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id="toc-Fettling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fettling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fettling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fettling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casting_process_simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casting_process_simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casting process simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casting_process_simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Casting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="صب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6km%C9%99" title="Tökmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tökmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B9-ch%C5%8D" title="Chù-chō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chù-chō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%86%D1%86%D1%91" title="Ліццё – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліццё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Леене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Леене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa_(ind%C3%BAstria)" title="Fosa (indústria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fosa (indústria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odl%C3%A9v%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Odlévání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odlévání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8bning_(fremstilling)" title="Støbning (fremstilling) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støbning (fremstilling)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_(Urformen)" title="Gießen (Urformen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gießen (Urformen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valamine" title="Valamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundici%C3%B3n" title="Fundición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fundición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisado" title="Gisado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gisado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ریخته‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریخته‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulage" title="Coulage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coulage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_(miotal%C3%B3ireacht)" title="Teilgean (miotalóireacht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean (miotalóireacht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundici%C3%B3n" title="Fundición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fundición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%A1%B0" title="주조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ढलाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ढलाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijevanje" title="Lijevanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lijevanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecoran" title="Pengecoran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengecoran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="יציקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יציקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ჩამოსხმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩამოსხმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құймалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құймалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depouy" title="Depouy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Depouy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Куйма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куйма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9isserei" title="Géisserei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Géisserei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liejimas" title="Liejimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liejimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nt%C3%A9szet" title="Öntészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Öntészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B3%E9%80%A0" title="鋳造 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鋳造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8ping" title="Støping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Støping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8yping" title="Støyping – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Støyping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odlewnictwo" title="Odlewnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odlewnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Fundição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%91" title="Литьё – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литьё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting" title="Casting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Casting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litje" title="Litje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Litje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livenje" title="Livenje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Livenje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livenje" title="Livenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Livenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaminen" title="Valaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjutning" title="Gjutning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gjutning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Рехтагарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рехтагарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ливарне виробництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ливарне виробництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_%C4%91%C3%BAc" title="Công nghệ đúc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghệ đúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鑄造" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鑄造" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q496098#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For molding plastics, see <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding (process)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Casting_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Casting (disambiguation)">Casting (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_iron_melting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cast_iron_melting.JPG/220px-Cast_iron_melting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cast_iron_melting.JPG/330px-Cast_iron_melting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cast_iron_melting.JPG/440px-Cast_iron_melting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> casting</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Casting</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a <a href="/wiki/Mold_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (manufacturing)">mold</a>, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that <a href="/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">cure</a> after mixing two or more components together; examples are <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Heavy equipment like machine tool beds, ships' propellers, etc. can be cast easily in the required size, rather than fabricating by joining several small pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casting is a 7,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-mco_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Throughout history, metal casting has been used to make tools, weapons, and religious objects. Metal casting history and development can be traced back to Southern Asia (China, India, Pakistan, etc). <sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Asia traditions and religions relied heavily on statue and relic castings.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These items were frequently made from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">copper alloy</a> laced with lead.<sup id="cite_ref-BassettFogelman2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BassettFogelman2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> the majority of castings were simple one to two piece molds fashioned from either stone or ceramics. However, there is evidence of lost wax castings in numerous ancient civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/192px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/289px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/385px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="3518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing girl</a> of Mohenjo-daro</figcaption></figure> <p>The lost wax process originated in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The earliest known record of lost-wax casting is a clay tablet written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> in the ancient city of Sparta, Babylon, which specifically records how much wax is needed to cast a key.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest-known castings in the global archaeological record were made in open stone molds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of lost wax methods, direct lost wax method and indirect lost wax method. The direct molding method is to make the wax material into the same wax mold as the casting by hand or other tools; the indirect molding method is to make the wax mold through the mold. The direct molding method requires craftsmen to have a high technical level, otherwise the quality of castings cannot be guaranteed. However, the limitation of manual direct molding is that its efficiency is too low to achieve mass production. In this regard, indirect moulding has advantages. In indirect moulding, artisans usually make moulds from stone, wood, clay or other plastic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early civilizations discovered lead aided in the fluidity of molten copper, allowing them to cast more intricate designs. For example, the dancing girl of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> is a copper alloy casting that most likely utilizes the lost wax technique.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lost wax casting can be dated back to 4000 BC or the Chalcolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest studied examples of this technique is a 6,000-year old amulet from <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus valley civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India is attributed as one of the first civilizations to use casting methods to mass produce coins. Around the middle of the first millennium BC (1000 BC - 1 BC), coins used were made from silver but as the millennium progressed the coins shifted to a cast copper alloy.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New technology was developed to mass produce the new copper coins. Introduced was a multi piece stackable coin template mold. Multiple molds were placed on top of one another into a clay cylinder so molten metal could be poured down the center, filling and solidifying in the open spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process allowed one hundred coins to be produced simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle East and West Africa the lost wax technique was used very early in their metallurgy traditions while China adopted it much later. In Western Europe lost wax techniques are considered to have been hardly used especially in comparison to that of the Indus valley civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no pieces of lost wax found in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shane dynasty</a> (1600-1040 BC) while a large amount (100,000 pieces) of piece-mould fragments were found. This led to the conclusion that lost wax was not performed in the capital during this dynasty. However, the discovery of a mask made using the investment moulding dated at around 1300 BC indicated that the lost wax technique may have influenced other regions in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians debate the origin of the development of the cannon but most evidence points to Turkey and Central Asia in the 18th and 19th century. The casting process of a cannon is a bit more complex with the use of a clay core, a template which has clay moulded around it and then broken out followed by an assembly in a casting pit that involves binding the casting with iron bands.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturing_processes#Casting" title="List of manufacturing processes">List of manufacturing processes § Casting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Casting.jpg/170px-Casting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Casting.jpg/255px-Casting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Casting.jpg/340px-Casting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judenplatz_Holocaust_Memorial" title="Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial">Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial</a> (Nameless Library), by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread" title="Rachel Whiteread">Rachel Whiteread</a>. Concrete cast of books on library shelves turned inside out.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">Casting (metalworking)</a></div> <p>In metalworking, metal is heated until it becomes liquid and is then poured into a mold. The mold is a hollow cavity that includes the desired shape, but the mold also includes <a href="/wiki/Runner_(casting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runner (casting)">runners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riser_(casting)" title="Riser (casting)">risers</a> that enable the metal to fill the mold. The mold and the metal are then cooled until the metal solidifies. The solidified part (the casting) is then recovered from the mold. Subsequent operations remove excess material caused by the casting process (such as the runners and risers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plaster,_concrete,_or_plastic_resin"><span id="Plaster.2C_concrete.2C_or_plastic_resin"></span>Plaster, concrete, or plastic resin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plaster, concrete, or plastic resin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resin_casting" title="Resin casting">Resin casting</a></div> <p>Plaster and other chemical curing materials such as concrete and plastic resin may be cast using single-use <i>waste</i> molds as noted above, multiple-use 'piece' molds, or molds made of small rigid pieces or of flexible material such as latex rubber (which is in turn supported by an exterior mold). When casting plaster or concrete, the material surface is flat and lacks transparency. Often topical treatments are applied to the surface. For example, painting and etching can be used in a way that give the appearance of metal or stone. Alternatively, the material is altered in its initial casting process and may contain colored sand so as to give an appearance of stone. By casting concrete, rather than plaster, it is possible to create sculptures, fountains, or seating for outdoor use. A simulation of high-quality marble may be made using certain chemically-set plastic resins (for example <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosetting polymers</a>) with powdered stone added for coloration, often with multiple colors worked in. The latter is a common means of making washstands, washstand tops and shower stalls, with the skilled working of multiple colors resulting in simulated staining patterns as is often found in natural <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fettling">Fettling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fettling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw castings often contain irregularities caused by seams and imperfections in the molds,<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as access ports for pouring material into the molds.<sup id="cite_ref-RAVI2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAVI2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of cutting, grinding, shaving or sanding away these unwanted bits is called "fettling" in UK english.<sup id="cite_ref-Waters2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waters2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frane1994_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frane1994-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times robotic processes have been developed to perform some of the more repetitive parts of the fettling process,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but historically fettlers carried out this arduous work manually,<sup id="cite_ref-BassettFogelman2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BassettFogelman2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often in conditions dangerous to their health.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fettling can add significantly to the cost of the resulting product, and designers of molds seek to minimize it through the shape of the mold, the material being cast, and sometimes by including decorative elements.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casting_process_simulation">Casting process simulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Casting process simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poligonsoft_casting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Poligonsoft_casting.jpg/220px-Poligonsoft_casting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Poligonsoft_casting.jpg/330px-Poligonsoft_casting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Poligonsoft_casting.jpg/440px-Poligonsoft_casting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>A high-performance <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> for the simulation of casting processes provides opportunities for an interactive or automated evaluation of results (here, for example, of mold filling and solidification, <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> and flow characteristics).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting_simulation" title="Metal casting simulation">Casting process simulation</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical methods</a> to calculate cast component quality considering mold filling, <a href="/wiki/Solidification" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidification">solidification</a> and cooling, and provides a quantitative prediction of casting mechanical properties, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_stress" title="Thermal stress">thermal stresses</a> and distortion. Simulation accurately describes a cast component's quality up-front before production starts. The casting rigging can be designed with respect to the required component properties. This has benefits beyond a reduction in pre-production sampling, as the precise layout of the complete casting system also leads to <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, material, and tooling savings. </p><p>The software supports the user in component design, the determination of melting practice and casting methoding through to pattern and mold making, <a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">heat treatment</a>, and finishing. This saves costs along the entire casting manufacturing route. </p><p>Casting process simulation was initially developed at universities starting from the early '<a href="/wiki/70s" title="70s">70s</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, and is regarded as the most important innovation in casting technology over the last 50 years. Since the late '<a href="/wiki/80s" title="80s">80s</a>, commercial programs (such as PoligonSoft, AutoCAST and Magma) are available which make it possible for foundries to gain new insight into what is happening inside the mold or die during the casting process. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)" title="Centrifugal casting (industrial)">Centrifugal casting (industrial)</a> – Casting technique that is typically used to cast thin-walled cylinders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug</a> – Closure for sand casting core holes on water-cooled internal combustion engine blocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_casting" title="Die casting">Die casting</a> – Metal casting process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_casting" title="Glass casting">Glass casting</a> – Process for making objects from molten glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_casting" title="Investment casting">Investment casting</a> – Industrial process based on lost-wax casting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-foam_casting" title="Lost-foam casting">Lost-foam casting</a> – Type of evaporative-pattern casting process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">Lost-wax casting</a> – Process by which a duplicate metal sculpture is cast from an original sculpture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding (process)</a> – Shaping a liquid or plastic material by making it conform to a more rigid mold</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster_mold_casting" title="Plaster mold casting">Plaster casting</a> (process) <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Sand casting process with use of plaster to fill gaps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_mold_casting" title="Permanent mold casting">Permanent mold casting</a> – Metal casting process that employs reusable molds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_casting" title="Rapid casting">Rapid casting</a> – Use of 3D printing to create disposable patterns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_casting" title="Sand casting">Sand casting</a> – Metal casting process using sand as the mold material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_casting" title="Slip casting">Slip casting</a> – Technique for forming pottery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_casting" title="Squeeze casting">Squeeze casting</a> – Casting method that applies very high pressure to the cooling metal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Degarmo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Degarmo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDegarmoBlackKohser2003" class="citation cs2">Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), <i>Materials and Processes in Manufacturing</i> (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 277, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-65653-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-65653-4"><bdi>0-471-65653-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+Processes+in+Manufacturing&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-65653-4&rft.aulast=Degarmo&rft.aufirst=E.+Paul&rft.au=Black%2C+J+T.&rft.au=Kohser%2C+Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mco-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mco_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavi2005" class="citation cs2">Ravi, B. (2005), <i>Metal Casting: Computer-Aided Design and Analysis</i> (1st ed.), PHI, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-203-2726-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-203-2726-8"><bdi>81-203-2726-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal+Casting%3A+Computer-Aided+Design+and+Analysis&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=PHI&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-203-2726-8&rft.aulast=Ravi&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2009" class="citation book cs1">Davey, Christopher J. (2009). J. Mei; Th. Rehren (eds.). <i>The early history of lost-wax casting</i>. London. pp. 147–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+lost-wax+casting&rft.place=London&rft.pages=147-154&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraddock2014" class="citation journal cs1">Craddock, Paul T (October 8, 2014). "The Metal Casting Traditions of South Asia: Continuity and Innovation". <i>Indian Journal of History of Science</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 55–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Metal+Casting+Traditions+of+South+Asia%3A+Continuity+and+Innovation&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-82&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Craddock&rft.aufirst=Paul+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BassettFogelman2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BassettFogelman2008_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BassettFogelman2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_L._BassettPeggy_FogelmanDavid_A._ScottRonald_C._Schmidtling2008" class="citation book cs1">Jane L. Bassett; Peggy Fogelman; David A. Scott; Ronald C. Schmidtling (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8oxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269"><i>The Craftsman Revealed: Adriaen de Vries, Sculptor in Bronze</i></a>. Getty Publications. pp. 269–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-919-5"><bdi>978-0-89236-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Craftsman+Revealed%3A+Adriaen+de+Vries%2C+Sculptor+in+Bronze&rft.pages=269-&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-919-5&rft.au=Jane+L.+Bassett&rft.au=Peggy+Fogelman&rft.au=David+A.+Scott&rft.au=Ronald+C.+Schmidtling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8oxCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1980" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, L. B. (1980). <i>The Long History of Lost Wax Casting, Gold Bulletin</i>. p. 66-79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+History+of+Lost+Wax+Casting%2C+Gold+Bulletin&rft.pages=66-79&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng2020" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Peng (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambriapress.com/books/9781604979626.cfm"><i>Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process</i></a>. Cambria Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalworking+in+Bronze+Age+China%3A+The+Lost-Wax+Process&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Peng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambriapress.com%2Fbooks%2F9781604979626.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg1983" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg, Wilburt (1983). <i>Lost-wax Casting: A practitioners manual</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost-wax+Casting%3A+A+practitioners+manual&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=Wilburt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thoury, M.; et al. (2016). "High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object". Nature Communications. 7. doi:10.1038/ncomms13356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott2006_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Elliott2006" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Elliott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJ837TN6S5cC&pg=PA52"><i>Aspects of Ceramic History: A Series of Papers Focusing on the Ceramic Artifact As Evidence of Cultural and Technical Development</i></a>. Gordon Elliott. pp. 52–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557690-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557690-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9557690-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Ceramic+History%3A+A+Series+of+Papers+Focusing+on+the+Ceramic+Artifact+As+Evidence+of+Cultural+and+Technical+Development&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Gordon+Elliott&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9557690-0-9&rft.au=Gordon+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJ837TN6S5cC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAVI2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAVI2005_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Ravi2005" class="citation book cs1">B. Ravi (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_AZ-kckukGwC&pg=PA92"><i>Metal Casting: Computer-Aided Design and Analysis</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 92–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-2726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-2726-9"><bdi>978-81-203-2726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal+Casting%3A+Computer-Aided+Design+and+Analysis&rft.pages=92-&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-203-2726-9&rft.au=B.+Ravi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_AZ-kckukGwC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waters2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waters2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT_F_Waters2002" class="citation book cs1">T F Waters (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkneL9b-54C&pg=PA17"><i>Fundamentals of Manufacturing For Engineers</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50018-7"><bdi>978-0-203-50018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Manufacturing+For+Engineers&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-203-50018-7&rft.au=T+F+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdkneL9b-54C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frane1994-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frane1994_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_T._Frane1994" class="citation book cs1">James T. Frane (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781572180086"><i>Craftsman's Illustrated Dictionary of Construction Terms</i></a></span>. Craftsman Book Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781572180086/page/126">126</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57218-008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57218-008-6"><bdi>978-1-57218-008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Craftsman%27s+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Construction+Terms&rft.pages=126-&rft.pub=Craftsman+Book+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57218-008-6&rft.au=James+T.+Frane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781572180086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4W9WAAAAMAAJ"><i>The British Foundryman</i></a>. 1986. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Foundryman&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4W9WAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollard1993_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidney_Pollard1993" class="citation book cs1">Sidney Pollard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F51IAAAAYAAJ"><i>A History of Labour in Sheffield</i></a>. Gregg Revivals. pp. 284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7512-0215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7512-0215-1"><bdi>978-0-7512-0215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Labour+in+Sheffield&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=Gregg+Revivals&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7512-0215-1&rft.au=Sidney+Pollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF51IAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kFWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Iron and Steel</i></a>. Louis Cassier. 1971. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Steel&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Louis+Cassier&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kFWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Hansen,_Erwin_Flender_and_Jörg_C._Sturm.2010" class="citation journal cs1">N. Hansen, Erwin Flender and Jörg C. Sturm. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290761769">"Thirty Years of Casting Process Simulation"</a>. <i>International Journal of Metalcasting</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 7–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03355463">10.1007/BF03355463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Metalcasting&rft.atitle=Thirty+Years+of+Casting+Process+Simulation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03355463&rft.au=N.+Hansen%2C+Erwin+Flender+and+J%C3%B6rg+C.+Sturm.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290761769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturing-fabricating/types-of-casting-processes/">"Plaster Casting process"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526214507/https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturing-fabricating/types-of-casting-processes/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plaster+Casting+process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasnet.com%2Farticles%2Fcustom-manufacturing-fabricating%2Ftypes-of-casting-processes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Casting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Casting">Casting</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Campbell, John (2003), <i>Casting</i> (2nd ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-4790-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-4790-6"><bdi>0-7506-4790-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casting&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7506-4790-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasting" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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