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<span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_views_on_Chavismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_views_on_Chavismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic views on <i>Chavismo</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_views_on_Chavismo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic views on <i>Chavismo</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_views_on_Chavismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_democracy_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_democracy_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liberal democracy approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_democracy_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_democracy_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_democracy_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Radical democracy approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_democracy_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Trotskyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Trotskyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relationship with Trotskyism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Trotskyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chavismo_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chavismo_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Chavismo</i> and the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chavismo_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تشافيزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشافيزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avizm" title="Çavizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çavizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чавізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чавізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismus" title="Chavismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chavismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chavismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chavismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="چاوزیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاوزیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavisme" title="Chavisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chavisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="차베스주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차베스주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chavismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chavismo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavizm" title="Chavizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chavizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chavismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чавизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чавизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Чавизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чавизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cavizam" title="Čavizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čavizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vismo" title="Chávismo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chávismo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B" title="ลัทธิชาเบซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิชาเบซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="查韦斯主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查韦斯主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Chavismo</b></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chavismo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chavismo">chavismo</a></i>), also known in English as <b>Chavism</b> or <b>Chavezism</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing populist">left-wing populist</a> political ideology based on the ideas, programs and government style associated with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">Venezuelan President</a> between 1999 and 2013 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that combines elements of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">socialist patriotism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who supported Hugo Chávez and <i>Chavismo</i> are known as <i>Chavistas</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Fascism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkism">Volkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (National)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Wen-je" title="Ko Wen-je">Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. 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border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Europe" title="Populism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America" title="Populism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">political parties in Venezuela</a> support <i>Chavismo</i>. The main party, founded by Chávez, is the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela</i>), usually referred to by the four letters PSUV).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other parties and movements supporting <i>Chavismo</i> include <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_for_All" title="Fatherland for All">Fatherland for All</a> (Spanish: <i>Patria Para Todos</i> or PPT) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaros</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Broadly, <i>Chavismo</i> policies include <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">social welfare programs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#Criticism" title="Neoliberalism">opposition to neoliberalism</a> (particularly the policies of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>). According to Chávez, Venezuelan socialism accepts <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but seeks to promote <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg/250px-Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg/375px-Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg/500px-Maduro_with_supportes_at_Jan_2019_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> with supporters at <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">Maduro's second inauguration</a> on 10 January 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>According to political scientist John Magdaleno, the proportion of Venezuelans who define themselves as <i>Chavistas</i> declined from 44% to around 22% between October 2012 and December 2014, after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">death of Hugo Chávez</a> and the deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">economy during Nicolás Maduro's tenure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ENmarzo3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENmarzo3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2014, a poll conducted by International Consulting Services, an organization created by Juan Vicente Scorza, a sociologist and anthropologist for the <a href="/wiki/National_Experimental_University_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="National Experimental University of the Armed Forces">National Experimental University of the Armed Forces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that 62% of Venezuelans consider themselves supporters or followers of the ideals of Chávez.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2016, many <i>Chavistas</i> became disenchanted with the Bolivarian government under Maduro and sought to emigrate from Venezuela to a more stable country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg/250px-Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg/375px-Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg/500px-Banner_at_demonstrations_and_protests_against_Chavismo_and_Nicolas_Maduro_government_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Banner at <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">demonstrations and protests</a> against <i>Chavismo</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> government.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its claim to socialist rhetoric, <i>Chavismo</i> has been frequently described as being <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalist</a> by critics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2017 interview, after being asked if he would take Venezuela's failing economy as an admission that socialism "wrecked people's lives", philosopher <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> said: "I never described Chavez's state capitalist government as 'socialist' or even hinted at such an absurdity. It was quite remote from socialism. Private capitalism remained ... Capitalists were free to undermine the economy in all sorts of ways, like massive export of capital."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics also frequently point towards Venezuela's large <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. In 2009, roughly 70% of Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> was created by the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venezuela's dependence on oil revenues has been cited as a major factor in the country's economic instability. Reliance on oil revenues left Venezuela especially vulnerable to the volatility of global oil markets.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While high oil prices in the early 2000s allowed for substantial social spending, the state-run oil company Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) became increasingly politicized, with appointments and agendas often based on loyalty rather than expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2013, inefficiency and mismanagement by the government had contributed to declining production oil levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dependence on oil revenue, coupled with insufficient investment in other sectors, prevented the creation of a stable economy. In 2022 under Maduro, oil made up about 25% of Venezuela's GDP compared to in 2002 under Chávez the GDP dropped 24% due to an oil strike.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, when oil prices fell in the 2010s, the resulting economic crisis led to widespread shortages of essential goods and an inability to maintain basic services.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics further argue that the government's “winner-takes-all” approach to political power enabled systemic cronyism and repression, stifling opposition through media censorship, judicial control, and the persecution of dissenters. Chávez established himself as a charismatic and populist leader, gaining a devoted following and reshaping the country's political landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He justified many of his policies as part of a “Bolivarian Revolution” aimed at empowering the Venezuelan people, especially the poor, who make up the grand majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, critics contend that Chávez concentrated power within his administration, undermining democratic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, shortly after being elected, Chávez pushed for a new constitution that expanded presidential powers through judiciary and governmental control, lengthened the presidential term indefinitely, and abolished the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court came under heavy influence from Chávez, and the judicial system effectively became a tool for repressing opposition and dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2009, the judiciary was described as effectively subservient to Chávez, with judges who opposed the administration being dismissed, imprisoned, or harassed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media outlets that criticized the government or made efforts to cover both Maduro's party and the opposition were also targeted, with numerous independent outlets being closed or censored. A 2024 Committee to Protect Journalists report described Venezuela as a “news desert,” stating how the regime has closed 200 radio stations over the past two years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This concentration of power and suppression of dissent intensified under Chávez's handpicked successor, Nicolás Maduro, who has been described as taking Chavismo in an increasingly authoritarian direction.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Chávez's death in 2013, Maduro took office as a self-proclaimed “son of Chávez” and continued the populist rhetoric of the Bolivarian Revolution. However, Maduro's government faced significant opposition from right political parties, with public dissatisfaction fueled by widespread economic hardship. In response, Maduro cracked down on opposition groups, media, and protests, creating a political environment described as one-party rule.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mass protests in 2014 and again in 2017, government forces responded with significant violence, resulting in hundreds of deaths and thousands of arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argue that Maduro's administration has systematically repressed political opposition, using intimidation, imprisonment, and torture against opponents. </p><p>In addition to political repression, critics argue that Chavismo's economic policies and the resulting crises have precipitated one of the worst humanitarian emergencies in Latin American history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of recent years, severe food and medicine shortages, hyperinflation, and skyrocketing poverty have become the reality for millions of Venezuelans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mass migration crisis has seen over six million people leave the country, just over a fourth of the total population, seeking stability and opportunity elsewhere such as Colombia or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that this crisis is rooted in the economic mismanagement and corruption of both Chávez and Maduro's administrations, which neglected to develop industries outside of oil and failed to create a resilient economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Chavismo's rhetoric emphasized social equality, the movement prioritized short-term welfare programs over sustainable economic development, leaving the population vulnerable to economic downturns. Additionally, corruption within the government and PDVSA, along with a lack of transparency, have exacerbated the suffering of the public, who now bear the brunt of these missteps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chavez has been criticized for creating an economic and political system that ultimately failed to achieve its stated goals of social equality and democratic empowerment. Instead, critics argue that Chavez's economic model was more state capitalist than socialist, heavily reliant on oil revenues and marked by corruption and mismanagement. Politically, Chavismo is accused of eroding democratic institutions and fostering a culture of authoritarianism, with the judiciary, media, and military aligned with the ruling party.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repression of opposition and establishment of civilian militias to monitor and suppress dissent have also fueled criticism of Chavismo as an authoritarian regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_views_on_Chavismo">Academic views on <i>Chavismo</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic views on Chavismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic research produced about <i>Chavismo</i> shows a considerable consensus when acknowledging its early shift to the left and its strong populist component. However, besides these two points there is significant disagreement in the literature. According to Kirk A. Hawkins, scholars are generally divided into two camps: a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> one that sees <i>Chavismo</i> as an instance of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democratic</a> one that upholds <i>Chavismo</i> as the fulfillment of its aspirations for democracy. Hawkins argues that the most important division between these two groups is neither methodological nor theoretical, but ideological. It is a division over basic normative views of democracy: <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicalism</a> (page 312).<sup id="cite_ref-hawkins_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawkins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_democracy_approach">Liberal democracy approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liberal democracy approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars in this camp adhered to a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> ideology that valued procedural democracy (<a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">competitive elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">widespread participation</a> defined primarily in terms of voting and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>) as the political means best suited to achieving human welfare. Many of these scholars had a <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal vision of economics</a>, although some were <a href="/wiki/Moderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate">moderate</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> who were critical of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>. Together, they saw <i>Chavismo</i> in a mostly negative light as a case of democratic backsliding or even competitive <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> or electoral authoritarian regime. The most relevant aspects of the liberal critique of <i>Chavismo</i> are the following: </p> <ol><li>Failure to ensure free and fair elections due to fraud or frequent changes of electoral rules. The government also violates principles of electoral freedom, especially during and after the <a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">2004 presidential recall election</a>. Many of these violations would be possible due to bias within the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> (page 314).</li> <li>Violation of civil liberties. A number of civil liberties saw significant reverses under the Chávez government, including the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of association">right of association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. Some of the most significant setbacks are in <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom">media freedom</a>, where Chavism has used several means to constrain the operation of commercial media (page 315).</li> <li>Infringement of separation of powers. Liberal scholars argue that <i>Chavismo</i> eliminates the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> between the branches of government by manipulating to produce a super majority to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a>. Besides, by 2006, the government had fired hundreds of judges in lower courts as well and threatened to remove and prosecute any judge who dared to rule against the government (page 316).</li> <li>Political discrimination and exclusion of opposition parties. Under <i>Chavista</i> governments, state resources are used to favor the incumbent, the opposition parties lack access to media, and legal institutions are captured by the incumbent. Besides, many sources cited by liberal scholars suggest that the government's participatory initiatives are used as campaign infrastructure (page 316).</li> <li>Undermining the rule of law. Liberal critics present three majors examples to sustain that: (i) the politicization of the judiciary and the bureaucracy violated due process and facilitated the growth of corruption; (ii) the state's willingness to intervene in and expropriate private industry, often through dubious legal means, served to weaken property rights; (iii) and levels of violent crime skyrocketed, this is a test (page 316).<sup id="cite_ref-hawkins_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawkins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_democracy_approach">Radical democracy approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radical democracy approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars in this camp generally adhered to a classical socialist ideology that mistrusted market institutions in either the state or the economy. They saw procedural democracy as insufficient to ensure political inclusion (although they still accepted the importance of liberal democratic institutions) and emphasized participatory forms of democracy and collective worker ownership in the economy. They tended toward descriptions of the movement that celebrated its participatory features or analyzed its potential weaknesses for accomplishing its revolutionary goals. Most of these scholars supported <i>Chavismo</i> and helped constitute the civilian wing of the movement. Radical scholars argue that democracy can only become effective if it is deepened—and they feel that <i>Chavismo</i> is doing this deepening, which requires not only the greater inclusion of poor and excluded sectors in decision making but their remaking into a new "popular" identity that facilitates their autonomy and dignity. For some of these scholars, deepening also means the adoption of a socialist economy and some argue it requires taking power through charismatic leadership, which would have enough political support to conduct structural reforms (pages 313–319).<sup id="cite_ref-hawkins_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawkins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Trotskyism">Relationship with Trotskyism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with Trotskyism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, Hugo Chávez proclaimed support for the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">ideas</a> of Marxist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, saying "When I called him (former Minister of Labour, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Rivero" title="José Ramón Rivero">José Ramón Rivero</a>)" Chávez explained, "he said to me: 'President I want to tell you something before someone else tells you ... I am a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a>', and I said, 'well, what is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist! I follow Trotsky's line, that of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>', and then cited <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chavismo_and_the_media"><i>Chavismo</i> and the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chavismo and the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Thor_Halvorssen_Mendoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor Halvorssen Mendoza">Thor Halvorssen Mendoza</a> described the core of <i>Chavismo</i> as a "far-reaching foreign policy that aims to establish a loosely aligned federation of revolutionary republics as a resistance bloc in the Americas".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> expressed a certain degree of support for Chávez and his policies, saying that he was "quite interested" by his policies and that he regarded "many of them" as "quite constructive", noting that most importantly Chávez seemed to enjoy overwhelming support from his people after "six closely supervised elections".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Sun" title="The New York Sun">The New York Sun</a></i>, <i>Chavismo</i> was rejected in elections around 2006 in Peru, Colombia and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)">El Universal</a></i> reported that <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">Brazilian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> kept distance from <i>Chavismo</i>, saying that Brazil is not Venezuela and has traditional institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, Lula supported Chávez in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Venezuelan presidential election of 2012</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> noted on its editorial pages the following: </p><blockquote><div class="poem"> <p><i>Chavismo</i> is not an adequate description of the social movement that makes up Chávez's political base, since many organizations predate his rise to political power, and their leaders and cadre have a sophisticated understanding of their relationship with Chávez. Over the last couple of years, a number of social scientists have done field work in urban <i>barrios</i>, and their findings confirm that this synergy between the central government and participatory local organizations has expanded, not restricted, debate and that democracy is thriving in Venezuela.<br /> <br /> <i>Chavismo</i> has ripped open the straitjacket of post–Cold War Latin American discourse, particularly the taboo against government regulation of the economy and economic redistribution. Public policy, including economic policy, is now open to discussion and, importantly, popular influence. This is in sharp contrast to Costa Rica, where a few months ago its Supreme Court, with the support of its executive branch, prohibited public universities from not just opposing but even debating the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Free Trade Agreement">Central American Free Trade Agreement</a>, which soon won a national referendum by a razor-thin margin.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote><p> In February 2014, about a year following Hugo Chávez's death, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> stated the following: </p><blockquote><p>Hugo Chávez based his popularity on his extraordinary charisma, much discretionary money, and a key and well-tested political message: denouncing the past and promising a better future for all. The country's widespread student protests now symbolize the demise of this message. Venezuelans younger than 30 years of age (the majority of the population) have not known any government other than that of Chávez or Maduro. For them, "<i>Chavismo</i>" is the past. As for the promises of a better future: The results are in. The catastrophic consequences of Chávez's 21st-century socialism are impossible to mask any longer and the government has run out of excuses. Blaming the CIA, the "fascist opposition", or "dark international forces", as Maduro and his allies customarily do, has become fodder for parodies flooding YouTube. The concrete effects of 15 years of <i>Chavismo</i> are all too visible in empty shelves and overflowing morgues.<sup id="cite_ref-ATLfeb2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLfeb2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 2015, when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> was commenting about corruption in Latin America, it said the following: </p><blockquote><p>The viceroys of the colonial era set the pattern. They centralised power and bought the loyalty of local interest groups. [...] <i>Caudillos</i>, dictators and elected presidents continued the tradition of personalising power. Venezuela's <i>Chavismo</i> and the <i>Kirchnerismo</i> of Ms Fernández are among today's manifestations.<sup id="cite_ref-FPrescue_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPrescue-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_of_the_Suns" title="Cartel of the Suns">Cartel of the Suns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivo (Venezuela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">List of political parties in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Ch%C3%A1vez+Was+Re-elected&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Weisbrot&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F10%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-chavez-was-re-elected.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2007" class="citation news cs1">Grandin, Greg (6 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112657/https://www.thenation.com/article/chavismo-and-democracy/">"Chavismo and Democracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. No. 24 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/chavismo-and-democracy/">the original</a> on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Chavismo+and+Democracy&rft.issue=24+December+2007&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fchavismo-and-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATLfeb2014-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATLfeb2014_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaím2014" class="citation news cs1">Naím, Moisés (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/02/the-tragedy-of-venezuela/284062/">"The Tragedy of Venezuela"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Venezuela&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Na%C3%ADm&rft.aufirst=Mois%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F02%2Fthe-tragedy-of-venezuela%2F284062%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPrescue-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FPrescue_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21646272-despite-epidemic-scandal-region-making-progress-against-plague-democracy">"Democracy to the rescue?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 14 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Democracy+to+the+rescue%3F&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21646272-despite-epidemic-scandal-region-making-progress-against-plague-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez, C.V. (2005). "Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution: Who Are the Chavistas?". <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x05275532">10.1177/0094582x05275532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145020614">145020614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Bolivarian+Revolution%3A+Who+Are+the+Chavistas%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582x05275532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145020614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavismo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.as-coa.org/articles/deconstructing-chavismo-myth-and-reality">https://www.as-coa.org/articles/deconstructing-chavismo-myth-and-reality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/press/chavismo-inc-investigation-reveals-the-workings-of-bolivarian-capitalism-around-the-world">https://www.transparency.org/en/press/chavismo-inc-investigation-reveals-the-workings-of-bolivarian-capitalism-around-the-world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cubazuela.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-chavismo-in-venezuela/">https://www.cubazuela.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-chavismo-in-venezuela/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez475" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez475" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template talk:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Tenure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Decree 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Danilo_Anderson" title="Assassination of Danilo Anderson">Assassination of Danilo Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Maria_Lourdes_Afiuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni">Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVAL_affair" title="PDVAL affair">PDVAL affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Brito" title="Franklin Brito">Death of Franklin Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yare_prison_riot" title="Yare prison riot">Yare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Uribana_prison_riot" title="2013 Uribana prison riot">2013 Uribana prison riot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Granda_affair" title="Rodrigo Granda affair">Rodrigo Granda affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" title="2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations">2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Energy_Summit" title="South American Energy Summit">South American Energy Summit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008 Andean diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Maniceros_massacre" title="Los Maniceros massacre">Los Maniceros massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_trade_union_leadership_referendum" title="2000 Venezuelan trade union leadership referendum">2000 trade union referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">2004 recall referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2007 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Florentino" title="Mission Florentino">Florentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Guaicaipuro" title="Mission Guaicaipuro">Guaicaipuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Habitat" title="Mission Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Identidad" title="Mission Identidad">Identidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Miranda" title="Mission Miranda">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Piar" title="Mission Piar">Piar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ribas" title="Mission Ribas">Ribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Sucre" title="Mission Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelta_al_Campo" title="Mission Vuelta al Campo">Vuelta al Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelvan_Caras" title="Mission Vuelvan Caras">Vuelvan Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Zamora" title="Mission Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Foreign_Commerce" title="National Center for Foreign Commerce">National Center for Foreign Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snitch_Law" title="Snitch Law">Snitch Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Con mis hijos no te metas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Altamira_military" title="Plaza Altamira military">Plaza Altamira military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–2003 general strike</a></li> <li>Protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llaguno_Overpass_events" title="Llaguno Overpass events">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_protests" title="2004 Venezuelan protests">2004</a></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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