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Port wine - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ruby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Rose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tawny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tawny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colheita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colheita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Colheita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colheita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garrafeira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrafeira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Garrafeira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrafeira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>White port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_bottled_vintage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_bottled_vintage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Late bottled vintage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_bottled_vintage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unfiltered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfiltered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Unfiltered</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfiltered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filtered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Filtered</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Crusted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vintage_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vintage_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Vintage port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vintage_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_quinta_vintage_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_quinta_vintage_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Single quinta vintage port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_quinta_vintage_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vintages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vintages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vintages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vintages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History and tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storing_and_serving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storing_and_serving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Storing and serving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storing_and_serving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instituto_dos_Vinhos_do_Douro_e_do_Porto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instituto_dos_Vinhos_do_Douro_e_do_Porto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e do Porto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instituto_dos_Vinhos_do_Douro_e_do_Porto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Port houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_historical_remedy_for_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_historical_remedy_for_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As a historical remedy for illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_historical_remedy_for_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Port wine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portwyn" title="Portwyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portwyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B0_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="نبيذ بورت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبيذ بورت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Porto" title="Vin de Porto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vin de Porto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portveyn" title="Portveyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portveyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Партвейн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партвейн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Порто (вино) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Порто (вино)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_de_Porto" title="Vi de Porto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vi de Porto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Портвейн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Портвейн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsk%C3%A9_v%C3%ADno" title="Portské víno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portské víno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(gwin)" title="Port (gwin) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Port (gwin)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portvin" title="Portvin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portvin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portwein" title="Portwein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portwein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporto_(vino)" title="Oporto (vino) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oporto (vino)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portovino" title="Portovino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portovino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_(ardoa)" title="Porto (ardoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Porto (ardoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="شراب پورت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراب پورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portv%C3%ADn" title="Portvín – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Portvín" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_(DOC)" title="Porto (DOC) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porto (DOC)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(wyn)" title="Port (wyn) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Port (wyn)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3rt" title="Pórt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pórt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1o_do_Porto" title="Viño do Porto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viño do Porto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC_%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="포르투 포도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투 포도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinho_do_Porto" title="Vinho do Porto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vinho do Porto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Port wine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BArtv%C3%ADn" title="Púrtvín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púrtvín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_(vino)" title="Porto (vino) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porto (vino)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_(%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F)" title="פורט (יין) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורט (יין)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პორტვაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტვაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinum_Portugallicum" title="Vinum Portugallicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vinum Portugallicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portv%C4%ABns" title="Portvīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portvīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portveinas" title="Portveinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portveinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port" title="Port – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Port" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%B3i_bor" title="Portói bor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portói bor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Порто (вино) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Порто (вино)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="نبيت بورت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبيت بورت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(wijn)" title="Port (wijn) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Port (wijn)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ポートワイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポートワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puurtwin" title="Puurtwin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Puurtwin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portvin" title="Portvin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portvin" title="Portvin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Portvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_(vin)" title="Porto (vin) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Porto (vin)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portveyn" title="Portveyn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portveyn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_(wino)" title="Porto (wino) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Porto (wino)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinho_do_Porto" title="Vinho do Porto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vinho do Porto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Porto" title="Vin de Porto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vin de Porto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Портвейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портвейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Портвейн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Портвейн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Port wine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsk%C3%A9_v%C3%ADno" title="Portské víno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" 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lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portviini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portvin" title="Portvin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portvin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_%C5%9Farab%C4%B1" title="Porto şarabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Porto şarabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Портвейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Portuguese fortified wine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Port Wine" redirects here. For the locality in Barcaldine, Queensland, Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Port_Wine,_Queensland" title="Port Wine, Queensland">Port Wine, Queensland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of wine. For the birthmark, see <a href="/wiki/Port-wine_stain" title="Port-wine stain">Port-wine stain</a>. For the Krazy Kat short, see <a href="/wiki/Port_Whines" title="Port Whines">Port Whines</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg/170px-10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg/255px-10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg/340px-10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A glass of tawny port</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg/175px-VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg/263px-VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg/350px-VinhoDoPorto_Garantia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Official guarantee label from a bottle of port</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Port wine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">vinho do Porto</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈviɲu<span class="wrap"> </span>ðu<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpoɾtu]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wine of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), or simply <b>port</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wine</a> produced in the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norte,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte, Portugal">northern Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically a <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweet</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>, often served with <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert</a>, although it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties. </p><p>Other port-style fortified wines are produced outside Portugal – in Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, India, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and the United States – but under the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Protected_Designation_of_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Designation of Origin">Protected Designation of Origin</a> guidelines, only wines from Portugal are allowed to be labelled "port".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Region_and_production">Region and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Region and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg/220px-The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg/330px-The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg/440px-The_Douro_Valley_vineyards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The vineyards that produce port wine are common along the hillsides that flank the valley of the River <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> in northern Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the demarcated Douro region.<sup id="cite_ref-fp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492">: 492 </span></sup> The wine produced is then fortified by the <a href="/wiki/Mutage" title="Mutage">addition of a neutral grape spirit</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Aguardente#Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguardente">aguardente</a> to stop the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a>, leaving residual sugar in the wine, and to boost the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol content</a>. The fortification spirit is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, but it bears little resemblance to commercial brandies. The wine is then stored and <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aged</a>, often in <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a> stored in a lodge (meaning "cellar") as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia" title="Vila Nova de Gaia">Vila Nova de Gaia</a>, before being bottled. The wine received its name, "port", in the latter half of the 17th century from the <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a>, where much of the product was brought to market or for export to other countries in Europe. The Douro valley where port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, and the name <i>Douro</i> thus an official <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a>, in 1756, making it the third oldest wine after <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a> (1716) and <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaj</a> (1730). </p><p>The reaches of the valley of the Douro River in northern Portugal have a <a href="/wiki/Regional_climates_levels_in_viticulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional climates levels in viticulture">microclimate</a> that is optimal for <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, and especially grapes important for making port wine. The region around <a href="/wiki/Alij%C3%B3_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Alijó Municipality">Pinhão</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_da_Pesqueira" title="São João da Pesqueira">São João da Pesqueira</a> is considered to be the centre of port production, and is known for its picturesque <i>quintas</i> – estates clinging on to almost vertical slopes dropping down to the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto.Grahams03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Porto.Grahams03.jpg/220px-Porto.Grahams03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Porto.Grahams03.jpg/330px-Porto.Grahams03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Porto.Grahams03.jpg/440px-Porto.Grahams03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Aging in wooden barrels</figcaption></figure> <p>The demarcation of the Douro River Valley includes a broad swath of land of pre-<a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. Beginning around the village of <a href="/wiki/Barqueiros" title="Barqueiros">Barqueiros</a> (about 70 km (43 mi) upstream from Porto), the valley extends eastward almost to the Spanish border. The region is protected from the influences of the Atlantic Ocean by the <a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Mar%C3%A3o" title="Serra do Marão">Serra do Marão</a> mountains. The area is subdivided into three official zones: the Baixo (lower) Corgo, the Cima (higher) Corgo, and the Douro Superior.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 536">: 536 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Baixo Corgo</b> – The westernmost zone located downstream from the river <a href="/wiki/Corgo_River" title="Corgo River">Corgo</a>, centred on the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Peso_da_R%C3%A9gua" title="Peso da Régua">Peso da Régua</a>. This region is the wettest port production zone, receiving an annual average of 900 millimetres (35 in) of precipitation and it has the coolest average temperature of the three zones. The grapes grown here are used mainly for the production of inexpensive ruby and tawny ports.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 536">: 536 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Cima Corgo</b> – Located upstream from the Baixo Corgo, this region is centred on the town of Pinhão (municipality of <a href="/wiki/Alij%C3%B3" title="Alijó">Alijó</a>). The summertime average temperature of the region is a few degrees higher, and annual rainfall is about 700 millimetres (28 in). The grapes grown in this zone are considered of higher quality, being used in bottlings of Vintage, Reserve, aged Tawny, and Late Bottled Vintage Ports.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 536">: 536 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Douro Superior</b> – The easternmost zone, extending almost to the Spanish border. This is the least cultivated region of Douro, due in part to the difficulties of navigating the river past the <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valeira_Dam" title="Valeira Dam">Cachão da Valeira</a>. This is the driest and warmest region of the Douro. The overall terrain is relatively flat, with the potential for <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical harvesting">mechanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 536">: 536 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grapes">Grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Port_wine_grapes" title="List of Port wine grapes">List of Port wine grapes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto.Grahams12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Porto.Grahams12.jpg/220px-Porto.Grahams12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Porto.Grahams12.jpg/330px-Porto.Grahams12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Porto.Grahams12.jpg/440px-Porto.Grahams12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Vintage ports from 1870 and 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>Over a hundred varieties of grapes (<i>castas</i>) are sanctioned for port production, although only five (<a href="/wiki/Tinta_Barroca" title="Tinta Barroca">Tinta Barroca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinto_C%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinto Cão">Tinto Cão</a>, Tinta Roriz (<a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Touriga_Francesa" title="Touriga Francesa">Touriga Francesa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a>) are widely cultivated and used.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a> is widely considered the most desirable port grape but the difficulty in growing it, and the small yields cause Touriga Francesa to be the most widely planted grape.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White ports are produced the same way as red ports, except that they use white grapes – <a href="/wiki/Donzelinho_Branco" class="mw-redirect" title="Donzelinho Branco">Donzelinho Branco</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esgana-C%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esgana-Cão (page does not exist)">Esgana-Cão</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folgas%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folgasão (page does not exist)">Folgasão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouveio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouveio">Gouveio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia_Fina" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvasia Fina">Malvasia Fina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabigato" title="Rabigato">Rabigato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viosinho" title="Viosinho">Viosinho</a>. While a few shippers have experimented with Ports produced from a single variety of grapes, all Ports commercially available are from a blend of different grapes. Since the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">crisis</a>, most vines are grown on <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafted</a> rootstock, with the notable exception of the Nacional area of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinta_do_Noval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinta do Noval (page does not exist)">Quinta do Noval</a>, which, since being planted in 1925, has produced some of the most expensive vintage ports. </p><p>Grapes grown for port are generally characterized by their small, dense fruit which produces concentrated and long-lasting flavours, suitable for long aging. While the grapes used to produce port made in Portugal are strictly regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_do_Vinho_do_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto do Vinho do Porto">Instituto do Vinho do Porto</a>, wines from outside this region that describe themselves as port may be made from other varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales">Sales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, there were 8.7 million cases of port sold, 3.6% less than the previous year, at a value of $499 million. Port sales have been declining since 2005 and in 2014 were down 16% from that year.<sup id="cite_ref-sales_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sales-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 about 7.2 million cases were sold, with a value of €364 million.<sup id="cite_ref-ivdp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivdp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining sales are attributed by some to increasing prices, due to the increased cost of alcohol used in the production process.<sup id="cite_ref-sales_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sales-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining sales have also been attributed to the global rise in alcohol levels of table wines.<sup id="cite_ref-graperadio_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graperadio-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, the leading brand in Portugal is Cálem, which sells 2.6 million bottles annually.<sup id="cite_ref-calem_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calem-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg/220px-Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg/330px-Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg/440px-Rabelo_Douro_en%E2%80%93Porto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><i>Rabelos</i>, a type of boat traditionally used to transport barrels of port down the River Douro for storage and aging in caves at Vila Nova de Gaia near Porto</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_wine_barrels_(7872306736).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Porto_wine_barrels_%287872306736%29.jpg/220px-Porto_wine_barrels_%287872306736%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Porto_wine_barrels_%287872306736%29.jpg/330px-Porto_wine_barrels_%287872306736%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Porto_wine_barrels_%287872306736%29.jpg/440px-Porto_wine_barrels_%287872306736%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rabelo_boat" title="Rabelo boat">barco rabelo</a> carrying display port barrels</figcaption></figure> <p>Port is produced from grapes grown in the Douro valley. Until 1986 it could only be exported from Portugal from <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia" title="Vila Nova de Gaia">Vila Nova de Gaia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, Portugal's second-largest city.<sup id="cite_ref-fp_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492">: 492 </span></sup> Traditionally, the wine was taken downriver in flat-bottom boats called '<a href="/wiki/Rabelo_boat" title="Rabelo boat">barcos rabelos</a>', to be processed and stored.<sup id="cite_ref-fp_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> In the 1950s and 1960s, several <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> dams were built along the river, ending this traditional conveyance. Currently, the wine is transported from the vineyards by <a href="/wiki/Tanker_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanker truck">tanker trucks</a> and the <i>barcos rabelos</i> are only used for racing and other displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port wine is typically richer, sweeter, heavier, and higher in alcohol content than unfortified wines. This is caused by the addition of distilled grape spirits that fortify the wine, but also halt fermentation before all the sugar is converted to alcohol, and results in a wine that is usually 19% to 20% alcohol. </p><p>Port is commonly served after meals as a <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wine</a> in English-speaking countries, often with cheese, nuts, or chocolate; white and tawny ports are often served as an <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a>. In continental Europe, all types of ports are frequently consumed as apéritifs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port from Portugal comes in several styles, which can be divided into two broad categories: wines matured in sealed glass bottles, and wines that have matured in wooden barrels. </p><p>The former, without exposure to air, experience what is known as "reductive" ageing. This process leads to the wine losing its color very slowly and produces a wine that is smoother on the palate and less tannic. </p><p>The latter, being matured in wooden barrels, whose permeability allows a small amount of exposure to oxygen, experience what is known as "oxidative" aging. They too lose color, but at a faster pace. They also lose volume to evaporation (<a href="/wiki/Angel%27s_share" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel's share">angel's share</a>), leaving behind a wine that is slightly more viscous. </p><p>The IVDP (<i><a href="/wiki/Instituto_dos_Vinhos_do_Douro_e_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto">Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto</a></i>) further divides ports into two categories: normal ports (standard ruby, three-year-old tawny, and white) and <i>Categorias Especiais</i>, special categories, which include everything else. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruby">Ruby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ruby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common type, ruby port is stored in tanks of concrete or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> after fermentation, to prevent oxidative aging and preserve its bright red color and full-bodied fruitiness.<sup id="cite_ref-ruby_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wine is usually blended to match the style of the brand to which it is to be sold. The wine is <a href="/wiki/Fined_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fined (wine)">fined</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_filtered" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold filtered">cold filtered</a> before bottling and does not generally improve with age, although premium rubies are aged in wood from four to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-ruby_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reserve">Reserve</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reserve ruby is a premium ruby port approved by the IVDP's tasting panel, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Câmara de Provadores</i></span>. In 2002 the IVDP prohibited the use of the term "vintage character", as reserve ruby port had neither a single vintage (usually being a blend of several vintages of the ruby) nor the typical character of vintage port.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rose">Rose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rose port is a very recent variation on the market, first released in 2008 by Poças and by Croft, part of the <a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Fladgate,_%26_Yeatman" title="Taylor, Fladgate, & Yeatman">Taylor Fladgate Partnership</a>. It is technically a ruby port, but fermented in a similar manner to a <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">rosé wine</a>, with limited exposure to the grape skins, thus creating the rose color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tawny">Tawny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tawny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tawny ports are wines usually made from red grapes that are aged in wooden barrels exposing them to gradual oxidation and evaporation. As a result of this oxidation, they mellow to a golden-brown color. The exposure to oxygen imparts "nutty" flavours to the wine, which is blended to match the house style. They are sweet or medium dry and typically consumed as a dessert wine, but can also pair with a main course.<sup id="cite_ref-fp_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492">: 492 </span></sup> </p><p>When a port is described as tawny, without an indication of age, it is a basic blend of wood-aged port that has spent time in wooden barrels, typically at least three years. </p><p>Reserve tawny port (produced by Borges, Calem, Croft, Cruz, <a href="/wiki/Graham%27s" title="Graham's">Graham</a>, Kopke, and other houses) has been aged about seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above this are tawny with an indication of age, which represent a blend of several vintages. The target age profile, in years in wood, is stated on the label, usually 10, 20, 30, or 40 years. These ports are produced by most houses. </p><p>It is also possible to produce an aged white port in this manner, with some shippers now marketing aged white ports. </p><p>In some places, such as Canada<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'tawny' may also be used to describe any port-style wine that is not produced in Portugal, in accordance with an agreement with the EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colheita">Colheita</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colheita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colheita port is a single-vintage tawny port<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aged for at least seven years, with the vintage year on the bottle instead of a category of age (10, 20, etc.). Colheita port should not be confused with a vintage port: a vintage port will spend only about 18 months in barrels after harvest and will continue to mature in bottles, but a Colheita may have spent 20 or more years in wooden barrels before being bottled and sold. White Colheitas have also been produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrafeira">Garrafeira</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Garrafeira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Port_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Port wine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unusual and rare, vintage-dated Garrafeira combines the oxidative maturation of years in wood with further reductive maturation in large glass <a href="/wiki/Demijohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Demijohn">demijohns</a>. It is required by the IVDP that wines spend some time in wood, usually between three and six years, followed by at least a further eight years in glass, before bottling. In practice, the times spent in glass are much longer. The style is associated with the company Niepoort, although others do exist. Their dark green demijohns, known as bon-bons, hold approximately 11 litres (2.4 imp gal; 2.9 US gal) each. Some connoisseurs describe Garrafeira as having a slight taste of bacon, the reason being that, during the second phase of maturation, certain oils may precipitate, causing a film to form across the surface of the glass. </p><p>Confusingly, the word Garrafeira may also be found on some very old tawny labels, where the contents of the bottle are of exceptional age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_port">White port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: White port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White port is made from white grapes, such as <i>Malvasia Fina</i>, <i>Donzelinho</i>, <i>Gouveio</i>, <i>Codega</i> and <i>Rabigato</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor introduced Chip Dry, a new style of white apéritif Port, in 1934.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Made from traditional white grape varieties, it is fermented for longer than usual to give it a crisp dry finish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_bottled_vintage">Late bottled vintage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Late bottled vintage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late bottled vintage (often referred to simply as LBV) was originally wine that had been destined for bottling as vintage port, but because of lack of demand was left in the barrel for longer than had been planned. Over time it has become two distinct styles of wine, both of them bottled between four and six years after the vintage, but one style is fined and filtered before bottling, while the other is not.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayson_2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayson_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accidental origin of late bottled vintage has led to more than one company claiming its invention. The earliest known reference to a style of port with this name in a merchant's list is to be found in The Wine Society's catalogue from 1964, which includes Fonseca's Quinta Milieu 1958, bottled in the UK, also in 1964. By the 1962 vintage, LBV was being produced in Portugal and bottled as LBV. </p><p>LBV is intended to provide some of the experience of drinking a vintage port but without the need for lengthy bottle ageing. To a limited extent, it succeeds, as the extra years of oxidative ageing in the barrel does mature the wine more quickly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unfiltered">Unfiltered</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unfiltered"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unfiltered LBVs are mostly bottled with conventional driven corks and need to be decanted. After decanting they should be consumed within a few days. Recent bottlings are identified by the label "unfiltered", "bottle matured", or both. Since the 2002 regulations, bottles that carry the words "bottle matured" must have enjoyed at least three years of bottle maturation before release. Before 2002 this style was often marketed as "traditional", a description that is no longer permitted. Unfiltered LBV will usually be improved by extra years in the bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayson_2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayson_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can age as long as vintage ports and are very difficult to identify as LBVs when inserted into blind tastings of vintage ports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filtered">Filtered</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Filtered"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg/110px-Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg/165px-Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg/220px-Kedem_New_York_State_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of filtered <a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">New York State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a> Port wine</figcaption></figure> <p>The filtered wine has the advantage of being ready to drink without <a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">decanting</a> and is usually bottled in a stoppered bottle that can be easily resealed. However, many wine experts feel that this convenience comes at a price and believe that the filtration process strips out much of the character of the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically ready to drink when released, filtered LBV ports tend to be lighter-bodied than vintage ports. Filtered LBVs can improve with age, but only to a limited degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusted">Crusted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crusted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crusted port is usually a blend of several vintages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike vintage port, which has to be sourced from grapes from a single vintage, crusted port affords the port blender the opportunity to make best use of the varying characteristics of different vintages. </p><p>Crusted port is bottled unfiltered and sealed with a driven cork. Like vintage port, it needs to be decanted before drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vintage_port">Vintage port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vintage port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png/110px-Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png/165px-Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png/220px-Delaforce_1985_Vintage_Port_-_2020-08-08_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="3626" /></a><figcaption>Delaforce 1985 vintage port</figcaption></figure> <p>Vintage ports may be aged in barrels or stainless steel for a maximum of two and a half years before bottling, and generally require another 10 to 40 years of aging in the bottle before reaching what is considered a proper drinking age. Since they are potentially aged in a cask for only a short time, they retain their dark ruby color and fresh fruit flavours. Particularly fine vintage ports can continue to gain complexity for many decades after they were bottled. It is not uncommon for 19th-century bottles to still be in perfect condition for consumption. The oldest known vintage port still available as of 2018 from a shipper is the 1815 Ferreira.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tasting in 1990 described it as having an "intensely spicy aroma – cinnamon, pepper, and ginger – hints of exotic woods, iodine, and wax".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vintage port is made entirely from the grapes of a declared vintage year. While it is by far the most renowned type of port, from a volume and revenue standpoint, vintage port accounts for only about two percent of overall port production. Not every year is declared a vintage in the Douro. The decision on whether to declare a vintage is made early in the second year following the harvest. The decision to declare a vintage is made by each individual port house often referred to as a "shipper". </p><p>Much of the complex character of aged vintage port comes from the continued slow decomposition of grape solids in each bottle. These solids are undesirable when the port is consumed, and thus vintage port typically requires a period of settling before decanting and pouring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_quinta_vintage_port">Single quinta vintage port</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Single quinta vintage port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Single quinta vintage ports are wines that originate from a single estate, unlike the standard bottlings of the port wine houses which can be sourced from a number of quintas. Single quinta bottlings are used in two ways by producers. Most of the large port wine houses have a single quinta bottling which is only produced in some years when the regular vintage port of the house is not declared. In those years, wine from their best quinta is still bottled under a vintage designation, rather than being used for simpler port qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayson_2015_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayson_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vintages">Vintages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vintages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg/125px-Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg/188px-Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg/250px-Quinta_do_Noval_Vintage_Port_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinta_do_Noval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinta do Noval (page does not exist)">Quinta do Noval</a> Vintage Port 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintage</a> has a distinct meaning in the context of vintage port. While vintage is simply the year in which a wine is made, most producers of vintage port restrict their production of year-labelled bottlings to only the best years, a few per decade. Contrast with <a href="/wiki/Second_wine" title="Second wine">second wines</a>, where (primarily) Bordeaux producers release a year-labelled top wine almost every year, but also lesser quality wines in some years. </p><p>If a port house decides that its wine is of a quality sufficient for a vintage, samples are sent to the IVDP for approval and the house declares the vintage. In very good years, almost all the port houses will declare their wines. </p><p>In intermediate years, the producers of blended vintage ports will not declare their flagship port but may declare the vintage of a single quinta, e.g., the 1996 Dow's Quinta do Bomfim and Taylor's Quinta de Vargellas. Some houses declare their wines in all but the worst years: Quinta do Vesuvio has declared a vintage every year with the exceptions of 1993, 2002, and 2014. </p><p>Improved wine-making technologies and better weather forecasts during the harvest have increased the number of years in which a vintage can be declared. Although there have been years when only one or two wines have been declared, it has been over thirty years since there was a year with no declarations at all. </p><p>2016 was declared a vintage year by most producers,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ws_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of the grape harvest was attributed to ideal rainfall and temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-winedetective_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winedetective-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recent widely declared vintage years were 2007, 2003, 2000, 1997 and 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-ws_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_tradition">History and tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History and tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese_wine" title="History of Portuguese wine">History of Portuguese wine</a></div> <p>The wine-producing Douro region is the third oldest protected <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">wine region</a> in the world after <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a>, in 1716, and <a href="/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a>, in 1730. </p><p>In 1756, during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Geral_da_Agricultura_das_Vinhas_do_Alto_Douro" class="mw-redirect" title="Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro">Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro</a> (C.G.A.V.A.D., also known as the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro or <a href="/wiki/Douro_Wine_Company" title="Douro Wine Company">Douro Wine Company</a>), was founded to guarantee the quality of the product and fair pricing to the end consumer. The C.G.A.V.A.D. was also in charge of regulating which port wine would be for export or internal consumption and managing the protected geographic indication.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 536–540">: 536–540 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1678, a Liverpool wine merchant sent two new representatives to <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Viana do Castelo Municipality">Viana do Castelo</a>, north of Oporto, to learn the wine trade. While on a vacation in the Douro, the two gentlemen visited the Abbot of Lamego, who treated them to a "very agreeable, sweetish and extremely smooth" wine, which had been fortified with a distilled spirit. The two Englishmen were so pleased with the product that they purchased the abbot's entire lot and shipped it home.<sup id="cite_ref-Southeby's_pg_334_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southeby's_pg_334-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Port became very popular in England after the <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Treaty" title="Methuen Treaty">Methuen Treaty</a> of 1703, when merchants were permitted to import it at a low duty, while war with France deprived English wine drinkers of <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a>. British importers could be credited for recognising that a smooth, already fortified wine that would appeal to English palates would survive the trip to London. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodega_Sandeman,_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia,_Portugal,_2012-05-09,_DD_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bodega_Sandeman%2C_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-09%2C_DD_06.JPG/330px-Bodega_Sandeman%2C_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-09%2C_DD_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bodega_Sandeman%2C_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-09%2C_DD_06.JPG/495px-Bodega_Sandeman%2C_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-09%2C_DD_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bodega_Sandeman%2C_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-09%2C_DD_06.JPG/660px-Bodega_Sandeman%2C_Vila_Nova_de_Gaia%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-09%2C_DD_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5055" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Sandeman cellar, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>The continued British involvement in the port trade can be seen in the names of many port shippers and brands: Broadbent, <a href="/wiki/Cockburn%27s_Port_House" title="Cockburn's Port House">Cockburn</a>, Croft, Dow, Gould Campbell, Graham, Osborne, Offley, <a href="/wiki/Sandeman_(wine)" title="Sandeman (wine)">Sandeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Fladgate,_%26_Yeatman" title="Taylor, Fladgate, & Yeatman">Taylor</a>, and Warre being amongst the best known. Shippers of Dutch and German origin are also prominent, such as Niepoort and Burmester. The British involvement grew so strong that they formed a trade association that became a <a href="/wiki/Factory_House" title="Factory House">gentlemen's club</a>. A few port shippers and producers were also established by native Portuguese families: Ferreira and Quinta do Crasto are among the best. Both Ferreira and Quinta do Crasto can be credited for pioneering the Douro as a table-wine-producing region, Ferreira making Barca Velha since 1952 and Quinta do Crasto becoming the second producer of note, starting in the early 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storing_and_serving">Storing and serving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Storing and serving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging of wine</a></div> <p>Port, like other wine, should be stored in a cool but not cold, dark location (as light can damage the port), at a steady temperature (such as a cellar), with the bottle laid on its side if it has a cork, or standing up if it is stoppered.<sup id="cite_ref-PortwineA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortwineA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of white port, which can be served chilled, the port should be served at between 15 and 20 °C (59–68 °F). Tawny port may also be served slightly cooler.<sup id="cite_ref-PortwineB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortwineB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Port wines that are unfiltered (such as vintage ports, crusted ports, and some LBVs) form a <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> (or crust) in the bottle and require <a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">decanting</a>. This process also allows the port to breathe (allowing the wine to mix with oxygen).<sup id="cite_ref-ukwinesOL-Decant_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukwinesOL-Decant-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional method of opening a vintage port is with <a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">port tongs</a>. The tongs are heated over a flame and applied to the bottle's neck. The bottleneck is cooled with cold water, causing a clean break. This avoids the use of a corkscrew on an older cork, which would otherwise break apart and crumble into the wine. </p><p>Once opened, a port generally lasts longer than unfortified wine, but it is still best consumed within a short period of time. Tawny, ruby, and LBV ports may keep for several months once opened; because they are aged longer in barrels, these ports have already been exposed to some degree of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>. Old Vintage ports are best consumed within several days of opening, but young Vintage Ports can be kept open for several weeks, if not months when very young.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Lovers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Lovers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voss_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voss-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tradition in the United Kingdom calls for the port being served at a formal dinner to be passed to the left ("pass the port to <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">port</a>") and for the bottle or decanter not to touch the table on its way around,<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_–_To_The_Left_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_–_To_The_Left-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some cultures reject this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Serving_Vintage_Port_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serving_Vintage_Port-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a diner fails to pass the port, others at the table may ask "Do you know the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich#Port-passing_etiquette" title="Bishop of Norwich">Bishop of Norwich</a>?"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Bishop_of_Norwich_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Bishop_of_Norwich-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the question acts as a reminder to pass the port, for those who know the story, and an opportunity to tell the story to those who have not heard it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instituto_dos_Vinhos_do_Douro_e_do_Porto">Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e do Porto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e do Porto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quinta_classification_of_Port_vineyards_in_the_Douro" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro">Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro</a></div> <p>The Port and Douro Wines Institute is an official body belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture">Ministry of Agriculture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and is a key institution in promoting the industry and knowledge of making port wine. It was previously known as the Instituto do Vinho do Porto.<sup id="cite_ref-IVDP_Presentation_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVDP_Presentation-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Port_houses">Port houses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Port houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Producers of port wine are often called "shippers". In the early history of the port wine trade, many of the most powerful shipping families were British (English and Scottish) and Irish; this history can still be seen in the names of many of the most famous port wines. Over the years Portuguese, as well as Dutch and German-owned shippers have also become prevalent in the port industry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, is home to many famous port houses located near the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a>, making the shipping of port wine easy. Some of these port houses are private, while others are open to public tours and visits.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_historical_remedy_for_illness">As a historical remedy for illness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: As a historical remedy for illness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port has been used in the past as a healing agent in earlier remedies. The British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> was given port for <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> as a boy. He began at the age of 14 (1773) with a bottle a day according to J. Ehrman (1969), <i>The Younger Pitt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-J.Ehrman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Ehrman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy alcohol consumption is known to exacerbate gout. </p><p>A recurring theme in the novels of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> is the partiality of respectable elderly ladies for port, which they excuse on the grounds that it is "medicinal". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aged port wine contains a family of bluish phenolic pigments called <a href="/wiki/Portosin" title="Portosin">portosins</a> (vinylpyranoanthocyanins)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oxovitisin_A" title="Oxovitisin A">oxovitisin A</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oxovitisin" title="Oxovitisin">oxovitisin</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Pyranoanthocyanin" title="Pyranoanthocyanin">pyranoanthocyanin</a> with a <a href="/wiki/2-pyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="2-pyrone">2-pyrone</a> component.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_wine_regions" title="List of Portuguese wine regions">List of Portuguese wine regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine_cheese" title="Port wine cheese">Port wine cheese</a>, a cheese made with wine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portello_(soft_drink)" title="Portello (soft drink)">Portello</a>, a non-alcoholic soft drink based on the flavour of the wine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPorter2000" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Darwin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43689483"><i>Frommer's Portugal</i></a>. Danforth Prince (16th ed.). 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S.; Mateus, Nuno; De Freitas, Victor (2010). "Oxovitisins: A New Class of Neutral Pyranone-anthocyanin Derivatives in Red Wines". <i>J. Agric. Food Chem</i>. <b>58</b> (15): 8814–8819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf101408q">10.1021/jf101408q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20608752">20608752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.atitle=Oxovitisins%3A+A+New+Class+of+Neutral+Pyranone-anthocyanin+Derivatives+in+Red+Wines&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8814-8819&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf101408q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20608752&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Jingren&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+Joana&rft.au=Silva%2C+Artur+M.+S.&rft.au=Mateus%2C+Nuno&rft.au=De+Freitas%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_wine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_cocktails" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_cocktails" title="Template:Wine cocktails"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_cocktails" title="Template talk:Wine cocktails"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_cocktails" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine cocktails"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_cocktails" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine_cocktail" title="Wine cocktail">Wine cocktails</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Port wine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cheeky_Vimto" title="Cheeky Vimto">Cheeky Vimto</a>, Portbuka</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_cocktail" title="Wine cocktail">Wine cocktails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigua_de_Val%C3%A8ncia" title="Aigua de València">Aigua de València</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Velvet_(beer_cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Velvet (beer cocktail)">Black Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon_(cocktail)" title="Death in the Afternoon (cocktail)">Death in the Afternoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirtini" title="Flirtini">Flirtini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_(cocktail)" title="Prince of Wales (cocktail)">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellini_(cocktail)" title="Bellini (cocktail)">Bellini</a><div style="display:inline; border: thin dashed #999; background: #CCC; font-size:85%; font-weight:bolder; margin: 0 .5em; padding: 0 .5em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">IBA</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgroppino" title="Sgroppino">Sgroppino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossini_(cocktail)" title="Rossini (cocktail)">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritz_(cocktail)" title="Spritz (cocktail)">Spritz</a><div style="display:inline; border: thin dashed #999; background: #CCC; font-size:85%; font-weight:bolder; margin: 0 .5em; padding: 0 .5em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">IBA</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_Fizz_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck's Fizz (cocktail)">Buck's Fizz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir_Royal_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kir Royal (cocktail)">Kir Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimosa_(cocktail)" title="Mimosa (cocktail)">Mimosa</a><div style="display:inline; border: thin dashed #999; background: #CCC; font-size:85%; font-weight:bolder; margin: 0 .5em; padding: 0 .5em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">IBA</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_cocktail" title="Champagne cocktail">Ruby Dutchess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimotxo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimotxo">Kalimotxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li>Old Spanish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinto_de_Verano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinto de Verano">Tinto de Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurracapote" title="Zurracapote">Zurracapote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kir_(cocktail)" title="Kir (cocktail)">Kir</a><div style="display:inline; border: thin dashed #999; background: #CCC; font-size:85%; font-weight:bolder; margin: 0 .5em; padding: 0 .5em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">IBA</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terremoto_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terremoto (beverage)">Terremoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_wine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/20px-Glass_of_wine.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/30px-Glass_of_wine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/40px-Glass_of_wine.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191034#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4202227-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vin de Porto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942539k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vin de Porto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942539k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="portské víno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph444991&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565597005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐57488d5c7d‐6twhv Cached time: 20241128020103 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.958 seconds Real time usage: 1.161 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6052/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 152200/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3371/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 172680/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.600/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18328251/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 994.041 1 -total 29.56% 293.887 1 Template:Reflist 12.04% 119.680 29 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