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href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" 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class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Zek" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Zek" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Zek" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Zek" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Historique</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retour_à_la_liberté" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retour_à_la_liberté"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Retour à la liberté</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retour_à_la_liberté-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeks_notables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeks_notables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Zeks</i> notables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeks_notables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeks_dans_la_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeks_dans_la_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Zeks</i> dans la culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeks_dans_la_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 1 langue." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 langue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zek" title="Zek – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16010565#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zek" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Zek" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zek"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zek"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Zek" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Zek" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&oldid=214722718" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Zek&id=214722718&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZek"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZek"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Zek"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zek&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16010565" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:5px"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/51px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Nuvola_apps_agent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuvola_apps_agent.svg/43px-Nuvola_apps_agent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuvola_apps_agent.svg/66px-Nuvola_apps_agent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuvola_apps_agent.svg/87px-Nuvola_apps_agent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Prisonbars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Prisonbars.jpg/45px-Prisonbars.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Prisonbars.jpg/68px-Prisonbars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Prisonbars.jpg/90px-Prisonbars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant l’<a href="/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Police_(institution)" title="Police (institution)">police</a> ou la <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Zek_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zek (homonymie)">Zek (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Logo_disambig-homophone.svg/20px-Logo_disambig-homophone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Logo_disambig-homophone.svg/30px-Logo_disambig-homophone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Logo_disambig-homophone.svg/40px-Logo_disambig-homophone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article ayant un titre homophone, voir <a href="/wiki/Zech" class="mw-disambig" title="Zech">Zech</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>Le mot <i><b>zek</b></i> (parfois écrit <i><b>zeka</b></i> ou <i><b>ze-ka</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), abréviation d'un terme <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a>, désigne un prisonnier du <a href="/wiki/Goulag" title="Goulag">Goulag</a> dans l'<a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a> à partir des années 1930. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origine">Origine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Origine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le mot « <i>zek</i> » est, à l'origine, une abréviation du terme <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a> « <span class="lang-ru" lang="ru">заключённый каналоармеец</span> (<i><span class="transcription lang-ru" lang="ru-Latn" dir="ltr">zaklioutchonniï kanaloarmeyets</span></i>) », abrégé en <span class="lang-ru" lang="ru">з/к</span> (<i><span class="transcription lang-ru" lang="ru-Latn" dir="ltr">z/k</span></i>), qui signifie littéralement « détenu-combattant du canal »<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le terme désigne à l'origine les détenus <a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">soviétiques</a> affectés au creusement du <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_la_mer_Blanche" title="Canal de la mer Blanche">canal de la mer Blanche</a> reliant la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Baltique" title="Mer Baltique">mer Baltique</a> à la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Blanche" title="Mer Blanche">mer Blanche</a> (commencé en 1931 et achevé en 1933)<sup id="cite_ref-zeka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeka-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'utilisation de ce terme s'est étendue par la suite pour désigner tous les prisonniers du <a href="/wiki/Goulag" title="Goulag">Goulag</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retour_à_la_liberté"><span id="Retour_.C3.A0_la_libert.C3.A9"></span>Retour à la liberté</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Retour à la liberté" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Retour à la liberté"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <time>1953</time>, après la mort de <a href="/wiki/Staline" class="mw-redirect" title="Staline">Staline</a>, la moitié des 1,5 million de prisonniers du Goulag sont libérés et confrontés à une forte <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> à l'embauche, que le pouvoir tenta de corriger afin de faciliter leur réinsertion dans la société <a href="/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">soviétique</a><sup id="cite_ref-politiques-reinsertion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politiques-reinsertion-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zeks_notables"><i>Zeks</i> notables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Zeks notables" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Zeks notables"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Buber-Neumann" title="Margarete Buber-Neumann">Margarete Buber-Neumann</a>, auteure <a href="/wiki/Allemands" title="Allemands">allemande</a> de <i>Prisonnière de Staline et d'Hitler</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varlam_Chalamov" title="Varlam Chalamov">Varlam Chalamov</a>, auteur des <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9cits_de_la_Kolyma" title="Récits de la Kolyma">Récits de la Kolyma</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueorgui_Demidov" title="Gueorgui Demidov">Gueorgui Demidov</a>, écrivain <a href="/wiki/Russes" title="Russes">russe</a>, auteur entre autres de <i><a href="/wiki/Doubar_et_autres_r%C3%A9cits_du_Goulag" title="Doubar et autres récits du Goulag">Doubar et autres récits du Goulag</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgu%C3%A9nia_Guinzbourg" title="Evguénia Guinzbourg">Evguénia Guinzbourg</a>, auteur de <i>Le vertige</i> et de <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Ciel_de_la_Kolyma" title="Le Ciel de la Kolyma">Le Ciel de la Kolyma</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Margolin" title="Julius Margolin">Julius Margolin</a>, auteur du <i>Voyage au pays des Ze-ka</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rossi" title="Jacques Rossi">Jacques Rossi</a>, auteur de <i><a href="/wiki/Qu%27elle_%C3%A9tait_belle_cette_utopie_!" title="Qu'elle était belle cette utopie !">Qu'elle était belle cette utopie !</a></i> et du <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_du_Goulag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel du Goulag (page inexistante)">Manuel du Goulag</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Soljenitsyne" title="Alexandre Soljenitsyne">Alexander Soljenitsyne</a>, auteur <a href="/wiki/Russes" title="Russes">russe</a> de romans comme <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Archipel_du_Goulag" title="L'Archipel du Goulag">L'Archipel du Goulag</a></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Premier_Cercle_(roman)" title="Le Premier Cercle (roman)">Le Premier Cercle</a></i>, ainsi que <i><a href="/wiki/Une_journ%C3%A9e_d%27Ivan_Denissovitch" title="Une journée d'Ivan Denissovitch">Une journée d'Ivan Denissovitch</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zeks_dans_la_culture"><i>Zeks</i> dans la culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Zeks dans la culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Zeks dans la culture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Le <i>zek</i> (joué par <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>), ancien prisonnier des goulags soviétiques devenu parrain d'un gang mafieux aux USA, est l'antagoniste principal du film <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reacher" title="Jack Reacher">Jack Reacher</a></i> sorti en <time>2012</time><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Margolin" title="Julius Margolin">Julius Margolin</a>, <i>Voyage au pays des Ze-ka</i>. Le Bruit du temps, 2010. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-35873-021-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-35873-021-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-35873-021-1</span></a>)</small>. <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 17, note 6 : <span class="citation">« Ze-ka (ou Zek), abréviation pratiquée par l'administration des camps, écrite sous la forme z/k. Initialement <i>zaklioutchonny kanaloarmeets</i>, c'est-à-dire « détenu-combattant du canal », le terme, apparu au début des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1930" title="Années 1930">années 1930</a> sur le <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_la_mer_Blanche" title="Canal de la mer Blanche">canal de la mer Blanche</a>, l'un des premiers grands chantiers du Goulag, désigne par la suite tout détenu des camps. »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Buisson2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Christophe_Buisson2019">Jean-Christophe Buisson, <cite class="italique">Le siècle rouge : Les mondes communistes 1919-1989</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2019</time>, 290 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-262-08314-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-262-08314-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-262-08314-4</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2262083142" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2262083142"><span class="nowrap">2262083142</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=y5mzDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT205&ots=ll2A4K-Vtf&dq=zaklioutchonny%20kanaloarmeets&hl=fr&pg=PT205#v=onepage&q=zaklioutchonny%20kanaloarmeets&f=false">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, p205<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+si%C3%A8cle+rouge&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.stitle=Les+mondes+communistes+1919-1989&rft.aulast=Buisson&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christophe&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=p205&rft.tpages=290&rft.isbn=978-2-262-08314-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AZek"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeka-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-zeka_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Perraud"><span class="ouvrage" id="Antoine_Perraud">Antoine Perraud, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Livres/Livres/La-traversee-du-goulag-_NG_-2010-11-24-559359"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La traversée du goulag</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">La-Croix.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="0010-11-22" data-sort-value="0010-11-22">24 novembre 10</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-02-07" data-sort-value="2013-02-07">7 février 2013</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Suivant ce qu'avance <a href="/wiki/Varlam_Chalamov" title="Varlam Chalamov">Varlam Chalamov</a> dans une lettre écrite à ce sujet à <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Soljenitsyne" title="Alexandre Soljenitsyne">Alexandre Soljenitsyne</a>, le mot zeka ne se déclinait pas avant 1939 . Voir <a href="/wiki/Mariusz_Wilk" title="Mariusz Wilk">Mariusz Wilk</a> , <i>Portage</i>, Traduit du polonais par Robert Bourgeois, Les éditions noir sur blanc, Lausanne 2005, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978_2_88250_235_3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978 2 88250 235 3"><span class="nowrap">978 2 88250 235 3</span></a>)</small><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 48 note 2./ (Le livre de M. Wilk est un récit de son voyage en bateau sur le trajet du canal de la mer Blanche au lac Ladoga)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politiques-reinsertion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-politiques-reinsertion_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Elie2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc_Elie2006">Marc Elie, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Les politiques à l’égard des libérés du goulag</cite> », <i>Cahiers du monde russe</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr> 47/1-2,‎ <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monderusse.revues.org/9604">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+politiques+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9gard+des+lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9s+du+goulag&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe&rft.issue=47%2F1-2&rft.aulast=Elie&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonderusse.revues.org%2F9604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AZek"></span></span></span>, consulté le 10 avril 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Universalis <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/une-journee-d-ivan-denissovitch/2-un-regard-sociologique/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2012">« <cite style="font-style:normal">"Jack Reacher" : recette de héros à l'ancienne sur lit de méchants réduits en bouillie</cite> », <i>Le Monde.fr</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-12-25" data-sort-value="2012-12-25">25 décembre 2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2012/12/25/recette-de-heros-a-l-ancienne-sur-lit-de-mechants-reduits-en-bouillie_1810217_3246.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-06-09" data-sort-value="2022-06-09">9 juin 2022</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Jack+Reacher%22+%3A+recette+de+h%C3%A9ros+%C3%A0+l%27ancienne+sur+lit+de+m%C3%A9chants+r%C3%A9duits+en+bouillie&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.date=2012-12-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AZek"></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/zek" class="extiw" title="wikt:zek">zek</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Julius Margolin <i>Voyage au pays des Ze-Ka</i>, [« Путешествие в страну зэ-ка »] (1947), trad. de <a href="/wiki/Nina_Berberova" title="Nina Berberova">Nina Berberova</a> et Mina Journot, révisée et complétée par <a href="/wiki/Luba_Jurgenson" title="Luba Jurgenson">Luba Jurgenson</a>, Paris, Éditions Le Bruit du temps, <a href="/wiki/2010_en_litt%C3%A9rature" title="2010 en littérature">2010</a>, 781 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-35873-021-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-35873-021-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-35873-021-1</span></a>)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zek&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goulag" title="Goulag">Goulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Purges" title="Grandes Purges">Grandes Purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_concentration" title="Camp de concentration">Camp de concentration</a></li> <li><span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Travail_forc%C3%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="Travail forcé">Travail forcé</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Margolin" title="Julius Margolin">Julius Margolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial" title="Memorial">Memorial</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:URSS" title="Portail de l’URSS"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/66px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/88px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:URSS" title="Portail:URSS">Portail de l’URSS</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Prison" title="Portail de la prison"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Prisonbars.jpg/37px-Prisonbars.jpg" decoding="async" width="37" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Prisonbars.jpg/56px-Prisonbars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Prisonbars.jpg/75px-Prisonbars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Prison" title="Portail:Prison">Portail de la prison</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zek&oldid=214722718">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zek&oldid=214722718</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:D%C3%A9tenu_du_Goulag" title="Catégorie:Détenu du Goulag">Détenu du Goulag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Abr%C3%A9viation" title="Catégorie:Abréviation">Abréviation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Expression_russe" title="Catégorie:Expression russe">Expression russe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Terminologie_de_la_prison" title="Catégorie:Terminologie de la prison">Terminologie de la prison</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_URSS" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche URSS">Wikipédia:ébauche URSS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_police" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche police">Wikipédia:ébauche police</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_prison" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche prison">Wikipédia:ébauche prison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:URSS/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:URSS/Articles liés">Portail:URSS/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:XXe_si%C3%A8cle/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:XXe siècle/Articles liés">Portail:XXe siècle/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés">Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles liés">Portail:Histoire/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Europe/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Europe/Articles liés">Portail:Europe/Articles liés</a></li><li><a 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