CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914a3c068a58fd07',cH: 'ZfYH.JMZS58Z9BcD9AvKdywPin.Q9ookwhI.tDyKWpk-1740009816-1.2.1.1-G7hLIdPf5bA4XTPKcKx5w_fe_7kVhTAgABBzg9uVcbkw_QbRWja0llxkLPMwa9cW',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Shanghai&__cf_chl_tk=anABW6FdNEJCIh6bkiN6XC1h4TwLfFnXUy_OVEMrd.8-1740009816-1.0.1.1-vYt7xU1PYHbY8mjA2QrIbdMbwnt6DeYI.iZRiFD.X2c",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740009816',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/search?q=Shanghai&__cf_chl_f_tk=anABW6FdNEJCIh6bkiN6XC1h4TwLfFnXUy_OVEMrd.8-1740009816-1.0.1.1-vYt7xU1PYHbY8mjA2QrIbdMbwnt6DeYI.iZRiFD.X2c",md: "4vP1O9VdBxixo5OxPJW4wZKgYl6uNfqE6YSjWslR6n4-1740009816-1.2.1.1-67ZpuivcfUv.Yt4kCH3CCI3Ix9v651EuYUjfVoAnrvVXvYDN9sv5fHA4TeU4qMyG8Atyhyo_bKG7mv1G3752LC8bHv3HQV_id1IyV5bmKIxRhN.k7SDddpUe90cizSaEKWGchUCZoPpr31M2RSGulGw9s6cY98zvl1Ah4rTpz.tkvyJ7RVA_7gcvipRJHja07b6sh8THaABoF5fD_UTRn2tWMJ6vDMGE2lLUpIURkYK8n_wQ7XgWUfuH.qVf1qPo916T.JCbtvSaTXh.yF44NdXONWBsRGrPjGO0N1dWuWShccuaBL0JtegR4v8yusjKm1tFLSFCjrQFpA0xXt4BE9wTGdeN5WA5UHDHMyF8pF18F9bLvMAb6H.pm4g0KSAqd7kq7qaaLfmd3ObyO_1XYikgXa9uJ_pzB2qgAAP41i6Quedz7LSHirqL.eo3ycstHeekoDXJlBr1BeA8h6buudJD3oJksHhFFcI9lXwLufrcj4B2t8M7g4PNWowW2Agpb.VKtk4b4D_.es_vPTmlnNrVYL6lGRWuGFeExvmyltB5gIbPucEmWILaMaWp2Dy5L2hwurpPb_MXflPN4Sg4SxN8Hn__LlHIm8ikMtgHnaVThrNTaZ_8lTM0Gx4ZmbR462balRKtuh2oz.1FrxAR1YJ0k70buibOQSCT6BNDiEruqLWQfqZhbeMUQTOp7LQSeWL_uAAkPZmiQFJIwfI5goolPhKgWZvWtx6cMOWjGwuwV7lobq8wLAur.M2R9zFF_rrFw0M_RsdICCMLgp84u9UdHyFUizQZSp4g56xCxK6vf5p4PBpertuDPbd.eJFHIKNxE2BAV7UyFwNGfdBThQ0Xa.1FPLVZurIaG6KLbEC2TnobBS5xnNrTXIa5rYJoBsd9JEcWZJKcCOWZI3znX6knKTm85Ie7ZLC0.ipo3.FL_rrjecGjvuR2vEOh2hYXNkoVX3Ls6_lLEezg0gDeZ9RnY3L7epDcNe3kX5XwU7g0Wn7zCq7f8Au25Qi9tudfuTqtbjYUKIMBSg4y04PS.dj3a.ww3qA7hxd5ZQTCLAwjrxjdIrr3bSTB9KaSaTG794iRno8Rx6e_0r72OVnW6GhSboeIPU6lBt1BqlT0ZEcBM6BZ3jhjLS4jqLY1kVdWbtSNZi5aD6Jz6KHsj3x24hKQzK835XMMFoTv23d1Gjp4rDAa5mcjCYtzhIe0EuRRpwmcYzxd3MpC0X2XtGaF68VQt0OyJQloaThNvnnJVMONDkI.aBrWGjA_RBw43tbh0lalw4QRUPyPKQql_TeTzSRlfQxylPGkzcSPDk1i_fNm5xFEleu211PhGRMyI7OwPwXUO4pV2X_Qnk6jYgHHJ7iI3jTENVxd4Rb0D8AQMSxdEaz2olPByiZSeA17Rv2gP2l3qrm_prf9W.Ax2SlAurzmdpXwd6QiBl9zQC.Kw5tOjbAi.U2IXXR7MUwcMIlwMMW3MDDyOmFzK.Y7Z.Xdr5N7SVqFOQauIV7qNXztnJx43L0gfVxAZf4QFkcew9R8GLiIKvQMBMPalUhMETmY6rF4SNWBCMsqQfOEIuoDIos4sAs2WQ.okPO1BHAsLZ7Wle.WawOTaECOUwFqrqXQV0sP2m30y.oz.VouR7X7TnK4lrpYOzAPu_9Y6P9WdJ5Jkr6Yzsh6.bvxdJ80OQd2r14ZmSDzB67HVARtkvfM1AA3h0qI6OLICS7DBE2pa82rseLsvo1Tc6FrcyTmFVogOxB1euY4Ge3k6sOqT1bJ1c638dpz8I4kF0oRwZe85zzvnVFqhzEvdeTu8infyCjEYq_Kw_mlHXLhsQpl8ojkllP58rmJerhOp0.DQ8NPulQ31nEwiv0X5ObkmAh2DqdhmxDDB1YX4n9_Lu.Z75F.4dCf2dhyeJ1YU5nv_BKFv4kF",mdrd: "jzHkMVVl.N1wrIuCsegbQ9OE05wW8LRPC9qsX6ZBD6s-1740009816-1.2.1.1-9kvT2SVzQo_ELyeELfv513ct5N_ZhGGG1D3z2xyuY5qXqAwlM1Zv54noLsWIpF1kGV_FXeV2Aqh.SSi8bvewj_7rATOKMN1Xi1klys.Xkmkwz5JS9gZLyYIA8tMALGz7Z9CnAdjTt0TM5nwXMzWcRFzM2011goQQx2jGcgQDlZe7AeaM.vyCnkNctvZVIyY4iCwiACbLtkRqJJWhORyBptRWg1pZKs_3GNul7ypcXQH8O0Xy4m3b3pUoyvHGVOq1P4QEKcT5xyo91U12NIUDyq0nuzsIsiiDitaekRyy35nitSz5VSW.SJQHDURH8LKh4sVYzYO8v_mZABnzbk8lqJMe_1QRpsJobKl2.5.g9tmApB89UJ.iItr2IuyAo4z1SnN8k7E13q6Fjq2arSuMn3.ABSkWImqfN14IIBTh3qXWLQD20lpX6LQWfKzxhZ81LmlJ.lsxcx_mEAQhRF3c8VNdK9tYss.HYNH4SQvDm1oiquXczgp9VD48X1M5qaHX2hkwWEG8OLr5wsaIROc0xwv9irSdvvAg94EMM4VPHR6fDy4OXG5fWzZ4e5SJqyYI1Vs4upDEl0NLPX5BrJRdZiIWTF2UQsNSMhwjuTCe1SHY_XOusLlIdWeslq9UqoFlDTvO4e_mwzk4Ge10jSibvhSCtbgmOe50IACGNEIDZtHI1vYDV9I5_BCYD7snzdGPIlIm9xflL0VUk_hI.30Lx3I7uzxYBUDlE03oZNomShhn7cnqZjIzPKu_9.N__ILS6Y30ZEAocAiprozaJEQ56C.zpxOJwadGZoMCXyDDfwsFtp8hZBXGzxqXbQPBFuuFHiCxdhF5ZTMfHZK97mR.Sro2FsKap0C3HBSBTGxc.M6rVOaLlGLZhvU76Z0.Do6a.P42RraF47uSuqulVkfbiBylQCXfssd3qLcy6tBgz6Ioy3LGS.1g.iymWY6bvOGig1DNjLt8x99lng5Jbk7F_3K0JgSCuXSqafEtt0WcEMB.v.wc6og46sO_rCwdGHyNo_xJe2xC.VudkWkUSTbWTCwptB1JYuGiU_8pSQH_4AnQAKxM7qsTWoojp3scAYhBSh9i9hGZ9FgSZL3nlPs9VvbsFEnMNaX9FpfdjDVnqdWZyCCKt6D.l2sLCc263ENgXN24gWSqsWw9uDB50ZZJL_QfNyJM.TNkOIiUs6KHAi4CqYMePCi2Hx2XoHtuMwV37CPc0YnP_98Taf6V855S7HivcrUj65jZtPdZ_xKCDtTc7lpcwxXiS4DZv_6oP1pEh0MkRnYuisAfxz5VPwRjiSLsPA7ky_mIfb1MzaPAoUV5oB_OKbr9DiqC.9lNxK2tyoVRp.6kfvCx5cov3rKVS3DXX55LluBx5vTDMwBcMQEMAarRTy3Sif7AQNimVopoxon.yOtVKJr7TF_K1h9GTMrsaE4wA6XucSkbhPq1aTt8l1hXXvm5XxxG5vu03mM8qIrSm.kfUN4rPGyiBOacPkAoCGihlrnd6CfQQIbLeku4WgX8_369d5nvLt5rMp9zJsEW3IKyQ25xHqAFHrITTCs2_cLESI_WPETg_aUprx63_4l9KHvBr2jV6NR6Z2EwKaDSgiMyAmjWThqT3TzJ.rwS0m98UDuJ92Ph6rEVIylvgqUpTlrRet8bAtogqO4nYjyUualdnSd4hFpMBixS_GQldVt_IcMVXyo1X9LjkgH1gADCeIXSD3c6PfrV9iWXDDwa5lsb6Nr7kfiV_VgX3Rv5gmBeHjIkDFxN_kYSeccUAzNdKsH6.Wn70W8ifVi3ZLPiJXtuOFGc0jmMIcsCUNOCIxZZ6PshVmu8vVXYYCnYo1K1DsDfar1jzpsY1mZ0DP6f4A6qQ5O.MrYKIyO9M0xNoTzbgl2jLNCCq9jPaQFLH8EkWdGscZnLJNHkANocvfT6SH38J5xWJILj9xQL88.K7oPqReg8ab7Xa9JEpodAEd_CL8lwKK5m4hlL7MLthqJSQcznn7ygBfM5fE0fAA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914a3c068a58fd07';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Shanghai&__cf_chl_rt_tk=anABW6FdNEJCIh6bkiN6XC1h4TwLfFnXUy_OVEMrd.8-1740009816-1.0.1.1-vYt7xU1PYHbY8mjA2QrIbdMbwnt6DeYI.iZRiFD.X2c" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>