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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combat_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Combat duties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rundown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rundown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rundown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rundown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="British Aerospace Harrier II" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="British Aerospace Harrier II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4_II" title="BAE 해리어 II – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="BAE 해리어 II" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Harrier_II" title="BAE Harrier II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="BAE Harrier II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="British Aerospace Harrier II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_II" title="בריטיש אירוספייס הרייר II – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריטיש אירוספייס הרייר II" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Harrier_II" title="BAE Harrier II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="BAE Harrier II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAe_%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC_II" title="BAe ハリアー II – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="BAe ハリアー II" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Harrier_II" title="BAE Harrier II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="BAE Harrier II" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=BAE_Harrier_II&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Harrier II">BAE Harrier II</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multirole combat aircraft series by British Aerospace</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Harrier GR5 / GR7 / GR9</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG/300px-RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG/450px-RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG/600px-RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">An RAF Harrier GR9 over Afghanistan, 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V/STOL" title="V/STOL">V/STOL</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike aircraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom / United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> / <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (historical)<div> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (historical) </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">143<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1989<a href="#cite_note-Nordeen_p67-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1985<a href="#cite_note-Nordeen_p67-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">March 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The British Aerospace Harrier II is a second-generation <a href="/wiki/Vertical/short_takeoff_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical/short takeoff and landing">vertical/short takeoff and landing</a> (V/STOL) jet aircraft used previously by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) and, between 2006 and 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (RN). The aircraft was the latest development of the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier</a> family, and was derived from the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II</a>. Initial deliveries of the Harrier II were designated in service as Harrier GR5; subsequently upgraded airframes were redesignated accordingly as GR7 and GR9. Under the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Harrier" title="Joint Force Harrier">Joint Force Harrier</a> organisation, both the RAF and RN operated the Harrier II under the RAF's Air Command, including deployments on board the navy's <a href="/wiki/Invincible-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Invincible-class aircraft carrier">Invincible-class aircraft carriers</a>. The Harrier II participated in numerous conflicts, making significant contributions in combat theatres such as Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The type's main function was as a platform for <a href="/wiki/Air_interdiction" title="Air interdiction">air interdiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> missions; the Harrier II was also used for <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">power projection</a> and reconnaissance duties. The Harrier II served alongside the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a> in Joint Force Harrier. In December 2010, budgetary pressures led to the early retirement of all Harrier IIs from service, at which point it was the last of the Harrier derivatives remaining in British service. In March 2011, the decision to retire the Harrier was controversial as there was no immediate <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-wing">fixed-wing</a> replacement in its role or fixed-wing carrier-capable aircraft left in service at the time; in the long term, the Harrier II was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35B_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II#Development" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">Harrier II development</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Development of a much more powerful successor to the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Harrier</a> began in 1973 as a cooperative effort between <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> (MDD) in the US and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a> (in 1977, its aviation interests were nationalised to form part of <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a>) in the UK. First-generation Harriers were being introduced into <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>; operational experience had highlighted demand for a more capable aircraft. The British government had only a minor requirement, for up to 60 Harriers at most and competing pressures on the defence budget left little room for frivolous expenditure such as the Advanced Harrier. A lack of government backing for developing the necessary engine of the new aircraft, the Pegasus 15, led Hawker to withdraw from this project in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_p69-0-4">[4]</a> Due to US interest, work proceeded on the development of a less ambitious successor, a Harrier fitted with a larger wing and making use of composite materials in its construction. Two prototypes were built from existing aircraft and flew in 1978. The US government was content to continue if a major foreign buyer was found and Britain had a plan to improve the Harrier with a new, larger metal wing.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[N 1]</a> In 1980, the UK considered if the American program would meet their requirements – their opinion was that it required modification, thus the MDD wing design was altered to incorporate the British-designed <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge extension">leading-edge root extensions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_p29-8">[7]</a> In 1982, the UK opted to become fully involved in the joint US–UK programme.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_81-9">[8]</a> The US and UK agreement to proceed included a British contribution of US$280 million to cover development costs to meet their own requirements and to purchase at least 60 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The UK agreement included the involvement of British Aerospace (BAe) as a major subcontractor, manufacturing sections such as the rear fuselage for all customers of the AV-8B. The Harrier II was an Anglicised version of the AV-8B, British Aerospace producing the aircraft as the prime contractor, with McDonnell Douglas serving as a sub-contractor; final assembly work was performed at <a href="/wiki/Dunsfold" title="Dunsfold">Dunsfold</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_81-82-11">[10]</a> The first prototype flew in 1981, first BAe-built development GR5 flew for the first time on 30 April 1985 and the aircraft entered service in July 1987. The GR5 had many differences from the USMC AV-8B Harriers, such as avionics fit, armaments and equipment; the wing of the GR5 featured a stainless steel leading edge, giving it different flex characteristics from the AV-8B.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In December 1989, the first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Harrier II was declared operational.<a href="#cite_note-Nordeen_68-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description_and_role">Description and role</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description and role">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg/220px-RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg/330px-RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg/440px-RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>RAF Harrier GR9 in flight, 2010</figcaption></figure> The Harrier II is an extensively modified version of the first generation Harrier GR1/GR3 series. The original aluminium alloy <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> was replaced with one made extensively of <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a>, providing significant weight reduction and increased payload or range. A new one-piece wing provides around 14 per cent more area and increased thickness. The wing and leading-edge root extensions allows for a 6,700-pound (3,035 kg) payload increase over a 1,000 ft (300 m) takeoff compared with the first generation Harriers.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_pp26-7-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker_p24-5-15">[14]</a> The RAF's Harrier IIs feature an additional missile pylon in front of each wing landing gear, as well as strengthened <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edges</a> on the wings in order to meet higher <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strike</a> requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_88-9-16">[15]</a> Among the major differences with the American cousin, was the new ZEUS <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">Electronic countermeasure</a> (ECM) system, also proposed for the USMC AV-8 (which retained, after an evaluation, the original ALQ-164). ZEUS was one of the main systems in the British design, being a modern and costly apparatus, with an estimated cost of $1.7 million per set.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> The Harrier II's cockpit has day and night operability and is equipped with <a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up display</a> (HUD), two head-down displays known as multi-purpose colour displays (MPCD), a digital moving map, an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> (INS), and a <a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">hands-on-throttle-and-stick system</a> (HOTAS).<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_p76-7-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">British Aerospace Sea Harrier</a>, the Harrier II used an elevated <a href="/wiki/Bubble_canopy" title="Bubble canopy">bubble canopy</a> to provide a significantly improved all-round view.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_p23-5-20">[19]</a> A combination of the new design of the control system and the greater <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lateral#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Lateral">lateral</a> stability of the aircraft made the Harrier II fundamentally easier to fly than the first generation Harrier GR1/GR3 models.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_p24-21">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 20%; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8bmk4yZAJI">Footage of Harrier II HUD during flight</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61ZD8AQ_LZ4">Harrier GR9 flight demonstration</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The RAF used Harriers in the <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack">ground attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> roles, so they relied on the short-range <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> missile for air combat. The Sidewinder had proven effective for Royal Navy's Sea Harriers against Argentinian <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Mirages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>; however, from 1993 the Sea Harrier FA2 could also carry the much longer-range <a href="/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a>, a radar-guided missile. The Sea Harrier had a radar since its introduction and the USMC later equipped their AV-8B Harriers with a radar as part of the AV-8B+ upgrade; however Britain's Harrier IIs never carried a radar. When the Sea Harrier was retired, it was suggested that its <a href="/wiki/Blue_Vixen" title="Blue Vixen">Blue Vixen</a> radar could be transferred to the Harrier IIs. However, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> rejected this as risky and too expensive; the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Minister">Armed Forces Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ingram_(Labour_politician)" title="Adam Ingram (Labour politician)">Adam Ingram</a> estimated that the cost would be in excess of £600 million.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[N 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further developments">edit</a>]</div> Even prior to the Harrier GR5 entering service, it was clear that alterations were required for the aircraft to be more capable in the <a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">interdictor</a> role. A more advanced model, designated as the Harrier GR7, was developed primarily to add a night-time operational capability and avionics improvements.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[N 3]</a> The GR7 development programme operated in conjunction with a similar USMC initiative upon its AV-8B Harrier fleet.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Additional avionics include a nose-mounted <a href="/wiki/Forward-looking_infrared" title="Forward-looking infrared">forward-looking infrared</a> (FLIR) and <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_goggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision goggle">night vision goggles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Missile_approach_warning_system" title="Missile approach warning system">missile approach warning system</a> (MAW),<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic countermeasures">electronic countermeasures</a> suite, new cockpit displays and a replacement moving map system.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The GR7 conducted its maiden flight in May 1990 and entered service in August 1990.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Following the full delivery of 34 Harrier GR7s in 1991, all of the GR5s underwent avionics upgrades to become GR7s as well.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg/220px-Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg/330px-Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg/440px-Luis_Holden_Defence_Images_Photo_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>RAF Harrier II flying above <a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> Some GR7s were equipped with uprated <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Pegasus" title="Rolls-Royce Pegasus">Rolls-Royce Pegasus</a> engines, correspondingly redesignated as GR7A; these Harriers had significantly improved takeoff and landing capabilities, and could carry greater payloads.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[N 4]</a> In order to guide laser-guided bombs, from 1998 onwards a number of <a href="/wiki/TIALD" title="TIALD">TIALD</a> laser designator pods were made available to the Harrier II fleet, however these proved to be extremely scarce and often unavailable for pilot training.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_95-96-37">[33]</a> In response to difficulties experienced while communicating with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> aircraft during the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, the GR7s were upgraded with encrypted communications equipment.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_96-38">[34]</a> A further major upgrade programme from the GR7 standard was conducted; the Harrier GR9. The GR9 was developed via the Joint Update and Maintenance Programme (JUMP), which significantly upgraded the Harrier fleet's avionics, communications systems, and weapons capabilities during scheduled periods of maintenance in an incremental manner.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a> The upgrade also replaced the composite rear fuselage of the GR7 with one made of metal which was less vulnerable to damage from engine vibrations.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> The first of the incremental improvements started with software upgrades to the communications, ground proximity warning and navigation systems, followed by the integration of the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missile.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a> Capability C added the RAF's Rangeless Airborne Instrumentation Debriefing System (RAIDS), Raytheon's Successor Identification Friend or Foe (SIFF) system and the Paveway guided bombs.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a> The Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod (DJRP) was added as part of Capability D.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a> In February 2007, handling trials of the MBDA <a href="/wiki/Brimstone_(missile)" title="Brimstone (missile)">Brimstone (missile)</a> began,<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a> however the Brimstone would remain uncleared for deployment on the GR9 by the type's early retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-41">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sniper_Advanced_Targeting_Pod" title="Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod">Sniper</a> targeting pod replaced the less accurate TIALD in 2007, under an Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) for Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[N 5]</a> Capability E would have included a <a href="/wiki/Link_16" title="Link 16">Link 16</a> communications link,<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> an auxiliary communications system, and a Tactical Information Exchange Capability (TIEC) system that was planned to by deployed on both the Harrier II and the Tornado GR4.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> In July 2007, BAE Systems completed the final of seven Harrier GR9 replacement rear fuselages for the MoD. The fuselage components were designed and built as part of a three-year £20 million programme.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> In July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Qinetiq" title="Qinetiq">Qinetiq</a> was awarded a contract to perform upgrades and maintain the Harrier II fleet until 2018, which was the predicted out of service date for the type.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_duties">Combat duties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combat duties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5,_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg/220px-British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg/330px-British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg/440px-British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR5%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN0964385.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Harrier GR5 during a display at <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Airport" title="Bournemouth Airport">Bournemouth Airport</a>, 1990</figcaption></figure> The first squadrons to receive the Harrier II were based in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Germany" title="Royal Air Force Germany">Royal Air Force Germany</a>, a standing force maintained to deter Soviet aggression against the West and, in the event of war, to carry out ground attacks. As the Harrier II had significantly greater range and survivability than its predecessor the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a>, a new emphasis was placed on <a href="/wiki/Interdiction" title="Interdiction">interdiction</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> By the end of 1990, the Harrier II was approaching full operational status with several squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> During the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the Harrier II was considered to be too immature to be deployed. However, several aircraft were dispatched to patrol <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">no-fly zones</a> over <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> from 1993 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_93-50">[45]</a> In 1994, the last of the RAF's first generation Harriers was retired, the Harrier II having taken over its duties.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_88-9-16">[15]</a> In 1995, hostilities between ethnic <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbians</a> in the aftermath of the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> led to the dispatch of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> forces to the region as a deterrent to further escalations in violence. A squadron of Harrier IIs was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Gioia_del_Colle_Air_Base" title="Gioia del Colle Air Base">Gioia del Colle Air Base</a> in Italy, relieving an earlier deployment of RAF <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Both attack and reconnaissance missions were carried out by the Harriers, which had been quickly modified to integrate <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> navigation for operations in the theatre. More than 126 strike sorties were carried out by Harrier IIs, often assisted by Jaguar fighter-bombers acting as designators for laser-guided bombs such as the <a href="/wiki/Paveway_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Paveway II">Paveway II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> Bosnia was reportedly the first air campaign in which the majority of ordnance expended was precision-guided.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_94-26">[24]</a> In June 1994, the newly introduced GR7 was deployed for trials on board the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Invincible-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Invincible-class aircraft carrier">Invincible-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>. Operational naval deployments began in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-54">[N 6]</a> The capability soon proved useful: in 1998, a deployment was conducted to Iraq via aircraft carriers stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. In 2000, 'presence' and reconnaissance sorties over <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> were performed by carrier-based Harrier GR7s<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> and Royal Navy Sea Harrier FA2s.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> The Invincible-class carriers also received multiple adaptations for greater compatibility with the Harrier II, including changes to the communications, lighting and flight deck.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_104-105-57">[51]</a> Cooperative operations between the two services was formalised under the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Harrier" title="Joint Force Harrier">Joint Force Harrier</a> (JFH) command organisation, which was brought about following the 1998 Strategic Defence Review.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_101-58">[52]</a> Under JFH, RAF Harrier IIs would routinely operate alongside the Royal Navy's Sea Harriers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> The main JFH operating base was <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore" title="RAF Cottesmore">RAF Cottesmore</a>, a great emphasis was placed on inter-service interaction across the organisation.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_102-104-60">[54]</a> The combined Joint Force Harrier served as the basis for future expeditionary warfare and naval deployments.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_63-61">[55]</a> In the long term, JFH also served as a pilot scheme for the joint operation of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a>, the NATO mission over Kosovo in 1999, the RAF contribution included 16 <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornados</a> and 12 Harrier GR7s.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> On 27 April 1999, during a mission to attack a Serbian military depot, RAF Harriers came under heavy anti-aircraft fire, but did not suffer losses as a result.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> In April 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">rules of engagement</a> were changed to allow Harriers to use GPS navigation and targeting during medium-altitude bombing missions.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> A total of 870 Harrier II sorties were carried out during the 78-day bombing campaign.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_93-50">[45]</a> The BBC reported the Harrier II had been achieving 80% direct hit rate during the conflict; a later Parliamentary Select Committee found that 24% of munitions expended in the theatre by all RAF aircraft had been precision weapons.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> In 2003, the Harrier GR7 played a prominent role during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Operation Telic</a>, the UK contribution to the U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> When war broke out, Harriers flew reconnaissance and strike missions inside Southern Iraq, reportedly to destroy <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> missile launchers to prevent their use against neighbouring Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> Prior to the war, the Harriers had been equipped with a new armament, the <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a> missile, which reportedly was a noticeable contribution to the Harrier's operations over Iraq;<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> a total of 38 Mavericks were launched during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_95-71">[65]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2003)" title="Battle of Basra (2003)">Battle of Basra</a>, a key Iraqi city, Harriers conducted multiple strike missions against Iraqi fuel depots to cripple enemy ground vehicles;<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> other priority targets for the Harriers included tanks, boats, and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> According to Nordeen, roughly 30 per cent of all RAF Harrier operations were <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> missions, supporting advancing allied ground troops.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> In April 2003, the Ministry of Defence admitted that RAF Harriers had deployed controversial <a href="/wiki/BL755" title="BL755">RBL755</a> cluster bombs in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Both the British and American Harrier squadrons were withdrawn from operations in Iraq during Summer 2003.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_(5120741913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_%285120741913%29.jpg/220px-Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_%285120741913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_%285120741913%29.jpg/330px-Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_%285120741913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_%285120741913%29.jpg/440px-Am_I_the_only_one_who_thinks_they_still_look_pretty_damn_good%3F_%285120741913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Underside of a Harrier flying at a steep banked angle, 2010</figcaption></figure> RAF Harriers would be a regular element of Britain's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>. In September 2004, six Harrier GR7s were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, Afghanistan, replacing a US detachment of AV-8Bs in the region.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> On 14 October 2005, a Harrier GR7A was destroyed and another was damaged while parked on the tarmac at Kandahar by a Taliban rocket attack. No one was injured in the attack; the damaged Harrier was repaired, while the destroyed aircraft was replaced.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> While initial operations in Afghanistan had focused on intimidation and reconnaissance, demand for <a href="/wiki/Interdiction" title="Interdiction">interdiction</a> missions using the Harrier II spiked dramatically during the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_province_campaign" title="Helmand province campaign">Helmand province campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harrier_force_RAF-42">[38]</a> Between July and September 2006, the theatre total for munitions deployed by British Harriers on planned operations and close air support to ground forces rose from 179 to 539, the majority being CRV-7 rockets.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> The Harrier IIs had also switched to 24-hour availability, having formerly operated mostly during the day.<a href="#cite_note-harrier_force_RAF-42">[38]</a> In January 2007, the Harrier GR9 began its first operational deployment at Kandahar, as part of the NATO <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF); Harrier GR7s would be progressively withdrawn in favour of the newer Harrier GR9.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Following five years of continuous operations in Afghanistan, the last of Britain's Harriers were withdrawn from the Afghan theatre in June 2009, having flown over 22,000 hours on 8,500 sorties, they were replaced by several RAF Tornado GR4s.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rundown">Rundown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rundown">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, allegations emerged in Parliament that, following the transfer of servicing duties to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore" title="RAF Cottesmore">RAF Cottesmore</a>, the standard and quality of maintenance on the Harrier fleet had fallen dramatically; several airframes had been considerably damaged and one likely destroyed due to mistakes made, the time taken to perform the servicing had risen from 100 days to 155 days, and the cost per aircraft had also risen to more than ten times that of the prior arrangements performed by <a href="/wiki/Defence_Aviation_Repair_Agency" title="Defence Aviation Repair Agency">Defence Aviation Repair Agency</a> (DARA).<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> In 2006, the Sea Harrier was retired from <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> service and the Harrier GR7/9 fleet was tasked with the missions that it used to share with those aircraft. The former Sea Harrier squadron <a href="/wiki/800_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="800 Naval Air Squadron">800 Naval Air Squadron</a> reformed with ex-RAF Harrier GR7/9s in April 2006 and joined by the re-formed <a href="/wiki/801_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="801 Naval Air Squadron">801 Naval Air Squadron</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> These later expanded and become the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Strike_Wing" title="Naval Strike Wing">Naval Strike Wing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-retiregraph-84">[78]</a> On 31 March 2010, <a href="/wiki/No._20_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 20 Squadron RAF">No. 20 Squadron RAF</a>, the Harrier <a href="/wiki/Operational_Conversion_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Conversion Unit">Operational Conversion Unit</a> (OCU), was disbanded; No. 4 Squadron also disbanded and reformed as No. 4 (Reserve) Squadron at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-airint-2010-85">[79]</a> All Harrier GR7 aircraft were retired by July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Air_Force-86">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg/220px-BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg/330px-BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg/440px-BAe_Harrier_GR9_ZG502_landing_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Harrier GR9 demonstrating its hover capability at <a href="/wiki/RIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAT">RIAT</a> 2008</figcaption></figure> The Harrier GR9 was expected to stay in service at least until 2018. However, on 19 October 2010 it was announced in the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010">Strategic Defence and Security Review</a> that the Harrier was to be retired by April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> In the long term, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35B Lightning II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> would operate from the Navy's two new <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sdsr-89">[83]</a> The decision to retire the Harrier was controversial, with some senior officers calling for the Panavia Tornado to be retired as an alternative; the decision having left Britain without any fixed-wing aircraft capable of flying from the navy's aircraft carriers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> On 24 November 2010, the Harrier made its last ever flight from a carrier, incidentally also the last flight from the carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R07)">HMS Ark Royal</a> prior to retirement.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> The fleet's last operational flights occurred on 15 December 2010 with fly pasts over numerous military bases.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> In November 2011, the Ministry of Defence sold 72 Harrier IIs,<a href="#cite_note-AFM288-94">[88]</a> along with spare parts, to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> for £116 million (US$180 million); the aircraft to be used as a source of components for the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B Harrier II</a> fleet.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLAflash-97">[91]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_Monthly" title="Air Forces Monthly">Air Forces Monthly</a>, some of the 72 Harrier IIs were to fly again, as the USMC planned to equip two squadrons with GR.9/9A models due to the well-maintained condition of the airframes when inspected at RAF Cottesmore, where the aircraft were stored and maintained by a skeleton crew of technicians following their retirement.<a href="#cite_note-AFM288-94">[88]</a> This was contradicted by the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command" title="Naval Air Systems Command">US Naval Air Systems Command</a> (NAVAIR) in June 2012, who stated that the USMC never planned to operate ex-RAF Harriers.<a href="#cite_note-flight_fatigue-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harrier_variants" title="List of Harrier variants">List of Harrier variants</a></div> <dl><dt>GR.5</dt> <dd>The GR5 was the RAF's first model of the second-generation Harrier. The GR5 considerably differed from the USMC AV-8B in terms of avionics, armaments and countermeasures. Forty one GR5s were built.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>GR.5A</dt> <dd>The GR5A was a minor variant, incorporating design changes in anticipation of the GR7 upgrade. Twenty-one GR5As were built.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>GR.7</dt> <dd>The GR7 is an upgraded model of the GR5. The first GR7 conducted its maiden flight in May 1990, and made its first operational deployment in August 1995 over the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>GR.7A</dt> <dd>The GR7A feature an uprated <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Pegasus" title="Rolls-Royce Pegasus">Pegasus 107 engine</a>. GR7As upgraded to GR9 standard retain the A designation as GR9As. The Mk 107 engine provides around 3,000 lbf (13 kN) extra <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> over the Mk 105's 21,750 lbf (98 kN) thrust.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>GR.9</dt> <dd>The GR9 is an upgrade of the GR7, focused on the Harrier II's avionics and weapons. Upgraded under the JUMP programme.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>GR.9A</dt> <dd>The Harrier GR9A is an avionics and weapons upgrade of the uprated engined GR7As. All GR9s were capable of accepting the Mk 107 Pegasus engine to become GR9As.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>T.10</dt> <dd>The Harrier T10 is the first two seat <a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">training variant</a> of the Harrier II; based on the USMC Harrier trainer the TAV-8B. Unlike their American counterparts, the T10s are fully combat-capable.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[N 7]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>T.12</dt> <dd>Update of the trainers to accompany the GR9. Nine T10 aircraft received the JUMP updates under the designation T12, however these would retain the less powerful Pegasus 105 engine.<a href="#cite_note-DM-39">[35]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>T.12A</dt> <dd>Equivalent to the T.12, however differs by being equipped with the newer and more powerful Mk 107 Pegasus engine of the GR7A/9A.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harrier_operators" title="List of Harrier operators">List of Harrier operators</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg/220px-British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg/330px-British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg/440px-British_Aerospace_Harrier_II_GR7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A pair of Harrier GR7s, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg/220px-A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg/330px-A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg/440px-A_Harrier_GR7A_in_flight_over_the_mountain_ranges_of_Afghanistan_during_a_mission._MOD_45147942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption>An RAF Harrier GR7A flying over <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (1988–2011) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAF">No. 1 (Fighter) Squadron</a> (October 1988 – January 2011)<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAF">No. 3 (Fighter) Squadron</a> (March 1989 – March 2006)<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 4 Squadron RAF">No. IV (Army Co-operation) / (Reserve) Squadron</a> (September 1990 – January 2011)<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._20_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 20 Squadron RAF">No. 20 (Reserve) Squadron</a> (September 1992 – March 2010)<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Attack_Operational_Evaluation_Unit" title="Strike Attack Operational Evaluation Unit">Strike Attack Operational Evaluation Unit</a> (SAOEU) (1988 – 2004)<a href="#cite_note-:1-105">[98]</a></li> <li>Fast Jet & Weapons Operational Evaluation Unit</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/800_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="800 Naval Air Squadron">800 Naval Air Squadron</a> (March 2006 – March 2007; 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Strike_Wing" title="Naval Strike Wing">Naval Strike Wing</a> (March 2007 – April 2010)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_on_display">Aircraft on display</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aircraft on display">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt></dl> <ul><li>Harrier GR.7 ZD318 on display at the Harrier Heritage Museum, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a>, Cambridgeshire, England<a href="#cite_note-Wittering-106">[99]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.9A ZD433 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum" title="Fleet Air Arm Museum">Fleet Air Arm Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)" title="RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)">RNAS Yeovilton</a>, Somerset, England<a href="#cite_note-AFM288-94">[88]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.9A ZD461 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, London, England<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.7 ZD462 on display at <a href="/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson HQ</a>, Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.9 ZD465 on display at <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sultan_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Sultan (shore establishment)">HMS Sultan</a>, Gosport, Hampshire, England<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.7A ZD469 on the gate at RAF Wittering, Cambridgeshire, England<a href="#cite_note-Wittering-106">[99]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.9 ZG477 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum London</a>, Hendon, England<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a></li> <li>Harrier GR.7 ZG509 on display near Petersfield, Hampshire, England<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li>Harrier GR.5 ZD353 on display at the <a href="/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Pima Air & Space Museum">Pima Air & Space Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Harrier_GR7)">Specifications (Harrier GR7)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specifications (Harrier GR7)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg/220px-RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg/330px-RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg/440px-RAF_British_Aerospace_Harrier_GR9_Lofting-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Overhead view of a Harrier GR9, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_(R06)_1998.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_%28R06%29_1998.JPEG/220px-Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_%28R06%29_1998.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_%28R06%29_1998.JPEG/330px-Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_%28R06%29_1998.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_%28R06%29_1998.JPEG/440px-Harrier_GR7_taking_off_HMS_Illustrious_%28R06%29_1998.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A Harrier GR7 taking off from the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, 1998</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg/220px-Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg/330px-Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg/440px-Harrier_Pilot_Prepares_for_Takeoff_MOD_45151641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>Digitally manipulated image of the interior of a Harrier cockpit while preparing to take off from the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, 2010</figcaption></figure> Data from Harrier II, Validating V/STOL<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 1</li> <li>Length: 46 ft 4 in (14.12 m)</li> <li>Wingspan: 30 ft 4 in (9.25 m)</li> <li>Height: 11 ft 8 in (3.56 m)</li> <li>Wing area: 243 sq ft (22.6 m2)</li> <li>Empty weight: 12,500 lb (5,670 kg)</li> <li>Gross weight: 15,703 lb (7,123 kg)</li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 31,000 lb (14,061 kg) STO</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>18,950 lb (8,596 kg)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Pegasus_Mk._105" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Pegasus Mk. 105">Rolls-Royce Pegasus Mk. 105</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engine, 21,750 lbf (96.7 kN) thrust with water injection</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 575 kn (662 mph, 1,065 km/h)</li> <li>Combat range: 300 nmi (350 mi, 560 km)</li> <li>Ferry range: 1,758 nmi (2,023 mi, 3,256 km) with 4× drop tanks</li> <li>Service ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 14,715 ft/min (74.75 m/s)</li></ul> Armament <ul><li>Guns: 2× <a href="/wiki/ADEN_cannon#ADEN_25" title="ADEN cannon">25 mm ADEN cannon</a> pods under the fuselage (Cleared for emergency use<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a>)</li> <li>Hardpoints: 8 (under-wing pylon stations 1A & 7A are intended for air-to-air missiles only.) with a capacity of 8,000 lb (3,650 kg) of payload, with provisions to carry combinations of: <ul><li>Rockets: LAU-5003 rocket pods (19× <a href="/wiki/CRV7" title="CRV7">CRV7</a> 70 mm rockets each) or Matra rocket pods (18× <a href="/wiki/SNEB" title="SNEB">SNEB</a> 68 mm rockets each)</li> <li>Missiles: 4× <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinders</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> or 6x <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinders</a> (with an adaptor on the intermediate pylon)<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> 4× <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a></li> <li>Bombs: ordnance such as <a href="/wiki/Paveway" title="Paveway">Paveway II/III/IV, Enhanced Paveway II/II+</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb">laser-guided bombs</a>, unguided 540 and 1,000 lb (240 and 450 kg) <a href="/wiki/Gravity_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity bomb">bombs</a> (including 3 kg and 14 kg practice bombs)</li> <li>Other: 2× auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">drop tanks</a> or reconnaissance pod (such as the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Reconnaissance_Pod" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Reconnaissance Pod">Joint Reconnaissance Pod</a>) (TIALD pod would replace ADEN guns when mounted.)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Recce/targeting pods: DJRP,<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-41">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Sniper_XR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin Sniper XR">Sniper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-41">[37]</a> and TIALD<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-41">[37]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> Avionics GEC-Marconi (Plessey) PVS-2000 Missile approach warning system <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier jump jet</a>, an overview of the Harrier family</li></ul> Related development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">British Aerospace Sea Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II</a></li></ul> Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">Yakovlev Yak-38</a></li></ul> Related lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">List of active United Kingdom military aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harrier_family_losses" title="List of Harrier family losses">List of Harrier family losses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> During the late 1970s, Britain had been planning to retrofit the RAF's existing Harrier GR3s to become 'big wing' Harriers, provisionally designated as Harrier GR5 but before the decision was finalised, the alternative option of cooperation in the US program was presented and ultimately opted for.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_80-82-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The option of equipping several Harrier IIs with the Sea Harrier's <a href="/wiki/Blue_Vixen" title="Blue Vixen">Blue Vixen</a> radar was actively studied by <a href="/wiki/Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a>, however it was found to have involved considerable expense and have required significant development work to successfully integrate the radar; at the same time, the need to provide a dedicated seaborne air superiority capability had not been judged to be a high priority to justify such expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_109-111-23">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Group Captain Andy Golledge described the Harrier GR7 as being "a truly multi-mission offensive-support aircraft able to conduct air interdiction, close air support, presence, and tactical reconnaissance... importantly, the GR7 can perform any combination of these four mission types during a single sortie".<a href="#cite_note-jeff_94-26">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The adoption of the uprated Pegasus Mk 107 engine removed several environmental limitations previously imposed upon the Harrier II; in hot environments such as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> the take-off and landing performance could become insufficient for carrier operations.<a href="#cite_note-jeff_97-35">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> In the Afghan theatre, the TIALD pod's <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">forward looking infrared</a> (FLIR) had proven to have too low a resolution for the urban close air support missions, often being unable to distinguish between enemy and friendly coalition ground troops. 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Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=AV-8B%E2%80%94mean+Marine+V%2FStol+machine&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3962&rft.pages=148-151&rft.date=1985-06-01&rft.issn=0015-3710&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1985%2F1985%2520-%25201756.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons:_Defence_Committee2006" class="citation book cs1">House of Commons: Defence Committee (18 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36TYbF1a9NMC">Delivering front line capability to the RAF: third report of session 2005–06; report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>, 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-215-02694-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-215-02694-2"><bdi>0-215-02694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delivering+front+line+capability+to+the+RAF%3A+third+report+of+session+2005%E2%80%9306%3B+report%2C+together+with+formal+minutes%2C+oral+and+written+evidence&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office%2C+2006&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.isbn=0-215-02694-2&rft.au=House+of+Commons%3A+Defence+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36TYbF1a9NMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Jamie (2005). Sea Harrier: The Last All-British Fighter. Midland Publishing. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-207-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-207-1"><bdi>1-85780-207-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Harrier%3A+The+Last+All-British+Fighter&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85780-207-1&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefford2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jefford, C.G., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-33-Seminar-Maritime-Operations.pdf">"Seminar – Maritime Operations"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Royal Air Force Historical Society. London, UK: Royal Air Force Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-4231">1361-4231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Air+Force+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Seminar+%E2%80%93+Maritime+Operations.&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1361-4231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2FResearch%2FRAF-Historical-Society-Journals%2FJournal-33-Seminar-Maritime-Operations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefford2006" class="citation book cs1">Jefford, C.G., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105084744/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2035A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20the%20RAF%20Harrier%20Story.pdf">The RAF Harrier Story</a> (PDF). London, UK: Royal Air Force Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9530345-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9530345-2-6"><bdi>0-9530345-2-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2035A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20the%20RAF%20Harrier%20Story.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RAF+Harrier+Story&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force+Historical+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9530345-2-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fdocuments%2FJournal%252035A%2520-%2520Seminar%2520-%2520the%2520RAF%2520Harrier%2520Story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. (8 January 1999). Boeing / BAe Harrier. Warbird Tech. Vol. 21. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58007-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58007-014-0"><bdi>1-58007-014-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+%2F+BAe+Harrier&rft.place=North+Branch%2C+Minnesota&rft.series=Warbird+Tech&rft.pub=Specialty+Press%2C+1998&rft.date=1999-01-08&rft.isbn=1-58007-014-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordeen2006" class="citation book cs1">Nordeen, Lon O (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9aQXZ5rsLYC">Harrier II, Validating V/STOL</a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-536-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-536-8"><bdi>1-59114-536-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrier+II%2C+Validating+V%2FSTOL&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press%2C+2006&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59114-536-8&rft.aulast=Nordeen&rft.aufirst=Lon+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm9aQXZ5rsLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchardJames_Barrington2008" class="citation book cs1">Orchard, Adrian; James Barrington (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDwrdFKN1AC">Joint Force Harrier</a>. Penguin, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188975-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188975-7"><bdi>978-0-14-188975-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joint+Force+Harrier&rft.pub=Penguin%2C+2008&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-14-188975-7&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=James+Barrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPDwrdFKN1AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmar2004" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm">The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships And Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet</a>. Naval Institute Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-685-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-685-2"><bdi>1-59114-685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Institute+Guide+to+the+Ships+And+Aircraft+of+the+U.S.+Fleet&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press%2C+2005&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59114-685-2&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalinstitutegu0018polm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Walker, Karen (19 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%201660.html">"V/STOL Comes of Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a>. Vol. 130, no. 4020. London, UK: Reed Business Information. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710">0015-3710</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=V%2FSTOL+Comes+of+Age&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4020&rft.pages=23-25&rft.date=1986-07-19&rft.issn=0015-3710&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1986%2F1986%2520-%25201660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Stewart (2000). BAe/McDonnell Douglas Harrier. Airlife, 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-218-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84037-218-4"><bdi>1-84037-218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BAe%2FMcDonnell+Douglas+Harrier&rft.pub=Airlife%2C+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84037-218-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Winchester, Jim (November 2008). "Aircraft of the RAF part 7: Harrier". <a href="/wiki/Air_International" title="Air International">Air International</a>. Vol. 75, no. 5. pp. 42–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+International&rft.atitle=Aircraft+of+the+RAF+part+7%3A+Harrier&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=42-46&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Aerospace+Harrier+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:British Aerospace Harrier II">British Aerospace Harrier II</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vectorsite.net/avav8_3.html#m1">Second-generation Harriers on Greg Goebel's vectorsite.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?distict_entry=true&aircraft_genericsearch=British%20Aerospace%20Harrier">Photos of this aircraft on Airliners.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215085053/http://www.photoboxgallery.com/MaritimeAviationNews">Photographs of Harrier G R Mk 7 deployed aboard HMS Illustrious</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/03/av8b-harrier-finding-success-in-iraq/index.php">Defense Industry Daily: AV-8B Harrier finding Success in Iraq (30 March 2005)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224042605/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/03/av8b-harrier-finding-success-in-iraq/index.php">Archived</a> 24 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Aerospace_and_BAE_Systems_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat aircraft">Combat aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Harrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harrier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Hawk_200" title="British Aerospace Hawk 200">Hawk 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Tornado ADV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol and surveillance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Nimrod MR1 / MR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_R1" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1">Nimrod R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Nimrod_AEW3" title="British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3">Nimrod AEW3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Nimrod_MRA4" title="BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4">Nimrod MRA4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_T-45_Goshawk" title="McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk">Goshawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliners</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">transports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_ATP" title="British Aerospace ATP">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_125" title="British Aerospace 125">BAe 125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">BAe 146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concorde_operational_history" title="Concorde operational history">Operational history</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">histories/aircraft on display</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream" title="British Aerospace Jetstream">Jetstream 31/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream_41" title="British Aerospace Jetstream 41">Jetstream 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_ATP#Variants" title="British Aerospace ATP">Jetstream 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">One-Eleven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Drones (UAVs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Ampersand" title="BAE Systems Ampersand">Ampersand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Corax" title="BAE Systems Corax">Corax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Demon" title="BAE Systems Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_GA22" title="BAE Systems GA22">GA22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_HERTI" title="BAE Systems HERTI">HERTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Mantis" title="BAE Systems Mantis">Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Phoenix" title="BAE Systems Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Silver_Fox" title="BAE Systems Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Skylynx_II" title="BAE Systems Skylynx II">Skylynx II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">Combat drones (UCAVs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_HERTI" title="BAE Systems HERTI">Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis" title="BAE Systems Taranis">Taranis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development/concept aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avion_de_Transport_Supersonique_Futur" title="Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur">ATSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_EAP" title="British Aerospace EAP">EAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.125" title="British Aerospace P.125">P.125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.1216" title="British Aerospace P.1216">P.1216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.1233-1_Saba" title="British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba">P.1233-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Replica" title="BAE Systems Replica">Replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Tempest" title="BAE Systems Tempest">Tempest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harrier_jump_jet_family_and_related_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harrier_variants" title="Template:Harrier variants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harrier_variants" title="Template talk:Harrier variants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harrier_variants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harrier variants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harrier_jump_jet_family_and_related_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier jump jet</a> family and related aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1127" title="Hawker Siddeley P.1127">Hawker P.1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1127" title="Hawker Siddeley P.1127">Hawker Siddeley Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1154" title="Hawker Siddeley P.1154">Hawker Siddeley P.1154</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">British Aerospace Sea Harrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Aerospace Harrier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harrier_operators" title="List of Harrier operators">Operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harrier_variants" title="List of Harrier variants">Variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harrier_family_losses" title="List of Harrier family losses">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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