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id="toc-Symmetric_cryptography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symmetric_cryptography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Symmetric cryptography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symmetric_cryptography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asymmetric_cryptography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymmetric_cryptography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Asymmetric cryptography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asymmetric_cryptography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Key sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Key generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Establishment scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_vs_password" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_vs_password"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Key vs password</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_vs_password-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Key (cryptography)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="مفتاح (تعمية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفتاح (تعمية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ключ (криптография) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ключ (криптография)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clau_(criptografia)" title="Clau (criptografia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clau (criptografia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%AD%C4%8D_(kryptografie)" title="Klíč (kryptografie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klíč (kryptografie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8gle_(kryptologi)" title="Nøgle (kryptologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nøgle (kryptologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCssel_(Kryptologie)" title="Schlüssel (Kryptologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlüssel (Kryptologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ti_(kr%C3%BCptograafia)" title="Võti (krüptograafia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võti (krüptograafia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clave_(criptograf%C3%ADa)" title="Clave (criptografía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clave (criptografía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ifro%C5%9Dlosilo" title="Ĉifroŝlosilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉifroŝlosilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="کلید (رمزنگاری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلید (رمزنگاری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_de_chiffrement" title="Clé de chiffrement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clé de chiffrement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4_(%EC%95%94%ED%98%B8)" title="키 (암호) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키 (암호)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunci_(kriptografi)" title="Kunci (kriptografi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kunci (kriptografi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiave_(crittografia)" title="Chiave (crittografia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiave (crittografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_(%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מפתח (קריפטוגרפיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפתח (קריפטוגרפיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="გასაღები (კრიპტოგრაფია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გასაღები (კრიპტოგრაფია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кілт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кілт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciav_crittografica" title="Ciav crittografica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciav crittografica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleutel_(cryptografie)" title="Sleutel (cryptografie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sleutel (cryptografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%B5_(%E6%9A%97%E5%8F%B7)" title="鍵 (暗号) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鍵 (暗号)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypteringsn%C3%B8kkel" title="Krypteringsnøkkel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krypteringsnøkkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clau_(criptografia)" title="Clau (criptografia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clau (criptografia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klucz_(kryptografia)" title="Klucz (kryptografia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klucz (kryptografia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chave_(criptografia)" title="Chave (criptografia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chave (criptografia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheie_(criptografie)" title="Cheie (criptografie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cheie (criptografie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ключ (криптография) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ключ (криптография)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Key (cryptography)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salausavain" title="Salausavain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salausavain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonyckel" title="Kryptonyckel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kryptonyckel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi_(kriptograpiya)" title="Susi (kriptograpiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Susi (kriptograpiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="விசைக்குவை (குறியாக்கவியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விசைக்குவை (குறியாக்கவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ключ (криптографія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ключ (криптографія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3a_(m%E1%BA%ADt_m%C3%A3)" title="Khóa (mật mã) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khóa (mật mã)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%8C%99" title="密匙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="密匙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E9%92%A5" title="密钥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="密钥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q471771#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext</div> <p>A <b>key</b> in <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>, can <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encode</a> or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the strength of the encryption relies on the security of the key being maintained. A key's <a href="/wiki/Security_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Security strength">security strength</a> is dependent on its algorithm, the size of the key, the generation of the key, and the process of key exchange. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key is what is used to encrypt data from <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertext</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different methods for utilizing keys and encryption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symmetric_cryptography">Symmetric cryptography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symmetric cryptography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric cryptography">Symmetric cryptography</a> refers to the practice of the same key being used for both encryption and decryption.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asymmetric_cryptography">Asymmetric cryptography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asymmetric cryptography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric cryptography">Asymmetric cryptography</a> has separate keys for encrypting and decrypting.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These keys are known as the public and private keys, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the key protects the confidentiality and integrity of the system, it is important to be kept secret from unauthorized parties. With public key cryptography, only the private key must be kept secret, but with symmetric cryptography, it is important to maintain the confidentiality of the key. <a href="/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle" title="Kerckhoffs's principle">Kerckhoff's principle</a> states that the entire security of the cryptographic system relies on the secrecy of the key.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_sizes">Key sizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Key sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_size" title="Key size">Key size</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Key_size" title="Key size">Key size</a> is the number of <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> in the key defined by the algorithm. This size defines the upper bound of the cryptographic algorithm's security.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger the key size, the longer it will take before the key is compromised by a brute force attack. Since perfect secrecy is not feasible for key algorithms, researches are now more focused on computational security. </p><p>In the past, keys were required to be a minimum of 40 bits in length, however, as technology advanced, these keys were being broken quicker and quicker. As a response, restrictions on symmetric keys were enhanced to be greater in size. </p><p>Currently, 2048 bit <a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is commonly used, which is sufficient for current systems. However, current key sizes would all be cracked quickly with a powerful quantum computer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>“The keys used in public key cryptography have some mathematical structure. For example, public keys used in the RSA system are the product of two prime numbers. Thus public key systems require longer key lengths than symmetric systems for an equivalent level of security. 3072 bits is the suggested key length for systems based on factoring and integer discrete logarithms which aim to have security equivalent to a 128 bit symmetric cipher.”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_generation">Key generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Key generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_generation" title="Key generation">Key generation</a></div> <p>To prevent a key from being guessed, keys need to be generated randomly and contain sufficient <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a>. The problem of how to safely generate random keys is difficult and has been addressed in many ways by various cryptographic systems. A key can directly be generated by using the output of a Random Bit Generator (RBG), a system that generates a sequence of unpredictable and unbiased bits.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A RBG can be used to directly produce either a symmetric key or the random output for an asymmetric key pair generation. Alternatively, a key can also be indirectly created during a key-agreement transaction, from another key or from a password.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some operating systems include tools for "collecting" entropy from the timing of unpredictable operations such as disk drive head movements. For the production of small amounts of keying material, ordinary dice provide a good source of high-quality randomness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_scheme">Establishment scheme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishment scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">Key exchange</a></div> <p>The security of a key is dependent on how a key is exchanged between parties. Establishing a secured communication channel is necessary so that outsiders cannot obtain the key. A key establishment scheme (or key exchange) is used to transfer an encryption key among entities. Key agreement and key transport are the two types of a key exchange scheme that are used to be  remotely exchanged between entities . In a key agreement scheme, a secret key, which is used between the sender and the receiver to encrypt and decrypt information, is set up to be sent indirectly. All parties exchange information (the shared secret) that permits each party to derive the secret key material. In a key transport scheme, encrypted keying material that is chosen by the sender is transported to the receiver. Either symmetric key or asymmetric key techniques can be used in both schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange" title="Diffie–Hellman key exchange">Diffie–Hellman key exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivest-Shamir-Adleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivest-Shamir-Adleman">Rivest-Shamir-Adleman</a> (RSA) are the most two widely used key exchange algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a> constructed the <a href="/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange" title="Diffie–Hellman key exchange">Diffie–Hellman</a> algorithm, which was the first public key algorithm. The <a href="/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange" title="Diffie–Hellman key exchange">Diffie–Hellman</a> key exchange protocol allows key exchange over an insecure channel by electronically generating a shared key between two parties. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Rivest%E2%80%93Shamir%E2%80%93Adleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivest–Shamir–Adleman">RSA</a> is a form of the asymmetric key system which consists of three steps: key generation, encryption, and decryption.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key confirmation delivers an assurance between the key confirmation recipient and provider that the shared keying materials are correct and established. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> recommends key confirmation to be integrated into a key establishment scheme to validate its implementations.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_management" title="Key management">Key management</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Key_management" title="Key management">Key management</a> concerns the generation, establishment, storage, usage and replacement of cryptographic keys. A <a href="/wiki/Key_management" title="Key management">key management system</a> (KMS) typically includes three steps of establishing, storing and using keys. The base of security for the generation, storage, distribution, use and destruction of keys depends on successful key management protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_vs_password">Key vs password</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key vs password"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A password is a memorized series of characters including letters, digits, and other special symbols that are used to verify identity. It is often produced by a human user or a password management software to protect personal and sensitive information or generate cryptographic keys. Passwords are often created to be memorized by users and may contain non-random information such as dictionary words.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a key can help strengthen password protection by implementing a cryptographic algorithm which is difficult to guess or replace the password altogether. A key is generated based on random or pseudo-random data and can often be unreadable to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A password is less safe than a cryptographic key due to its low entropy, randomness, and human-readable properties. However, the password may be the only secret data that is accessible to the cryptographic algorithm for <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> in some applications such as securing information in storage devices. Thus, a deterministic algorithm called a <a href="/wiki/Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">key derivation function</a> (KDF) uses a password to generate the secure cryptographic keying material to compensate for the password's weakness. Various methods such as adding a <a href="/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)" title="Salt (cryptography)">salt</a> or key stretching may be used in the generation.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_key_types" title="Cryptographic key types">Cryptographic key types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diceware" title="Diceware">Diceware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EKMS" class="mw-redirect" title="EKMS">EKMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_key" title="Group key">Group key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC">Keyed hash algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_authentication" title="Key authentication">Key authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">Key derivation function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_distribution_center" title="Key distribution center">Key distribution center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_escrow" title="Key escrow">Key escrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">Key exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_generation" title="Key generation">Key generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_management" title="Key management">Key management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_schedule" title="Key schedule">Key schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_server_(cryptographic)" title="Key server (cryptographic)">Key server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_signature_(cryptography)" title="Key signature (cryptography)">Key signature (cryptography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_signing_party" title="Key signing party">Key signing party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_stretching" title="Key stretching">Key stretching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key-agreement_protocol" title="Key-agreement protocol">Key-agreement protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_key_types" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cryptographic key types">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Password_psychology" title="Password psychology">Password psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint" title="Public key fingerprint">Public key fingerprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_number_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Random number generator">Random number generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_key" title="Session key">Session key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripcode">Tripcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_paper_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusted paper key">Machine-readable paper key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_key" title="Weak key">Weak key</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(cryptography)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPiper2002" class="citation cs2">Piper, Fred (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof070">"Cryptography"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Software Engineering</i>, American Cancer Society, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471028959.sof070">10.1002/0471028959.sof070</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-02895-6" 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8308215/;jsessionid=aTy3qyMmnoiUUKufk8VEl4llW1jnhntWSm9CUa21rjkJ3qW3bths!861039390">"Comprehensive study of symmetric key and asymmetric key encryption algorithms"</a>. <i>2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET)</i>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICEngTechnol.2017.8308215">10.1109/ICEngTechnol.2017.8308215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-1949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-1949-0"><bdi>978-1-5386-1949-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3781693">3781693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+study+of+symmetric+key+and+asymmetric+key+encryption+algorithms&rft.btitle=2017+International+Conference+on+Engineering+and+Technology+%28ICET%29&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3781693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICEngTechnol.2017.8308215&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-1949-0&rft.aulast=Yassein&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Aljawarneh%2C+S.&rft.au=Qawasmeh%2C+E.&rft.au=Mardini%2C+W.&rft.au=Khamayseh%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8308215%2F%3Bjsessionid%3DaTy3qyMmnoiUUKufk8VEl4llW1jnhntWSm9CUa21rjkJ3qW3bths%21861039390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKey+%28cryptography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2016" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Elaine (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-57pt1r4.pdf">"Recommendation for Key Management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendation+for+Key+Management&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FSpecialPublications%2FNIST.SP.800-57pt1r4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKey+%28cryptography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhillar2020" class="citation web cs1">Khillar, Sagar (29 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-encryption-and-password-protection/">"Difference Between Encryption and Password Protection | Difference Between"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">Classical cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol" title="Cryptographic protocol">Cryptographic protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">Authentication protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive" title="Cryptographic primitive">Cryptographic primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">Cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosystem" title="Cryptosystem">Cryptosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce" title="Cryptographic nonce">Cryptographic nonce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptovirology" title="Cryptovirology">Cryptovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash function</a> <ul><li><a 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