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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early prefixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Storage capacity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Main memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Hard disks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floppy_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floppy_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Floppy disks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floppy_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Optical disks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_drives_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_drives_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Tape drives and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_drives_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_and_clock_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_and_clock_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Data and clock rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_and_clock_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguous_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguous_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ambiguous standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguous_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_binary_prefix_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_binary_prefix_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Early binary prefix proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_binary_prefix_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Consumer confusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Legal disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Early cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Willem_Vroegh_v._Eastman_Kodak_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Willem_Vroegh_v._Eastman_Kodak_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Willem_Vroegh_v._Eastman_Kodak_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orin_Safier_v._Western_Digital_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orin_Safier_v._Western_Digital_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orin_Safier_v._Western_Digital_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cho_v._Seagate_Technology_(US)_Holdings,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cho_v._Seagate_Technology_(US)_Holdings,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.4 Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cho_v._Seagate_Technology_(US)_Holdings,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinan_et_al._v._SanDisk_LLC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinan_et_al._v._SanDisk_LLC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.5 Dinan et al. v. SanDisk LLC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinan_et_al._v._SanDisk_LLC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IEC_1999_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEC_1999_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 IEC 1999 Standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEC_1999_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_standards_bodies_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_standards_bodies_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Other standards bodies and organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_standards_bodies_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Current practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Binary prefix</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سابقة ثنائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سابقة ثنائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kilik_prefiksl%C9%99r" title="İkilik prefikslər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkilik prefikslər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Двайковыя прыстаўкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Двайковыя прыстаўкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Двоична представка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Двоична представка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_p%C5%99edpona" title="Binární předpona – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Binární předpona" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A6rt_pr%C3%A6fiks" title="Binært præfiks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Binært præfiks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A4rpr%C3%A4fix" title="Binärpräfix – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Binärpräfix" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefijo_binario" title="Prefijo binario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prefijo binario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duumaj_prefiksoj" title="Duumaj prefiksoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duumaj prefiksoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پیشوندهای دودویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشوندهای دودویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binert_prefiks" title="Binert prefiks – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Binert prefiks" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fixe_binaire" title="Préfixe binaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préfixe binaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixo_binario" title="Prefixo binario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prefixo binario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%84_%EC%A0%91%EB%91%90%EC%96%B4" title="이진 접두어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이진 접두어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixo_pro_multiplos_binari" title="Prefixo pro multiplos binari – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Prefixo pro multiplos binari" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefissi_per_multipli_binari" title="Prefissi per multipli binari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prefissi per multipli binari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A1ris_prefixum" title="Bináris prefixum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bináris prefixum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awalan_perduaan" title="Awalan perduaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Awalan perduaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veelvouden_van_bytes" title="Veelvouden van bytes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veelvouden van bytes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E9%80%B2%E6%8E%A5%E9%A0%AD%E8%BE%9E" title="2進接頭辞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2進接頭辞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A6rprefiks" title="Binærprefiks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Binærprefiks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedrostek_dw%C3%B3jkowy" title="Przedrostek dwójkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przedrostek dwójkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixo_bin%C3%A1rio" title="Prefixo binário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prefixo binário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixe_binare" title="Prefixe binare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prefixe binare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Двоичные приставки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двоичные приставки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A1rny_prefix" title="Binárny prefix – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Binárny prefix" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dw%C5%8Djkowy_przedrostek" title="Dwōjkowy przedrostek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dwōjkowy przedrostek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Неодређеност умножака јединице количине података – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неодређеност умножака јединице количине података" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A4ra_prefix" title="Binära prefix – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Binära prefix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kili_%C3%B6n_eki" title="İkili ön eki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkili ön eki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Двійкові префікси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двійкові префікси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_t%E1%BB%91_nh%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%A2n" title="Tiền tố nhị phân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiền tố nhị phân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Symbol placed before units of digital information to indicate multiplication by a power of two</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about powers-of-two prefixes for measurement units like bit and byte. For notations for the radix of a numeral, see <a href="/wiki/Integer_literal#Affixes" title="Integer literal">Integer literal § Affixes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gibi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gibi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gibi (disambiguation)">Gibi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox noprint" style="padding: 0; text-align: left; width: 0"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center">Prefixes for decimal and binary multiples </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decimal_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal prefix">Decimal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;">Value </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>k</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10002 </td> <td>106 </td> <td>M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10003 </td> <td>109 </td> <td>G</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10004 </td> <td>1012 </td> <td>T</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tera-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tera-">tera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10005 </td> <td>1015 </td> <td>P</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Peta-">peta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10006 </td> <td>1018 </td> <td>E</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exa-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa-">exa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10007 </td> <td>1021 </td> <td>Z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetta-">zetta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10008 </td> <td>1024 </td> <td>Y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yotta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yotta-">yotta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10009 </td> <td>1027 </td> <td>R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronna-" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronna-">ronna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100010 </td> <td>1030 </td> <td>Q</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta-">quetta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Binary</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;">Value </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/IEC_80000-13" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards#Unit_prefixes_for_semiconductor_storage_capacity" title="JEDEC memory standards">JEDEC</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1024 </td> <td>210 </td> <td>Ki</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kibi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibi-">kibi</a> </td> <td>K</td> <td>kilo </td></tr> <tr> <td>10242 </td> <td>220 </td> <td>Mi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebi-">mebi</a> </td> <td>M</td> <td>mega </td></tr> <tr> <td>10243 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>Gi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibi-">gibi</a> </td> <td>G</td> <td>giga </td></tr> <tr> <td>10244 </td> <td>240 </td> <td>Ti</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebi-">tebi</a> </td> <td>T</td> <td>tera </td></tr> <tr> <td>10245 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Pi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Pebi-">pebi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10246 </td> <td>260 </td> <td>Ei</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exbi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exbi-">exbi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10247 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>Zi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebi-">zebi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10248 </td> <td>280 </td> <td>Yi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yobi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobi-">yobi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style=""margin-right: 0; width: auto; float: right;""><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Template:Bit and byte prefixes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Template talk:Bit and byte prefixes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bit and byte prefixes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> A binary prefix is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_prefix" title="Unit prefix">unit prefix</a> that indicates a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_(mathematics)" title="Multiple (mathematics)">multiple</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">unit of measurement</a> by an integer <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_two" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of two">power of two</a>. The most commonly used binary prefixes are kibi (symbol Ki, meaning 210 = 1024), mebi (Mi, 220 = 1048576), and gibi (Gi, 230 = 1073741824). They are most often used in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> as multipliers of <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>, when expressing the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">storage devices</a> or the size of computer <a href="/wiki/File_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="File (computer)">files</a>. The binary prefixes "kibi", "mebi", etc. were defined in 1999 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC), in the <a href="/wiki/IEC_60027-2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 60027-2">IEC 60027-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> (Amendment 2). They were meant to replace the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">metric (SI)</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_of_10" title="Power of 10">decimal power</a> prefixes, such as "kilo" (k, 103 = 1000), "mega" (M, 106 = 1000000) and "giga" (G, 109 = 1000000000),<a href="#cite_note-BIPM8-1">[1]</a> that were commonly used in the computer industry to indicate the nearest powers of two. For example, a memory module whose capacity was specified by the manufacturer as "2 megabytes" or "2 MB" would hold 2 × 220 = 2097152 bytes, instead of 2 × 106 = 2000000. On the other hand, a hard disk whose capacity is specified by the manufacturer as "10 gigabytes" or "10 GB", holds 10 × 109 = 10000000000 bytes, or a little more than that, but less than 10 × 230 = 10737418240 and a file whose size is listed as "2.3 GB" may have a size closer to 2.3 × 230 ≈ 2470000000 or to 2.3 × 109 = 2300000000, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Program_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Program (computer)">program</a> or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> providing that measurement. This kind of ambiguity is often confusing to computer system users and has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suitxxxx-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-sand2021-3">[3]</a> The IEC 60027-2 binary prefixes have been incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000#Part_13:_Information_science_and_technology" title="ISO/IEC 80000">ISO/IEC 80000</a> standard and are supported by other standards bodies, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">BIPM</a>, which defines the SI system,<a href="#cite_note-BIPM8-1">[1]</a>: p.121  the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NIST1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIST2-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Prior to the 1999 IEC standard, some industry organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards#Unit_prefixes_for_semiconductor_storage_capacity" title="JEDEC memory standards">Joint Electron Device Engineering Council</a> (JEDEC), attempted to redefine the terms kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte, and the corresponding symbols KB, MB, and GB in the binary sense, for use in storage capacity measurements. However, other computer industry sectors (such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a>) continued using those same terms and symbols with the decimal meaning. Since then, the major standards organizations have expressly disapproved the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommended or mandated the use of the IEC prefixes for that purpose, but the use of SI prefixes in this sense has persisted in some fields. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Specific units of IEC 60027-2 A.2 and ISO/IEC 80000:13-2008 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">IEC prefix </th> <th colspan="4">Representations </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Base 2 </th> <th>Base 1024 </th> <th>Value </th> <th>Base 10 </th></tr> <tr> <td>kibi </td> <td>Ki </td> <td>210 </td> <td>10241 </td> <td align="right">1024 </td> <td>= 1.024×103 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>mebi </td> <td>Mi </td> <td>220 </td> <td>10242 </td> <td align="right">1048576 </td> <td>≈ 1.049×106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>gibi </td> <td>Gi </td> <td>230 </td> <td>10243 </td> <td align="right">1073741824 </td> <td>≈ 1.074×109 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>tebi </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>240 </td> <td>10244 </td> <td align="right">1099511627776 </td> <td>≈ 1.100×1012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>pebi </td> <td>Pi </td> <td>250 </td> <td>10245 </td> <td align="right">1125899906842624 </td> <td>≈ 1.126×1015 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>exbi </td> <td>Ei </td> <td>260 </td> <td>10246 </td> <td align="right">1152921504606846976 </td> <td>≈ 1.153×1018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>zebi </td> <td>Zi </td> <td>270 </td> <td>10247 </td> <td align="right">1180591620717411303424 </td> <td>≈ 1.181×1021 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>yobi </td> <td>Yi </td> <td>280 </td> <td>10248 </td> <td align="right">1208925819614629174706176 </td> <td>≈ 1.209×1024 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM) adopted the decimal prefixes <a href="/wiki/Ronna-" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronna-">ronna</a> for 10009 and <a href="/wiki/Quetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta-">quetta</a> for 100010.<a href="#cite_note-BIPM2022-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-gibn2022-7">[7]</a> In analogy to the existing binary prefixes, a consultation paper of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a>' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) suggested the prefixes robi (Ri, 10249) and quebi (Qi, 102410) for their binary counterparts,<a href="#cite_note-brown2023-8">[8]</a> but as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit">[update]</a>, no corresponding binary prefixes have been adopted.<a href="#cite_note-brown2022-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_binary_and_decimal_prefixes">Comparison of binary and decimal prefixes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison of binary and decimal prefixes">edit</a>]</div> The relative difference between the values in the binary and decimal interpretations increases, when using the SI prefixes as the base, from 2.4% for kilo to nearly 27% for the quetta prefix. Although the prefixes ronna and quetta have been defined, as of 2022 no names have been officially assigned to the corresponding binary prefixes. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf;"> <th colspan="2">Prefix </th> <th colspan="2">Binary ÷ Decimal </th> <th colspan="2">Decimal ÷ Binary </th></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_kilo-"> <td>kilo</td> <td>kibi </td> <td>1.024 (+2.4%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:102.4px;background:#000"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.9766 (−2.3%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:97.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_mega-"> <td>mega</td> <td>mebi </td> <td>1.049 (+4.9%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:104.9px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.9537 (−4.6%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:95.4px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_giga-"> <td>giga</td> <td>gibi </td> <td>1.074 (+7.4%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:107.4px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.9313 (−6.9%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:93.1px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_tera-"> <td>tera</td> <td>tebi </td> <td>1.100 (+10.0%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:110.0px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.9095 (−9.1%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:90.9px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_peta-"> <td>peta</td> <td>pebi </td> <td>1.126 (+12.6%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:112.6px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.8882 (−11.2%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:88.8px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_exa-"> <td>exa</td> <td>exbi </td> <td>1.153 (+15.3%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:115.3px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.8674 (−13.3%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:86.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_zetta-"> <td>zetta</td> <td>zebi </td> <td>1.181 (+18.1%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:118.1px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.8470 (−15.3%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:84.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_yotta-"> <td>yotta</td> <td>yobi </td> <td>1.209 (+20.9%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:120.9px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.8272 (−17.3%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:82.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_yotta-"> <td>ronna</td> <td>— </td> <td>1.238 (+23.8%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:123.8px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.8078 (−19.2%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:80.8px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr id="binary_vs_decimal_yotta-"> <td>quetta</td> <td>— </td> <td>1.268 (+26.8%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:126.8px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td> <td>0.7889 (−21.1%)</td> <td class="nowrap"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:78.9px;background:#666;"> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_binary_prefixes" title="Timeline of binary prefixes">Timeline of binary prefixes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_prefixes">Early prefixes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early prefixes">edit</a>]</div> The original <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> adopted by France in 1795 included two binary prefixes named <a href="/wiki/Double_(metric_prefix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double (metric prefix)">double</a>- (2×) and <a href="/wiki/Demi_(metric_prefix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demi (metric prefix)">demi</a>- (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/2⁠×).<a href="#cite_note-frev1795-10">[10]</a> However, these were not retained when the <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> were internationally adopted by the 11th <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_poids_et_mesures" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence générale des poids et mesures">CGPM conference</a> in 1960. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_capacity">Storage capacity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Storage capacity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Main_memory">Main memory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main memory">edit</a>]</div> Early computers used one of two addressing methods to access the system memory; binary (base 2) or decimal (base 10).<a href="#cite_note-weik1961-11">[11]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> (1952) used a binary methods and could address 2048 <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">words</a> of 36 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> each, while the <a href="/wiki/IBM_702" title="IBM 702">IBM 702</a> (1953) used a decimal system, and could address ten thousand 7-bit words. By the mid-1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two. This is the most natural configuration for memory, as all combinations of states of their <a href="/wiki/Address_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Address line">address lines</a> map to a valid address, allowing easy aggregation into a larger block of memory with contiguous addresses. While early documentation specified those memory sizes as exact numbers such as 4096, 8192, or 16384 units (usually <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">words</a>, bytes, or bits), computer professionals also started using the long-established metric system prefixes "kilo", "mega", "giga", etc., defined to be powers of 10,<a href="#cite_note-BIPM8-1">[1]</a> to mean instead the nearest powers of two; namely, 210 = 1024, 220 = 10242, 230 = 10243, etc.<a href="#cite_note-blais1930-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-liny1972-13">[13]</a> The corresponding metric prefix symbols ("k", "M", "G", etc.) where used with the same binary meanings.<a href="#cite_note-real1959-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-gruen1960-15">[15]</a> The symbol for 210 = 1024 could be written either in lower case ("k")<a href="#cite_note-horak2008-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-dodd1997-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-laver1989-18">[18]</a> or in uppercase ("K"). The latter was often used intentionally to indicate the binary rather than decimal meaning.<a href="#cite_note-amda1964-19">[19]</a> This convention, which could not be extended to higher powers, was widely used in the documentation of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_360" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 360">IBM 360</a> (1964)<a href="#cite_note-amda1964-19">[19]</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a> (1972),<a href="#cite_note-IBM1972-20">[20]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CDC7600-21">[21]</a> of the DEC <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>/70 (1975)<a href="#cite_note-bell1975-22">[22]</a> and of the DEC <a href="/wiki/VAX-11/780" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX-11/780">VAX-11/780</a> (1977).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In other documents, however, the metric prefixes and their symbols were used to denote powers of 10, but usually with the understanding that the values given were approximate, often truncated down. Thus, for example, a 1967 document by <a href="/wiki/CDC" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC) abbreviated "216 = 64 × 1024 = 65536 words" as "65K words" (rather than "64K" or "66K"),<a href="#cite_note-CDC1967-23">[23]</a> while the documentation of the <a href="/wiki/HP_2100" title="HP 2100">HP 21MX</a> real-time computer (1974) denoted 3 × 216 = 192 × 1024 = 196608 as "196K" and 220 = 1048576 as "1M".<a href="#cite_note-frank1974-24">[24]</a> These three possible meanings of "k" and "K" ("1024", "1000", or "approximately 1000") were used loosely around the same time, sometimes by the same company. The <a href="/wiki/HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a> business computer (1973) could have "64K", "96K", or "128K" bytes of memory.<a href="#cite_note-HP1973-25">[25]</a> The use of SI prefixes, and the use of "K" instead of "k" remained popular in computer-related publications well into the 21st century, although the ambiguity persisted. The correct meaning was often clear from the context; for instance, in a binary-addressed computer, the true memory size had to be either a power of 2, or a small integer multiple thereof. Thus a "512 megabyte" RAM module was generally understood to have 512 × 10242 = 536870912 bytes, rather than 512000000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hard_disks">Hard disks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hard disks">edit</a>]</div> In specifying disk drive capacities, manufacturers have always used conventional decimal SI prefixes representing powers of 10. Storage in a rotating <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drive</a> is organized in platters and tracks whose sizes and counts are determined by mechanical engineering constraints so that the capacity of a disk drive has hardly ever been a simple multiple of a power of 2. For example, the first commercially sold disk drive, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_350" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 350">IBM 350</a> (1956), had 50 physical disk platters containing a total of 50000 sectors of 100 characters each, for a total quoted capacity of 5 million characters.<a href="#cite_note-IBM1956-26">[26]</a> Moreover, since the 1960s, many disk drives used IBM's <a href="/wiki/Count_Key_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Key Data">disk format</a>, where each track was divided into blocks of user-specified size; and the block sizes were recorded on the disk, subtracting from the usable capacity. For example, the IBM 3336 disk pack was quoted to have a 200-megabyte capacity, achieved only with a single 13030-byte block in each of its 808 × 19 tracks. Decimal megabytes were used for disk capacity by the CDC in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-CDC1974-27">[27]</a> The Seagate <a href="/wiki/ST-412" class="mw-redirect" title="ST-412">ST-412</a>,<a href="#cite_note-seag1982-28">[28]</a> one of several types installed in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC/XT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC/XT">IBM PC/XT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CSN1984-29">[29]</a> had a capacity of 10027008 bytes when formatted as 306 × 4 tracks and 32 256-byte sectors per track, which was quoted as "10 MB".<a href="#cite_note-mall2011-30">[30]</a> Similarly, a "300 GB" hard drive can be expected to offer only slightly more than 300×109 = 300000000000, bytes, not 300 × 230 (which would be about 322×109 bytes or "322 GB"). The first terabyte (SI prefix, 1000000000000 bytes) hard disk drive was introduced in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-hita2007-31">[31]</a> Decimal prefixes were generally used by information processing publications when comparing hard disk capacities.<a href="#cite_note-RDD1977-32">[32]</a> Some programs and operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, still use "MB" and "GB" to denote binary prefixes even when displaying disk drive capacities and file sizes, as did <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>. Thus, for example, the capacity of a "10 MB" (decimal "M") disk drive could be reported as "9.56 MB", and that of a "300 GB" drive as "279.4 GB". Some operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> have been updated to use "MB" and "GB" to denote decimal prefixes when displaying disk drive capacities and file sizes. Some manufacturers, such as <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a>, have released recommendations stating that properly-written software and documentation should specify clearly whether prefixes such as "K", "M", or "G" mean binary or decimal multipliers.<a href="#cite_note-seaga2011-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-seag2010-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floppy_disks">Floppy disks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Floppy disks">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disks">Floppy disks</a> used <a href="/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats" title="List of floppy disk formats">a variety of formats</a>, and their capacities was usually specified with SI-like prefixes "K" and "M" with either decimal or binary meaning. The capacity of the disks was often specified without accounting for the internal <a href="/wiki/Disk_formatting" title="Disk formatting">formatting</a> overhead, leading to more irregularities. The early 8-inch diskette formats could contain less than a megabyte with the capacities of those devices specified in kilobytes, kilobits or megabits.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The 5.25-inch diskette sold with the <a href="/wiki/PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">IBM PC AT</a> could hold 1200 × 1024 = 1228800 bytes, and thus was marketed as "1200 KB" with the binary sense of "KB".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> However, the capacity was also quoted "1.2 MB",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which was a hybrid decimal and binary notation, since the "M" meant 1000 × 1024. The precise value was 1.2288 MB (decimal) or 1.171875 MiB (binary). The 5.25-inch <a href="/wiki/Disk_II" title="Disk II">Apple Disk II</a> had 256 bytes per sector, 13 sectors per track, 35 tracks per side, or a total capacity of 116480 bytes. It was later upgraded to 16 sectors per track, giving a total of 140 × 210 = 143360 bytes, which was described as "140KB" using the binary sense of "K". The most recent version of the physical hardware, the "3.5-inch diskette" cartridge, had 720 512-byte blocks (single-sided). Since two blocks comprised 1024 bytes, the capacity was quoted "360 KB", with the binary sense of "K". On the other hand, the quoted capacity of "1.44 MB" of the High Density ("HD") version was again a hybrid decimal and binary notation, since it meant 1440 pairs of 512-byte sectors, or 1440 × 210 = 1474560 bytes. Some operating systems displayed the capacity of those disks using the binary sense of "MB", as "1.4 MB" (which would be 1.4 × 220 ≈ 1468000 bytes). User complaints forced both Apple[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Microsoft<a href="#cite_note-msoftxxxx-41">[41]</a> to issue support bulletins explaining the discrepancy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical_disks">Optical disks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Optical disks">edit</a>]</div> When specifying the capacities of optical <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, "megabyte" and "MB" usually meant 10242 bytes. Thus a "700-MB" (or "80-minute") CD has a nominal capacity of about 700 MiB, which is approximately 730 MB (decimal).<a href="#cite_note-cdromcap-42">[42]</a> On the other hand, capacities of other <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> storage media like <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">magneto-optical (MO)</a> have been generally specified in decimal gigabytes ("GB"), that is, 10003 bytes. In particular, a typical "4.7 GB" DVD has a nominal capacity of about 4.7×109 bytes, which is about 4.38 GiB.<a href="#cite_note-dvdcap-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tape_drives_and_media">Tape drives and media</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tape drives and media">edit</a>]</div> Tape drive and media manufacturers have generally used SI decimal prefixes to specify the maximum capacity,<a href="#cite_note-IBMt2016-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECMA2013-45">[45]</a> although the actual capacity would depend on the <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">block size</a> used when recording. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_and_clock_rates">Data and clock rates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Data and clock rates">edit</a>]</div> Computer <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock</a> frequencies are always quoted using SI prefixes in their decimal sense. For example, the internal clock frequency of the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> was 4.77 MHz, that is 4770000 Hz. Similarly, digital information transfer rates are quoted using decimal prefixe. The <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a> "100 MB/s" disk interface can transfer 100000000 bytes per second, and a "56 Kb/s" modem transmits 56000 bits per second. Seagate specified the sustained transfer rate of some hard disk drive models with both decimal and IEC binary prefixes.<a href="#cite_note-seaga2011-36">[36]</a> The standard sampling rate of music <a href="/wiki/Compact_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact disk">compact disks</a>, quoted as 44.1 kHz, is indeed 44100 samples per second.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A "1 Gb/s" <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> interface can receive or transmit up to 109 bits per second, or 125000000 bytes per second within each packet. A "<a href="/wiki/56k" class="mw-redirect" title="56k">56k</a>" modem can encode or decode up to 56000 bits per second. Decimal SI prefixes are also generally used for <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">processor-memory data transfer</a> speeds. A <a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI-X</a> bus with 66 MHz clock and 64 bits wide can transfer 66000000 64-bit words per second, or 4224000000 bit/s = 528000000 B/s, which is usually quoted as 528 MB/s. A <a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">PC3200</a> memory on a <a href="/wiki/Double_data_rate" title="Double data rate">double data rate</a> bus, transferring 8 bytes per cycle with a clock speed of 200 MHz has a bandwidth of 200000000 × 8 × 2 = 3200000000 B/s, which would be quoted as 3.2 GB/s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguous_standards">Ambiguous standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ambiguous standards">edit</a>]</div> The ambiguous usage of the prefixes "kilo ("K" or "k"), "mega" ("M"), and "giga" ("G"), as meaning both powers of 1000 or (in computer contexts) of 1024, has been recorded in popular dictionaries,<a href="#cite_note-webster-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-metadict-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-48">[48]</a> and even in some obsolete standards, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANSI/IEEE_1084-1986_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANSI/IEEE 1084-1986 standard (page does not exist)">ANSI/IEEE 1084-1986</a><a href="#cite_note-ansi1986-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANSI/IEEE_1212-1991_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANSI/IEEE 1212-1991 standard (page does not exist)">ANSI/IEEE 1212-1991</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ieee1992-50">[50]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_610.10-1994_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 610.10-1994 standard (page does not exist)">IEEE 610.10-1994</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ieee1994-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_100-2000_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 100-2000 standard (page does not exist)">IEEE 100-2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ieee2000-52">[52]</a> Some of these standards specifically limited the binary meaning to multiples of "byte" ("B") or "bit" ("b"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_binary_prefix_proposals">Early binary prefix proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early binary prefix proposals">edit</a>]</div> Before the IEC standard, several alternative proposals existed for unique binary prefixes, starting in the late 1960s. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Kuhn_(computer_scientist)" title="Markus Kuhn (computer scientist)">Markus Kuhn</a> proposed the extra prefix "di" and the symbol <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscript</a> "2" to mean "binary"; so that, for example, "one dikilobyte" would mean "1024 bytes", denoted "K2B" or "K2B".<a href="#cite_note-kuhn1996-53">[53]</a> In 1968, Donald Morrison proposed to use the Greek letter kappa (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">κ</a>) to denote 1024, κ2 to denote 10242, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-morr1968-54">[54]</a> (At the time, memory size was small, and only K was in widespread use.) In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Givens" title="Wallace Givens">Wallace Givens</a> responded with a suggestion to use bK as an abbreviation for 1024 and bK2 or bK2 for 10242, though he noted that neither the Greek letter nor lowercase letter b would be easy to reproduce on computer printers of the day.<a href="#cite_note-give1968-55">[55]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Alan_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Alan Martin (page does not exist)">Bruce Alan Martin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> proposed that, instead of prefixes, binary powers of two were indicated by the letter <a href="/wiki/Binary_scientific_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary scientific notation">B</a> followed by the exponent, similar to <a href="/wiki/E_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="E notation">E</a> in <a href="/wiki/Decimal_scientific_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal scientific notation">decimal scientific notation</a>. Thus one would write 3B20 for 3 × 220.<a href="#cite_note-mart1968-56">[56]</a> This convention is still used on some calculators to present binary floating point-numbers today.<a href="#cite_note-schw1993-57">[57]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>, who uses decimal notation like 1 MB = 1000 kB,<a href="#cite_note-knuth2016-58">[58]</a> proposed that the powers of 1024 be designated as "large kilobytes" and "large megabytes", with abbreviations KKB and MMB.<a href="#cite_note-knuth1999-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_confusion">Consumer confusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consumer confusion">edit</a>]</div> The ambiguous meanings of "kilo", "mega", "giga", etc., has caused significant <a href="/wiki/Consumer_confusion" title="Consumer confusion">consumer confusion</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> era. A common source of confusion was the discrepancy between the capacities of hard drives specified by manufacturers, using those prefixes in the decimal sense, and the numbers reported by operating systems and other software, that used them in the binary sense, such as the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_binary_prefixes#Mac1984" title="Timeline of binary prefixes">Apple Macintosh</a> in 1984. For example, a hard drive marketed as "1 TB" could be reported as having only "931 GB". The confusion was compounded by fact that RAM manufacturers used the binary sense too. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_disputes">Legal disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal disputes">edit</a>]</div> The different interpretations of disk size prefixes led to class action lawsuits against digital storage manufacturers. These cases involved both flash memory and hard disk drives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_cases">Early cases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early cases">edit</a>]</div> Early cases (2004–2007) were settled prior to any court ruling with the manufacturers admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to clarify the storage capacity of their products on the consumer packaging. Accordingly, many flash memory and hard disk manufacturers have disclosures on their packaging and web sites clarifying the formatted capacity of the devices or defining MB as 1 million bytes and 1 GB as 1 billion bytes.<a href="#cite_note-wdc2007-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-flash2016-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-sand2013-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd-cap-disclaimer-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Willem_Vroegh_v._Eastman_Kodak_Company">Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company">edit</a>]</div> On 20 February 2004, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Vroegh_v._Eastman_Kodak_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company">Willem Vroegh filed a lawsuit</a> against Lexar Media, Dane–Elec Memory, <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji Photo Film USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> Company, Kingston Technology Company, Inc., <a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a> Products, Inc.; <a href="/wiki/PNY_Technologies" title="PNY Technologies">PNY Technologies</a> Inc., <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verbatim_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim Corporation">Verbatim Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Interworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Interworks">Viking Interworks</a> alleging that their descriptions of the capacity of their <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> cards were false and misleading. Vroegh claimed that a 256 MB Flash Memory Device had only 244 MB of accessible memory. "Plaintiffs allege that Defendants marketed the memory capacity of their products by assuming that one megabyte equals one million bytes and one gigabyte equals one billion bytes." The plaintiffs wanted the defendants to use the customary values of 10242 for megabyte and 10243 for gigabyte. The plaintiffs acknowledged that the IEC and IEEE standards define a MB as one million bytes but stated that the industry has largely ignored the IEC standards.<a href="#cite_note-vreo2005-64">[64]</a> The parties agreed that manufacturers could continue to use the decimal definition so long as the definition was added to the packaging and web sites.<a href="#cite_note-sand2012-65">[65]</a> The consumers could apply for "a discount of ten percent off a future online purchase from Defendants' Online Stores Flash Memory Device".<a href="#cite_note-safi2007-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orin_Safier_v._Western_Digital_Corporation">Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation">edit</a>]</div> On 7 July 2005, an action entitled Orin Safier v. <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> Corporation, et al. was filed in the Superior Court for the City and County of San Francisco, Case No. CGC-05-442812. The case was subsequently moved to the Northern District of California, Case No. 05-03353 BZ.<a href="#cite_note-gutr2006-67">[67]</a> Although Western Digital maintained that their usage of units is consistent with "the indisputably correct industry standard for measuring and describing storage capacity", and that they "cannot be expected to reform the software industry", they agreed to settle in March 2006 with 14 June 2006 as the Final Approval hearing date.<a href="#cite_note-zimm2006-68">[68]</a> Western Digital offered to compensate customers with a free download of backup and recovery software valued at US$30. They also paid $500000 in fees and expenses to San Francisco lawyers Adam Gutride and Seth Safier, who filed the suit. The settlement called for Western Digital to add a disclaimer to their later packaging and advertising.<a href="#cite_note-betaxxxx-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-reim2006-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-wdc2010-71">[71]</a> Western Digital had this footnote in their settlement. "Apparently, Plaintiff believes that he could sue an egg company for fraud for labeling a carton of 12 eggs a 'dozen', because some bakers would view a 'dozen' as including 13 items."<a href="#cite_note-bask2006-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cho_v._Seagate_Technology_(US)_Holdings,_Inc.">Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc.</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc.">edit</a>]</div> A lawsuit (Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc., San Francisco Superior Court, Case No. CGC-06-453195) was filed against <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a>, alleging that Seagate overrepresented the amount of usable storage by 7% on hard drives sold between 22 March 2001 and 26 September 2007. The case was settled without Seagate admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to supply those purchasers with free backup software or a 5% refund on the cost of the drives.<a href="#cite_note-seagb2011-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dinan_et_al._v._SanDisk_LLC">Dinan et al. v. SanDisk LLC</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dinan et al. v. SanDisk LLC">edit</a>]</div> On 22 January 2020, the district court of the Northern District of California ruled in favor of the defendant, SanDisk, upholding its use of "GB" to mean 1000000000 bytes.<a href="#cite_note-suitbxxxx-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEC_1999_Standard">IEC 1999 Standard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: IEC 1999 Standard">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>'s (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) proposed the prefixes "kibi" (short for "kilobinary"), "mebi" ("megabinary"), "gibi" ("gigabinary") and "tebi" ("terabinary"), with respective symbols "kb", "Mb", "Gb" and "Tb",<a href="#cite_note-iucr1995-75">[75]</a> for binary multipliers. The proposal suggested that the SI prefixes should be used only for powers of 10; so that a disk drive capacity of "500 gigabytes", "0.5 terabytes", "500 GB", or "0.5 TB" should all mean 500×109 bytes, exactly or approximately, rather than 500 × 230 (= 536870912000) or 0.5 × 240 (= 549755813888). The proposal was not accepted by IUPAC at the time, but was taken up in 1996 by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) and <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC). The prefixes "kibi", "mebi", "gibi" and "tebi" were retained, but with the symbols "Ki" (with capital "K"), "Mi", "Gi" and "Ti" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-iucr1996-76">[76]</a> In January 1999, the IEC published this proposal, with additional prefixes "pebi" ("Pi") and "exbi" ("Ei"), as an international standard (<a href="/wiki/IEC_60027-2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 60027-2">IEC 60027-2</a> Amendment 2)<a href="#cite_note-iec1999-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-iucr1999-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEC2000-79">[79]</a> The standard reaffirmed the BIPM's position that the SI prefixes should always denote powers of 10. The third edition of the standard, published in 2005, added prefixes "zebi" and "yobi", thus matching all then-defined SI prefixes with binary counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-iec2005-80">[80]</a> The harmonized <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> <a href="/wiki/IEC_80000-13" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC 80000-13</a>:2008 standard cancels and replaces subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005 (those defining prefixes for binary multiples). The only significant change is the addition of explicit definitions for some quantities.<a href="#cite_note-niso2008-81">[81]</a> In 2009, the prefixes kibi-, mebi-, etc. were defined by <a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 80000-1">ISO 80000-1</a> in their own right, independently of the kibibyte, mebibyte, and so on. The BIPM standard JCGM 200:2012 "International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), 3rd edition" lists the IEC binary prefixes and states "SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10, and should not be used for powers of 2. For example, 1 kilobit should not be used to represent 1024 bits (210 bits), which is 1 kibibit."<a href="#cite_note-jcgm2012-82">[82]</a> The IEC 60027-2 standard recommended operating systems and other software were updated to use binary or decimal prefixes consistently, but incorrect usage of SI prefixes for binary multiples is still common. At the time, the IEEE decided that their standards would use the prefixes "kilo", etc. with their metric definitions, but allowed the binary definitions to be used in an interim period as long as such usage was explicitly pointed out on a case-by-case basis.<a href="#cite_note-barr1997-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_standards_bodies_and_organizations">Other standards bodies and organizations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other standards bodies and organizations">edit</a>]</div> The IEC standard binary prefixes are supported by other standardization bodies and technical organizations. The United States <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) supports the ISO/IEC standards for "Prefixes for binary multiples" and has a web page<a href="#cite_note-NISTbin-84">[84]</a> documenting them, describing and justifying their use. NIST suggests that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as bee.<a href="#cite_note-NIST2-5">[5]</a> NIST has stated the SI prefixes "refer strictly to powers of 10" and that the binary definitions "should not be used" for them.<a href="#cite_note-taylo2008-85">[85]</a> As of 2014, the microelectronics industry standards body <a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC</a> describes the IEC prefixes in its online dictionary, but acknowledges that the SI prefixes and the symbols "K", "M" and "G" are still commonly used with the binary sense for memory sizes.<a href="#cite_note-jedec2021-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEDEC2014-87">[87]</a> On 19 March 2005, the IEEE standard <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">IEEE 1541-2002</a> ("Prefixes for Binary Multiples") was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a two-year trial period.<a href="#cite_note-IEEE2003-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEEE2005-89">[89]</a> as of April 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit">[update]</a>, the IEEE Publications division does not require the use of IEC prefixes in its major magazines such as Spectrum<a href="#cite_note-walli2008-90">[90]</a> or Computer.<a href="#cite_note-gesch2007-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM), which maintains the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), expressly prohibits the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommends the use of the IEC prefixes as an alternative since units of information are not included in the SI.<a href="#cite_note-BIPM8web-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-BIPM8-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">Society of Automotive Engineers</a> (SAE) prohibits the use of SI prefixes with anything but a power-of-1000 meaning, but does not cite the IEC binary prefixes.<a href="#cite_note-SAE2017-93">[93]</a> The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (<a href="/wiki/CENELEC" class="mw-redirect" title="CENELEC">CENELEC</a>) adopted the IEC-recommended binary prefixes via the harmonization document HD 60027-2:2003-03.<a href="#cite_note-CENELEC2003-94">[94]</a> The European Union (EU) has required the use of the IEC binary prefixes since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-CENELECxxxx-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_practice">Current practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Current practice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg/220px-Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg/330px-Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg/440px-Elixir_M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T_20060320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The 536870912-byte capacity of these RAM modules is stated as "512 MB" on the label.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GParted_0.3.5_--_2008,_06.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GParted_0.3.5_--_2008%2C_06.png/220px-GParted_0.3.5_--_2008%2C_06.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GParted_0.3.5_--_2008%2C_06.png/330px-GParted_0.3.5_--_2008%2C_06.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GParted_0.3.5_--_2008%2C_06.png/440px-GParted_0.3.5_--_2008%2C_06.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>'s partition editor uses IEC prefixes to display partition sizes. The total capacity of the 120 × 109-byte disk is displayed as "111.79 GiB".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png/220px-GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png/330px-GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png/440px-GNOME_System_Monitor_memory_size_and_network_rate.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>GNOME's system monitor uses IEC prefixes to show memory size and networking data rate.</figcaption></figure> Some computer industry participants, such as Hewlett-Packard (HP),<a href="#cite_note-hpen2009-96">[96]</a> and IBM<a href="#cite_note-resp2011-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBMaxxxx-98">[98]</a> have adopted or recommended IEC binary prefixes as part of their general documentation policies. As of 2023, the use of SI prefixes with the binary meanings is still prevalent for specifying the capacity of the <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a> of computers, of <a href="/wiki/Random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Random access memory">RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor chip">chips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_module" title="Memory module">memory modules</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Cache_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache memory">cache</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer processor">computer processors</a>. For example, a "512-megabyte" or "512 MB" memory module holds 512 MiB; that is, 512 × 220 bytes, not 512 × 106 bytes.<a href="#cite_note-customxxxx-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-HP2012-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-sony2017-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-forall2012-102">[102]</a> JEDEC continues to include the customary binary definitions of "kilo", "mega", and "giga" in the document Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols,<a href="#cite_note-JEDEC-terms-103">[103]</a> and, as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit">[update]</a>, still used those definitions in their <a href="/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards" title="JEDEC memory standards">memory standards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JEDEC-ddr3-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEDEC-ddr2-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEDEC-configs-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEDEC-configs-toc-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEDEC-configs-terms-108">[108]</a> On the other hand, the SI prefixes with powers of ten meanings are generally used for the capacity of external storage units, such as <a href="/wiki/Disk_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drives">disk drives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hita2009-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-sams2011-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-seag2017-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-toshi2009-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-WDC2005-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state drives">solid state drives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="USB flash drives">USB flash drives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sd-cap-disclaimer-63">[63]</a> except for some <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> chips intended to be used as <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROMs</a>. However, some disk manufacturers have used the IEC prefixes to avoid confusion.<a href="#cite_note-toshi2017-114">[114]</a> The decimal meaning of SI prefixes is usually also intended in measurements of data transfer rates, and clock speeds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some operating systems and other software use either the IEC binary multiplier symbols ("Ki", "Mi", etc.)<a href="#cite_note-linux2001-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESR2012-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-ubuntu2012-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ubuntu2012b-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-snow2009-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-apple2018-120">[120]</a> or the SI multiplier symbols ("k", "M", "G", etc.) with decimal meaning. Some programs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Linux/GNU" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux/GNU">Linux/GNU</a> <a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a> command, let the user choose between binary or decimal multipliers. However, some continue to use the SI symbols with the binary meanings, even when reporting disk or file sizes. Some programs may also use "K" instead of "k", with either meaning.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> While the binary prefixes are almost always used with the units of information, bits and bytes, they may be used with any other unit of measure, when convenient. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> one may need binary multiples of the frequency unit <a href="/wiki/Hertz_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertz (unit)">hertz</a> (Hz), for example the <a href="/wiki/Kibihertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibihertz">kibihertz</a> (KiHz), equal to 1024 Hz.<a href="#cite_note-pate2011-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-ains2022-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_engineering_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary engineering notation">Binary engineering notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_notation_(scientific_notation)" class="mw-redirect" title="B notation (scientific notation)">B notation (scientific notation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">ISO/IEC 80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble">Nibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">Octet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BIPM8-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM8_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM8_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM8_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM8_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures.2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf">"§3.1 SI prefixes"</a> (PDF). The International System of Units (SI) (in French and English) (8th ed.). Paris: STEDI Media. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2213-3"><bdi>978-92-822-2213-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813144253/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2007-02-25. <q>[Side note:] These SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10. They should not be used to indicate powers of 2 (for example, one kilobit represents 1000 bits and not 1024 bits). The IEC has adopted prefixes for binary powers in the international standard IEC 60027-2: 2005, third edition, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics. The names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, and 260 are, respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi; and exbi, Ei. Thus, for example, one kibibyte would be written: 1 KiB = 210 B = 1024 B, where B denotes a byte. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid the incorrect usage of the SI prefixes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A73.1+SI+prefixes&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=STEDI+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2213-3&rft.au=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi_brochure_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suitxxxx-2"><a href="#cite_ref-suitxxxx_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/flashdrives.pdf">"Order Granting Motion to Dismiss"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a>. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+Granting+Motion+to+Dismiss&rft.pub=United+States+District+Court+for+the+Northern+District+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2Fflashdrives.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sand2021-3"><a href="#cite_ref-sand2021_3-0">^</a> See also Dinan v. SanDisk LLC, No. 20-15287 (9th Cir. Feb. 11, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16989791406584358656">https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16989791406584358656</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-NIST1_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html">"SI prefixes"</a>. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: International System of Units (SI). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2017-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty%3A+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.atitle=SI+prefixes&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Fprefixes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIST2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST2_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">"International System of Units (SI): Prefixes for binary multiples"</a>. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Science and Technology">National Institute of Science and Technology</a>. Retrieved 2007-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29%3A+Prefixes+for+binary+multiples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Fbinary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPM2022-6"><a href="#cite_ref-BIPM2022_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf">"List of Resolutions for the 27th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures"</a> (PDF). 2022-11-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118153958/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Resolutions+for+the+27th+meeting+of+the+General+Conference+on+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F64811223%2FResolutions-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibn2022-7"><a href="#cite_ref-gibn2022_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibney2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gibney, Elizabeth (2022-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03747-9">"How many yottabytes in a quettabyte? Extreme numbers get new names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-03747-9">10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36400954">36400954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253671538">253671538</a>. Retrieved 2022-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=How+many+yottabytes+in+a+quettabyte%3F+Extreme+numbers+get+new+names&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253671538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36400954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-022-03747-9&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-022-03747-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2023-8"><a href="#cite_ref-brown2023_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Richard J. C. (2023) [2022-02-08, 2022-04-01, 2022-11-24]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1681-7575%2Fac6afd">"A further short history of the SI prefixes"</a>. Letter to the editor. <a href="/wiki/Metrologia" title="Metrologia">Metrologia</a>. 60 (1). <a href="/wiki/BIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPM">BIPM</a> & <a href="/wiki/IOP_Publishing_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="IOP Publishing Ltd">IOP Publishing Ltd</a>: 013001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Metro..60a3001B">2023Metro..60a3001B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1681-7575%2Fac6afd">10.1088/1681-7575/ac6afd</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253966045">253966045</a>. 013001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metrologia&rft.atitle=A+further+short+history+of+the+SI+prefixes&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=013001&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253966045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1681-7575%2Fac6afd&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Metro..60a3001B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1681-7575%252Fac6afd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> (1+4 pages) </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2022-9"><a href="#cite_ref-brown2022_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Richard J. C. (2022-04-27). "Reply to 'Facing a shortage of the Latin letters for the prospective new SI symbols: alternative proposal for the new SI prefixes'". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accreditation_and_Quality_Assurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accreditation and Quality Assurance (page does not exist)">Accreditation and Quality Assurance</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_and_Quality_Assurance" class="extiw" title="de:Accreditation and Quality Assurance">de</a>]. 27 (3): 143–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00769-022-01499-7">10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248397680">248397680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accreditation+and+Quality+Assurance%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Reply+to+%27Facing+a+shortage+of+the+Latin+letters+for+the+prospective+new+SI+symbols%3A+alternative+proposal+for+the+new+SI+prefixes%27&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00769-022-01499-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248397680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frev1795-10"><a href="#cite_ref-frev1795_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm">"La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3: Décision de tracer le mètre, unité fondamentale, sur une règle de platine. Nomenclature des " mesures républicaines ". Reprise de la triangulation"</a> [The Law of 18 <a href="/wiki/Germinal_(month)" title="Germinal (month)">Germinal</a>, Year 3: Decision to draw the fundamental unit metre on a platinum ruler. Nomenclature of "Republican measures". Resumption of the triangulation.]. L'Histoire Du Mètre [The history of the metre] (in French). histoire.du.metre.free.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126164814/http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2015-10-12. <q>Art. 8. Dans les poids et mesures de capacité, chacune des mesures décimales de ces deux genres aura son double et sa moitié, afin de donner à la vente des divers objets toute la commodité que l'on peut désirer. Il y aura donc le double-litre et le demi-litre, le double-hectogramme et le demi-hectogramme, et ainsi des autres.</q> [Art. 8. In the weights and measures of capacity, each of the decimal measures of these two kinds will have its double and its half, in order to give to the sale of the various articles all the convenience that one can desire. There will therefore be the double-litre and the half-litre, the double-hectogram and the half-hectogram, and so on.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Histoire+Du+M%C3%A8tre+%5BThe+history+of+the+metre%5D&rft.atitle=La+Loi+Du+18+Germinal+An+3%3A+D%C3%A9cision+de+tracer+le+m%C3%A8tre%2C+unit%C3%A9+fondamentale%2C+sur+une+r%C3%A8gle+de+platine.+Nomenclature+des+%22+mesures+r%C3%A9publicaines+%22.+Reprise+de+la+triangulation.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoire.du.metre.free.fr%2Ffr%2FPages%2FSommaire%2F06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weik1961-11"><a href="#cite_ref-weik1961_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeik1961" class="citation journal cs1">Weik, Martin H. (March 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61analysis.html#STORAGE">"A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems: Chapter III Analysis and Trends"</a>. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 1115: 1027. <q>Of 187 different relevant systems, 131 utilize a straight binary system internally, whereas 53 utilize the decimal system (primarily binary coded decimal) and 3 systems utilize a binary coded alphanumeric system of notation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballistic+Research+Laboratories+Report+No.+1115&rft.atitle=A+Third+Survey+of+Domestic+Electronic+Digital+Computing+Systems%3A+Chapter+III+Analysis+and+Trends&rft.pages=1027&rft.date=1961-03&rft.aulast=Weik&rft.aufirst=Martin+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2Fcomp-hist%2FBRL61analysis.html%23STORAGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> This lengthy report describes many of the early computers. </li> <li id="cite_note-blais1930-12"><a href="#cite_ref-blais1930_12-0">^</a> Hunting Trouble on 28 Megacycles, A. L. Blais, QST, January 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-liny1972-13"><a href="#cite_ref-liny1972_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinMattson1972" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Yeong; Mattson, R. (September 1972). "Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 8 (3). IEEE: 390–392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ITM.....8..390L">1972ITM.....8..390L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.1972.1067329">10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329</a>. <q>Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory capacity is less than 1 Mbyte. For capacities of 4 Mbyte and 16 Mbyte serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bit and 1024 bit, respectively, look favorable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Cost-performance+evaluation+of+memory+hierarchies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-392&rft.date=1972-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.1972.1067329&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972ITM.....8..390L&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Yeong&rft.au=Mattson%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-real1959-14"><a href="#cite_ref-real1959_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal1959" class="citation journal cs1">Real, P. (September 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F612201.612294">"A generalized analysis of variance program utilizing binary logic"</a>. ACM '59: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 14th National Meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery. ACM Press: 78–1–78–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F612201.612294">10.1145/612201.612294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14701651">14701651</a>. <q>On a 32K core size 704 computer, approximately 28000 data may be analyzed, ... without resorting to auxiliary tape storage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+%2759%3A+Preprints+of+Papers+Presented+at+the+14th+National+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.atitle=A+generalized+analysis+of+variance+program+utilizing+binary+logic.&rft.pages=78-1-78-5&rft.date=1959-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F612201.612294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14701651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Real&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F612201.612294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> Note: the IBM 704 core memory units had 4096 36-bit words. Up to 32768 words could be installed </li> <li id="cite_note-gruen1960-15"><a href="#cite_ref-gruen1960_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenbergerBurgessGruenberger1960" class="citation journal cs1">Gruenberger, Fred; Burgess, C. R.; Gruenberger, Fred (October 1960). "Letters to the Editor". Communications of the ACM. 3 (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367415.367419">10.1145/367415.367419</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3199685">3199685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+Editor&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1960-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F367415.367419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3199685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gruenberger&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Burgess%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Gruenberger%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> "The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956; it is the standard now for large machines and at least 200 machines of the size (or its equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959)." Note: The <a href="/wiki/IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a> was a character addressable computer. </li> <li id="cite_note-horak2008-16"><a href="#cite_ref-horak2008_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Horak2008" class="citation book cs1">Ray Horak (2008). Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471774570" title="Special:BookSources/9780471774570"><bdi>9780471774570</bdi></a>. <q>In computing and storage systems, a kB (kiloByte) is actually 1,024 (2^10) bytes, since the measurement is based on a base 2, or binary, number system. The term kB comes from the fact that 1,024 is nominally, or approximately, 1,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Telecom+Dictionary&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780471774570&rft.au=Ray+Horak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dodd1997-17"><a href="#cite_ref-dodd1997_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_S._Dodd1997" class="citation book cs1">Janet S. Dodd (1997). The ACS style guide: a manual for authors and editors. <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841234611" title="Special:BookSources/9780841234611"><bdi>9780841234611</bdi></a>. <q>kB (kilobyte; actually 1024 bytes) KB (kilobyte; kB is preferred)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ACS+style+guide%3A+a+manual+for+authors+and+editors&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780841234611&rft.au=Janet+S.+Dodd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laver1989-18"><a href="#cite_ref-laver1989_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._J._M._Laver1989" class="citation book cs1">F. J. M. Laver (1989-05-11). Information Technology: Agent of Change. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521350358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521350358"><bdi>978-0521350358</bdi></a>. <q>when describing the performance of IT systems the larger units 'kilobytes' (kB) [...] Strictly speaking, k means the 'binary thousand' 1024</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Technology%3A+Agent+of+Change&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989-05-11&rft.isbn=978-0521350358&rft.au=F.+J.+M.+Laver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amda1964-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amda1964_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amda1964_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmdahl1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl">Amdahl, Gene M.</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf">"Architecture of the IBM System/360"</a> (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 8 (2). IBM: 87–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.82.0087">10.1147/rd.82.0087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+the+IBM+System%2F360&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-101&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.82.0087&rft.aulast=Amdahl&rft.aufirst=Gene+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fjournal%2Frd%2F441%2Famdahl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> Figure 1 gives storage (memory) capacity ranges of the various models in "Capacity 8-bit bytes, 1 K = 1024" </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM1972-20"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM1972_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIBM1972" class="citation book cs1">IBM (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/IBM.370Mod158.1972.102646258.pdf">System/370 Model 158 brochure</a> (PDF). IBM. G520-261871. <q>All-monolithic storage ... (1024-bit NMOS) This new improvement of processor storage makes system expansion more economical. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600-R-M.html#TOC/">the original</a> on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2013-11-07. <q>Central Memory is organized into 32K, 65K, or 131K words (60-bit) in 8, 16, or 32 banks of 4096 words each.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+6400%2F6500%2F6600+Computer+Systems+Reference+Manual&rft.pages=2-1&rft.edition=Pub+No.+60100000&rft.date=1965%2F1967&rft.au=Control+Data+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2Fcomp-hist%2FCDC-6600-R-M.html%23TOC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank1974-24"><a href="#cite_ref-frank1974_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankenberg1974" class="citation journal cs1">Frankenberg, Robert (October 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129060208/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1974-10.pdf">"All Semiconductor Memory Selected for New Minicomputer Series"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2007-06-18. <q>196K-word memory size</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hewlett-Packard+Journal&rft.atitle=All+Semiconductor+Memory+Selected+for+New+Minicomputer+Series&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15-20&rft.date=1974-10&rft.aulast=Frankenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpl.hp.com%2Fhpjournal%2Fpdfs%2FIssuePDFs%2F1974-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP1973-25"><a href="#cite_ref-HP1973_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlett-Packard1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hewlett-Packard (November 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/3000/hp3000/5952-4500_optionsBrochure_Nov73.pdf">"HP 3000 Configuration Guide"</a> (PDF). HP 3000 Computer System and Subsystem Data: 59. Retrieved 2010-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HP+3000+Computer+System+and+Subsystem+Data&rft.atitle=HP+3000+Configuration+Guide&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1973-11&rft.au=Hewlett-Packard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fhp%2F3000%2Fhp3000%2F5952-4500_optionsBrochure_Nov73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM1956-26"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM1956_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation2003" class="citation web cs1">IBM Corporation (2003-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409064858/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html">"IBM 350 disk storage unit"</a>. IBM Archives. 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Retrieved 2007-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Article+ID%3A+121839&rft.atitle=Determining+Actual+Disk+Size%3A+Why+1.44+MB+Should+Be+1.40+MB&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft.au=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F121839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> "The 1.44-megabyte (MB) value associated with the 3.5-inch disk format does not represent the actual size or free space of these disks. Although its size has been popularly called 1.44 MB, the correct size is actually 1.40 MB." </li> <li id="cite_note-cdromcap-42"><a href="#cite_ref-cdromcap_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715075021/http://www.videohelp.com/forum/userguides/135642.php">"Data capacity of CDs"</a>. Videohelp.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.videohelp.com/forum/userguides/135642.php">the original</a> on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 2012-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+capacity+of+CDs&rft.pub=Videohelp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.videohelp.com%2Fforum%2Fuserguides%2F135642.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dvdcap-43"><a href="#cite_ref-dvdcap_43-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osta.org/technology/pdf/dvdqa.pdf#page=20">Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102065839/http://www.osta.org/technology/pdf/dvdqa.pdf#page=20">Archived</a> 2 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBMt2016-44"><a href="#cite_ref-IBMt2016_44-0">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ECMA2013-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ECMA2013_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917015428/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-319.pdf">"Data Interchange on 12,7 mm 384-Track Magnetic Tape Cartridges – Ultrium-1 Format"</a> (PDF). Ecma-international.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-319.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecma-international.org&rft.atitle=Data+Interchange+on+12%2C7+mm+384-Track+Magnetic+Tape+Cartridges+%E2%80%93+Ultrium-1+Format&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FECMA-ST%2FEcma-319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-46"><a href="#cite_ref-webster_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Megabyte">"Definition of megabyte"</a>. M-w.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M-w.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+megabyte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2FMegabyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metadict-47"><a href="#cite_ref-metadict_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Megabyte">"Definitions of Megabyte"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.reference.com&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Megabyte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FMegabyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-48"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525164142/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/megabyte?view=uk">"AskOxford: megabyte"</a>. Askoxford.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/megabyte?view=uk">the original</a> on 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Askoxford.com&rft.atitle=AskOxford%3A+megabyte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fmegabyte%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ansi1986-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ansi1986_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">IEEE Standard Glossary of Mathematics of Computing Terminology. 1986-10-30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1986.79649">10.1109/IEEESTD.1986.79649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7381-4541-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7381-4541-6"><bdi>0-7381-4541-6</bdi></a>. <q>kilo (K). (1) A prefix indicating 1000. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 210, or 1024. mega (M). (1) A prefix indicating one million. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 220, or 1048576.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+Glossary+of+Mathematics+of+Computing+Terminology&rft.date=1986-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1986.79649&rft.isbn=0-7381-4541-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee1992-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ieee1992_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">IEEE Standard Control and Status Register (CSR) Architecture for Microcomputer Buses. 1992-07-22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1992.106981">10.1109/IEEESTD.1992.106981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7381-4336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7381-4336-7"><bdi>0-7381-4336-7</bdi></a>. <q>Kbyte. Kilobyte. Indicates 210 bytes. Mbyte. Megabyte. Indicates 220bytes. Gbyte is used in the Foreword.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+Control+and+Status+Register+%28CSR%29+Architecture+for+Microcomputer+Buses&rft.date=1992-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1992.106981&rft.isbn=0-7381-4336-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee1994-51"><a href="#cite_ref-ieee1994_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Hardware Terminology. 1994-06-24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1995.79522">10.1109/IEEESTD.1995.79522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55937-492-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55937-492-6"><bdi>1-55937-492-6</bdi></a>. <q>gigabyte (gig, GB). This term may mean either a) 1000000000 bytes or b) 230 bytes. ... As used in this document, the terms kilobyte (kB) means 210 or 1024 bytes, megabyte (MB) means 1024 kilobytes, and gigabyte (GB) means 1024 megabytes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+Glossary+of+Computer+Hardware+Terminology&rft.date=1994-06-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1995.79522&rft.isbn=1-55937-492-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee2000-52"><a href="#cite_ref-ieee2000_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79391">100-2000</a>. IEEE Computer Society Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2000.322230">10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-2601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-2601-2"><bdi>978-0-7381-2601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100-2000&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2000.322230&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-2601-2&rft.au=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.unal.edu.co%2Fhandle%2Funal%2F79391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> "kB See kilobyte." "Kbyte Kilobyte. Indicates 210 bytes." "Kilobyte Either 1000 or 210 or 1024 bytes." 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Retrieved 2012-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28IUCr%29+1996+Report+%E2%80%93+IUPAC+Interdivisional+Committee+on+Nomenclature+and+Symbols+%28IDCNS%29&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Crystallography&rft.date=1997-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.iucr.org%2Fiucr-top%2Fcexec%2Frep96%2Fidcns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iec1999-77"><a href="#cite_ref-iec1999_77-0">^</a> "These prefixes for binary multiples, which were developed by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 25, Quantities and units, and their letter symbols, with the strong support of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the IEEE, were adopted by the IEC as Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics." </li> <li id="cite_note-iucr1999-78"><a href="#cite_ref-iucr1999_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/2000/06/00/es0288/es0288bdy.html#SEC15.1">"IUCR 1999 report on IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Standards+Bearer&rft.atitle=A+Lesson+in+Megabytes&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1997-01&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thierry-lequeu.fr%2Fdata%2FPELS%2FComm%2FPublications%2FNewsletter%2F9704%2FSTORY18.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NISTbin-84"><a href="#cite_ref-NISTbin_84-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylo2008-85"><a href="#cite_ref-taylo2008_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_N._Taylor_&_Ambler_Thompson_Ed.2008" class="citation book cs1">Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225010952/https://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf">The International System of Units (SI)</a> (PDF). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.place=Gaithersburg%2C+MD&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Barry+N.+Taylor+%26+Ambler+Thompson+Ed.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FSP330%2Fsp330.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jedec2021-86"><a href="#cite_ref-jedec2021_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/dictionary/terms/mega-m-prefix-units-semiconductor-storage-capacity">"mega (M) (as a prefix to units of semiconductor storage capacity)"</a>. JEDEC – Global Standards for the Microelectronics Industry. Retrieved 2021-04-14. <q>The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JEDEC+%E2%80%93+Global+Standards+for+the+Microelectronics+Industry&rft.atitle=mega+%28M%29+%28as+a+prefix+to+units+of+semiconductor+storage+capacity%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2Fstandards-documents%2Fdictionary%2Fterms%2Fmega-m-prefix-units-semiconductor-storage-capacity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JEDEC2014-87"><a href="#cite_ref-JEDEC2014_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/results/jesd79-4%20ddr4">Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4) JESD209-4</a>. JEDEC Solid State Technology Association. August 2014. p. 7. <q>These devices contain the following number of bits: 4Gb has 4,294,967,296 bits ... 32Gb has 34,359,738,368 bits</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Low+Power+Double+Data+Rate+4+%28LPDDR4%29+JESD209-4&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=JEDEC+Solid+State+Technology+Association&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2Fstandards-documents%2Fresults%2Fjesd79-4%2520ddr4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> Free registration required to download the standard. </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE2003-88"><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE2003_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014151530/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?reload=true&punumber=8450">1541-2002</a>. Reaffirmed 27 March 2008. 2003-02-12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2003.94236">10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-3385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-3385-0"><bdi>978-0-7381-3385-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8450">the original</a> on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2007-07-29. <q>This standard is prepared with two goals in mind: (1) to preserve the SI prefixes as unambiguous decimal multipliers and (2) to provide alternative prefixes for those cases where binary multipliers are needed. The first goal affects the general public, the wide audience of technical and nontechnical persons who use computers without much concern for their construction or inner working. These persons will normally interpret kilo, mega, etc., in their proper decimal sense. The second goal speaks to specialists – the prefixes for binary multiples make it possible for persons who work in the information sciences to communicate with precision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1541-2002&rft.series=Reaffirmed+27+March+2008&rft.date=2003-02-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2003.94236&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-3385-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fservlet%2Fopac%3Fpunumber%3D8450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE2005-89"><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE2005_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922215418/http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html">"IEEE-SA Standards Board Standards Review Committee (RevCom) Meeting Agenda"</a>. 2005-03-19. 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The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE-SA+Standards+Board+Standards+Review+Committee+%28RevCom%29+Meeting+Agenda&rft.date=2005-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fboard%2Frev%2F305agenda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walli2008-90"><a href="#cite_ref-walli2008_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallich2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wallich, Paul (April 2008). "Tools & toys: Hacking the Nokia N800". IEEE Spectrum. 45 (4): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMSPEC.2008.4476441">10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4476441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20129812">20129812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Tools+%26+toys%3A+Hacking+the+Nokia+N800&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMSPEC.2008.4476441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20129812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wallich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> "A lot can happen in a decade. You can hold the Nokia N800 in your hand, yet it's a near-exact match for a high-end desktop PC from 10 years ago. It has a 320-megahertz processor, 128 megabytes of RAM, and a few gigabytes of available mass storage." </li> <li id="cite_note-gesch2007-91"><a href="#cite_ref-gesch2007_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGschwindErbManningNutter2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gschwind, Michael; Erb, David; Manning, Sid; Nutter, Mark (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/people/m/mikeg/papers/2007_ieeecomputer.pdf">"An Open Source Environment for Cell Broadband Engine System Software"</a> (PDF). Computer. 40 (6). IEEE Computer Society: 37–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2007.192">10.1109/MC.2007.192</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10877922">10877922</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.research.ibm.com/people/m/mikeg/papers/2007_ieeecomputer.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=An+Open+Source+Environment+for+Cell+Broadband+Engine+System+Software&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=37-47&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.2007.192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10877922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gschwind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Erb%2C+David&rft.au=Manning%2C+Sid&rft.au=Nutter%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fpeople%2Fm%2Fmikeg%2Fpapers%2F2007_ieeecomputer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> "The processor has a memory subsystem with separate first-level 32-Kbyte instruction and data caches, and a 512-Kbyte unified second-level cache." Authors are with IBM. </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPM8web-92"><a href="#cite_ref-BIPM8web_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/prefixes.html">"BIPM – SI prefixes"</a>. Bipm.org. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bipm.org&rft.atitle=BIPM+%E2%80%93+SI+prefixes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fsi%2Fprefixes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE2017-93"><a href="#cite_ref-SAE2017_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/tsb003.pdf#page=33">"Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) Units] – Section C.1.12 – SI prefixes"</a> (PDF). Sae.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/tsb003.pdf#page=33">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sae.org&rft.atitle=Rules+for+SAE+Use+of+SI+%28Metric%29+Units%5D+%E2%80%93+Section+C.1.12+%E2%80%93+SI+prefixes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fstandardsdev%2Ftsb%2Ftsb003.pdf%23page%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CENELEC2003-94"><a href="#cite_ref-CENELEC2003_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130213052907/http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:1546953662480229::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:15306,25">"CENELEC – Standards Development – List of Technical Bodies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:1546953662480229::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:15306,25">the original</a> on 2013-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CENELEC+%E2%80%93+Standards+Development+%E2%80%93+List+of+Technical+Bodies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cenelec.eu%2Fdyn%2Fwww%2Ff%3Fp%3D104%3A110%3A1546953662480229%3A%3A%3A%3AFSP_PROJECT%2CFSP_LANG_ID%3A15306%2C25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CENELECxxxx-95"><a href="#cite_ref-CENELECxxxx_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722151947/http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:6177007965168887::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:20776,25">"CENELEC – Standards Development – List of Technical Bodies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:6177007965168887::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:20776,25">the original</a> on 2012-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CENELEC+%E2%80%93+Standards+Development+%E2%80%93+List+of+Technical+Bodies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cenelec.eu%2Fdyn%2Fwww%2Ff%3Fp%3D104%3A110%3A6177007965168887%3A%3A%3A%3AFSP_PROJECT%2CFSP_LANG_ID%3A20776%2C25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hpen2009-96"><a href="#cite_ref-hpen2009_96-0">^</a> Hewlett-Packard (2009): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=c02022732&docLocale=en_US">"How many bytes are in a GB?"</a> ISS Technology Update – Hewlett Packard Enterprise, volume 9, issue 1, quote: 'To reduce confusion, vendors are pursuing one of two remedies: they are changing SI prefixes to the new binary prefixes, or they are recalculating the numbers as powers of ten. [...] HP is considering modifying its storage utilities to report disk capacity with correct decimal and binary values side-by-side (for example, "300 GB (279.4 GiB)"), and report cache sizes with binary prefixes ("1 GiB")'. </li> <li id="cite_note-resp2011-97"><a href="#cite_ref-resp2011_97-0">^</a> DeRespinis, F., Hayward, P., Jenkins, J., Laird, A., McDonald, L., and Radzinski, E. (2011): The IBM style guide: conventions for writers and editors. IBM Press. quote: "To help avoid inaccuracy (especially with the larger prefixes) and potential ambiguity, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2000 adopted a set of prefixes specifically for binary multipliers (See IEC 60027-2). Their use is now supported by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and incorporated into ISO 80000. They are also required by EU law and in certain contexts in the US. However, most documentation and products in the industry continue to use SI prefixes when referring to binary multipliers. In product documentation, follow the same standard that is used in the product itself (for example, in the interface or firmware). Whether you choose to use IEC prefixes for powers of 2 and SI prefixes for powers of 10, or use SI prefixes for a dual purpose ... be consistent in your usage and explain to the user your adopted system." </li> <li id="cite_note-IBMaxxxx-98"><a href="#cite_ref-IBMaxxxx_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140317230133/http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/etc/cust/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.storage.etc.doc/etc_data_storage_values.html">"IBM Knowledge Center"</a>. Pic.dhe.ibm.com. 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Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pic.dhe.ibm.com&rft.atitle=IBM+Knowledge+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpic.dhe.ibm.com%2Finfocenter%2Fetc%2Fcust%2Findex.jsp%3Ftopic%3D%2Fcom.ibm.storage.etc.doc%2Fetc_data_storage_values.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-customxxxx-99"><a href="#cite_ref-customxxxx_99-0">^</a> As used in this article, the term customary binary prefix or similar refers to prefixes such as kilo, mega, giga, etc., borrowed from the similarly named <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> but used to denote a power of 1024. </li> <li id="cite_note-HP2012-100"><a href="#cite_ref-HP2012_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welcome.hp.com/country/us/en/welcome.html">"Hewlett-Packard"</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-03-07. <q>The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage. IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 states "This practice frequently leads to confusion and is deprecated."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JEDEC+Standard+No.+100B.01+%E2%80%93+Terms%2C+Definitions%2C+and+Letter+Symbols+for+Microcomputers%2C+Microprocessors%2C+and+Memory+Integrated+Circuits&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2002-12&rft.au=JEDEC+Solid+State+Technology+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2Fdownload%2Fsearch%2FJESD100B01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> (Requires free registration and login.) </li> <li id="cite_note-JEDEC-ddr3-104"><a href="#cite_ref-JEDEC-ddr3_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJEDEC2009" class="citation web cs1">JEDEC (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-79-3d">"DDR3 SDRAM Standard"</a>. Retrieved 2010-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDR3+SDRAM+Standard&rft.date=2009-09&rft.au=JEDEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2Fstandards-documents%2Fdocs%2Fjesd-79-3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JEDEC-ddr2-105"><a href="#cite_ref-JEDEC-ddr2_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJEDEC2009" class="citation web cs1">JEDEC (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-79-2e">"DDR2 SDRAM Standard"</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memory+Configurations&rft.au=JEDEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2Fstandards-documents%2Ftechnology-focus-areas%2Fmemory-configurations-jesd21-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JEDEC-configs-toc-107"><a href="#cite_ref-JEDEC-configs-toc_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJEDEC" class="citation web cs1">JEDEC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/21C_TOCR18.pdf">"Memory Configurations Table of Contents"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/21C_TOCR18.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. 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Samsung.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/faqView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=167">the original</a> on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samsung.com&rft.atitle=FAQs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsung.com%2Fglobal%2Fbusiness%2Fhdd%2FfaqView.do%3Fb2b_bbs_msg_id%3D167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seag2017-111"><a href="#cite_ref-seag2017_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331115539/http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/storage_solutions_guide.pdf">"Storage Solutions Guide"</a> (PDF). Seagate. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdc.com/en/library/2579-001028.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2005-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WD+Model+and+Order+Numbers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdc.com%2Fen%2Flibrary%2F2579-001028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toshi2017-114"><a href="#cite_ref-toshi2017_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426174348/http://www.toshiba-tdmt.com.tw/english/products/overview.aspx">"Client: Client HDD – Toshiba"</a>. Toshiba-tdmt.com.tw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toshiba-tdmt.com.tw/english/products/overview.aspx">the original</a> on 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toshiba-tdmt.com.tw&rft.atitle=Client%3A+Client+HDD+%E2%80%93+Toshiba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toshiba-tdmt.com.tw%2Fenglish%2Fproducts%2Foverview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linux2001-115"><a href="#cite_ref-linux2001_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902124532/http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?units+7">"Units"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manual_page_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual page (Unix)">Linux Programmer's Manual</a>. 2001-12-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?units+7">the original</a> on 2007-09-02. Retrieved 2007-05-20. <q>When the Linux kernel boots and says <code>hda: 120064896 sectors (61473 MB) w/2048KiB Cache</code> the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Programmer%27s+Manual&rft.atitle=Units&rft.date=2001-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annodex.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fman%2Fman2html%3Funits%2B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESR2012-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ESR2012_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/2002/0103/a/esr-kibi.php3">"ESR post on LKML"</a>. Lwn.net. 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Retrieved 2011-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Snow+Leopard%27s+new+maths&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.co.uk%2Fmac%2Fnews%2Findex.cfm%3FRSS%26NewsID%3D27034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-apple2018-120"><a href="#cite_ref-apple2018_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT201402">"How iOS and macOS report storage capacity"</a>. Apple Inc. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2021-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+iOS+and+macOS+report+storage+capacity&rft.pub=Apple+Inc&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fen-ca%2FHT201402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html">"Ls(1) – Linux manual page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ls%281%29+%E2%80%93+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman1%2Fls.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pate2011-122"><a href="#cite_ref-pate2011_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2012098399A2/en">"Patent WO2012098399A2 – Low-power oscillator – Google Patents"</a>. Google.com. Retrieved 2016-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google.com&rft.atitle=Patent+WO2012098399A2+%E2%80%93+Low-power+oscillator+%E2%80%93+Google+Patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FWO2012098399A2%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ains2022-123"><a href="#cite_ref-ains2022_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinslieHalvorsenRobinson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ainslie, Michael A.; Halvorsen, Michele B.; Robinson, Stephen P. (January 2022) [2021-11-09]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJOE.2021.3085947">"A terminology standard for underwater acoustics and the benefits of international standardization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Journal_of_Oceanic_Engineering" title="IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering">IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering</a>. 47 (1). <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>: 179–200. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022IJOE...47..179A">2022IJOE...47..179A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJOE.2021.3085947">10.1109/JOE.2021.3085947</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-1691">1558-1691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-9059">0364-9059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243948953">243948953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+of+Oceanic+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+terminology+standard+for+underwater+acoustics+and+the+benefits+of+international+standardization.&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-200&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243948953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1558-1691&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022IJOE...47..179A&rft.issn=0364-9059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJOE.2021.3085947&rft.aulast=Ainslie&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Halvorsen%2C+Michele+B.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FJOE.2021.3085947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220112042/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9607022">[2]</a> (22 pages) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403051731/http://www.iec.ch/zone/si/si_bytes.htm">"When is a kilobyte a kibibyte? And an MB an MiB?"</a>. International Electrotechnical Commission. 2007-02-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/zone/si/si_bytes.htm">the original</a> on 2009-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+is+a+kilobyte+a+kibibyte%3F+And+an+MB+an+MiB%3F&rft.pub=International+Electrotechnical+Commission&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.ch%2Fzone%2Fsi%2Fsi_bytes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"> – An introduction to binary prefixes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">"Prefixes for binary multiples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prefixes+for+binary+multiples&rft.pub=NIST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Fbinary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141603/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb9903.htm#Information%20Technology">"Get Ready for the mebi, gibi and tebi"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>. 1999-03-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb9903.htm#Information%20Technology">the original</a> on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2017-07-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+Ready+for+the+mebi%2C+gibi+and+tebi&rft.pub=NIST&rft.date=1999-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpublic_affairs%2Ftechbeat%2Ftb9903.htm%23Information%2520Technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markus_Kuhn_(computer_scientist)" title="Markus Kuhn (computer scientist)">Kuhn, Markus</a> (1996-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/information-units.txt">"What is a Megabyte ...?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Megabyte+...%3F&rft.date=1996-12-29&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2F~mgk25%2Finformation-units.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988">—a 1996–1999 paper on bits, bytes, prefixes and symbols</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Boyne_Pollard" class="citation web cs1">de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007222128/https://jdebp.eu/FGA/1mb44-is-not-a-standard-floppy-disc-size.html">"There is no such thing as a 1.44 MB standard format floppy disc"</a>. Frequently Given Answers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdebp.eu./FGA/1mb44-is-not-a-standard-floppy-disc-size.html">the original</a> on 2016-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Given+Answers&rft.atitle=There+is+no+such+thing+as+a+1.44+MB+standard+format+floppy+disc&rft.aulast=de+Boyne+Pollard&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdebp.eu.%2FFGA%2F1mb44-is-not-a-standard-floppy-disc-size.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Quinion1999" class="citation web cs1">Michael Quinion (1999-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040612044148/http://www.quinion.com/words/turnsofphrase/tp-kib1.htm">"Kibibyte"</a>. World Wide Words. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quinion.com/words/turnsofphrase/tp-kib1.htm">the original</a> on 2004-06-12. Retrieved 2002-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Words&rft.atitle=Kibibyte&rft.date=1999-08-21&rft.au=Michael+Quinion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quinion.com%2Fwords%2Fturnsofphrase%2Ftp-kib1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988">—Another description of binary prefixes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Wiebe2003" class="citation pressrelease cs1">James Wiebe (2003-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204100206/http://www.wiebetech.com/pressreleases/BillionEqualBillion.pdf">"When One Billion does not equal One Billion, or: Why your computer's disk drive capacity doesn't appear to match the stated capacity"</a> (PDF). WiebeTech (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiebetech.com/pressreleases/BillionEqualBillion.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2010-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+One+Billion+does+not+equal+One+Billion%2C+or%3A+Why+your+computer%27s+disk+drive+capacity+doesn%27t+appear+to+match+the+stated+capacity&rft.date=2003-10-09&rft.au=James+Wiebe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiebetech.com%2Fpressreleases%2FBillionEqualBillion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+prefix" class="Z3988">—White-paper on the controversy over drive capacities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_prefix&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lpar.ath0.com/2008/07/15/si-unit-prefixes-a-plea-for-sanity/">A plea for sanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306015240/http://lpar.ath0.com/2008/07/15/si-unit-prefixes-a-plea-for-sanity/">Archived</a> 2021-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alexey.chernyak.id.au/prefBin.xhtml">A summary of the organizations, software, and so on that have implemented the new binary prefixes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/002046en?language=en_US">Storage Capacity Measurement Standards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102192754/http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/002046en?language=en_US">Archived</a> 2015-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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