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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_and_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparation and cooking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation_and_cooking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation and cooking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation_and_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overexploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overexploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Overexploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overexploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Toxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تناول الخفاشيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تناول الخفاشيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledertiere_als_Lebensmittel" title="Fledertiere als Lebensmittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fledertiere als Lebensmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimento_a_base_de_murci%C3%A9lago" title="Alimento a base de murciélago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alimento a base de murciélago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="گوشت خفاش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوشت خفاش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viande_de_chauve-souris" title="Viande de chauve-souris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viande de chauve-souris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%A5%90%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0" title="박쥐고기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박쥐고기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelelawar_(makanan)" title="Kelelawar (makanan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelelawar (makanan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_di_pipistrello" title="Carne di pipistrello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carne di pipistrello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa_minangka_panganan" title="Lawa minangka panganan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lawa minangka panganan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA" title="食用コウモリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食用コウモリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Мясо рукокрылых – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мясо рукокрылых" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepakot_ruokana" title="Lepakot ruokana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lepakot ruokana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladdermus_som_f%C3%B6da" title="Fladdermus som föda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fladdermus som föda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarasa_yemekleri" title="Yarasa yemekleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarasa yemekleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%27%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="М'ясо рукокрилих – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="М'ясо рукокрилих" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m_t%E1%BB%AB_d%C6%A1i" title="Thực phẩm từ dơi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực phẩm từ dơi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="食用蝙蝠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="食用蝙蝠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17067753#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paniki_(food)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Paniki (food)">Paniki (food)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bat eaten as food</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG/220px-Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG/330px-Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG/440px-Paniki_Rica_Cabai_Hijau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><b>Paniki</b> prepared with <a href="/wiki/Fruit_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit bat">fruit bat</a> <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> cooked in spicy rica green chili pepper. A <a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a> dish. <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bats as food</b> are eaten by people in some areas of North America,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asia, Africa, Pacific Rim countries,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some other cultures, including the United States, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_china_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein_china-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_bat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_eating_bat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgeglobal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwarcz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarcz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half the <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">megabat</a> (fruit bat) species are hunted for food but only eight percent of the insectivorous bat species are.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Guam, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_fruit_bat" title="Mariana fruit bat">Mariana fruit bats</a> (<i>Pteropus mariannus</i>) are considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bats_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bats-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats have likely been consumed as a food source since prehistoric times in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region. <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphic</a> analysis of archaeological sites indicate that bats could have been exploited as a food source since 74,000 years ago by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>. On tropical islands, hunting large fruit bats was a worthwhile expenditure for prehistoric hominins. These megabats could be easily captured in caves in large numbers, and processing effort was also minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats have been hunted by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> for thousands of years, extending into modern times. Popular game species are the <a href="/wiki/Black_flying_fox" title="Black flying fox">black flying fox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_red_flying_fox" title="Little red flying fox">little red flying fox</a>. In 1997, it was estimated that the Aboriginal people of the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a> consumed 180,000 flying foxes each year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> people of Puerto Rico consumed bat meat in pre-Columbian times, no bat bones have been documented in their <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> heaps, making it unlikely that bat meat was a substantial dietary component. No other <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> cultures are thought to have hunted bats for meat, though bat bones have been identified in midden heaps on the Caribbean island of <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consumption of bat meat in Europe has been scarce, not only because of repugnance, but also because of the size of European bats, which being all insectivores are also small.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricucci_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricucci-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past it has been recorded the custom of the peasants of Costozza (in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vicenza" title="Province of Vicenza">province of Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) to eat bats,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">horseshoe bats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ricucci_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricucci-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the bats of Costozza's caves were almost extinct "for the ruthless hunting that the natives make of them, at the time of the grape, in order to assimilate them with the most tasty little birds."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959 it was reported that "in some places [of Italy], for example in Liguria and Veneto regions, the bats are or were used as food."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the book of <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> (11:13–19) forbids consumption of bat: "These you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: (...) the bat." </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> it is described the city of <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a> (now Birs Nimrud in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), where there was a large number of bats captured by the inhabitants, who "salad them to eat them".<sup id="cite_ref-Ricucci_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricucci-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the sixteenth century Italian naturalist <a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a> refers in his treatise <i>Ornitologia</i> that bats have a white meat, edible, and excellent flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricucci_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricucci-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_prevalence">Modern prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 167 species of bats are hunted around the world, or about 13% of all bat species, for reasons including food, perceived medical value, for hide or teeth, or for sport.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species are hunted for food more often than others: Half of all megabat species are hunted for food, in comparison to only eight percent of insectivorous species.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 review documented hunting of bats for meat or traditional medicine in North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, South America, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and West and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, it recorded no species hunted for meat or traditional medicine in the Caribbean, Europe, North America, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, or North Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 55 species of bat are hunted in Africa, with larger bats as the preferred targets, while small, insectivorous species are considered less desirable. Bat hunting is most prevalent in West and Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that 100,000 bats are sold annually in Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southern Africa and East Africa, there is little to no hunting. The four species of bats hunted in Northern Africa are used for traditional medicine purposes, not for meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abundant and larger-bodied species are more frequently consumed in Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/Straw-coloured_fruit_bat" title="Straw-coloured fruit bat">straw-coloured fruit bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franquet%27s_epauletted_fruit_bat" title="Franquet's epauletted fruit bat">Franquet's epauletted fruit bat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gambian_epauletted_fruit_bat" title="Gambian epauletted fruit bat">Gambian epauletted fruit bat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_bat" title="Hammer-headed bat">hammer-headed bat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bat</a>. Medium-sized bats like the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_rousette" title="Angolan rousette">Angolan rousette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_dwarf_epauletted_fruit_bat" title="Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat">Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat</a> are also consumed, as well as small species like the <a href="/wiki/Large_slit-faced_bat" title="Large slit-faced bat">large slit-faced bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">horseshoe bats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hipposideros" title="Hipposideros">roundleaf bats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slicing_A_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Slicing_A_Bat.jpg/220px-Slicing_A_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Slicing_A_Bat.jpg/330px-Slicing_A_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Slicing_A_Bat.jpg/440px-Slicing_A_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Slicing a bat</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans hunt 64 species of bats in Asia, though the intensity of hunting varies by region.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southeast Asia, bats are widely hunted in ten of the eleven countries, excluding only <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 17% of bat species are hunted in Southeast Asia, or 56 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines have especially high levels of hunting, with a third of bat species in the Philippines subject to hunting despite legal protections such as the <i>Philippine Wildlife Act</i> and <i>Philippine Cave Management Act</i>, which are poorly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Philippines, especially <a href="/wiki/Mayantoc" title="Mayantoc">Mayantoc</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, eating fruit bats as part of their regional cuisine is very common, locals went bat hunting and caught several dozens of bats in one trip, these cave creatures were skinned, beheaded, and de-winged; they were then gutted, chopped up, and stewed.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_bat_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_eating_bat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Malaysian cities, bats are seen as a luxury meat.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgeglobal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back in 2001, it was reported that 7% of households in Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Phu_Khiao_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary">Phu Kheio Wildlife Sanctuary</a> ate bat meat.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgeglobal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption is particularly intense in <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, where locals eat flying fox meat at least once a month, with a tenfold increase in frequency near Christian holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Asia, hunting bats for food occurs in Bangladesh by tribal groups, specifically targeting larger bat species.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 survey of over 140 villages in Bangladesh found that bats were hunted in 49% of villages, with the majority of hunters (62%) using hunted bats for food and medicine. In contrast, 30% of hunters used hunted bats for food, but not medicine, while 17% used them for medicine, but not food.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While bats are killed in India and Pakistan, consumption is reported to be infrequent, and perceived medicinal uses are more common motives.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few studies though state that bat meat consumption is more common in certain parts of India such as <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">the Northeast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgeglobal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In East Asia, specifically southern China, bats are sometimes eaten and can be found in some markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_china_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein_china-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific bat species eaten in China include the <a href="/wiki/Cave_nectar_bat" title="Cave nectar bat">cave nectar bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomona_roundleaf_bat" title="Pomona roundleaf bat">Pomona roundleaf bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_flying_fox" title="Indian flying fox">Indian flying fox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leschenault%27s_rousette" title="Leschenault's rousette">Leschenault's rousette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_short-nosed_fruit_bat" title="Greater short-nosed fruit bat">greater short-nosed fruit bat</a> is hunted for medicine, but not food.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bat meat is not especially popular in China.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teyitfactcheck_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teyitfactcheck-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a research conducted by Guansheng Ma, director of Nutrition and Gastronomy at the University of Beijing, "...eating bat meat is more than rare in China. It is actually unacceptable in Chinese culture."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been contested whether or not the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market</a>, suspected as having ties with the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> outbreak, sold bat meat,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the meat is reportedly not a frequent food source in the city of Wuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some media outlets, including <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a>, promoted a video that showed a young Chinese woman eating a bat and suggested it was shot in Wuhan, but later it was confirmed that the footage was filmed by travel <a href="/wiki/Vlogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlogger">vlogger</a> Wang Mengyun in the island country of <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> in 2016, to showcase local cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-teyitfactcheck_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teyitfactcheck-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International agencies pressured China to adopt legislation forbidding the hunting of bats and sale of bat meat following the early 2000s <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a> outbreak where hundreds of people died, though no such legislation was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_china_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein_china-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All wildlife trade in China, including bat meat, was banned in January 2020 in response to the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 coronavirus pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a> which originated in Wuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats are occasionally eaten in North American cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats are regularly hunted and consumed in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and are the only native land mammals of many isolated islands. About 23% of Oceania's bat species are hunted, or 40 species. Bat meat is considered a delicacy in the Cook Islands, Niue, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and Samoa. It is popularly consumed in Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.<sup id="cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though bat diversity in South America is especially high, bats are rarely consumed. Some indigenous peoples may consume bats, with the <a href="/wiki/Nambiquara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambiquara">Nambiquara</a> people known to consume three species of <a href="/wiki/Leaf-nosed_bat" title="Leaf-nosed bat">leaf-nosed bat</a>. Live bats are sold in Bolivia for purported medicinal uses. Specifically, consuming the bats' blood is believed to treat <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maron_2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maron_2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study documented that per month, 3,000 bats were sold in markets in four Bolivian cities. Species sold in these markets include <a href="/wiki/Seba%27s_short-tailed_bat" title="Seba's short-tailed bat">Seba's short-tailed bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse-eared_bat" title="Mouse-eared bat">mouse-eared bats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lizarro_2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizarro_2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mickleburgh_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickleburgh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_and_cooking">Preparation and cooking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preparation and cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg/220px-Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg/330px-Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg/440px-Barbecued_Bat_at_Udomxai_Bus_Station_in_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Barbecued bat</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bat_Adobo"></span> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Mayantoc" title="Mayantoc">Mayantoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> locals eat a dish called <a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Bat adobo</a>. Locals catch and kill several dozen megabats per hunting trip; the bats are then skinned, beheaded, and de-winged before they are gutted, chopped, and stewed. <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">Guava</a> is used to tenderize the meat, which is later seasoned and sautéed with onions, garlic, and soy sauce—not much different from the usual <a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Philippine adobo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_bat_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_eating_bat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Paniki"></span>Paniki is a <a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a> dish from <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, made from fruit bats. <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a> using bat meat are also prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, bat soup is considered a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Frater_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frater-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruit bats are used in a Palauan soup that includes <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, spices and ginger.<sup id="cite_ref-Frater_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frater-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">Hot pot</a> made with whole bat is available in some restaurants in southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bat stew is a stew prepared from various types of bats.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Downes_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fruit_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit bat">Fruit bats</a> are used in some versions of the dish.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Estufa de morcego</i> is a bat stew delicacy in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe</a> that is served on saints days and during <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">fiestas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1999 version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food">The Oxford Companion to Food</a></i> states that the flavor of fruit bats is similar to that of chicken, and that they are "clean animals living exclusively on fruit".<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bats are prepared in several manners, such as <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecued</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep fried</a>, cooked in stews and in <a href="/wiki/Stir_fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir fry">stir frys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When deep fried, the entire bat may be cooked and consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Bat preparation</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bats for human consumption in Laos"><img alt="Bats for human consumption in Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg/193px-Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg/291px-Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg/387px-Bats_for_eating_in_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bats for human consumption in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slicing_A_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preparation prior to cooking"><img alt="Preparation prior to cooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Slicing_A_Bat.jpg/200px-Slicing_A_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Slicing_A_Bat.jpg/300px-Slicing_A_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Slicing_A_Bat.jpg/400px-Slicing_A_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preparation prior to cooking</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_Bats.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another image of preparation"><img alt="Another image of preparation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Preparing_Bats.jpg/96px-Preparing_Bats.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Preparing_Bats.jpg/145px-Preparing_Bats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Preparing_Bats.jpg/193px-Preparing_Bats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another image of preparation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ready_To_Cook.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ready for cooking"><img alt="Ready for cooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ready_To_Cook.jpg/193px-Ready_To_Cook.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ready_To_Cook.jpg/291px-Ready_To_Cook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ready_To_Cook.jpg/387px-Ready_To_Cook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ready for cooking</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detailed information of the nutritional and chemical composition of bat meat is not available as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many developing countries, bushmeat, including bat meat, is considered a major nutritional resource, including for <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> predicted that the rate of childhood <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> would increase 29% if access to bushmeat, including bat meat, was restricted, predominantly affecting the poorest households who could not afford to purchase meat from domestic animals.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overexploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats are most vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Overhunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhunting">overhunting</a> in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and islands of Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Bats are susceptible to overhunting as they have naturally low rates of reproduction and many species are highly <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial</a>, which makes it easier for them to be hunted in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mickleburgh_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickleburgh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overhunting is believed to be the primary cause of extinction for the <a href="/wiki/Small_Mauritian_flying_fox" title="Small Mauritian flying fox">small Mauritian flying fox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guam_flying_fox" title="Guam flying fox">Guam flying fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierson_1992_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierson_1992-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bat_virome" title="Bat virome">Bat virome</a></div> <p>It has been speculated that megabats may be the <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoir</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">Ebolavirus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the evidence has been called "far from decisive".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the possible association between Ebola infection and "hunting, butchering and processing meat from infected animals", several West African countries banned bushmeat (including megabats) or issued warnings about it during the <a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">2013–2016 epidemic</a>; many bans have since been lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bats have been hypothesized as a possible origin of the <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)</a>, which was first detected in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China, though the origin of the virus has yet to be fully <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elucidate#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:elucidate">elucidated.</a> Importantly, some people propagate the 'bat soup' idea in racist targeting of Asian people, and it is therefore imperative to recognize the lack of evidence regarding this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxins">Toxins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Toxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eating fruit bats is also linked to a neurological disease called <a href="/wiki/Lytico-bodig_disease" title="Lytico-bodig disease">lytico-bodig disease</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Cox" title="Paul Alan Cox">Paul Alan Cox</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_National_Tropical_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian National Tropical Botanical Garden">Hawaiian National Tropical Botanical Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalaheo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaheo">Kalaheo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine" title="Albert Einstein College of Medicine">Albert Einstein College</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, found the bats consumed large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycad</a> seeds and appear to accumulate the toxins to dangerous levels in their meat.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Human uses of bats</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimmons-Duffin2012" class="citation web cs1">Simmons-Duffin, Selena (7 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/08/07/158221181/on-the-road-in-florida-hard-times-politics-and-smoked-bat">"On The Road In Florida: Hard Times, Politics And Smoked Bat : It's All Politics : NPR"</a>. <i>NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=On+The+Road+In+Florida%3A+Hard+Times%2C+Politics+And+Smoked+Bat+%3A+It%27s+All+Politics+%3A+NPR&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft.aulast=Simmons-Duffin&rft.aufirst=Selena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fitsallpolitics%2F2012%2F08%2F07%2F158221181%2Fon-the-road-in-florida-hard-times-politics-and-smoked-bat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteCulverPipan2019" class="citation book cs1">White, William B.; Culver, David C.; Pipan, Tanja (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3laXDwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Caves</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814125-0"><bdi>978-0-12-814125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Caves&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814125-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Culver%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Pipan%2C+Tanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3laXDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mildenstein_china-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_china_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_china_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_china_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMildensteinTanshiRacey2016" class="citation book cs1">Mildenstein, T.; Tanshi, I.; Racey, P. A. (2016). "Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine". <i>Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World</i>. Springer. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-25220-9_12">10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25218-6"><bdi>978-3-319-25218-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130038936">130038936</a>. <q>Bats are not specifically protected in China and many species are eaten, especially in southern China, where bats are found regularly in markets (Mickleburgh et al. 2009) (Table 12.1, Appendix). Requests from international agencies following the SARS outbreak, (which resulted in several hundred human deaths) that wildlife legislation be introduced in China prohibiting inter alia hunting and sale of bats have been ignored.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploitation+of+Bats+for+Bushmeat+and+Medicine&rft.btitle=Bats+in+the+Anthropocene%3A+Conservation+of+Bats+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130038936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-25220-9_12&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25218-6&rft.aulast=Mildenstein&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Tanshi%2C+I.&rft.au=Racey%2C+P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_hunting_and_eating_bat_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/bat-hunting-philippines-flna8C11496674">"Tarlac regional cuisine, Bat hunting in the Philippines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 31 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Tarlac+regional+cuisine%2C+Bat+hunting+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftravel%2Fbat-hunting-philippines-flna8C11496674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filipinos_eating_bat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_bat_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_bat_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_bat_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/food-and-drink/food/eating-bats-philippine-delicacy-a1729-20200205-lfrm">"Eating Bats Is Necessary in Parts of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Esquire_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquire Magazine">Esquire Magazine</a>. 5 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eating+Bats+Is+Necessary+in+Parts+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Esquire+Magazine&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Ffood-and-drink%2Ffood%2Feating-bats-philippine-delicacy-a1729-20200205-lfrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filipinos_eating_Fruit_Bat_Stew_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staffvirtual.com/blog/10-exotic-filipino-foods-you-have-to-see-to-believe">"10 EXOTIC FILIPINO FOODS YOU HAVE TO SEE TO BELIEVE, Number 7. Filipinos eating Fruit Bat Stew"</a>. staffvirtual.com. 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+EXOTIC+FILIPINO+FOODS+YOU+HAVE+TO+SEE+TO+BELIEVE%2C+Number+7.+Filipinos+eating+Fruit+Bat+Stew&rft.pub=staffvirtual.com&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staffvirtual.com%2Fblog%2F10-exotic-filipino-foods-you-have-to-see-to-believe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridgeglobal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridgeglobal_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickleburghWaylenRacey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mickleburgh, Simon; Waylen, Kerry; Racey, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605308000938">"Bats as bushmeat: A global review"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605308000938">10.1017/S0030605308000938</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Bats+as+bushmeat%3A+A+global+review&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605308000938&rft.aulast=Mickleburgh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Waylen%2C+Kerry&rft.au=Racey%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0030605308000938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuwannarongSchuler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Suwannarong, Kanokwan; Schuler, Sidney (22 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724787">"Bat consumption in Thailand"</a>. <i>Infection Ecology & Epidemiology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 29941. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016InfEE...629941S">2016InfEE...629941S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fiee.v6.29941">10.3402/iee.v6.29941</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2000-8686">2000-8686</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724787">4724787</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26806167">26806167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Ecology+%26+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Bat+consumption+in+Thailand&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29941&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4724787%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016InfEE...629941S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26806167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Fiee.v6.29941&rft.issn=2000-8686&rft.aulast=Suwannarong&rft.aufirst=Kanokwan&rft.au=Schuler%2C+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4724787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJDKaxEEfYgC&pg=PA51">Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat – Jerry Hopkins</a>. pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarcz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarcz_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO1ojlrEzfgC&pg=PA95">The Genie in the Bottle: 67 All-New Commentaries on the Fascinating ... - Joe Schwarcz</a>. p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mildenstein-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mildenstein_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMildensteinTanshiRacey2016" class="citation book cs1">Mildenstein, T.; Tanshi, I.; Racey, P. A. (2016). "Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine". <i>Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World</i>. Springer. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-25220-9_12">10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25218-6"><bdi>978-3-319-25218-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130038936">130038936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploitation+of+Bats+for+Bushmeat+and+Medicine&rft.btitle=Bats+in+the+Anthropocene%3A+Conservation+of+Bats+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130038936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-25220-9_12&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25218-6&rft.aulast=Mildenstein&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Tanshi%2C+I.&rft.au=Racey%2C+P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AiwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116">Texas Monthly</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bats-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bats_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWUWI_hI-bMC&pg=PT79"><i>Bats of the United States and Canada</i></a>. pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkinsO'ConnorKealy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, Stuart; O'Connor, Sue; Kealy, Shimona (2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Blame+Bat+Soup+for+the+Wuhan+Virus&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F01%2F27%2Fdont-blame-bat-soup-for-the-wuhan-virus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observers.france24.com/en/20200203-china-coronavirus-bat-soup-debunk-videos-viral-palau-indonesia">"Is bat soup a delicacy in China? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>The seafood market at the center of the investigation also sold live animals such as poultry, bats, marmots, and snakes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIDRAP&rft.atitle=Virologists+weigh+in+on+novel+coronavirus+in+China%27s+outbreak&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Schnirring&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidrap.umn.edu%2Fnews-perspective%2F2020%2F01%2Fvirologists-weigh-novel-coronavirus-chinas-outbreak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasterYu2020" class="citation web cs1">Master, Farah; Yu, Sophie (16 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-wildlife/animals-live-for-man-chinas-appetite-for-wildlife-likely-to-survive-virus-idUSKBN20A0RK">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Animals live for man': China's appetite for wildlife likely to survive virus"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Truth Is More Complex"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+West+Blames+the+Wuhan+Coronavirus+on+China%27s+Love+of+Eating+Wild+Animals.+The+Truth+Is+More+Complex&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5770904%2Fwuhan-coronavirus-wild-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031212212245/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0613_030613_bateaters.html">"Bat-Eating Linked to Neurological Illness"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>, 13 June 2003</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_as_food&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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