytoliths-from-ensete-and-musa"><img alt="Fig. 17. A comparison of leaf phytoliths from Ensete and Musa. From Piperno, 2006. The schematic drawings were originally from Mbida et al., 2001 and the photographs were courtesy of Carol Lentfer. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768467/figure-3-wa-phytoliths-are-diagnostic-in-the-wild-ancestor"><img alt="WA = phytoliths are diagnostic in the wild ancestor. WA? = wild ancestor is unknown, or known but not yet studied for phytoliths. SG = starch grains diagnostic of genus (S( G), species (SG-S), or tribe (SG-T) occur in the same or other parts of the plants as listed for phytoliths (e.g., Maize kernels; Cucurbita fruit flesh; Phaseolus seeds; arrowro roots; llerén roots; wheat, barley, and millet grains; banana fruit flesh). SG? = potentially diagnostic starch but further study is needed. Hordeum starch grains have bee identified to genus in SW Asia and China. Setaria and Panicum domesticated millet starch grains may be identifiable to species in some cases. Starch grains from other O World crops may have considerable promise (e.g., various legumes and root crops). For starch grain references, see Chandler et al., 2006; Zarrillo et al., 2008; Duncan et a 2009; Piperno, 2009, Piperno and Dillehay, 2008, Piperno et al., 2009; Boyd and Surette, 2010; Dickau et al., 2007, 2012; Lentfer, 2009b; Yang et al., 2012a, b, 2014; Liu et a 2011; Iriarte et al., 2012; Madella et al., 2014; Barton and Torrence, 2015; Corteletti et al., 2015; Garcia-Granero et al., 2015a,b. see Bozarth, 1990, Piperno, 2006 and Pearsall, 2015b for information on Phaseolus pod phytoliths, and Piperno, 2006 for discussions of various palm phytoliths. Cassabana1 Sicana odorifera) is a little understood Neotropical domesticate of possible Amazonian origin. Its genus-diagnostic scalloped phytoliths (Piperno, 2006:71 and Fig. 3.7e therei have not as yet been isolated from archaeological deposits, but further work may elucidate its origins and history. Benincasa hispida (the wax gourd) phytoliths appe promising compared to New World Cucurbitaceae but Asian study is needed. * Wild/domesticated wheat and barley phytoliths can be distinguished from each other at the genus level and from common weed genera expected in archaeologic contexts in certain regions of southwestern Asia. More work is needed with other wild taxa outside of Triticum and Hordeum to more broadly apply phytolith identificatic schemes when con-generic non-cultigens may be present. Certain kinds of domesticated wheats can currently be distinguished from others and from barley using specit types of phytoliths (e.g., papillae) or combinations of them. b Foxtail and broomcorn millet phytoliths can be distinguished from each other. Further work is needed to develop distinguishing criteria for them and their weedy wi Crop plant phytolith production and levels of taxonomic specificity. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768480/table-2-discrimination-of-setaria-italica-and-panicum"><img alt="Discrimination of Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum. Table 2 classifies a significant majority of the plants, 78.4% of foxtail millets and 76.9% of green foxtails. However, about 25% data are incorrectly classified. More samples should be analyzed to detect the presence of other potentially diagnostic features. Morphological and basic morphometric studies of glumes of other minor millets also show the potential of phytoliths for differentiating these important crops in the prehistory of Eurasia and Africa (below) (Madella et al., 2014). date, three distinct phytolith morphotypes have been identified: double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk, bulliform (fan-sha- ped or motor cell) phytoliths from bulliform cells in leaves, and articulated bilobate phytoliths from stems and leaves (Fujiwara, 1976, 1993: Lu et al., 1997: Pearsall et al., 1995: Piperno, 2006: " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768490/table-3-phytoliths-as-tool-for-investigations-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768496/table-4-phytoliths-as-tool-for-investigations-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15326835-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c4e0cac0905900be9ba725aec0d89f4a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38635501,"asset_id":15326835,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38635501/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="15326835"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15326835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15326835; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15326835]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15326835]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15326835; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='15326835']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c4e0cac0905900be9ba725aec0d89f4a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=15326835]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":15326835,"title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Agricultural origins and dispersals are subjects of fundamental importance to archaeology as well as many other scholarly disciplines. These investigations are world-wide in scope and require significant amounts of paleobotanical data attesting to the exploitation of wild progenitors of crop plants and subsequent domestication and spread. Accordingly, for the past few decades the development of methods for identifying the remains of wild and domesticated plant species has been a focus of paleoethnobotany. Phytolith analysis has increasingly taken its place as an important independent contributor of data in all areas of the globe, and the volume of literature on the subject is now both very substantial and disseminated in a range of international journals. In this paper, experts who have carried out the hands-on work review the utility and importance of phytolith analysis in documenting the domestication and dispersals of crop plants around the world. It will serve as an important resource both to paleoethnobotanists and other scholars interested in the development and spread of agriculture.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":38635501},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15326835/Phytoliths_as_a_tool_for_investigations_of_agricultural_origins_and_dispersals_around_the_world","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-09-01T09:15:58.670-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":5336168,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":1989620,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"h***u@mail.iggcas.ac.cn","affiliation":"Institute of Geology and Geophysics","display_order":-1,"name":"houyuan Lu","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336169,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":877546,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***s@yahoo.co.uk","display_order":1,"name":"Luc Vrydaghs","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336170,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":267028415,"co_author_invite_id":1184073,"email":"p***d@si.edu","display_order":2,"name":"Dolores Piperno","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336171,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":231628,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"r***u@gmail.com","display_order":3,"name":"Ruth Dickau","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336172,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":677770,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***0@gmail.com","affiliation":"New Mexico State University","display_order":4,"name":"Thomas Hart","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336173,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":3913667,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"c***0@hotmail.com","affiliation":"University of Queensland","display_order":5,"name":"Carol Lentfer","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336174,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":241580,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***n@gmail.com","affiliation":"Northwestern University","display_order":6,"name":"Amanda Logan","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336175,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":780493,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***s@gmail.com","affiliation":"Milà i Fontanals Institution - 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-15326835-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16836382"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16836382/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39209009/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16836382/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_">From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://pku.academia.edu/dengzh">Zhenhua Deng</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long ar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. It provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable remains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300-6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated in on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated rice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC) and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200-1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3268d635bd1e007b10c5e46788fbb209" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39209009,"asset_id":16836382,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39209009/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16836382"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16836382"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16836382; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16836382]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16836382]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16836382; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='16836382']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3268d635bd1e007b10c5e46788fbb209" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=16836382]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":16836382,"title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. 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We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":39209009},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16836382/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-15T08:49:59.627-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":7307729,"work_id":16836382,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":0,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)"},{"id":7307730,"work_id":16836382,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":10402158,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***6@gmail.com","affiliation":"Peking University","display_order":4194304,"name":"Zhenhua Deng","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)"},{"id":7307731,"work_id":16836382,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":77606810,"co_author_invite_id":301721,"email":"b***g@gmail.com","display_order":6291456,"name":"Ling Qin","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39209009,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39209009/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"journal.pone.0139885.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39209009/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39209009/journal.pone.0139885-libre.pdf?1444923890=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=Ug6LQxoYQ7sbBFItKoANSCBQDOzO3Cy8tlAEZF5qx4xoOJ~VeC6zczEUl6FjFebInRxQe3~eJDnxzkITYmkDuVjKA8J-IPvAnG5EMAnvNitORwYf7iUM1PYZseOk~FpuK2yr8LL4R3Y8PIr~ZCMZmfI5T9-r90mwbaDqA-vpH8up2UZ5zgn-iXcntoAPkVT7qREevwubRP-Gjkt8nVobVDDUfqjtim9zWxuZoPlBWlNPjMiOqzu7ayX8L91Rk-CninTKs2nLnutoeKmZJhGQ9ZuugvHP47EtTFwqTIJK3PgMEbUk46MPOJZ8d1mM5NWKwJHSnxbnaADOGFot1~cjAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. 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In later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC) and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200-1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":39209009,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39209009/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"journal.pone.0139885.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39209009/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39209009/journal.pone.0139885-libre.pdf?1444923890=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=Ug6LQxoYQ7sbBFItKoANSCBQDOzO3Cy8tlAEZF5qx4xoOJ~VeC6zczEUl6FjFebInRxQe3~eJDnxzkITYmkDuVjKA8J-IPvAnG5EMAnvNitORwYf7iUM1PYZseOk~FpuK2yr8LL4R3Y8PIr~ZCMZmfI5T9-r90mwbaDqA-vpH8up2UZ5zgn-iXcntoAPkVT7qREevwubRP-Gjkt8nVobVDDUfqjtim9zWxuZoPlBWlNPjMiOqzu7ayX8L91Rk-CninTKs2nLnutoeKmZJhGQ9ZuugvHP47EtTFwqTIJK3PgMEbUk46MPOJZ8d1mM5NWKwJHSnxbnaADOGFot1~cjAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":768,"name":"Biological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Anthropology"},{"id":1037,"name":"Agronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agronomy"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies"},{"id":2795,"name":"Landscape Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Archaeology"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture"},{"id":11418,"name":"Phytolith Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytolith_Analysis"},{"id":22251,"name":"Agriculture and Food Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture_and_Food_Studies"},{"id":33850,"name":"Bioanthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioanthropology"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-16836382-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3983018"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3983018/Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31538716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3983018/Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns">Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or irrigated, flooded or décrue, and deep water cultivation. These agricultural regimes represent ecosystems controlled to large degree by agricultural practices, and can be shown to produce different weed flora assemblages. In order to reconstruct early rice cultivation systems it is necessary to better establish how ancient rice farming practices may be seen using archaeobotanical data. This paper focuses on using modern analogue phytolith assemblages of associated crop weeds found within cultivation regimes, as well as in wild rice stands (unplanted stands of Oryza nivara or Oryza rufipogon), as a means of interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Rice weeds and sediment samples have been recorded and collected from a range of arable systems and wild stands in India. The husks, leaves and culms of associated weeds were processed for phytolith reference samples, and sediment samples were processed for phytoliths in order to establish patterns identifiable to specific systems. The preliminary results of the phytolith analysis of samples from these modern fields demonstrate that phytolith assemblage statistics show correlation with variation in rice cultivation systems on the basis of differences in environmental conditions and regimes, with wetness being one major factor. Analysis of phytoliths from archaeological samples from contrasting systems in Neolithic China and India demonstrate how this method can be applied to separate archaeological regions and periods based on inferred differences in past agricultural practices, identifying wet cultivation systems in China, dry millet-dominated agriculture of north China and rainfed/dry rice in Neolithic India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="690874700b975d02e5d1bdebb1f9ad79" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31538716,"asset_id":3983018,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31538716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3983018"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3983018"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3983018; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3983018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3983018]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3983018; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3983018']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "690874700b975d02e5d1bdebb1f9ad79" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3983018]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3983018,"title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or irrigated, flooded or décrue, and deep water cultivation. These agricultural regimes represent ecosystems controlled to large degree by agricultural practices, and can be shown to produce different weed flora assemblages. In order to reconstruct early rice cultivation systems it is necessary to better establish how ancient rice farming practices may be seen using archaeobotanical data. This paper focuses on using modern analogue phytolith assemblages of associated crop weeds found within cultivation regimes, as well as in wild rice stands (unplanted stands of Oryza nivara or Oryza rufipogon), as a means of interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Rice weeds and sediment samples have been recorded and collected from a range of arable systems and wild stands in India. The husks, leaves and culms of associated weeds were processed for phytolith reference samples, and sediment samples were processed for phytoliths in order to establish patterns identifiable to specific systems. The preliminary results of the phytolith analysis of samples from these modern fields demonstrate that phytolith assemblage statistics show correlation with variation in rice cultivation systems on the basis of differences in environmental conditions and regimes, with wetness being one major factor. Analysis of phytoliths from archaeological samples from contrasting systems in Neolithic China and India demonstrate how this method can be applied to separate archaeological regions and periods based on inferred differences in past agricultural practices, identifying wet cultivation systems in China, dry millet-dominated agriculture of north China and rainfed/dry rice in Neolithic India.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":31538716},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3983018/Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-08T21:56:21.879-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":3653084,"work_id":3983018,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":-1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns"},{"id":845671,"work_id":3983018,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":1412211,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***e@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"MUKUND KAJALE","title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns"},{"id":845664,"work_id":3983018,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":103121189,"co_author_invite_id":301720,"email":"r***m@rediffmail.com","affiliation":"Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute","display_order":2,"name":"Rabindra kumar Mohanty","title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31538716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31538716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Weisskopf_et_al_JAS.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31538716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31538716/Weisskopf_et_al_JAS-libre.pdf?1392318523=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=C0-LEZd96WdUhnRQn-PJhs8NzmPvg92IZinH1RQF1T71fbIE4ODJlJbjlTVLDsF4D3PeFQ9IVsbprkH0MrfZuJ~LRtJrQfm4siZ2oG-DylLfFdHbSPDTpfuU6y7ckqpSBzvFDoU2eQmdZNdqidE3MmzR1yQ5wuIYypwsB0TzY0XGaKFmIRQmwioSsfthrmzZyChfjEGui1cm0w8~JR4P~ZaDXn5MCzDLY9kiJdPYq~nHq9XkVFv2X6SvxgCJs0shBPaYSrJI8MY74FsRqLeHMMAFXmRA5ro8KYiAT2vjVx934tHTNMGWX899QqDkpyedxDofhfqs1WQHEeVRTda3qQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or irrigated, flooded or décrue, and deep water cultivation. These agricultural regimes represent ecosystems controlled to large degree by agricultural practices, and can be shown to produce different weed flora assemblages. In order to reconstruct early rice cultivation systems it is necessary to better establish how ancient rice farming practices may be seen using archaeobotanical data. This paper focuses on using modern analogue phytolith assemblages of associated crop weeds found within cultivation regimes, as well as in wild rice stands (unplanted stands of Oryza nivara or Oryza rufipogon), as a means of interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Rice weeds and sediment samples have been recorded and collected from a range of arable systems and wild stands in India. The husks, leaves and culms of associated weeds were processed for phytolith reference samples, and sediment samples were processed for phytoliths in order to establish patterns identifiable to specific systems. The preliminary results of the phytolith analysis of samples from these modern fields demonstrate that phytolith assemblage statistics show correlation with variation in rice cultivation systems on the basis of differences in environmental conditions and regimes, with wetness being one major factor. Analysis of phytoliths from archaeological samples from contrasting systems in Neolithic China and India demonstrate how this method can be applied to separate archaeological regions and periods based on inferred differences in past agricultural practices, identifying wet cultivation systems in China, dry millet-dominated agriculture of north China and rainfed/dry rice in Neolithic India.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":31538716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31538716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Weisskopf_et_al_JAS.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31538716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31538716/Weisskopf_et_al_JAS-libre.pdf?1392318523=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=C0-LEZd96WdUhnRQn-PJhs8NzmPvg92IZinH1RQF1T71fbIE4ODJlJbjlTVLDsF4D3PeFQ9IVsbprkH0MrfZuJ~LRtJrQfm4siZ2oG-DylLfFdHbSPDTpfuU6y7ckqpSBzvFDoU2eQmdZNdqidE3MmzR1yQ5wuIYypwsB0TzY0XGaKFmIRQmwioSsfthrmzZyChfjEGui1cm0w8~JR4P~ZaDXn5MCzDLY9kiJdPYq~nHq9XkVFv2X6SvxgCJs0shBPaYSrJI8MY74FsRqLeHMMAFXmRA5ro8KYiAT2vjVx934tHTNMGWX899QqDkpyedxDofhfqs1WQHEeVRTda3qQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":148,"name":"Botany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botany"},{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology"},{"id":2795,"name":"Landscape Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Archaeology"},{"id":7101,"name":"Paleoecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoecology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"},{"id":13501,"name":"Vegetation Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vegetation_Ecology"},{"id":17829,"name":"Forest Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forest_Ecology"},{"id":30700,"name":"Phytoliths","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytoliths"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":56254,"name":"Biodiversity Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Research"},{"id":211830,"name":"Soil Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Fertility"},{"id":541776,"name":"Ecological Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Agriculture"},{"id":588655,"name":"Landscape and Land-use-history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_and_Land-use-history"},{"id":1023353,"name":"Crop Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Nutrition"},{"id":1023354,"name":"Rice wheat Cropping System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rice_wheat_Cropping_System"},{"id":1023355,"name":"Zinc \u0026 Iron Agronomic Biofortification of Major Cereal Crops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc_and_Iron_Agronomic_Biofortification_of_Major_Cereal_Crops"},{"id":1116199,"name":"Paleovegetation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleovegetation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-3983018-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6467648"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6467648/Phytolith_identification_criteria_for_foxtail_and_broomcorn_millets_a_new_approach_to_calculating_crop_ratios"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phytolith identification criteria for foxtail and broomcorn millets: a new approach to calculating crop ratios" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33256195/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6467648/Phytolith_identification_criteria_for_foxtail_and_broomcorn_millets_a_new_approach_to_calculating_crop_ratios">Phytolith identification criteria for foxtail and broomcorn millets: a new approach to calculating crop ratios</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uoregon.academia.edu/GyoungAhLee">Gyoung-Ah Lee</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Broomcorn and Foxtail millets were major crops in the Yellow River Valley region, Henan, China, d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Broomcorn and Foxtail millets were major crops in the Yellow River Valley region, Henan, China, during the Neolithic Yangshao period. Phytoliths and macro remains have been used to understand crop choices in this period. Distinguishing between phytoliths from millet crops and panicoid non cultigens can be challenging. We examine the effect of using only one or two identification criteria compared with a more stringent five or more with phytoliths from archaeological samples to examine crop ratios. We compare our results with the results from the macro remains. This demonstrates, firstly, that using more identification markers has a very definite effect on the results and secondly, phytoliths and macro remains are complementary proxies that when used together can produce more accurate results than used alone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-6467648-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-6467648-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224936/figure-1-baligang-multi-component-site-and-and-and-is"><img alt="Baligang, a multi-component site (32° 22' and 32° 33'N, and 111° 00’ 38” and 12000'20” E), is situated in the northern catchment of the Yangtze River, the northern margins of the northern subtropical zone, (Jiang and Zhang 1998). Baligang has been under excavation by Peking University in collabora- tion with Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics since 1991. There are 4-5 m of cultural deposits with evidence for both Yangshao and Qujialing, which is contemporaneous to Late Yangshao in the Yellow River Valley (6000-4800 BP) and the sampling context is either homogenous layers with ash " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224948/figure-2-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224953/figure-3-separated-where-possible-into-leaf-culm-node-husk"><img alt="separated where possible, into leaf, culm, node, husk, inflo- rescence, floret, awn, rachis, glume, panicle, involucres. Or- ganic material was burned off in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 3 h. Once ashed, the reference samples were mounted on slides in Entellen. cells are rarely good indicators of genera or species. There is often discrepancy in shape and size of morphotypes even within a plant and certainly across species and genera. The same morphotypes can appear across genera, sub family and more. One method is to confine the analysis to multicelled forms. Lu et al. (2009) provide a thorough key for distinguishing between modern foxtail and broomcorn millets using spodograms so the silica bodies can be seen in their anatomically correct positions. Zhang et al. (2011) use the same method to describe differences between foxtail millet and its ancestor and crop weed, green foxtail, S. viridis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224957/figure-4-to-determine-whether-it-is-possible-to"><img alt="To determine whether it is possible to differentiate between P miliaceum, S. italica and associated weedy phytoliths, " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224962/figure-5-we-compare-the-species-composition-based-on"><img alt="We compare the species composition based on phytoliths to that of charred seed remains in Yangshao sites in the Yiluo River basin in the north and Baligang site in the Yangtze River basin (Figs. 13 and 14). Except for Huizui, all the charred remains were recovered from one or two pits in each Yangshao site in the Yiluo valley where the results were published in Lee et al. (2007, p. 1089). Among the flotation samples collected at Huizui during the 2005 field season, 32 flotation samples of 132 1 were targeted here. They were mostly extracted from floor fills (56 %), and the remaining reference slides from the seed coats of all plants listed were prepared and several distinguishing criteria identi- fied (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10). When looking for identification criteria for S. italica and P miliaceum, specific questions about the morphology were raised. The dendritic cells from the husk were examined first to identify whether they were regular or irregular, flat, sinuate or tuberculate, the ratios of length to width of the lobes, the proportions of the space in the centre, and the specific shape of individual long cells. Next, the lobes were focussed on to see if they occurred only along the sides or all the way round the cell and whether they were the same length all the way round or shorter at the ends. When the slides were counted silica skeletons with five or more criteria were identified to Panicum or Setaria husk. If they exhibited general characteristics but fewer than five of the criteria, they were labelled as Millets 1 and 2, which resemble foxtail and broomcorn, respec- tively, although, as we show, they are not in fact neces- sarily either of these species (Figs. 11 and 12). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224966/figure-6-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="Archaeological samples " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224969/figure-7-and-gao-all-samples-were-recovered-from-pits-show"><img alt="and Gao 2012). All samples were recovered from pits, show- ing overall dominance of foxtail over broomcorn millet. According to the macro remains analysis, the primary crop taxon in the study area during the Yangshao was foxtail millet with a much smaller secondary crop of broomcorn. Foxtail millet dominates the charred seed remains in the Yangshao sites examined in the Yiluo (Lee et al. 2007). Some foxtail taxon in the study area during the Yangshao was foxtail millet " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224971/figure-8-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224975/figure-15-dominates-husk-phytoliths-in-all-sites-opposite-to"><img alt="dominates husk phytoliths in all sites, opposite to the charred seed compositions (Fig. 15). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224977/figure-10-this-study-provides-two-new-critical-conclusions"><img alt="This study provides two new critical conclusions. Firstly, phytolith and macro remains complement each other and " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224980/figure-12-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="Fig. 12 Paspalum conjugatum " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224983/figure-13-species-composition-based-on-charred-seed-remains"><img alt="Fig. 13 Species composition based on charred seed remains in Yangshao sites in the Yiluo River basin in the north and Baligang site in the Yangtze River basin Fig. 11. Echinochloa crus-galli " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224986/figure-13-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224987/figure-14-analyses-of-both-proxies-are-enhanced-by"><img alt="analyses of both proxies are enhanced by comparison. The second is the importance of developing and using a number of specific markers when identifying phytoliths rather than just one or two. While Lu et al. (2009) provide a very clear key to the differences between broomcorn and foxtail millet crops can pose a particular challenge because phytolith morphotypes from their relative weeds are often very similar to those from the crops. As mentioned earlier, there have been several approaches to this problem. Madella et al. (2013) highlight the potential of focussing on identifying phytoliths from less studied millet species including arable weeds. A good example is the work of Zhang et al. (2011)on phytoliths from foxtail and green foxtail millet where he pinpoints five key markers to distinguish one from the other. aN n~ 4 . an " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224989/figure-17-average-yangshao-millet-millet-husk-combined"><img alt="Fig. 17 Average % Yangshao Millet 1 v Millet 2 husk Combined datasets illustrate a possibility of dominance of foxtail over broomcorn in the Yiluo basin during the Yangshao, but not by far, contrasting to the analysis relied on only macro remains or phytolith analysis with less scrutiny. Using ratios from both macro- and micro-datasets plant assemblages will enable our understanding of diverse agricultural choices in different parts of Henan during the Yangshao period. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224990/figure-15-average-percentage-of-yangshao-setaria-and-panicum"><img alt="Fig. 15 Average percentage of Yangshao Setaria and Panicum husk using five or more identification criteria " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224991/figure-16-average-millet-millet-husk"><img alt="Fig. 16 Average % Millet 1 v Millet 2 husk " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224992/table-1-chronology-of-the-region-morphotypes-these-criteria"><img alt="Table 1 Chronology of the region morphotypes. These criteria were used to analyse crop/weed ratios from archaeological samples from the three Middle Neolithic Yangshao sites (6900-5000 BP) in Henan, North Central China, Xipo, Huizui, and Baligang. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224993/table-3-the-yangshao-to-the-erlitou-period-liu-et-al-twenty"><img alt="the Yangshao to the Erlitou period (Liu et al. 2005). Twenty- eight samples for this study were taken from ash layers, large pits with clearly laminated layers, and floors with laminated layers of occupation debris (Tables 4 and 5). middens or a long section of laminated layers, yielding 17 samples (Table 3). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224994/table-3-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224995/table-4-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224996/table-6-plants-used-in-reference-material-all-the-slides"><img alt="Table 6 Plants used in reference material. 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Phytoliths and macro remains have been used to understand crop choices in this period. Distinguishing between phytoliths from millet crops and panicoid non cultigens can be challenging. We examine the effect of using only one or two identification criteria compared with a more stringent five or more with phytoliths from archaeological samples to examine crop ratios. We compare our results with the results from the macro remains. 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Pediliaceae: Origins and development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller">Dorian Q Fuller</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-15014598-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15014598-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/26023159/table-2-sesame-sesamum-indicum-syn-orientale-pediliaceae"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635604/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/26023130/table-1-sesame-sesamum-indicum-syn-orientale-pediliaceae"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635604/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15014598-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3af2bb5c22e2efda8a1f51b295789d1f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38635604,"asset_id":15014598,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38635604/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="15014598"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15014598"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15014598; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15014598]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15014598]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15014598; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='15014598']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3af2bb5c22e2efda8a1f51b295789d1f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=15014598]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":15014598,"title":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L. [syn. S. orientale L.) Pediliaceae: Origins and development","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a significant oilseed crop with ancient origins rooted in Africa and India. This paper delves into the historical development and genetic diversity of sesame, exploring its domestication process, cultivation practices, and the challenges faced in modern agricultural settings. Insights into the agronomic potential and breeding strategies are also discussed, highlighting the importance of sesame in global food security.","ai_title_tag":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum): Origins \u0026 Development"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15014598/Sesame_Sesamum_indicum_L_syn_S_orientale_L_Pediliaceae_Origins_and_development","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-08-18T10:49:21.370-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":4788360,"work_id":15014598,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":-1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L. [syn. S. orientale L.) 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-15014598-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17465994"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/17465994/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39524720/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/17465994/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_">From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller">Dorian Q Fuller</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://pku.academia.edu/dengzh">Zhenhua Deng</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long ar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.<br />It provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable<br />remains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated<br />in on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated<br />rice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In<br />later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)<br />and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland<br />weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence<br />from the north.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c72e70aa113630c5168c3853b93f2c6b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39524720,"asset_id":17465994,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39524720/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17465994"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17465994"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17465994; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17465994]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17465994]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17465994; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17465994']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c72e70aa113630c5168c3853b93f2c6b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17465994]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17465994,"title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.\nIt provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable\nremains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated\nin on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated\nrice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In\nlater periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)\nand wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland\nweeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence\nfrom the north."},"translated_abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.\nIt provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable\nremains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated\nin on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated\nrice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In\nlater periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)\nand wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland\nweeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence\nfrom the north.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17465994/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-29T06:52:49.047-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28295,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":8230063,"work_id":17465994,"tagging_user_id":28295,"tagged_user_id":3182021,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"q***g@pku.edu.cn","display_order":0,"name":"Ling Qin","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)"},{"id":8230064,"work_id":17465994,"tagging_user_id":28295,"tagged_user_id":10402158,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***6@gmail.com","affiliation":"Peking University","display_order":4194304,"name":"Zhenhua Deng","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)"},{"id":8230065,"work_id":17465994,"tagging_user_id":28295,"tagged_user_id":220843,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***f@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":6291456,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39524720,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39524720/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39524720/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39524720/RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains-libre.pdf?1446126626=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743457643\u0026Signature=Lvv3UHywhcEqWnGytmKw2BFIPiZjkPcmV740Ud~4kDz2m2-7jJg8B2-M09fCm47D4H9MY-G9i~BcwZ7AyoruiUM9plLY7oKh~uke1JzsJgqEHUjORLhFdLGFVcGAzvgQERrZooMXz764sMA0s-X~gRsYt-mq6Hi1bPzG5SfBdwxv3Que22TstVNlQgvArZXjD0acPPLryRTxmwa74l6JHsEXM~u1GjAL~harYEJncxovEdugLM5NkphuJSRAR8o3WM28jxF9UgmSu7x60m5cPYWpONrURyzazNQk37eK90TNG6kWOwEYOs5eadbZ~1GIM3pMB~tCaGi3r4GUdbIdiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.\nIt provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable\nremains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated\nin on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated\nrice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In\nlater periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)\nand wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland\nweeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence\nfrom the north.","owner":{"id":28295,"first_name":"Dorian","middle_initials":"Q","last_name":"Fuller","page_name":"DorianFuller","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2009-01-24T19:25:39.683-08:00","display_name":"Dorian Q Fuller","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller"},"attachments":[{"id":39524720,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39524720/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39524720/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39524720/RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains-libre.pdf?1446126626=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743457643\u0026Signature=Lvv3UHywhcEqWnGytmKw2BFIPiZjkPcmV740Ud~4kDz2m2-7jJg8B2-M09fCm47D4H9MY-G9i~BcwZ7AyoruiUM9plLY7oKh~uke1JzsJgqEHUjORLhFdLGFVcGAzvgQERrZooMXz764sMA0s-X~gRsYt-mq6Hi1bPzG5SfBdwxv3Que22TstVNlQgvArZXjD0acPPLryRTxmwa74l6JHsEXM~u1GjAL~harYEJncxovEdugLM5NkphuJSRAR8o3WM28jxF9UgmSu7x60m5cPYWpONrURyzazNQk37eK90TNG6kWOwEYOs5eadbZ~1GIM3pMB~tCaGi3r4GUdbIdiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":16743,"name":"Plant domestication (Prehistoric Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_domestication_Prehistoric_Archaeology_"},{"id":24516,"name":"Chinese archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_archaeology"},{"id":87401,"name":"Rice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rice"},{"id":142522,"name":"Domestication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestication"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-14902104-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="24322" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32903584"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32903584/The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53041827/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32903584/The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context">The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/PhilipPiper">Philip Piper</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. This suggests that, following initial settlement by agricultural populations who predominantly owed their origins to more northerly regions within East Asia, there was relatively rapid cultural and social diversification within the southern Vietnamese region.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-32903584-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-32903584-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257502/figure-2-map-of-the-loc-giang-site-showing-the-locations-of"><img alt="Fig. 2. A map of the Loc Giang site showing the locations of 1978, 2007 and 2014 excavations, the profiles studied during 2010 and 2014 and the approximate area of remaining Neolithic archaeological deposits (light grey; Illustration by Dang Ngoc Kinh and P.J. Piper). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257485/figure-1-the-geographic-location-of-archaeological-sites"><img alt="Fig. 1. The geographic location of archaeological sites across SEA mentioned in the text (Illustration by P.J. Piper). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257520/figure-4-one-of-the-excavated-surfaces-in-the-loc-giang"><img alt="Fig. 4. One of the excavated surfaces in the Loc Giang Phase 2 and associated postholes: F.131, F.132 and F.145 in Fig. 3a (Photograph by P.J. Piper). Fig. 3. a: The north wall (south-facing profile) of Trench 1 illustrating the different cultural layers and deposits identified during excavation. Also illustrated are the calibratec radiocarbon dates for the various dated deposits, the site phasing, monolith samples (research ongoing; black rectangles) and location of the phytolith samples (circles). Contexts ar recorded as *00 numbers and features and surfaces were recorded as F.*** numbers (Illustration by P.J. Piper).b: An illustration of the north wall (south-facing profile) of Trench 1 showing the various deposits and features encountered during excavation (Illustration by P.J. Piper). Print in colour. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257536/figure-4-the-neolithic-settlement-of-loc-giang-on-the-vam-co"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257550/figure-5-the-neolithic-settlement-of-loc-giang-on-the-vam-co"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257562/figure-6-bayesian-age-model-for-loc-giang-the-model-was"><img alt="Fig. 6. Bayesian age model for Loc Giang. The model was produced in OxCal v.4.2 [1] using the IntCal13 calibration curve [2] and assuming each date had a 5% prior probability of being an outlier within the General t-type Outlier Model [3]. Where one charcoal fragment or single shell was dated twice, the weighted average of the conventional age has been calibrated using the function R_Combine. The modelled outlier probability is shown in square brackets after each date in the form [O: posterior/prior]. Calibrated dates are shown in pale grey and modelled dates in dark grey. The modelled 68.2% and 95.4% probability ranges are indicated by the bars beneath each probability distribution (Illustration by Rachel Wood). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257572/figure-7-bayesian-age-model-for-the-excavations-at-an-son"><img alt="Fig. 7. Bayesian age model for the 1997 excavations at An Son. See Fig. 6 for details. Radiocarbon dates and stratigraphy are from [4] (Illustration by Rachel Wood). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257579/figure-8-pottery-from-lgi-pre-construction-midden-dating"><img alt="Fig. 8. Pottery from 14LGi H1 C.113 (pre-construction midden), dating between c. 1900 and 1700 cal. B.C.; a, b, c, d, e. Sand-tempered independent restricted vessels with everted rims; f. Sand-tempered unrestricted dish (possibly on a pedestal); g, h, i. Sand-tempered wavy-rimmed open bowl (Illustration by Dang Ngoc Kinh). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257588/figure-9-pottery-from-lgi-and-phase-midden-dating-from-cal"><img alt="Fig. 9. Pottery from 14LGi H1 C.112, F.143, F.145, and F.153 (Phase 1 midden), dating from c.1700-1500 cal. BCE; a, b, c, d, e. Fibre-tempered independent restricted vessels wit everted rims; f, g. Fibre-tempered unrestricted dishes (possibly on pedestals); h, i, j. Sand-tempered independent restricted vessels with everted rims (Illustration by Dang Ngoc Kinh There appears to be no taphonomic reason for any differential destruction of rice phytoliths in the Loc Giang sediments that might have distorted the outcomes of the analysis. Thus, the differences in rice abundances between An Son and Loc Giang could reflect the locations of the samples taken from at the two sites. They were collected from cooking and dumping areas at An Son, but from presumably covered Loc Giang did produce evidence for the utilization of a variety of other plants with economic uses. For instance, the volcaniform phyto- liths of banana leaves were relatively common. Banana leaves can be used for a variety of purposes, including wrapping food for cooking and carrying, plates and bowls and decoration. They are waterproof and flexible so can also be used for fencing and thatch. Bananas themselves are a common food staple throughout the Southeast Asian region (Castillo and Fuller, 2015). Commelinaceae (dayflower family) are weedy and/or ornamental plants common in disturbed, moist environ- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257595/figure-10-an-example-of-the-early-style-wavy-or-pie-crust"><img alt="Fig. 10. An example of the early style wavy or ‘pie crust’ rimmed and round-based pottery from Loc Giang and An Son (Illustration by Tran Thi Kim Quy). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257601/figure-11-comparison-of-the-radiocarbon-dates-on-tooth"><img alt="Fig. 11. A comparison of the radiocarbon dates on tooth enamel from burials at An Son [5] with the start and end Boundaries of contexts containing wavy-rim ceramics at An Son and Loc Giang. Radiocarbon dates shown in blue contain the serrated rim type, and those in red the wavy-rim type. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)Note that Cultural Phase 3 at An Son continues beyond the final dated context, and that the final Boundary for Cultural Phase 3 is a maximum estimate of this event. In general, dates on burials containing wavy-rim type ceramics are younger than contexts containing these ceramic types dated by charcoal and shell, probably because of the diagenesis of tooth enamel (Illustration by Rachel Wood). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257608/figure-12-an-example-of-the-motif-pottery-from-loc-giang"><img alt="Fig. 12. An example of the ‘S’ motif pottery from Loc Giang. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257612/table-1-the-uncalibrated-radiocarbon-dates-from-loc-giang"><img alt="The uncalibrated radiocarbon dates from Loc Giang 2014 excavations listed in stratigraphic and chronological order. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257618/figure-6-bayesian-age-model-for-loc-giang-details-are-given"><img alt="Bayesian age model for Loc Giang. Details are given in Fig. 6. Convergence should be above 95%. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257625/figure-6-bayesian-age-model-for-the-excavations-at-an-son"><img alt="Bayesian age model for the 1997 excavations at An Son. Details are given in Fig. 6. Convergence should be above 95%. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257631/figure-6-details-are-given-in-convergence-should-be-above"><img alt="Details are given in Fig. 6. Convergence should be above 95%. Bayesian age model for the burials excavated at An Son in 2004-2009. Table 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49257638/table-5-the-neolithic-settlement-of-loc-giang-on-the-vam-co"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53041827/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-32903584-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="040b46269331fbb16ab72e315d373a96" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53041827,"asset_id":32903584,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53041827/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32903584"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32903584"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32903584; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32903584]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32903584]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32903584; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32903584']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "040b46269331fbb16ab72e315d373a96" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32903584]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32903584,"title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. This suggests that, following initial settlement by agricultural populations who predominantly owed their origins to more northerly regions within East Asia, there was relatively rapid cultural and social diversification within the southern Vietnamese region.","ai_title_tag":"Neolithic Settlement at Loc Giang, Vietnam"},"translated_abstract":"A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. This suggests that, following initial settlement by agricultural populations who predominantly owed their origins to more northerly regions within East Asia, there was relatively rapid cultural and social diversification within the southern Vietnamese region.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32903584/The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-05-08T04:41:04.173-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":28828890,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":5720670,"email":"a***f@googlemail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"},{"id":28828891,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":32753351,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@anu.edu.au","affiliation":"The Australian National University","display_order":2,"name":"Philip Piper","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"},{"id":28828892,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":3208380,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"c***7@yahoo.com","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":3,"name":"Cristina Castillo","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"},{"id":28828893,"work_id":32903584,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":27865234,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***d@anu.edu.au","display_order":4,"name":"Peter Bellwood","title":"The Neolithic settlement of Loc Giang on the Vam Co Dong River, southern Vietnam and its broader regional context"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53041827,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53041827/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Piper_et_al._2017_Loc_Giang_and_the_Neolithic_of_southern_Vietnam_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53041827/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/53041827/Piper_et_al._2017_Loc_Giang_and_the_Neolithic_of_southern_Vietnam_1-libre.pdf?1494243958=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=YAip5fO8PenYvp7N5pOYS0hSakAdG-2WJ-5Mg1IWhq7GAU3dLZSCwCA4uDUeO~T4LWzCokgo2Neva25iRl6CqaIphB0wi1v7KUnr13YnkAQqc7ppM88Vs~J0LDqWIzeP8vak-oKK8lHwlJHwSkRrft0H~9YCMy78EgKGbFD66jaCdG1ggyNsGQzN0Ztzy9Xuas7e5jDPtr0318tOUWYGOafUsFOksEvCilJvaq~G85CqvhlgrioLdRjqVl3L0pRPGC4tuqabgAl5-iXol8fiAsEse7YD--mw3oUvY-V3qHwiuHdffKYBqXVQU~zM3NQI5Oo2hVXIDsKh~WEUDMPCrg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Neolithic_settlement_of_Loc_Giang_on_the_Vam_Co_Dong_River_southern_Vietnam_and_its_broader_regional_context","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A B S T R A C T Loc Giang is an early Neolithic settlement located on the east bank of the Vam Co Dong River in Long An Province, southern Vietnam. Archaeological excavations at the site have identified sequences of midden deposit, floor surfaces, postholes and hearths, suggesting that the settlement consisted of ground-built dwellings. Throughout the life of the settlement several phases of reconstruction and expansion could be discerned. A comprehensive radiometric-dating program indicates that the initial phases of activity within the excavated area started around 2000 cal. BCE and Neolithic activity continued until c. 1300 cal. BCE or slightly later. Comparisons with An Son, another mounded Neolithic settlement just 700 m to the east of Loc Giang, demonstrate that the two sites overlapped chronologically and were both constructed in similar ways. The new chronology from Loc Giang tightly brackets characteristic pottery types within the different phases of construction and has aided in refining the burial chronology at An Son. The material culture from Loc Giang and An Son is identical, specific to the Vam Co Dong River settlements, and distinctive from that recorded in sites on the Dong Nai Plain and along the coast. 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Anthony, D. Brown, E. Brown, A. Goodman, A. Kokhlov, P. l<osintsev, P. Kuznetsov, 0...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By David W. Anthony, D. Brown, E. Brown, A. Goodman, A. Kokhlov, P. l<osintsev, P.  Kuznetsov, 0.  Mochalov, E. Murphy, D. Peterson, A. Pike-Tay, L. Popova, A. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-32073424-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30765910"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30765910/Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51202823/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30765910/Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia">Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9fabd378c64a39b643e5b244f8e3174c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51202823,"asset_id":30765910,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51202823/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30765910"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30765910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30765910; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30765910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30765910]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30765910; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30765910']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9fabd378c64a39b643e5b244f8e3174c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30765910]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30765910,"title":"Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":51202823},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30765910/Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-01-05T05:58:07.464-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":26944426,"work_id":30765910,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51202823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51202823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51202823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51202823/Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA-libre.pdf?1483625426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=BqNUAmT~39Gu6T1NHvKvHNJnQwoKMA7SaTbA6BVk4iBc0ClOb~d74gEK9lTMRRG1wlmN8NLEXoq~JoK0SqAZaSlzM1~l3ugckr2V0quwb5PHoItEgfub-PuTjP0XPQa~Qb3MXqU93nxDb7IBLxM-LZPVglc0KuvFAkf3hZD86MRdW9pV~ATZyIuwe~B9iRk41HUiPvO-n1lVys0UBIxtTv~9EPYcRfPb8oaAHgvdJji8oZ4YV-LJt1QNKVi9TvrR5U1CVTmUQ32qcgr6jdlT08e3AbCyw3jnaokhZg81k4B0XyKbbTs8COoOGiY1SfG3BBNtjZxsJ5oKM6Q6yZTtYg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across_Asia","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":51202823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51202823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51202823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Pathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51202823/Rice_Pathways_to_DiversificationA-libre.pdf?1483625426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPathways_of_Rice_Diversification_across.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=BqNUAmT~39Gu6T1NHvKvHNJnQwoKMA7SaTbA6BVk4iBc0ClOb~d74gEK9lTMRRG1wlmN8NLEXoq~JoK0SqAZaSlzM1~l3ugckr2V0quwb5PHoItEgfub-PuTjP0XPQa~Qb3MXqU93nxDb7IBLxM-LZPVglc0KuvFAkf3hZD86MRdW9pV~ATZyIuwe~B9iRk41HUiPvO-n1lVys0UBIxtTv~9EPYcRfPb8oaAHgvdJji8oZ4YV-LJt1QNKVi9TvrR5U1CVTmUQ32qcgr6jdlT08e3AbCyw3jnaokhZg81k4B0XyKbbTs8COoOGiY1SfG3BBNtjZxsJ5oKM6Q6yZTtYg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-30765910-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30201396"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30201396/Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeological phytoliths" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50659902/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30201396/Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths">Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeological phytoliths</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material expl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. This information is used in turn, to understand archaeobotanical results from Rach Nui, a Neolithic settled non-agricultural site in Vietnam, and Non Ban Jak, an Iron Age site with a rice farming economy in Northeast Thailand.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-30201396-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-30201396-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479091/figure-1-map-of-south-east-asia-showing-modern-and"><img alt="Fig. 1. Map of South East Asia showing modern and archaeological sites (base map by Dorian Fuller). Red stars = Modern villages, Blue stars = Archaeological sites.(For inte pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Between 159 and 324 single cells but usually around 250, and The suspension was poured off and this was repeated twice " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479107/figure-2-tung-dap-is-small-village-on-kho-pra-thong-island"><img alt="Tung Dap is a small village on Kho Pra Thong Island in the Andaman Sea off the west coast of Thailand. The island is flat with large mangrove swamps, beaches with coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) and broad inland savannahs (Srichai and Suwanprasitm, 2012). Fig. 2. Tung Dap: different uses of each plant family and how often used. The people living there identify themselves as Moklen or Chao Lay, Sea Gypsies who have become sedentary. Up until relatively recently, two generations ago according to the villagers, they spent most of the year on their boats subsisting on marine foraging in the dry season and during the monsoon season seeking temporary shelter on islands relying on gathering and trading for subsistence (Arunotai, 2006). In the past some groups settled long enough to plant rice and vegetables. Currently the vast majority of Moklen people in Thailand are sedentary, living permanently in villages, commonly on islands and in coastal areas. Their traditional knowledge of economic plants influences what they gather and when. Many older people have a specialised knowledge of woods for boat building. Their ani- mal protein comes from fish, snails, shellfish, sandworms, and in- sects as well as chickens. While there is some hunting on the island for wild boar or macaques, the people in Tung Dap and their neighbours reported that they prefer fishing. Despite having an economy based on the sea, the people exploit a large number of wild and garden cultivated plants. According to a survey made by Aroon (2000) there are 159 species (57 genera) of wild plant exploited in the Mergui Archipelago, including 83 species that are used for food. The villagers’ cash income is mostly derived from jelly fish which is processed nearby on the mainland and sold to China. Most meals consist of rice, which is purchased on the mainland, a mixture of gathered leaves, vegetables from the garden and occasionally some brought over from the mainland and some seafood; fish, squid, shellfish. sandworms. or chicken. The maioritv of meals contain " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479122/figure-3-ban-na-different-uses-of-each-plant-family-and-how"><img alt="Fig. 3. Ban Na: different uses of each plant family and how often used. Snails, frogs, fish, ducks and chickens are all typical foods. The Ban Huai Hee is a White Karen Village in the mountains near Mae Hon Song, close to the Burmese border. The Karen, the largest ethnic group of the hill tribes in North West Thailand, live in small villages of around 25 houses preferably in a valley near a water source, practicing rice agriculture; many are swidden farmers (Anderson, 1993). The traditional Karen diet consists primarily of rice, chilli paste and boiled or raw edible greens, gathered greens and garden staples. According to Johnson and Grivetti (2002) there are around 100—200 wild species of economic plants used by the " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479136/figure-4-ban-huai-hee-different-uses-of-each-plant-family"><img alt="Fig. 4. Ban Huai Hee: different uses of each plant family and how often used. The site of Rach Nui (N10°32’50”/E106°39'55”), Long An prov- ince, southern Vietnam, dated between 3390 and 3850 cal BP (Oxenham et al., 2015) is situated near the confluence of three rivers, the Vam Co Dong, Vam Co Tay, and Dong Nai, effectively an island among tidal rivers and streams in an environment of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Tunb.) and tidal mangrove (Oxenham et al., 2015). Ban Thung Lakon is a large traditional Thai village in the hills north of Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai province. The people farm wet rice for their own consumption and cultivate bamboo for weaving baskets. Gardens, where a wide range of fruit and vegetables are cultivated, surround the individual houses but neighbours are welcome to take what they need. Two community forests grow on " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479155/figure-5-ban-thung-lakon-different-uses-of-each-plant-family"><img alt="Fig. 5. Ban Thung Lakon: different uses of each plant family and how often used. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479175/figure-6-lease-cite-this-article-in-press-as-weisskopf"><img alt="lease cite this article in press as: Weisskopf, A., Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeol« hhytoliths, Quaternary International (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.028 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479196/figure-7-archaeological-phytoliths-from-non-ban-jak-and-rach"><img alt="Fig. 7. Archaeological Phytoliths from Non Ban Jak, A, B, C, and Rach Nui; D, E, F. A: Oryza leaf; B: Cyperaceae; C: dicotyledon leaf, D: Sponge spicule and cf. Musa; E: Arecaeceae; F: Oryza husk. The scale bar in each case is 50 pL. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479213/figure-9-invisible-plants-plants-used-versus-those-which"><img alt="Fig. 9. Invisible plants, plants used versus those which produce identifiable phytoliths. Fig. 8. Disposal, Clockwise: Dog eating coconut at Tung Dap, Pig eating rice bran at Ban Huai Hee, Compost soup at Ban Na, Chickens eating scraps at Tung Dap. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479230/figure-9-elusive-wild-foods-in-south-east-asian-subsistence"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479247/table-1-plant-use-record-after-anderson"><img alt="Plant use record, after Anderson, 1993. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479268/table-2-elusive-wild-foods-in-south-east-asian-subsistence"><img alt="Phytolith samples. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/50659902/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48479287/table-2-continued-been-collected-over-several-field-seasons"><img alt="Table 2 (continued ) been collected over several field seasons from Rach Nui (n = 16) and Non Ban Jak (n = 13). 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Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. This information is used in turn, to understand archaeobotanical results from Rach Nui, a Neolithic settled non-agricultural site in Vietnam, and Non Ban Jak, an Iron Age site with a rice farming economy in Northeast Thailand."},"translated_abstract":"A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. This information is used in turn, to understand archaeobotanical results from Rach Nui, a Neolithic settled non-agricultural site in Vietnam, and Non Ban Jak, an Iron Age site with a rice farming economy in Northeast Thailand.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30201396/Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-12-01T07:55:17.093-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":26326512,"work_id":30201396,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":5720670,"email":"a***f@googlemail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"Elusive wild foods in South East Asian subsistence: Modern ethnography and archaeological phytoliths"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50659902,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50659902/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"QI_Elusive_Foods.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50659902/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50659902/QI_Elusive_Foods-libre.pdf?1480608114=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DElusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=c7MoG2dSSuw4qSkbAzFpI9ZCxVARCWA3-2llftTeB5ZKj7EkgfYAGZRhZ4LGEWofsp6itYUoDXLuU-2ryMZbJFUlAO62aLulRsy0znHMQ3JTYkgx-qK23EF2To0CayMvdoW~OmWx~CpxkQ~EDFHUkRDE6O7wg3VZem5GW4bvB5d2exTzLbA9GYOTUui35Hj05~scEM7tTTc-qRnOEvRW2sBz-Wv5Hta5o-NiAXovIo~9tUhJ0IewptImeoghRjpDaX47ueOfAn~Czghcg-rPo~iEaLE4Kty5d4vkDH8bqDeOoCQ4iktlddbph3CAGVuWUIslAtpJy1INghLSQ3mvHg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Elusive_wild_foods_in_South_East_Asian_subsistence_Modern_ethnography_and_archaeological_phytoliths","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people utilized and disposed of their local plant resources and this can feed back into interpretations of archaeological evidence. Here ethnobotanic data from different regions of Thailand are employed to better understand the exploitation of gathered and garden economic plants in the context of traditional village systems where there is often a blurred line between the wild and the domestic and no clear division between the garden and the forest. 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Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. The region experienced social and climate change throughout this time and this is reflected in the results.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a058e302f1953b01613692416921d5b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50305808,"asset_id":29833729,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50305808/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="29833729"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29833729"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29833729; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29833729]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29833729]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29833729; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='29833729']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a058e302f1953b01613692416921d5b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=29833729]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":29833729,"title":"A wet and dry story: distinguishing rice and millet arable systems using phytoliths","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Changing rice and millet arable systems were closely linked to social and environmental changes in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Central China. Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. The region experienced social and climate change throughout this time and this is reflected in the results.","ai_title_tag":"Distinguishing Rice and Millet Farming via Phytoliths"},"translated_abstract":"Changing rice and millet arable systems were closely linked to social and environmental changes in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Central China. Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. The region experienced social and climate change throughout this time and this is reflected in the results.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29833729/A_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice_and_millet_arable_systems_using_phytoliths","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-11-14T10:05:14.661-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":25883508,"work_id":29833729,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":220843,"co_author_invite_id":5720670,"email":"a***f@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":1,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"A wet and dry story: distinguishing rice and millet arable systems using phytoliths"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50305808,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50305808/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Wet_and_Dry_Story.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50305808/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50305808/A_Wet_and_Dry_Story-libre.pdf?1479146846=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607438\u0026Signature=gblsdV~XT2FImcy75YocOyS5Zi1wg1V~quHaCJItDve0IzOa33uVS3kJNUtjDXHw6GYHZvGw6rFyyfhrVkT47KYPFcgWUponhQgB~PQ3tgBoov72wJPIo8HPV5XRwQwS9pvv7v2aODbLB-XSt-ez2H6RYpLhp77UtumVKDvUHesaLIvn4-dQRbSDbtHEFjBO0Tgwj8FqdU3KaczJ0VmB8IEa~cm0VqK6ygb1q63N9cAfN1tvc~k8lmjsO8M2cBzJfPwoBL1hkIP25wods7bVS~LRgpKwyG6KYQNawq29W4vuWYG110vrSiQM8NXmcoRa176w5P6Eekr3bAt2W9SlWw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_wet_and_dry_story_distinguishing_rice_and_millet_arable_systems_using_phytoliths","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Changing rice and millet arable systems were closely linked to social and environmental changes in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Central China. Two methods are used here to distinguish between rainfed millet farming and rice farming, using phytoliths from crop weeds found in ash middens and mixed cultural layer contexts. Samples were taken from three sites, Xipo and Huizui, in the Yellow River Valley in Henan, and Baligang which is situated towards the south of the province. The samples are from three cultural phases, Yangshao, Longshan and Erli-tou. The phytoliths used are from grass leaves, so are not identified to genera or species but rather grouped into ecological categories, and canonical correspondence analysis was applied. Next, the ratios were calculated of phy-tolith morphotypes from cells that are genetically predisposed to form phytoliths (fixed), compared to silica bodies from cells that will form silica bodies when there is sufficient water uptake (sensitive). The results show differentiation between millet and rice and differences in how wet the rice fields were. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-27701796-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18855157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18855157/Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40292207/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18855157/Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China">Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArleneRosen">Arlene Rosen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute<br />information on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct<br />connection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural<br />strategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming<br />communities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded<br />sediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we<br />identified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are<br />consistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang<br />Neolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later<br />middle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape<br />and phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild<br />rice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence<br />containing sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,<br />contained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data<br />indicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly<br />increasing social complexity</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1a4f6c122af1c28fe6750784e5d816e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40292207,"asset_id":18855157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40292207/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18855157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18855157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18855157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18855157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18855157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18855157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18855157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c1a4f6c122af1c28fe6750784e5d816e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18855157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18855157,"title":"Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute\ninformation on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct\nconnection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural\nstrategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming\ncommunities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded\nsediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we\nidentified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are\nconsistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang\nNeolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later\nmiddle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape\nand phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild\nrice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence\ncontaining sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,\ncontained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data\nindicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly\nincreasing social complexity"},"translated_abstract":"Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute\ninformation on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct\nconnection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural\nstrategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming\ncommunities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded\nsediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we\nidentified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are\nconsistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang\nNeolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later\nmiddle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape\nand phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild\nrice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence\ncontaining sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,\ncontained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data\nindicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly\nincreasing social complexity","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18855157/Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-11-23T04:29:28.369-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":10680683,"work_id":18855157,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":37819778,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***n@austin.utexas.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Arlene Rosen","title":"Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China"},{"id":10680684,"work_id":18855157,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":33425042,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"r***l@ucl.ac.uk","display_order":4194304,"name":"Richard Macphail","title":"Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40292207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40292207/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"QI_Alison.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40292207/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40292207/QI_Alison-libre.pdf?1448281731=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=cPTpR~WbM5tR7L01pE2FmUsyNtGalU5l-1n7Z6Iy3uDii0LOtr5ckOF9fOtKolBtMjydqh5nZMpbaTZyOitptOoVsPtR7PNbasF~Kzj9jI3iyjvMlkmAOpkcSFnLrSZV0mwSI6N58iets~3xbfqqJPqUZYTfHxzMjL1VwD1UISU3NfwP1MZD3cZIPTWroH~24K5wPrSui57gZb0kLMQAbwA8NYWVTmXR~v5SQqCjrE~YXSI4b~RYIaB~BeQDOCsAPYCFN8r~qAu~YYnGzAUmd2guMCEYm227Dh2cH5NiE1SAmgvOSO7pnm1b-KJwjEgaSipalWVSMuBrgaOmXbM17Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_intensification_and_the_earliest_rice_paddies_on_the_Loess_Plateau_of_northern_China","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Geoarchaeological studies of landscapes immediately adjacent to archaeological sites can contribute\ninformation on the direct impact of small-scale societies on their associated landscapes. This direct\nconnection allows us to understand aspects of the motivations, economic decision-making and agricultural\nstrategies and how they affected local site catchments. The origin and spreading of farming\ncommunities onto the Loess Plateau of northern China provides a good example of this. We recorded\nsediment profiles that were immediately adjacent to the site of Huizui in the Yiluo River Basin. Here we\nidentified evidence for human land-use beginning with the early Mid-Holocene deposits which are\nconsistent with stable hillslope soils, indicating that the first mixed forager-millet farmers of the Peiligang\nNeolithic had a very light ecological footprint on the landscape. This is in contrast to the later\nmiddle Neolithic Yangshao Period farmers. Sediments from the Yangshao Period revealed paleolandscape\nand phytolith evidence for the earliest Neolithic paddy farming well outside of the natural habitat of wild\nrice. In addition to evidence for massive deforestation and soil erosion, a 15 m deep sediment sequence\ncontaining sets of gravels (beginning ca. 7200 cal BP) and gleyed soils dating from ca. 6600 cal BP,\ncontained rice phytoliths, archaeological waste suggesting manuring, and micromorphological data\nindicating trampling. These signs of intensive landscape management go hand-in-hand with rapidly\nincreasing social complexity","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":40292207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40292207/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"QI_Alison.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40292207/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40292207/QI_Alison-libre.pdf?1448281731=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRising_social_complexity_agricultural_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=cPTpR~WbM5tR7L01pE2FmUsyNtGalU5l-1n7Z6Iy3uDii0LOtr5ckOF9fOtKolBtMjydqh5nZMpbaTZyOitptOoVsPtR7PNbasF~Kzj9jI3iyjvMlkmAOpkcSFnLrSZV0mwSI6N58iets~3xbfqqJPqUZYTfHxzMjL1VwD1UISU3NfwP1MZD3cZIPTWroH~24K5wPrSui57gZb0kLMQAbwA8NYWVTmXR~v5SQqCjrE~YXSI4b~RYIaB~BeQDOCsAPYCFN8r~qAu~YYnGzAUmd2guMCEYm227Dh2cH5NiE1SAmgvOSO7pnm1b-KJwjEgaSipalWVSMuBrgaOmXbM17Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture"},{"id":11418,"name":"Phytolith Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytolith_Analysis"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":60487,"name":"Quaternary environments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quaternary_environments"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-18855157-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="14301063"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301063/Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38914269/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301063/Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze">Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6 on both societies and their environments in 7 ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6 <br />on both societies and their environments in 7 <br />Asia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8 <br />on wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9 <br />with resulting morphological domestication 10 <br />and the development of intensive arable 11 <br />systems, but identifying these changes in the 12 <br />archaeological record has been a complex 13 <br />process. Phytolith assemblages from three 14 <br />Neolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15 <br />reveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16 <br />was on drainage to limit the amount of water 17 <br />and force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18 <br />in the later third millennium BC that the 19 <br />strategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20 <br />into use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21 <br />wetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22 <br />fields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f939341b8978da043512640f4feab596" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38914269,"asset_id":14301063,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38914269/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="14301063"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14301063"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14301063; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14301063]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14301063]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14301063; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='14301063']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f939341b8978da043512640f4feab596" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=14301063]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":14301063,"title":"Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6\r\non both societies and their environments in 7\r\nAsia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8\r\non wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9\r\nwith resulting morphological domestication 10\r\nand the development of intensive arable 11\r\nsystems, but identifying these changes in the 12\r\narchaeological record has been a complex 13\r\nprocess. Phytolith assemblages from three 14\r\nNeolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15\r\nreveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16\r\nwas on drainage to limit the amount of water 17\r\nand force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18\r\nin the later third millennium BC that the 19\r\nstrategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20\r\ninto use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21\r\nwetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22\r\nfields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.","journal_name":"Antiquity"},"translated_abstract":"The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6\r\non both societies and their environments in 7\r\nAsia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8\r\non wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9\r\nwith resulting morphological domestication 10\r\nand the development of intensive arable 11\r\nsystems, but identifying these changes in the 12\r\narchaeological record has been a complex 13\r\nprocess. Phytolith assemblages from three 14\r\nNeolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15\r\nreveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16\r\nwas on drainage to limit the amount of water 17\r\nand force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18\r\nin the later third millennium BC that the 19\r\nstrategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20\r\ninto use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21\r\nwetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22\r\nfields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14301063/Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-22T10:24:11.928-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":3654531,"work_id":14301063,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":-1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze"},{"id":7465491,"work_id":14301063,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":77606810,"co_author_invite_id":301721,"email":"b***g@gmail.com","display_order":4194303,"name":"Ling Qin","title":"Phytoliths and rice: from wet to dry and back again in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38914269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38914269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38914269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38914269/Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper-libre.pdf?1443438483=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=eOwGd7icgVYdiOYm2nZ9~2aSdhZqS8FU10nqBPIJdUc2tbFxXaKuMcJ4gLnZTerN5DXozyIEZuQqidfVpymJQQuMt73Bde4aeKao48hmAxJG-~034kzzol6jNbd4fvgtDg0qs6D65SxgvVDOw5xb~OlVMtvtd9VcUCDwFLNleETlZMSMwnRYphHAknaHlfjh~oVGZrjxzEzcgmDdzrAkKEukT4mch1IPWDImmBy-jUZARsWUN2yQfbry3fPT9vsl44hBCx-~wccNzZwoYd-PfHDjr6-F40RgZheIW0y9Rs4zuO1IcEX0EtPNQgVZ7jB6QBmgtUxSDAE9E3TmmjQCxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and_back_again_in_the_Neolithic_Lower_Yangtze","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"vi","content_type":"Work","summary":"The cultivation of rice has had a major impact 6\r\non both societies and their environments in 7\r\nAsia, and in China in particular. Dependence 8\r\non wild rice gave way to cultivation of rice, 9\r\nwith resulting morphological domestication 10\r\nand the development of intensive arable 11\r\nsystems, but identifying these changes in the 12\r\narchaeological record has been a complex 13\r\nprocess. Phytolith assemblages from three 14\r\nNeolithic sites in the Lower Yangtze valley 15\r\nreveal that in early rice fields the emphasis 16\r\nwas on drainage to limit the amount of water 17\r\nand force the rice to produce seed. It was only 18\r\nin the later third millennium BC that the 19\r\nstrategy changed and irrigated paddies came 20\r\ninto use. The results demonstrate that plant remains, including weed assemblages, can reveal 21\r\nwetter or drier growing conditions, showing changes in rice cultivation from flooded and drained 22\r\nfields to large, intensively irrigated paddies.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":38914269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38914269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38914269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38914269/Fortchcoming_early_rice_paper-libre.pdf?1443438483=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhytoliths_and_rice_from_wet_to_dry_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607439\u0026Signature=eOwGd7icgVYdiOYm2nZ9~2aSdhZqS8FU10nqBPIJdUc2tbFxXaKuMcJ4gLnZTerN5DXozyIEZuQqidfVpymJQQuMt73Bde4aeKao48hmAxJG-~034kzzol6jNbd4fvgtDg0qs6D65SxgvVDOw5xb~OlVMtvtd9VcUCDwFLNleETlZMSMwnRYphHAknaHlfjh~oVGZrjxzEzcgmDdzrAkKEukT4mch1IPWDImmBy-jUZARsWUN2yQfbry3fPT9vsl44hBCx-~wccNzZwoYd-PfHDjr6-F40RgZheIW0y9Rs4zuO1IcEX0EtPNQgVZ7jB6QBmgtUxSDAE9E3TmmjQCxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-14301063-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18582208"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18582208/The_interplay_of_millets_and_rice_in_Neolithic_central_China_Integrating_phytoliths_into_the_archaeobotany_of_Baligang"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40140659/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18582208/The_interplay_of_millets_and_rice_in_Neolithic_central_China_Integrating_phytoliths_into_the_archaeobotany_of_Baligang">The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://pku.academia.edu/dengzh">Zhenhua Deng</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Baligang is a Neolithic site with a long occupation, from before 6300 BC up to the first millenni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Baligang is a Neolithic site with a long occupation, from before 6300 BC up to the first millennium BC, although the bulk of excavated finds and archaeobotanical evidence from the site comes from the Yangshao, Qujialing, Shijiahe and Longshan (4300-1800 BC). The cultural group affiliation of the site varies between northern (Yangshao and Longshan) and southern (Qujialing and Shijiahe) cultural connections. The earliest occupation of the site represents a pre-Yangshao society with early cultivation of rice (Oryza). In later periods Baligang has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum), although rice is the most prominent crop in the phytolith record throughout the occupation. Wetland rice cultivation is indicated throughout the Yangshao, Qujialing, Shijiahe and Late Longshan periods. However, there is a shift towards better watered rice in the Qujialing and Shijiahe phytolith assemblages, indicated by a decline in sedges (Cyperaceae) alongside occurrence of sponge spicules and diatoms. These data suggest deeper flooding of rice fields in order to suppress weeds and increase productivity, indicating that the ecology of rice cultivation changed over time.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-18582208-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-18582208-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664662/figure-1-weisskopf-et-al-archaeological-research-in-asia-xxx"><img alt="A. Weisskopf et al. / Archaeological Research in Asia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Baligang and other sites mentioned in the text. B = Baligang, Q = Quiialing, S = Shijiahe and H = Huizui " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664663/figure-2-weisskopf-et-al-archaeological-research-in-asia-xxx"><img alt="A. Weisskopf et al. / Archaeological Research in Asia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx Fig. 2. Chronological phases of Baligang related to those of the Yellow River and the Middle Yangtze (after Deng et al., 2015), correlated with calibrated radiocarbon dates and modelled boundary phases based on a Bayesian sequence model of AMS dates from Baligang (produced with OxCal 3.10 and IntCal13 calibration curve). Raw radiocarbon data from Deng et al., 2015. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664664/figure-3-proportion-of-crops-from-macro-remains-in-different"><img alt="Fig. 3. Proportion of crops from macro-remains in different periods of Baligang site. A mixed agricultural system had been established by the Yangshao period, comprising rice, foxtail millet and common millet. While the phytolith data suggest rice is by far the most common cereal crop, in contrast, in the macro-remains, foxtail millet and common millet are found in equivalent proportions to rice in this phase. Except for one common millet from the same context as phytolith sample B19, no crop remains were found in three floated samples from the same con- texts as phytolith samples B18, B19 and B25. One possible reason for the low densities and proportions of phytoliths from all crops in this phase is that the dehusking stage of crop processing, especially millets, may have been conducted elsewhere. However, ethnographically dehusking often takes place close to where the grain is consumed and the bran is then fed to domestic animals (Nakai, 2008; personal obser- vations of A. Weisskopf in Thailand) so a more likely explanation is " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664665/figure-4-density-of-rice-compared-to-sedges-and-wild-grasses"><img alt="Fig. 4. Density of rice compared to sedges and wild grasses. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664666/figure-5-baligang-crop-husks-all-phases-crops-identified-by"><img alt="Baligang crop husks all Phases Fig. 5. Crops identified by husk phytoliths from all phases (PY = Pre Yangshao, EY = Early Yangshao, EZ = Eastern Zhou). Please cite this article as: Weisskopf, A., et al., The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into th archaeobotany of Baligang, Archaeological Research in Asia (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2015.10.002 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664667/figure-6-baligang-oryza-husk-and-leaves-py-pre-yangshao-ey"><img alt="Fig. 6. Baligang Oryza husk and leaves (PY = pre-Yangshao, EY = Early Yangshao, EZ = Eastern Zhou). A. Weisskopf et al. / Archaeological Research in Asia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664668/figure-7-baligang-cyperaceae-husk-diatoms-and-sponge"><img alt="Baligang Cyperaceae husk, diatoms and sponge spicules Fig. 7. Baligang Yangshao and Longshan Cyperaceae husks (cones), diatoms and sponge spicules (PY = pre-Yangshao, EY = Early Yangshao, EZ = Eastern Zhou, " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664669/figure-8-the-phytolith-wet-dry-index-based-on-the-proportion"><img alt="Fig. 8. The Phytolith Wet:Dry index based on the proportion of fixed and sensitive grass phytolith morphotypes (as defined by Weisskopf et al., 2015). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664670/figure-9-three-axis-scatter-plot-of-individual-samples-in"><img alt="Fig. 9. A three axis scatter plot of individual samples in terms of the relative proportions o! morphotypes relating to crop-processing. These represent the proportions of three catego- ries (others excluded), including rice husk phytoliths, other grass husks and Cyperaceae cone (taken to represent weeds), and grass/sedge leaf/culm phytoliths, plus dicot weeds and Commelianaceae (taken to represent straw/leaves from weeds). Morphotype catego- ries are indicated in Table 3. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664671/table-1-list-of-phytolith-samples-indicating-period-and"><img alt="List of phytolith samples indicating period and context type. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664672/table-2-summary-of-distribution-of-flotation-samples-by"><img alt="Summary of distribution of flotation samples by period and context type, with total counts of the main crops and categories represented by macro-remain: Table 2 Please cite this article as: Weisskopf, A., et al., The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into thi archaeobotany of Baligang, Archaeological Research in Asia (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2015.10.002 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664673/table-3-morphotypes-included-as-oryza-and-oryza-weeds-also"><img alt="Morphotypes included as Oryza and Oryza weeds. Table 3 also counted as rice weeds, as the cone phytolith morphotypes come from Cyperaceae nutlets. While sedges may have cultural uses (e.g. culms and leaves used as matting), the phytolith record primarily indi- cates inclusion of sedge fruiting bodies. Cyperaceae are a very common weed category in rice (Kittipong, 1983; Moody, 1989; 1992; Thompson, 1996; Table 32, Bhagat et al., 1996; Galinato et al., 1999; Weisskopf et al., 2014). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664674/table-4-please-cite-this-article-as-weisskopf-et-al-the"><img alt="Please cite this article as: Weisskopf, A., et al., The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into th archaeobotany of Baligang, Archaeological Research in Asia (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2015.10.002 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18664675/table-5-the-interplay-of-millets-and-rice-in-neolithic"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/40140659/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-18582208-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="070376d24b083e7078e4d191487dafcb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40140659,"asset_id":18582208,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40140659/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18582208"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18582208"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18582208; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18582208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18582208]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18582208; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18582208']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "070376d24b083e7078e4d191487dafcb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18582208]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18582208,"title":"The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Millets and Rice Dynamics at Neolithic Baligang","grobid_abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site with a long occupation, from before 6300 BC up to the first millennium BC, although the bulk of excavated finds and archaeobotanical evidence from the site comes from the Yangshao, Qujialing, Shijiahe and Longshan (4300-1800 BC). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-18582208-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="15326835"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/15326835/Phytoliths_as_a_tool_for_investigations_of_agricultural_origins_and_dispersals_around_the_world"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38635501/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/15326835/Phytoliths_as_a_tool_for_investigations_of_agricultural_origins_and_dispersals_around_the_world">Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LucVrydaghs">Luc Vrydaghs</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RuthDickau">Ruth Dickau</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://nmsu.academia.edu/ThomasHart">Thomas Hart</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://northwestern.academia.edu/AmandaLogan">Amanda Logan</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://gucas.academia.edu/JianpingZhang">Jianping Zhang</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://missouri.academia.edu/DeborahPearsall">Deborah Pearsall</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarolChandlerEzell">Karol Chandler-Ezell</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Agricultural origins and dispersals are subjects of fundamental importance to archaeology as well...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Agricultural origins and dispersals are subjects of fundamental importance to archaeology as well as many other scholarly disciplines. These investigations are world-wide in scope and require significant amounts of paleobotanical data attesting to the exploitation of wild progenitors of crop plants and subsequent domestication and spread. Accordingly, for the past few decades the development of methods for identifying the remains of wild and domesticated plant species has been a focus of paleoethnobotany. Phytolith analysis has increasingly taken its place as an important independent contributor of data in all areas of the globe, and the volume of literature on the subject is now both very substantial and disseminated in a range of international journals. In this paper, experts who have carried out the hands-on work review the utility and importance of phytolith analysis in documenting the domestication and dispersals of crop plants around the world. It will serve as an important resource both to paleoethnobotanists and other scholars interested in the development and spread of agriculture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-15326835-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15326835-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768340/figure-1-typical-cross-shaped-phytolith-three-dimensional"><img alt="Fig. 1. Typical cross-shaped phytolith three-dimensional structures from maize, teosinte, and non-Zea grasses. Maize produces high proportions of Variant 1 (mirror-image) cross- shapes while many wild grasses produce high proportions of other types unlike maize. Balsas teosinte, maize's wild progenitor, produces many Variant 2 cross-shapes in its leave: unlike maize. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768349/figure-3-the-various-kinds-of-non-rondel-phytoliths-found-in"><img alt="Fig. 3. The various kinds of non-rondel phytoliths found in teosinte fruitcases. Those diagnostic of teosinte are in the center (a, oblong, one-half decorated; b, elongated spiney; c, elongated with one wavy and one serrated edge). Phytoliths a—f occur in some non-Zea grasses, but they like the others are always produced in teosinte and can be used to rule out its presence if absent from samples. The phytoliths range in size from about 10 (phytolith f) to 35 4M in diameter (phytolith b). From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768355/figure-2-wavy-top-top-bottom-left-and-ruffle-top-rondels"><img alt="Fig. 2. Wavy-top (top, bottom left) and ruffle-top rondels (bottom, right) from maize. Ruffle-top rondels occur much more frequently in teosinte than maize. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768365/figure-6-scalloped-phytoliths-from-bottle-gourd-unlike-in"><img alt="Fig. 6. Scalloped phytoliths from bottle gourd. Unlike in Cucurbita, scallops are irregularly-shaped and one hemisphere of the phytolith is flat and undecorated. Size ranges from 64 to 112 uM. From Piperno, 2006. These crops, grown for their underground roots, rhizomes, tu- bers, and corms, are, with the exception of manioc, minor root crops today. However, phytolith evidence has shown they had " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768373/figure-5-scalloped-phytoliths-from-the-domesticated-species"><img alt="Fig. 5. Scalloped phytoliths from the domesticated species Cucurbita moschata. Wild squash phytoliths have the same morphology but are often much smaller than in domesticates. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768383/figure-4-tripsacum-fruitcase-phytoliths-unlike-those-of"><img alt="Fig. 4. Tripsacum fruitcase phytoliths. Unlike those of teosinte or maize, they have serrated edges and ridges across the top. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768389/figure-8-seed-phytolith-from-llern-it-is-long-from-piperno"><img alt="Fig. 8. Seed phytolith from llerén. It is 40 1M long. From Piperno, 2006. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768395/figure-9-an-articulated-aggregation-of-inflorescence-bract"><img alt="Fig. 9. An articulated aggregation of inflorescence bract phytoliths from Triticum aestivum showing the long cell wave patterns and papillae characteristic of Triticum sp. Photo by Arlene M. Rosen from modern plant phytolith reference collection at ICREA, University of Barcelona, courtesy of Rosa M. Albert. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768400/figure-7-seed-phytoliths-from-arrowroot-from-piperno-wheat"><img alt="Fig. 7. Seed phytoliths from arrowroot. From Piperno, 2006. Wheat and barley species are heavy silica accumulators that produce many phytolith morphotypes. Morphotypes produced by silicification of epidermal cells such as short cells, long cells, cork cells, papillae, trichomes, and trichome bases are the most char- acteristic and diagnostic for the taxa, as well as the most often observed in archaeological samples (Figs. 9-11). Both morphotypic " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768411/figure-11-drawing-of-papilla-domesticated-grasses-have"><img alt="Fig. 11. Drawing of a papilla. Domesticated grasses have a consistent papilla diameter found throughout the multi-cell, as measured by the outer ring of the papillae, while wild ‘weed’ grass will exhibit a range of papillae diameters. From Piperno, 2006; originally reprinted from Tubb et al. (1993). Fig. 10. An articulated aggregation of inflorescence bract phytoliths from Hordeum vulgare showing the long cell wave patterns and papillae characteristic of Hordeum sp. Photo by Arlene M. Rosen from modern plant phytolith reference collection at ICREA, University of Barcelona, courtesy of Rosa M. Albert. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768417/figure-11-phytoliths-as-tool-for-investigations-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768427/figure-12-undulated-patterns-and-ending-structures-of"><img alt="Fig. 12. Undulated patterns and ending structures of epidermal long cells in the upper lemma and palea for the two millet species. Q-undulated pattern (A) and wavy type (C) of ending structure in S. italic; n-undulated pattern (B) and finger type (D) of ending structure in P. miliaceum. eee ey eee Double-peaked glume cell phytoliths (Fig. 13) are unique to the enus Oryza and can separate domesticated rice from the nine wile ice species of South and Southeast Asia based on linear discrimi. ant function analysis of three glume cell measurements (Pearsal t al, 1995; Zhao and Piperno, 2000; Zhao, 1998; Zhao et al. 998). A recent study carried out by Gu et al. showed that three. Phytoliths have played a very important role in the identifica- tion of rice remains recovered from archaeological sites. In the past two decades, a number of identification criteria have been used. To " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768434/figure-13-double-peaked-glume-cell-phytoliths-from-oryza"><img alt="Fig. 13. Double-peaked glume cell phytoliths from Oryza. From Piperno, 2006. Origi- nally re-printed from Zhao et al., 1998. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768446/figure-14-comparison-of-the-scale-like-decorations-on"><img alt="Fig. 14. Comparison of the scale-like decorations on bulliform phytoliths in domesti- cated and wild rice. Modified from Fujiwara (1976). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768449/figure-15-seed-phytoliths-from-musa-acuminata-subsp-banksii"><img alt="Fig. 15. Seed phytoliths from Musa acuminata subsp. banksii (left) and Ensete, right. From Piperno, 2006; originally courtesy of Carol Lentfer. 2006; Lentfer and Green, 2004; Mbida et al., 2001; Vrydaghs et al., 2009; Wilson, 1985) and morphometric studies (Ball et al., 2006; Lentfer, 2009a; Vrydaghs et al., 2009) have been conducted to distinguish among the volcaniform phytoliths produced by different Musa and Ensete species. These phytoliths can be discriminated at the genus level allowing bananas to be distin- guished from the ensets in archaeological records (Lentfer, 2009a; Mbida et al., 2001), but reliable identification at the species level is still wanting. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768454/figure-16-seed-phytoliths-from-musa-ingens-from-piperno"><img alt="Fig. 16. Seed phytoliths from Musa ingens. From Piperno, 2006; originally courtesy o: Carol Lentfer. Archaeological evidences for Musa phytoliths have been recently summarized by Donohue and Denham (2009), with the earliest evidence for banana cultivation at Kuk Swamp in highland New Guinea, dated at 7000-6500 years ago (Denham et al., 2003). This suggests an early and long process of domestication of M. acuminata ssp. banksii in the area. Archaeological evidence of Musaceae in Melanesia (Horrocks et al., 2009; Lentfer et al., 2010), in Polynesia (Khan et al., 2014), and early evidence (from 5000 BP) in Southeast Asia falls within the natural range of several wild banana species (Kealhofer, 2003) making it difficult to disentangle cultivation versus exploitation of wild plants, but later evidence in east Asia seems to suggest human agency (Zhao and Piperno, 2000). The earliest findings in South Asia are from sites of the greater Indus Valley at Loteshwar (3681—2243 cal BC) in North Gujarat, India (Garcia-Granero et al., 2015a,b) and the Mature " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768461/figure-17-comparison-of-leaf-phytoliths-from-ensete-and-musa"><img alt="Fig. 17. A comparison of leaf phytoliths from Ensete and Musa. From Piperno, 2006. The schematic drawings were originally from Mbida et al., 2001 and the photographs were courtesy of Carol Lentfer. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768467/figure-3-wa-phytoliths-are-diagnostic-in-the-wild-ancestor"><img alt="WA = phytoliths are diagnostic in the wild ancestor. WA? = wild ancestor is unknown, or known but not yet studied for phytoliths. SG = starch grains diagnostic of genus (S( G), species (SG-S), or tribe (SG-T) occur in the same or other parts of the plants as listed for phytoliths (e.g., Maize kernels; Cucurbita fruit flesh; Phaseolus seeds; arrowro roots; llerén roots; wheat, barley, and millet grains; banana fruit flesh). SG? = potentially diagnostic starch but further study is needed. Hordeum starch grains have bee identified to genus in SW Asia and China. Setaria and Panicum domesticated millet starch grains may be identifiable to species in some cases. Starch grains from other O World crops may have considerable promise (e.g., various legumes and root crops). For starch grain references, see Chandler et al., 2006; Zarrillo et al., 2008; Duncan et a 2009; Piperno, 2009, Piperno and Dillehay, 2008, Piperno et al., 2009; Boyd and Surette, 2010; Dickau et al., 2007, 2012; Lentfer, 2009b; Yang et al., 2012a, b, 2014; Liu et a 2011; Iriarte et al., 2012; Madella et al., 2014; Barton and Torrence, 2015; Corteletti et al., 2015; Garcia-Granero et al., 2015a,b. see Bozarth, 1990, Piperno, 2006 and Pearsall, 2015b for information on Phaseolus pod phytoliths, and Piperno, 2006 for discussions of various palm phytoliths. Cassabana1 Sicana odorifera) is a little understood Neotropical domesticate of possible Amazonian origin. Its genus-diagnostic scalloped phytoliths (Piperno, 2006:71 and Fig. 3.7e therei have not as yet been isolated from archaeological deposits, but further work may elucidate its origins and history. Benincasa hispida (the wax gourd) phytoliths appe promising compared to New World Cucurbitaceae but Asian study is needed. * Wild/domesticated wheat and barley phytoliths can be distinguished from each other at the genus level and from common weed genera expected in archaeologic contexts in certain regions of southwestern Asia. More work is needed with other wild taxa outside of Triticum and Hordeum to more broadly apply phytolith identificatic schemes when con-generic non-cultigens may be present. Certain kinds of domesticated wheats can currently be distinguished from others and from barley using specit types of phytoliths (e.g., papillae) or combinations of them. b Foxtail and broomcorn millet phytoliths can be distinguished from each other. Further work is needed to develop distinguishing criteria for them and their weedy wi Crop plant phytolith production and levels of taxonomic specificity. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768480/table-2-discrimination-of-setaria-italica-and-panicum"><img alt="Discrimination of Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum. Table 2 classifies a significant majority of the plants, 78.4% of foxtail millets and 76.9% of green foxtails. However, about 25% data are incorrectly classified. More samples should be analyzed to detect the presence of other potentially diagnostic features. Morphological and basic morphometric studies of glumes of other minor millets also show the potential of phytoliths for differentiating these important crops in the prehistory of Eurasia and Africa (below) (Madella et al., 2014). date, three distinct phytolith morphotypes have been identified: double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk, bulliform (fan-sha- ped or motor cell) phytoliths from bulliform cells in leaves, and articulated bilobate phytoliths from stems and leaves (Fujiwara, 1976, 1993: Lu et al., 1997: Pearsall et al., 1995: Piperno, 2006: " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768490/table-3-phytoliths-as-tool-for-investigations-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5768496/table-4-phytoliths-as-tool-for-investigations-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635501/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15326835-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c4e0cac0905900be9ba725aec0d89f4a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38635501,"asset_id":15326835,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38635501/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="15326835"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15326835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15326835; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15326835]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15326835]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15326835; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='15326835']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c4e0cac0905900be9ba725aec0d89f4a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=15326835]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":15326835,"title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Agricultural origins and dispersals are subjects of fundamental importance to archaeology as well as many other scholarly disciplines. These investigations are world-wide in scope and require significant amounts of paleobotanical data attesting to the exploitation of wild progenitors of crop plants and subsequent domestication and spread. Accordingly, for the past few decades the development of methods for identifying the remains of wild and domesticated plant species has been a focus of paleoethnobotany. Phytolith analysis has increasingly taken its place as an important independent contributor of data in all areas of the globe, and the volume of literature on the subject is now both very substantial and disseminated in a range of international journals. In this paper, experts who have carried out the hands-on work review the utility and importance of phytolith analysis in documenting the domestication and dispersals of crop plants around the world. It will serve as an important resource both to paleoethnobotanists and other scholars interested in the development and spread of agriculture.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":38635501},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15326835/Phytoliths_as_a_tool_for_investigations_of_agricultural_origins_and_dispersals_around_the_world","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-09-01T09:15:58.670-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":5336168,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":1989620,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"h***u@mail.iggcas.ac.cn","affiliation":"Institute of Geology and Geophysics","display_order":-1,"name":"houyuan Lu","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336169,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":877546,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***s@yahoo.co.uk","display_order":1,"name":"Luc Vrydaghs","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336170,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":267028415,"co_author_invite_id":1184073,"email":"p***d@si.edu","display_order":2,"name":"Dolores Piperno","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336171,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":231628,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"r***u@gmail.com","display_order":3,"name":"Ruth Dickau","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336172,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":677770,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***0@gmail.com","affiliation":"New Mexico State University","display_order":4,"name":"Thomas Hart","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336173,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":3913667,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"c***0@hotmail.com","affiliation":"University of Queensland","display_order":5,"name":"Carol Lentfer","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336174,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":241580,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***n@gmail.com","affiliation":"Northwestern University","display_order":6,"name":"Amanda Logan","title":"Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world"},{"id":5336175,"work_id":15326835,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":780493,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***s@gmail.com","affiliation":"Milà i Fontanals Institution - 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-15326835-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16836382"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16836382/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39209009/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16836382/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_">From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://pku.academia.edu/dengzh">Zhenhua Deng</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long ar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. It provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable remains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300-6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated in on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated rice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC) and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200-1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3268d635bd1e007b10c5e46788fbb209" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39209009,"asset_id":16836382,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39209009/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16836382"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16836382"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16836382; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16836382]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16836382]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16836382; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='16836382']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3268d635bd1e007b10c5e46788fbb209" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=16836382]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":16836382,"title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. 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We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":39209009},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16836382/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-15T08:49:59.627-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":7307729,"work_id":16836382,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":0,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)"},{"id":7307730,"work_id":16836382,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":10402158,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***6@gmail.com","affiliation":"Peking University","display_order":4194304,"name":"Zhenhua Deng","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)"},{"id":7307731,"work_id":16836382,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":77606810,"co_author_invite_id":301721,"email":"b***g@gmail.com","display_order":6291456,"name":"Ling Qin","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39209009,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39209009/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"journal.pone.0139885.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39209009/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39209009/journal.pone.0139885-libre.pdf?1444923890=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=Ug6LQxoYQ7sbBFItKoANSCBQDOzO3Cy8tlAEZF5qx4xoOJ~VeC6zczEUl6FjFebInRxQe3~eJDnxzkITYmkDuVjKA8J-IPvAnG5EMAnvNitORwYf7iUM1PYZseOk~FpuK2yr8LL4R3Y8PIr~ZCMZmfI5T9-r90mwbaDqA-vpH8up2UZ5zgn-iXcntoAPkVT7qREevwubRP-Gjkt8nVobVDDUfqjtim9zWxuZoPlBWlNPjMiOqzu7ayX8L91Rk-CninTKs2nLnutoeKmZJhGQ9ZuugvHP47EtTFwqTIJK3PgMEbUk46MPOJZ8d1mM5NWKwJHSnxbnaADOGFot1~cjAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. 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In later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC) and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200-1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":39209009,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39209009/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"journal.pone.0139885.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39209009/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39209009/journal.pone.0139885-libre.pdf?1444923890=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=Ug6LQxoYQ7sbBFItKoANSCBQDOzO3Cy8tlAEZF5qx4xoOJ~VeC6zczEUl6FjFebInRxQe3~eJDnxzkITYmkDuVjKA8J-IPvAnG5EMAnvNitORwYf7iUM1PYZseOk~FpuK2yr8LL4R3Y8PIr~ZCMZmfI5T9-r90mwbaDqA-vpH8up2UZ5zgn-iXcntoAPkVT7qREevwubRP-Gjkt8nVobVDDUfqjtim9zWxuZoPlBWlNPjMiOqzu7ayX8L91Rk-CninTKs2nLnutoeKmZJhGQ9ZuugvHP47EtTFwqTIJK3PgMEbUk46MPOJZ8d1mM5NWKwJHSnxbnaADOGFot1~cjAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":768,"name":"Biological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Anthropology"},{"id":1037,"name":"Agronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agronomy"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies"},{"id":2795,"name":"Landscape Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Archaeology"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture"},{"id":11418,"name":"Phytolith Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytolith_Analysis"},{"id":22251,"name":"Agriculture and Food Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture_and_Food_Studies"},{"id":33850,"name":"Bioanthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioanthropology"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-16836382-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3983018"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3983018/Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31538716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3983018/Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns">Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or irrigated, flooded or décrue, and deep water cultivation. These agricultural regimes represent ecosystems controlled to large degree by agricultural practices, and can be shown to produce different weed flora assemblages. In order to reconstruct early rice cultivation systems it is necessary to better establish how ancient rice farming practices may be seen using archaeobotanical data. This paper focuses on using modern analogue phytolith assemblages of associated crop weeds found within cultivation regimes, as well as in wild rice stands (unplanted stands of Oryza nivara or Oryza rufipogon), as a means of interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Rice weeds and sediment samples have been recorded and collected from a range of arable systems and wild stands in India. The husks, leaves and culms of associated weeds were processed for phytolith reference samples, and sediment samples were processed for phytoliths in order to establish patterns identifiable to specific systems. The preliminary results of the phytolith analysis of samples from these modern fields demonstrate that phytolith assemblage statistics show correlation with variation in rice cultivation systems on the basis of differences in environmental conditions and regimes, with wetness being one major factor. Analysis of phytoliths from archaeological samples from contrasting systems in Neolithic China and India demonstrate how this method can be applied to separate archaeological regions and periods based on inferred differences in past agricultural practices, identifying wet cultivation systems in China, dry millet-dominated agriculture of north China and rainfed/dry rice in Neolithic India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="690874700b975d02e5d1bdebb1f9ad79" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31538716,"asset_id":3983018,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31538716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3983018"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3983018"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3983018; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3983018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3983018]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3983018; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3983018']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "690874700b975d02e5d1bdebb1f9ad79" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3983018]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3983018,"title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or irrigated, flooded or décrue, and deep water cultivation. These agricultural regimes represent ecosystems controlled to large degree by agricultural practices, and can be shown to produce different weed flora assemblages. In order to reconstruct early rice cultivation systems it is necessary to better establish how ancient rice farming practices may be seen using archaeobotanical data. This paper focuses on using modern analogue phytolith assemblages of associated crop weeds found within cultivation regimes, as well as in wild rice stands (unplanted stands of Oryza nivara or Oryza rufipogon), as a means of interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Rice weeds and sediment samples have been recorded and collected from a range of arable systems and wild stands in India. The husks, leaves and culms of associated weeds were processed for phytolith reference samples, and sediment samples were processed for phytoliths in order to establish patterns identifiable to specific systems. The preliminary results of the phytolith analysis of samples from these modern fields demonstrate that phytolith assemblage statistics show correlation with variation in rice cultivation systems on the basis of differences in environmental conditions and regimes, with wetness being one major factor. Analysis of phytoliths from archaeological samples from contrasting systems in Neolithic China and India demonstrate how this method can be applied to separate archaeological regions and periods based on inferred differences in past agricultural practices, identifying wet cultivation systems in China, dry millet-dominated agriculture of north China and rainfed/dry rice in Neolithic India.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":31538716},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3983018/Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-08T21:56:21.879-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":3653084,"work_id":3983018,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":-1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns"},{"id":845671,"work_id":3983018,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":1412211,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***e@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"MUKUND KAJALE","title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns"},{"id":845664,"work_id":3983018,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":103121189,"co_author_invite_id":301720,"email":"r***m@rediffmail.com","affiliation":"Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute","display_order":2,"name":"Rabindra kumar Mohanty","title":"Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31538716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31538716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Weisskopf_et_al_JAS.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31538716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31538716/Weisskopf_et_al_JAS-libre.pdf?1392318523=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=C0-LEZd96WdUhnRQn-PJhs8NzmPvg92IZinH1RQF1T71fbIE4ODJlJbjlTVLDsF4D3PeFQ9IVsbprkH0MrfZuJ~LRtJrQfm4siZ2oG-DylLfFdHbSPDTpfuU6y7ckqpSBzvFDoU2eQmdZNdqidE3MmzR1yQ5wuIYypwsB0TzY0XGaKFmIRQmwioSsfthrmzZyChfjEGui1cm0w8~JR4P~ZaDXn5MCzDLY9kiJdPYq~nHq9XkVFv2X6SvxgCJs0shBPaYSrJI8MY74FsRqLeHMMAFXmRA5ro8KYiAT2vjVx934tHTNMGWX899QqDkpyedxDofhfqs1WQHEeVRTda3qQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytolith_assemblages_from_cultivated_rice_systems_wild_rice_stands_and_macro_regional_patterns","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Rice can be cultivated in a range of arable systems, including upland rainfed, lowland rainfed or irrigated, flooded or décrue, and deep water cultivation. These agricultural regimes represent ecosystems controlled to large degree by agricultural practices, and can be shown to produce different weed flora assemblages. In order to reconstruct early rice cultivation systems it is necessary to better establish how ancient rice farming practices may be seen using archaeobotanical data. This paper focuses on using modern analogue phytolith assemblages of associated crop weeds found within cultivation regimes, as well as in wild rice stands (unplanted stands of Oryza nivara or Oryza rufipogon), as a means of interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Rice weeds and sediment samples have been recorded and collected from a range of arable systems and wild stands in India. The husks, leaves and culms of associated weeds were processed for phytolith reference samples, and sediment samples were processed for phytoliths in order to establish patterns identifiable to specific systems. The preliminary results of the phytolith analysis of samples from these modern fields demonstrate that phytolith assemblage statistics show correlation with variation in rice cultivation systems on the basis of differences in environmental conditions and regimes, with wetness being one major factor. Analysis of phytoliths from archaeological samples from contrasting systems in Neolithic China and India demonstrate how this method can be applied to separate archaeological regions and periods based on inferred differences in past agricultural practices, identifying wet cultivation systems in China, dry millet-dominated agriculture of north China and rainfed/dry rice in Neolithic India.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":31538716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31538716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Weisskopf_et_al_JAS.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31538716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Archaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31538716/Weisskopf_et_al_JAS-libre.pdf?1392318523=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchaeobotanical_implications_of_phytoli.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607441\u0026Signature=C0-LEZd96WdUhnRQn-PJhs8NzmPvg92IZinH1RQF1T71fbIE4ODJlJbjlTVLDsF4D3PeFQ9IVsbprkH0MrfZuJ~LRtJrQfm4siZ2oG-DylLfFdHbSPDTpfuU6y7ckqpSBzvFDoU2eQmdZNdqidE3MmzR1yQ5wuIYypwsB0TzY0XGaKFmIRQmwioSsfthrmzZyChfjEGui1cm0w8~JR4P~ZaDXn5MCzDLY9kiJdPYq~nHq9XkVFv2X6SvxgCJs0shBPaYSrJI8MY74FsRqLeHMMAFXmRA5ro8KYiAT2vjVx934tHTNMGWX899QqDkpyedxDofhfqs1WQHEeVRTda3qQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":148,"name":"Botany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botany"},{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology"},{"id":2795,"name":"Landscape Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Archaeology"},{"id":7101,"name":"Paleoecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoecology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"},{"id":13501,"name":"Vegetation Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vegetation_Ecology"},{"id":17829,"name":"Forest Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forest_Ecology"},{"id":30700,"name":"Phytoliths","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytoliths"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":56254,"name":"Biodiversity Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Research"},{"id":211830,"name":"Soil Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Fertility"},{"id":541776,"name":"Ecological Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Agriculture"},{"id":588655,"name":"Landscape and Land-use-history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_and_Land-use-history"},{"id":1023353,"name":"Crop Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Nutrition"},{"id":1023354,"name":"Rice wheat Cropping System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rice_wheat_Cropping_System"},{"id":1023355,"name":"Zinc \u0026 Iron Agronomic Biofortification of Major Cereal Crops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc_and_Iron_Agronomic_Biofortification_of_Major_Cereal_Crops"},{"id":1116199,"name":"Paleovegetation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleovegetation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-3983018-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6467648"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6467648/Phytolith_identification_criteria_for_foxtail_and_broomcorn_millets_a_new_approach_to_calculating_crop_ratios"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phytolith identification criteria for foxtail and broomcorn millets: a new approach to calculating crop ratios" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33256195/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6467648/Phytolith_identification_criteria_for_foxtail_and_broomcorn_millets_a_new_approach_to_calculating_crop_ratios">Phytolith identification criteria for foxtail and broomcorn millets: a new approach to calculating crop ratios</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uoregon.academia.edu/GyoungAhLee">Gyoung-Ah Lee</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Broomcorn and Foxtail millets were major crops in the Yellow River Valley region, Henan, China, d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Broomcorn and Foxtail millets were major crops in the Yellow River Valley region, Henan, China, during the Neolithic Yangshao period. Phytoliths and macro remains have been used to understand crop choices in this period. Distinguishing between phytoliths from millet crops and panicoid non cultigens can be challenging. We examine the effect of using only one or two identification criteria compared with a more stringent five or more with phytoliths from archaeological samples to examine crop ratios. We compare our results with the results from the macro remains. This demonstrates, firstly, that using more identification markers has a very definite effect on the results and secondly, phytoliths and macro remains are complementary proxies that when used together can produce more accurate results than used alone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-6467648-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-6467648-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224936/figure-1-baligang-multi-component-site-and-and-and-is"><img alt="Baligang, a multi-component site (32° 22' and 32° 33'N, and 111° 00’ 38” and 12000'20” E), is situated in the northern catchment of the Yangtze River, the northern margins of the northern subtropical zone, (Jiang and Zhang 1998). Baligang has been under excavation by Peking University in collabora- tion with Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics since 1991. There are 4-5 m of cultural deposits with evidence for both Yangshao and Qujialing, which is contemporaneous to Late Yangshao in the Yellow River Valley (6000-4800 BP) and the sampling context is either homogenous layers with ash " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224948/figure-2-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224953/figure-3-separated-where-possible-into-leaf-culm-node-husk"><img alt="separated where possible, into leaf, culm, node, husk, inflo- rescence, floret, awn, rachis, glume, panicle, involucres. Or- ganic material was burned off in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 3 h. Once ashed, the reference samples were mounted on slides in Entellen. cells are rarely good indicators of genera or species. There is often discrepancy in shape and size of morphotypes even within a plant and certainly across species and genera. The same morphotypes can appear across genera, sub family and more. One method is to confine the analysis to multicelled forms. Lu et al. (2009) provide a thorough key for distinguishing between modern foxtail and broomcorn millets using spodograms so the silica bodies can be seen in their anatomically correct positions. Zhang et al. (2011) use the same method to describe differences between foxtail millet and its ancestor and crop weed, green foxtail, S. viridis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224957/figure-4-to-determine-whether-it-is-possible-to"><img alt="To determine whether it is possible to differentiate between P miliaceum, S. italica and associated weedy phytoliths, " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224962/figure-5-we-compare-the-species-composition-based-on"><img alt="We compare the species composition based on phytoliths to that of charred seed remains in Yangshao sites in the Yiluo River basin in the north and Baligang site in the Yangtze River basin (Figs. 13 and 14). Except for Huizui, all the charred remains were recovered from one or two pits in each Yangshao site in the Yiluo valley where the results were published in Lee et al. (2007, p. 1089). Among the flotation samples collected at Huizui during the 2005 field season, 32 flotation samples of 132 1 were targeted here. They were mostly extracted from floor fills (56 %), and the remaining reference slides from the seed coats of all plants listed were prepared and several distinguishing criteria identi- fied (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10). When looking for identification criteria for S. italica and P miliaceum, specific questions about the morphology were raised. The dendritic cells from the husk were examined first to identify whether they were regular or irregular, flat, sinuate or tuberculate, the ratios of length to width of the lobes, the proportions of the space in the centre, and the specific shape of individual long cells. Next, the lobes were focussed on to see if they occurred only along the sides or all the way round the cell and whether they were the same length all the way round or shorter at the ends. When the slides were counted silica skeletons with five or more criteria were identified to Panicum or Setaria husk. If they exhibited general characteristics but fewer than five of the criteria, they were labelled as Millets 1 and 2, which resemble foxtail and broomcorn, respec- tively, although, as we show, they are not in fact neces- sarily either of these species (Figs. 11 and 12). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224966/figure-6-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="Archaeological samples " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224969/figure-7-and-gao-all-samples-were-recovered-from-pits-show"><img alt="and Gao 2012). All samples were recovered from pits, show- ing overall dominance of foxtail over broomcorn millet. According to the macro remains analysis, the primary crop taxon in the study area during the Yangshao was foxtail millet with a much smaller secondary crop of broomcorn. Foxtail millet dominates the charred seed remains in the Yangshao sites examined in the Yiluo (Lee et al. 2007). Some foxtail taxon in the study area during the Yangshao was foxtail millet " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224971/figure-8-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224975/figure-15-dominates-husk-phytoliths-in-all-sites-opposite-to"><img alt="dominates husk phytoliths in all sites, opposite to the charred seed compositions (Fig. 15). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224977/figure-10-this-study-provides-two-new-critical-conclusions"><img alt="This study provides two new critical conclusions. Firstly, phytolith and macro remains complement each other and " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224980/figure-12-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="Fig. 12 Paspalum conjugatum " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224983/figure-13-species-composition-based-on-charred-seed-remains"><img alt="Fig. 13 Species composition based on charred seed remains in Yangshao sites in the Yiluo River basin in the north and Baligang site in the Yangtze River basin Fig. 11. Echinochloa crus-galli " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224986/figure-13-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224987/figure-14-analyses-of-both-proxies-are-enhanced-by"><img alt="analyses of both proxies are enhanced by comparison. The second is the importance of developing and using a number of specific markers when identifying phytoliths rather than just one or two. While Lu et al. (2009) provide a very clear key to the differences between broomcorn and foxtail millet crops can pose a particular challenge because phytolith morphotypes from their relative weeds are often very similar to those from the crops. As mentioned earlier, there have been several approaches to this problem. Madella et al. (2013) highlight the potential of focussing on identifying phytoliths from less studied millet species including arable weeds. A good example is the work of Zhang et al. (2011)on phytoliths from foxtail and green foxtail millet where he pinpoints five key markers to distinguish one from the other. aN n~ 4 . an " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224989/figure-17-average-yangshao-millet-millet-husk-combined"><img alt="Fig. 17 Average % Yangshao Millet 1 v Millet 2 husk Combined datasets illustrate a possibility of dominance of foxtail over broomcorn in the Yiluo basin during the Yangshao, but not by far, contrasting to the analysis relied on only macro remains or phytolith analysis with less scrutiny. Using ratios from both macro- and micro-datasets plant assemblages will enable our understanding of diverse agricultural choices in different parts of Henan during the Yangshao period. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224990/figure-15-average-percentage-of-yangshao-setaria-and-panicum"><img alt="Fig. 15 Average percentage of Yangshao Setaria and Panicum husk using five or more identification criteria " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224991/figure-16-average-millet-millet-husk"><img alt="Fig. 16 Average % Millet 1 v Millet 2 husk " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224992/table-1-chronology-of-the-region-morphotypes-these-criteria"><img alt="Table 1 Chronology of the region morphotypes. These criteria were used to analyse crop/weed ratios from archaeological samples from the three Middle Neolithic Yangshao sites (6900-5000 BP) in Henan, North Central China, Xipo, Huizui, and Baligang. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224993/table-3-the-yangshao-to-the-erlitou-period-liu-et-al-twenty"><img alt="the Yangshao to the Erlitou period (Liu et al. 2005). Twenty- eight samples for this study were taken from ash layers, large pits with clearly laminated layers, and floors with laminated layers of occupation debris (Tables 4 and 5). middens or a long section of laminated layers, yielding 17 samples (Table 3). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224994/table-3-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224995/table-4-phytolith-identification-criteria-for-foxtail-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/33256195/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2224996/table-6-plants-used-in-reference-material-all-the-slides"><img alt="Table 6 Plants used in reference material. 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Phytoliths and macro remains have been used to understand crop choices in this period. Distinguishing between phytoliths from millet crops and panicoid non cultigens can be challenging. We examine the effect of using only one or two identification criteria compared with a more stringent five or more with phytoliths from archaeological samples to examine crop ratios. We compare our results with the results from the macro remains. 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Pediliaceae: Origins and development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller">Dorian Q Fuller</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-15014598-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15014598-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/26023159/table-2-sesame-sesamum-indicum-syn-orientale-pediliaceae"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635604/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/26023130/table-1-sesame-sesamum-indicum-syn-orientale-pediliaceae"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38635604/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-15014598-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3af2bb5c22e2efda8a1f51b295789d1f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38635604,"asset_id":15014598,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38635604/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="15014598"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15014598"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15014598; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15014598]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15014598]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15014598; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='15014598']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3af2bb5c22e2efda8a1f51b295789d1f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=15014598]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":15014598,"title":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L. [syn. S. orientale L.) Pediliaceae: Origins and development","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a significant oilseed crop with ancient origins rooted in Africa and India. This paper delves into the historical development and genetic diversity of sesame, exploring its domestication process, cultivation practices, and the challenges faced in modern agricultural settings. Insights into the agronomic potential and breeding strategies are also discussed, highlighting the importance of sesame in global food security.","ai_title_tag":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum): Origins \u0026 Development"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15014598/Sesame_Sesamum_indicum_L_syn_S_orientale_L_Pediliaceae_Origins_and_development","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-08-18T10:49:21.370-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":4788360,"work_id":15014598,"tagging_user_id":220843,"tagged_user_id":28295,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***r@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":-1,"name":"Dorian Q Fuller","title":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L. [syn. S. orientale L.) 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-15014598-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17465994"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/17465994/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39524720/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/17465994/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_">From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller">Dorian Q Fuller</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://pku.academia.edu/dengzh">Zhenhua Deng</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long ar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.<br />It provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable<br />remains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated<br />in on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated<br />rice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In<br />later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)<br />and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland<br />weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence<br />from the north.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c72e70aa113630c5168c3853b93f2c6b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39524720,"asset_id":17465994,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39524720/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17465994"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17465994"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17465994; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17465994]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17465994]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17465994; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17465994']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c72e70aa113630c5168c3853b93f2c6b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17465994]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17465994,"title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.\nIt provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable\nremains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated\nin on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated\nrice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In\nlater periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)\nand wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland\nweeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence\nfrom the north."},"translated_abstract":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.\nIt provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable\nremains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated\nin on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated\nrice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In\nlater periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)\nand wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland\nweeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence\nfrom the north.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17465994/From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-29T06:52:49.047-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28295,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":8230063,"work_id":17465994,"tagging_user_id":28295,"tagged_user_id":3182021,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"q***g@pku.edu.cn","display_order":0,"name":"Ling Qin","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)"},{"id":8230064,"work_id":17465994,"tagging_user_id":28295,"tagged_user_id":10402158,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***6@gmail.com","affiliation":"Peking University","display_order":4194304,"name":"Zhenhua Deng","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)"},{"id":8230065,"work_id":17465994,"tagging_user_id":28295,"tagged_user_id":220843,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***f@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":6291456,"name":"Alison Weisskopf","title":"From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700– 500 BC)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39524720,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39524720/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39524720/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39524720/RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains-libre.pdf?1446126626=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743457643\u0026Signature=Lvv3UHywhcEqWnGytmKw2BFIPiZjkPcmV740Ud~4kDz2m2-7jJg8B2-M09fCm47D4H9MY-G9i~BcwZ7AyoruiUM9plLY7oKh~uke1JzsJgqEHUjORLhFdLGFVcGAzvgQERrZooMXz764sMA0s-X~gRsYt-mq6Hi1bPzG5SfBdwxv3Que22TstVNlQgvArZXjD0acPPLryRTxmwa74l6JHsEXM~u1GjAL~harYEJncxovEdugLM5NkphuJSRAR8o3WM28jxF9UgmSu7x60m5cPYWpONrURyzazNQk37eK90TNG6kWOwEYOs5eadbZ~1GIM3pMB~tCaGi3r4GUdbIdiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Middle_Yangtze_Basin_to_Millet_Rice_and_Wheat_Agriculture_Archaeobotanical_Macro_Remains_from_Baligang_Nanyang_Basin_Central_China_6700_500_BC_","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC.\nIt provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable\nremains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated\nin on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated\nrice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In\nlater periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC)\nand wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland\nweeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence\nfrom the north.","owner":{"id":28295,"first_name":"Dorian","middle_initials":"Q","last_name":"Fuller","page_name":"DorianFuller","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2009-01-24T19:25:39.683-08:00","display_name":"Dorian Q Fuller","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller"},"attachments":[{"id":39524720,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39524720/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39524720/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39524720/RIce_Deng_et_al_Baligang_macroremains-libre.pdf?1446126626=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Early_Domesticated_Rice_of_the_Midd.pdf\u0026Expires=1743457643\u0026Signature=Lvv3UHywhcEqWnGytmKw2BFIPiZjkPcmV740Ud~4kDz2m2-7jJg8B2-M09fCm47D4H9MY-G9i~BcwZ7AyoruiUM9plLY7oKh~uke1JzsJgqEHUjORLhFdLGFVcGAzvgQERrZooMXz764sMA0s-X~gRsYt-mq6Hi1bPzG5SfBdwxv3Que22TstVNlQgvArZXjD0acPPLryRTxmwa74l6JHsEXM~u1GjAL~harYEJncxovEdugLM5NkphuJSRAR8o3WM28jxF9UgmSu7x60m5cPYWpONrURyzazNQk37eK90TNG6kWOwEYOs5eadbZ~1GIM3pMB~tCaGi3r4GUdbIdiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":16743,"name":"Plant domestication (Prehistoric Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_domestication_Prehistoric_Archaeology_"},{"id":24516,"name":"Chinese archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_archaeology"},{"id":87401,"name":"Rice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rice"},{"id":142522,"name":"Domestication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestication"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Using multivariate analysis with phytolith assemblages from ecological communities of rice weed flora across a range of arable systems we create modern analogues of ancient systems which are used to interpret our archaeobotanical samples. In addition we interpret our data from ancient rice fields and archaeological sites using a physiologically-based wet versus dry model of grass morphotype silicification. These data reveal how rice cultivation changed alongside cultural development in the Lower Yangtze Valley, moving from wet to dry and back to wet systems. This sequence of changes in cultivation ecology inferred from phytoliths fits with available plant macro-remains and can be understood as agricultural intensification alongside growing social complexity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4deafc7026f9af9c7284526c591fbf9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38472686,"asset_id":14916915,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38472686/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="14916915"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14916915"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14916915; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14916915]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14916915]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14916915; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='14916915']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e4deafc7026f9af9c7284526c591fbf9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=14916915]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":14916915,"title":"Identifying ancient rice agricultural systems","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Ancient Rice Cultivation in Yangtze Valley","grobid_abstract":"We use data from traditionally farmed modern fields and archaeological phytolith assemblages to follow the trajectory of wild rice cultivated on wetland margins at 5000BC through early domestication and the first artificial arable systems in dug out fields at c. 4000 BC to fully developed irrigated paddy fields in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Using multivariate analysis with phytolith assemblages from ecological communities of rice weed flora across a range of arable systems we create modern analogues of ancient systems which are used to interpret our archaeobotanical samples. In addition we interpret our data from ancient rice fields and archaeological sites using a physiologically-based wet versus dry model of grass morphotype silicification. These data reveal how rice cultivation changed alongside cultural development in the Lower Yangtze Valley, moving from wet to dry and back to wet systems. This sequence of changes in cultivation ecology inferred from phytoliths fits with available plant macro-remains and can be understood as agricultural intensification alongside growing social complexity.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":38472686},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14916915/Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_systems","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-08-14T04:05:36.427-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38472686,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38472686/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_systems.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38472686/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_sy.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38472686/Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_systems-libre.pdf?1439550220=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIdentifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_sy.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607442\u0026Signature=CmHezh1Yl0lpafTNyv-0eZO~l2laHucsKMuowDS9bkRN3uJV6l4MktwdqbzN~YLYoF2iBwhduYyZB7PcZFwHxA297KjYBlLbP~NH5EopIDhfidR3xLc4SpweGUMS4JjmPNnHz9tXFbjHLXTCS4ktz7Q5wdk3r3Vqj-2ctFBKlWqB2VFNHHkuktK32FCB829KzRCu3fW5Czxq1G65yA0GTTEUfcAIFBdh2HWzkjXW8LrznL-K-hRbMoSbQCWfQuoBO4hnlUQWpvdNDeNrCNh4hdM63XlB4NS~ocCDP9RoalTax7-2Qa4XzovyGiQRr~74rFnksG1G86j2PkoJWkkN3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_systems","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"We use data from traditionally farmed modern fields and archaeological phytolith assemblages to follow the trajectory of wild rice cultivated on wetland margins at 5000BC through early domestication and the first artificial arable systems in dug out fields at c. 4000 BC to fully developed irrigated paddy fields in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Using multivariate analysis with phytolith assemblages from ecological communities of rice weed flora across a range of arable systems we create modern analogues of ancient systems which are used to interpret our archaeobotanical samples. In addition we interpret our data from ancient rice fields and archaeological sites using a physiologically-based wet versus dry model of grass morphotype silicification. These data reveal how rice cultivation changed alongside cultural development in the Lower Yangtze Valley, moving from wet to dry and back to wet systems. This sequence of changes in cultivation ecology inferred from phytoliths fits with available plant macro-remains and can be understood as agricultural intensification alongside growing social complexity.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":38472686,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38472686/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_systems.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38472686/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_sy.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38472686/Identifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_systems-libre.pdf?1439550220=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIdentifying_ancient_rice_agricultural_sy.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607442\u0026Signature=CmHezh1Yl0lpafTNyv-0eZO~l2laHucsKMuowDS9bkRN3uJV6l4MktwdqbzN~YLYoF2iBwhduYyZB7PcZFwHxA297KjYBlLbP~NH5EopIDhfidR3xLc4SpweGUMS4JjmPNnHz9tXFbjHLXTCS4ktz7Q5wdk3r3Vqj-2ctFBKlWqB2VFNHHkuktK32FCB829KzRCu3fW5Czxq1G65yA0GTTEUfcAIFBdh2HWzkjXW8LrznL-K-hRbMoSbQCWfQuoBO4hnlUQWpvdNDeNrCNh4hdM63XlB4NS~ocCDP9RoalTax7-2Qa4XzovyGiQRr~74rFnksG1G86j2PkoJWkkN3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-14916915-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4085894"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4085894/Small_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an_ethnobotanic_approach_to_archaeological_data"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Small scale horticulture in Thailand: an ethnobotanic approach to archaeological data" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31611453/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4085894/Small_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an_ethnobotanic_approach_to_archaeological_data">Small scale horticulture in Thailand: an ethnobotanic approach to archaeological data</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people exploit their local resources and feed b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people exploit their local resources and feed back into interpretation of archaeological evidence. A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. This poster discusses contrasting non staple crop or secondary resource plant use in 4 traditional villages in Thailand. One Karen village, one Thai village both in the northern uplands, one coastal village in the Andaman islands and an inland village in Ranong province populated by people who have settled there after migrating from north east Thailand.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e7a94a06095ba084a346e95197810c08" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31611453,"asset_id":4085894,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31611453/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4085894"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4085894"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4085894; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4085894]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4085894]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4085894; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4085894']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e7a94a06095ba084a346e95197810c08" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4085894]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4085894,"title":"Small scale horticulture in Thailand: an ethnobotanic approach to archaeological data","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people exploit their local resources and feed back into interpretation of archaeological evidence. A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. This poster discusses contrasting non staple crop or secondary resource plant use in 4 traditional villages in Thailand. One Karen village, one Thai village both in the northern uplands, one coastal village in the Andaman islands and an inland village in Ranong province populated by people who have settled there after migrating from north east Thailand.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":31611453},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4085894/Small_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an_ethnobotanic_approach_to_archaeological_data","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-22T20:44:45.983-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31611453,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31611453/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Weisskopf_Small_Scale_Horticulture.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31611453/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Small_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31611453/Weisskopf_Small_Scale_Horticulture-libre.pdf?1391451293=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSmall_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607442\u0026Signature=Yu89Wa0-sudOYPT8OErnNRqyBrJlDyyyoBXfwyuoU6YFKCwSdzAnvwkeYXZw3353JqRMSVBhjTqZp8PVKe7iU09ys9c18t4nco2ciewOWZZVLhV2Uw6QTqB8vFoBXfzFrxUkTl5vEy5Sc9o9L8QW9UpUnSNUlSpWplVkyhY8n6fZwv-yEot3IjXBJDa4wjNXdokuq206yl67nZb6ysZsSttqNXO3B1hGXcNOh~hyRpgLJFMU2kfZbk~VdxkDUiIeDNbrbCsQX0NULpm9pQFtUiQj5c7hAVeuwqQVzvDzMT38Ou2AzGouJpQsnJxuSMT9ynu6EPVuRlJWBm5Z41WzBw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Small_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an_ethnobotanic_approach_to_archaeological_data","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Ethnobotanical survey can provide insights on how people exploit their local resources and feed back into interpretation of archaeological evidence. A common predicament in archaeobotany is the relatively low proportion of the plant material exploited by humans that survives into the archaeobotanical record. This poster discusses contrasting non staple crop or secondary resource plant use in 4 traditional villages in Thailand. One Karen village, one Thai village both in the northern uplands, one coastal village in the Andaman islands and an inland village in Ranong province populated by people who have settled there after migrating from north east Thailand.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":31611453,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31611453/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Weisskopf_Small_Scale_Horticulture.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31611453/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Small_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31611453/Weisskopf_Small_Scale_Horticulture-libre.pdf?1391451293=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSmall_scale_horticulture_in_Thailand_an.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607442\u0026Signature=Yu89Wa0-sudOYPT8OErnNRqyBrJlDyyyoBXfwyuoU6YFKCwSdzAnvwkeYXZw3353JqRMSVBhjTqZp8PVKe7iU09ys9c18t4nco2ciewOWZZVLhV2Uw6QTqB8vFoBXfzFrxUkTl5vEy5Sc9o9L8QW9UpUnSNUlSpWplVkyhY8n6fZwv-yEot3IjXBJDa4wjNXdokuq206yl67nZb6ysZsSttqNXO3B1hGXcNOh~hyRpgLJFMU2kfZbk~VdxkDUiIeDNbrbCsQX0NULpm9pQFtUiQj5c7hAVeuwqQVzvDzMT38Ou2AzGouJpQsnJxuSMT9ynu6EPVuRlJWBm5Z41WzBw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":954,"name":"Social Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology"},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1700,"name":"Ethnobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnobotany"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4085894-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4085887"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4085887/From_domestication_to_global_warming_some_effects_of_the_origins_and_dispersal_of_early_rice_agriculture_interpreted_through_the_multivariate_analysis_of_phytolith_data_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From domestication to global warming: some effects of the origins and dispersal of early rice agriculture (interpreted through the multivariate analysis of phytolith data)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31611447/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4085887/From_domestication_to_global_warming_some_effects_of_the_origins_and_dispersal_of_early_rice_agriculture_interpreted_through_the_multivariate_analysis_of_phytolith_data_">From domestication to global warming: some effects of the origins and dispersal of early rice agriculture (interpreted through the multivariate analysis of phytolith data)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Early Rice Project at UCL is exploring the origins and development of rice agriculture in Asi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Early Rice Project at UCL is exploring the origins and development of rice agriculture in Asia and its effect on the ancient output of atmospheric methane from flooded paddy fields, which was a potential contributor to human related global warming over the long-term. Investigations of associated rice weed flora across a range of arable systems reveal how rice cultivation changed over time, with early farming in wet dug out fields in the Lower Yangtze from c.4000 BC. Multivariate analysis of phytolith data from traditionally farmed fields is used to create modern analogues of ancient systems which are applied to archaeobotanical samples to interpret the spread of wet rice from archaeological samples and relate these results to models of ancient methane emissions .</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e20056dd20c9ef5ebd44d63c8848e0bb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31611447,"asset_id":4085887,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31611447/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4085887"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4085887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4085887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4085887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4085887]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4085887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4085887']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e20056dd20c9ef5ebd44d63c8848e0bb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4085887]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4085887,"title":"From domestication to global warming: some effects of the origins and dispersal of early rice agriculture (interpreted through the multivariate analysis of phytolith data)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Rice Agriculture's Role in Ancient Methane Emissions","grobid_abstract":"The Early Rice Project at UCL is exploring the origins and development of rice agriculture in Asia and its effect on the ancient output of atmospheric methane from flooded paddy fields, which was a potential contributor to human related global warming over the long-term. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4085850-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="638115" id="talks"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27861438"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27861438/New_narratives_on_dispersal_and_diversification_of_rice_cultures_in_East_and_South_East_Asia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New narratives on dispersal and diversification of rice cultures in East and South East Asia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48146146/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27861438/New_narratives_on_dispersal_and_diversification_of_rice_cultures_in_East_and_South_East_Asia">New narratives on dispersal and diversification of rice cultures in East and South East Asia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Different rice agricultural systems require varying degrees of human organisation and water manag...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Different rice agricultural systems require varying degrees of human organisation and water management, indicating possible social and cultural changes. One of the larger aims of our project has been to isolate and identify these developments in arable farming. I use phytoliths, to pinpoint changes in cultivation system from pre agriculture to complex irrigated paddies. The range of systems produce different sets of weed communities and in turn these produce diverse phytolith assemblages. The first method I used was to create ecological groups of phytoliths from a range of modern traditionally farmed fields and archaeological samples and apply multivariate analysis to these groups. Next I applied Madella’s fixed versus sensitive model, which uses plant cells that are predisposed to take up silica (fixed) in contrast to those which are formed when there is increased water flow through the plant (sensitive), to infer wet versus dry farmed rice systems. Here I demonstrate how these methods can be applied through case studies from sites across the region while also considering their limitations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c6812fe8d155d90458299d25c9a17c81" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":48146146,"asset_id":27861438,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48146146/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27861438"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27861438"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27861438; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27861438]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27861438]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27861438; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27861438']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c6812fe8d155d90458299d25c9a17c81" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27861438]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27861438,"title":"New narratives on dispersal and diversification of rice cultures in East and South East Asia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Different rice agricultural systems require varying degrees of human organisation and water management, indicating possible social and cultural changes. 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One of the larger aims of our project has been to isolate and identify these developments in arable farming. I use phytoliths, to pinpoint changes in cultivation system from pre agriculture to complex irrigated paddies. The range of systems produce different sets of weed communities and in turn these produce diverse phytolith assemblages. The first method I used was to create ecological groups of phytoliths from a range of modern traditionally farmed fields and archaeological samples and apply multivariate analysis to these groups. Next I applied Madella’s fixed versus sensitive model, which uses plant cells that are predisposed to take up silica (fixed) in contrast to those which are formed when there is increased water flow through the plant (sensitive), to infer wet versus dry farmed rice systems. Here I demonstrate how these methods can be applied through case studies from sites across the region while also considering their limitations. 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It analyzes the diversity and types of weeds associated with various rice cultivation practices, linking these assemblages to historical patterns of rice domestication and agricultural dispersal, and discussing implications for biodiversity and ecosystem management."},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4087118/From_domestication_to_global_warming_some_effects_of_the_origins_and_dispersal_of_early_rice_agriculture","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-22T23:45:13.328-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"talk","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31612468,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31612468/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Copy_of_Weisskopf_IWGP2013.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31612468/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_domestication_to_global_warming_som.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31612468/Copy_of_Weisskopf_IWGP2013-libre.pdf?1392400296=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_domestication_to_global_warming_som.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607442\u0026Signature=HB0aDZz-w00~E5d27MdDjFWXaBveug37VtsTWAqIrPWxYpXpi7-11SxTDN26gcyBVVL29oP72Q4IRuNrI6-CdDL-xduBQQmBWs2M-XoZBQBebh45P-KQosPSWXPpEJDiGzAE7eyq5fZZ5e4ECZJLfcz-B0zL7Q9p9LDgvdbHN3b7I0qe6FdTKn6Zb6uR7SJCqoOJzGj3a4J5YO-Jrtccp-yEMtjw8kHH8zDi40P8t2JxCUj2NfPY-TBx1rWbh8Wigh3bEWDKm37xc2cR200s-0eAKPLKIHsdKqlja2M-bBMO-9lxi9RbCqb6VrmHKe~oxkRsbQlRBhc4b5mEon9LOw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"From_domestication_to_global_warming_some_effects_of_the_origins_and_dispersal_of_early_rice_agriculture","translated_slug":"","page_count":32,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":31612468,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31612468/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Copy_of_Weisskopf_IWGP2013.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31612468/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_domestication_to_global_warming_som.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31612468/Copy_of_Weisskopf_IWGP2013-libre.pdf?1392400296=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_domestication_to_global_warming_som.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607442\u0026Signature=HB0aDZz-w00~E5d27MdDjFWXaBveug37VtsTWAqIrPWxYpXpi7-11SxTDN26gcyBVVL29oP72Q4IRuNrI6-CdDL-xduBQQmBWs2M-XoZBQBebh45P-KQosPSWXPpEJDiGzAE7eyq5fZZ5e4ECZJLfcz-B0zL7Q9p9LDgvdbHN3b7I0qe6FdTKn6Zb6uR7SJCqoOJzGj3a4J5YO-Jrtccp-yEMtjw8kHH8zDi40P8t2JxCUj2NfPY-TBx1rWbh8Wigh3bEWDKm37xc2cR200s-0eAKPLKIHsdKqlja2M-bBMO-9lxi9RbCqb6VrmHKe~oxkRsbQlRBhc4b5mEon9LOw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4087118-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1142312" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6014269"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6014269/Millets_Rice_and_Farmers_phytoliths_as_indicators_of_agricultural_social_and_ecological_change_in_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_China"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Millets, Rice and Farmers: phytoliths as indicators of agricultural, social and ecological change in Neolithic and Bronze Age China" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Millets, Rice and Farmers: phytoliths as indicators of agricultural, social and ecological change in Neolithic and Bronze Age China</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT <br />Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological-sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan, this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially. Comparisons of relative levels of phytoliths from crop husks, Panicum, Setaria and Oryza, from each site and period were compared to provide evidence of changes in crop repertoire. Results from these investigations show crop variation both over time and in different parts of the region. Millet farming predominated in the more Northern sites in the Yellow River Valley, while rice was clearly the main crop at Baligang, the southernmost site within the Yangtze catchment. However, rice became more important in the Yellow River valley during the Late Neolithic and interestingly despite a changing climate making rice farming more challenging in the Early Bronze Age farmers continued rice cultivation. Crop processing stages were interpreted by examination of differing proportions of phytoliths from crop husks, weed husks and crop and weed leaves which can illustrate differing cultivation systems, harvesting and processing practices. These can be seen especially clearly in the rice data from Baligang suggesting more successful agricultural practices and possible change in social organisation in the Late Neolithic. Evidence of local environmental variation was more challenging to unpick as all the phytolith samples available were from cultural contexts. However, the results of the investigation into the changing local environment reflect other proxy data. Differences in occurrence of specific key phytolith short cell morphotypes and changes in the levels of bulliforms, and cone shaped phytolith morphotypes from Cyperaceae indicating wetland were used to interpret local vegetational change, again both spatially and temporally. Rondel and bilobe shaped short cells represent Pooid and Panicoid grasses respectively and short cell morphotypes, such as rondels, bilobes, saddles, can also be used to track variation in levels of C3 and C4 grasses, so changes in proportions of these morphotypes can indicate larger vegetational change. A comparison between the dataset from Neolithic Central China and one from Neolithic India highlighted possible variations in arable systems with millet and wet rice farming in China contrasting with dry rice in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6014269"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6014269"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6014269; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6014269]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6014269]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6014269; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6014269']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6014269]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6014269,"title":"Millets, Rice and Farmers: phytoliths as indicators of agricultural, social and ecological change in Neolithic and Bronze Age China","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT\r\nLate Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological-sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan, this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially. Comparisons of relative levels of phytoliths from crop husks, Panicum, Setaria and Oryza, from each site and period were compared to provide evidence of changes in crop repertoire. Results from these investigations show crop variation both over time and in different parts of the region. Millet farming predominated in the more Northern sites in the Yellow River Valley, while rice was clearly the main crop at Baligang, the southernmost site within the Yangtze catchment. However, rice became more important in the Yellow River valley during the Late Neolithic and interestingly despite a changing climate making rice farming more challenging in the Early Bronze Age farmers continued rice cultivation. Crop processing stages were interpreted by examination of differing proportions of phytoliths from crop husks, weed husks and crop and weed leaves which can illustrate differing cultivation systems, harvesting and processing practices. These can be seen especially clearly in the rice data from Baligang suggesting more successful agricultural practices and possible change in social organisation in the Late Neolithic. Evidence of local environmental variation was more challenging to unpick as all the phytolith samples available were from cultural contexts. However, the results of the investigation into the changing local environment reflect other proxy data. Differences in occurrence of specific key phytolith short cell morphotypes and changes in the levels of bulliforms, and cone shaped phytolith morphotypes from Cyperaceae indicating wetland were used to interpret local vegetational change, again both spatially and temporally. 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Comparisons of relative levels of phytoliths from crop husks, Panicum, Setaria and Oryza, from each site and period were compared to provide evidence of changes in crop repertoire. Results from these investigations show crop variation both over time and in different parts of the region. Millet farming predominated in the more Northern sites in the Yellow River Valley, while rice was clearly the main crop at Baligang, the southernmost site within the Yangtze catchment. However, rice became more important in the Yellow River valley during the Late Neolithic and interestingly despite a changing climate making rice farming more challenging in the Early Bronze Age farmers continued rice cultivation. Crop processing stages were interpreted by examination of differing proportions of phytoliths from crop husks, weed husks and crop and weed leaves which can illustrate differing cultivation systems, harvesting and processing practices. These can be seen especially clearly in the rice data from Baligang suggesting more successful agricultural practices and possible change in social organisation in the Late Neolithic. Evidence of local environmental variation was more challenging to unpick as all the phytolith samples available were from cultural contexts. However, the results of the investigation into the changing local environment reflect other proxy data. Differences in occurrence of specific key phytolith short cell morphotypes and changes in the levels of bulliforms, and cone shaped phytolith morphotypes from Cyperaceae indicating wetland were used to interpret local vegetational change, again both spatially and temporally. Rondel and bilobe shaped short cells represent Pooid and Panicoid grasses respectively and short cell morphotypes, such as rondels, bilobes, saddles, can also be used to track variation in levels of C3 and C4 grasses, so changes in proportions of these morphotypes can indicate larger vegetational change. A comparison between the dataset from Neolithic Central China and one from Neolithic India highlighted possible variations in arable systems with millet and wet rice farming in China contrasting with dry rice in India.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6014269/Millets_Rice_and_Farmers_phytoliths_as_indicators_of_agricultural_social_and_ecological_change_in_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_China","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-02-09T21:25:31.531-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Millets_Rice_and_Farmers_phytoliths_as_indicators_of_agricultural_social_and_ecological_change_in_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_China","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"ABSTRACT\r\nLate Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological-sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan, this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially. Comparisons of relative levels of phytoliths from crop husks, Panicum, Setaria and Oryza, from each site and period were compared to provide evidence of changes in crop repertoire. Results from these investigations show crop variation both over time and in different parts of the region. Millet farming predominated in the more Northern sites in the Yellow River Valley, while rice was clearly the main crop at Baligang, the southernmost site within the Yangtze catchment. However, rice became more important in the Yellow River valley during the Late Neolithic and interestingly despite a changing climate making rice farming more challenging in the Early Bronze Age farmers continued rice cultivation. Crop processing stages were interpreted by examination of differing proportions of phytoliths from crop husks, weed husks and crop and weed leaves which can illustrate differing cultivation systems, harvesting and processing practices. These can be seen especially clearly in the rice data from Baligang suggesting more successful agricultural practices and possible change in social organisation in the Late Neolithic. Evidence of local environmental variation was more challenging to unpick as all the phytolith samples available were from cultural contexts. However, the results of the investigation into the changing local environment reflect other proxy data. Differences in occurrence of specific key phytolith short cell morphotypes and changes in the levels of bulliforms, and cone shaped phytolith morphotypes from Cyperaceae indicating wetland were used to interpret local vegetational change, again both spatially and temporally. Rondel and bilobe shaped short cells represent Pooid and Panicoid grasses respectively and short cell morphotypes, such as rondels, bilobes, saddles, can also be used to track variation in levels of C3 and C4 grasses, so changes in proportions of these morphotypes can indicate larger vegetational change. A comparison between the dataset from Neolithic Central China and one from Neolithic India highlighted possible variations in arable systems with millet and wet rice farming in China contrasting with dry rice in India.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":11199,"name":"Neolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-6014269-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1834594" id="phd"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8360641"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/8360641/Vegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change_in_late_Neolithic_China_a_phytolith_study"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vegetation Agriculture and Social Change in late Neolithic China:a phytolith study" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34760764/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/8360641/Vegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change_in_late_Neolithic_China_a_phytolith_study">Vegetation Agriculture and Social Change in late Neolithic China:a phytolith study</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural development...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological -sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6e26a7c2f482906033ae04eb7aa13279" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34760764,"asset_id":8360641,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34760764/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8360641"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8360641"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8360641; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8360641]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8360641]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8360641; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8360641']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6e26a7c2f482906033ae04eb7aa13279" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8360641]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8360641,"title":"Vegetation Agriculture and Social Change in late Neolithic China:a phytolith study","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Phytolith Insights on Neolithic Agriculture in China","grobid_abstract":"Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological -sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":34760764},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8360641/Vegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change_in_late_Neolithic_China_a_phytolith_study","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-09-16T23:16:14.660-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":220843,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34760764,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34760764/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Vegetaation_Agriculture_and_Social_change_in_Neolithic_China.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34760764/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Vegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34760764/Vegetaation_Agriculture_and_Social_change_in_Neolithic_China-libre.pdf?1410934447=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607443\u0026Signature=UbmCkSol-LGoeQOVCuHM8Up8Lock7zEMYJbdX2zBTL6wLM9ZYTgKpI3BzTscDBkGnjM1V-Aeemzx58g8yOyJ-o8fD63ZwY6hnj14-tYuo8-bT2Y~Z67yfTfORoKbuLxIY8ihmTCzHlABWi2T0kZY48dhJC26YGbhlviyzKa6zFZGCtdn2e2TwTQxILVujvQQ73HzYWn0KmG0WAoZXAbsapQFnRqk~3~tdsg3-wqx9S~YVfdpT8l7vCHF59-aatWiU8HSdRu9lV~PaEzRoENPFq5Gx~eg294-1BbsDbFzsx9xNsldIfdEXYArLAsQTi8temL-uTz2dGm-KLQ9ylIUpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Vegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change_in_late_Neolithic_China_a_phytolith_study","translated_slug":"","page_count":553,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological -sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially.","owner":{"id":220843,"first_name":"Alison","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weisskopf","page_name":"AlisonWeisskopf","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2010-07-22T02:59:31.335-07:00","display_name":"Alison Weisskopf","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf"},"attachments":[{"id":34760764,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34760764/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Vegetaation_Agriculture_and_Social_change_in_Neolithic_China.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34760764/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Vegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34760764/Vegetaation_Agriculture_and_Social_change_in_Neolithic_China-libre.pdf?1410934447=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVegetation_Agriculture_and_Social_Change.pdf\u0026Expires=1743607443\u0026Signature=UbmCkSol-LGoeQOVCuHM8Up8Lock7zEMYJbdX2zBTL6wLM9ZYTgKpI3BzTscDBkGnjM1V-Aeemzx58g8yOyJ-o8fD63ZwY6hnj14-tYuo8-bT2Y~Z67yfTfORoKbuLxIY8ihmTCzHlABWi2T0kZY48dhJC26YGbhlviyzKa6zFZGCtdn2e2TwTQxILVujvQQ73HzYWn0KmG0WAoZXAbsapQFnRqk~3~tdsg3-wqx9S~YVfdpT8l7vCHF59-aatWiU8HSdRu9lV~PaEzRoENPFq5Gx~eg294-1BbsDbFzsx9xNsldIfdEXYArLAsQTi8temL-uTz2dGm-KLQ9ylIUpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"},{"id":1742,"name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeobotany"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology"},{"id":11418,"name":"Phytolith Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytolith_Analysis"},{"id":17472,"name":"Palaeoecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeoecology"},{"id":23491,"name":"Diatoms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diatoms"},{"id":24516,"name":"Chinese archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_archaeology"},{"id":32759,"name":"Palaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobotany"},{"id":32759,"name":"Palaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobotany"},{"id":65143,"name":"palaeoecology, palynology, Quaternary, archaeobotany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/palaeoecology_palynology_Quaternary_archaeobotany"},{"id":1699335,"name":"Palaeoclimates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeoclimates"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-8360641-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="5380128" id="earlyrice"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="255774"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/255774/Consilience_of_genetics_and_archaeobotany_in_the_entangled_history_of_rice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53178863/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/255774/Consilience_of_genetics_and_archaeobotany_in_the_entangled_history_of_rice">Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller">Dorian Q Fuller</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlisonWeisskopf">Alison Weisskopf</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SungmoAhn">Sung-mo Ahn</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major leaps forward in understanding rice both in genetics and archaeology have taken place in th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major leaps forward in understanding rice both in genetics and archaeology have taken place in the past decade or so—with the publication of full draft genomes for indica and japonica rice, on the one hand, and with the spread of systematic flotation and increased recovery of archaeological spikelet bases and other rice remains on early sites in China, India and Southeast Asia. This paper will sketch a framework that coherently integrates the evidence from these burgeoning fields. This framework implies a reticulate framework in the phylogeny of early cultivated rice, with multiple starts of cultivation (two is perhaps not enough) but with the key consolidations of adaptations that must have been spread through hybridisation and therefore long-distance cultural contacts. Archaeobotanical evidence allows us to document the gradual evolutionary process of domestication through rice spikelet bases and grain size change. Separate trends in grain size change can be identified in India and China. The earliest centre of rice domestication was in the Yangtze basin of China, but a largely separate trajectory into rice cultivation can be traced in the Ganges plains of India. Intriguingly, contact-induced hybridisation is indicated for the early development of indica in northern India, ca. 2000 BC. An updated synthesis of the interwoven patterns of the spread of various rice varieties throughout Asia and to Madagascar can be suggested in which rice reached most of its historical range of important cultivation by the Iron Age.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-255774-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-255774-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/41884969/figure-1-map-of-modern-and-historical-distribution-of-rices"><img alt="Fig. 1 Map of modern and historical distribution of rice’s wild progenitors, O. rufipogon and O. nivara A massive geographical range expansion of wild Oryza spp. took place between the dry conditions of the glacial " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53178863/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/41884996/figure-2-early-holocene-conditions-but-taking-into-account"><img alt="early Holocene conditions but taking into account topographic constraints like the Qinling Mountains, as well as vegetation reconstructions of Adams and Faure (1997) and Yu et al. (2000), with adjustments in India for more precise vegetation zones (cf. Asouti and Fuller 2008) Fig. 2 Map contrasting the expected Pleistocene (P) glacial refugium distribution of wild rice, based on tropical vegetation zones of Adams and Faure (1997) and phytolith data from southern Poyang Lake basin (Zhao and Piperno 2000) and the Holocene (H) maximum rice expansion associated with conditions of the Early and Middle Holocene, based on agroclimatic zones of Huke (1982) adjusted for " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53178863/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/41885042/figure-3-domestication-refers-to-the-key-morphological-and"><img alt="Domestication refers to the key morphological (and genetic) adaptations that characterise crops adapted to cultivation, traits that have often been characterised as an adaptive ‘syndrome’ of domestication (e.g. Harlan et al. 1973; Hammer 1984; Fuller 2007; Purugganan and Fuller 2009; Fuller and Allaby 2010). These domestication traits evolved in a more or less gradual and piecemeal process in response to the selection pressures created by the human activities of cultivation. In other words, tracking the origins of rice requires us to try to identify the behaviour of cultivation, then the appearance and rise to dominance of the domestication traits and finally the spread of reliance on rice agriculture. New appreciation of the drawn-out process of the evolution of domestication traits raises the likelihood that traits were selected separately in different regions and then brought together by processes of hybridisation/introgression (see Allaby 2010). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53178863/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/41885066/figure-4-compilation-of-quantified-spikelet-base-data-from"><img alt="Fig. 4 A compilation of quantified spikelet base data from sites in China and Thailand, showing the long-term trends to decreasing wild and increasing domesticated fractions. Sites and samples sizes indicated. Total sample=3,768 specimens. Data for Tianluoshan and Liangzhu and separation criteria follow Fuller et al. (2009); data for Kuahuqiao and Luojiajiao indicate only the wild fraction as immature and domesticated forms were not separated (after Zheng et al. 2007); other data unpublished/currently under study by the authors: Puanqiao (Zhejiang), Songze-Liangzhu Transition by QL; Sushui (Shanxi) survey by JS; Chengyao, Ying Valley (Henan) by DF; Khao Sam Kaeo by CC As with other cereals, non-shattering is a key domestication trait which is likely to be deleterious in wild habitats. Geneticists identified six possible quanti- tative trait loci that appeared to be involved in this trait, with four that recur across studies (Xiong et al. 1999; Cai and Morishima 2002; Li et al. 2006a; Lin et al. 2007). Two of these have subsequently received much attention prompting sequencing research. These are the recessive mutation sh4, which is a SNP in a gene on chromosome 4 shared widely across japonica, fragrant, aus and indica rice (Li et al. 2006b, 2007) and gsh/ which is found only in some temperate japonica rices (Konishi et al. 2006) and appears to be derived from a haplotype found in some O. rufipogon. Most commentators have assumed that the widespread sh4 was the major mutation involved in initial rice domestication (e.g. Sang and Ge 2007; Vaughan et al. 2008a; Fuller et al. 2009). Fuller and Qin (2009) argued that this gene was introduced to proto-indica cultivars in India after japonica domestication in China, although recently Zhang et al. (2009a, b) have suggested that this evolved rapidly after domestication and then became widespread in cultivated rices through gene flow (hybridisation; Zhang et al. 2009) therefore inferring that sh4 was not involved in the initial evolution of non-shattering detected archae- ologically (e.g. at Tianluoshan). Later in a sub-group of East Asian rices, gshi became fixed during or after the bottleneck that led to differentiation of temperate japonica (Zhang et al. 2009). Unfortunately, little is known about morphological differentiation of the spikelet bases of these genotypes when harvested and threshed by various Nevertheless, the recent realisation that rice spikelet bases are usually well preserved in the finer fraction of sieved and flotation samples has allowed us to start " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53178863/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/41885108/figure-5-consilience-of-genetics-and-archaeobotany-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53178863/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/41885122/figure-6-bases-could-be-isolated-which-include-one"><img alt="bases could be isolated, which include one unambiguous wild type and one immature type (cf. Zheng et al. 2007; but criteria follow Fuller et al. 2009), and thus, there are no confirmed domesticated types and a uselessly small sample size. In the middle Yangtze, ceramics with husk temper from the site of Pengtoushan have direct AMS dates back to 8000-7000 BC, whilst the culturally related site of Bashi- dang (7000-6 within an ove any good evid other (e.g. H 000 BC) produced 1,000 s of rice grains, rall broad spectrum assemblage, but without ence for domestication traits one way or the PIACR 2006). It should be noted that the conventional view assumed that the earliest rice in China was domesticated indica (e.g. at Hemudu, Bashidang) or ‘intermediate’ japonica over Wang 1998; Z between indica and japonica and evolved into the course of the Neolithic (e.g. Zhang and hang 2002). Such a model is contrary to what would be expected based on current genetic knowledge (e.g. Sato 2002; Sweeney and McCouch 2007), and morphomet- ric data on leaf bulliform phytoliths indicate that these are " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/53178863/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-255774-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3f3b36b26b5985134988803e9bdc4a0e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53178863,"asset_id":255774,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53178863/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="255774"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="255774"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 255774; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=255774]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=255774]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 255774; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='255774']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3f3b36b26b5985134988803e9bdc4a0e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=255774]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":255774,"title":"Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Major leaps forward in understanding rice both in genetics and archaeology have taken place in the past decade or so—with the publication of full draft genomes for indica and japonica rice, on the one hand, and with the spread of systematic flotation and increased recovery of archaeological spikelet bases and other rice remains on early sites in China, India and Southeast Asia. This paper will sketch a framework that coherently integrates the evidence from these burgeoning fields. This framework implies a reticulate framework in the phylogeny of early cultivated rice, with multiple starts of cultivation (two is perhaps not enough) but with the key consolidations of adaptations that must have been spread through hybridisation and therefore long-distance cultural contacts. Archaeobotanical evidence allows us to document the gradual evolutionary process of domestication through rice spikelet bases and grain size change. Separate trends in grain size change can be identified in India and China. The earliest centre of rice domestication was in the Yangtze basin of China, but a largely separate trajectory into rice cultivation can be traced in the Ganges plains of India. Intriguingly, contact-induced hybridisation is indicated for the early development of indica in northern India, ca. 2000 BC. An updated synthesis of the interwoven patterns of the spread of various rice varieties throughout Asia and to Madagascar can be suggested in which rice reached most of its historical range of important cultivation by the Iron Age.","more_info":"with several co-authors. In Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2(2)"},"translated_abstract":"Major leaps forward in understanding rice both in genetics and archaeology have taken place in the past decade or so—with the publication of full draft genomes for indica and japonica rice, on the one hand, and with the spread of systematic flotation and increased recovery of archaeological spikelet bases and other rice remains on early sites in China, India and Southeast Asia. This paper will sketch a framework that coherently integrates the evidence from these burgeoning fields. 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