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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_jovença_e_l'educacion_d'Ibn_Khaldun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_jovença_e_l'educacion_d'Ibn_Khaldun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>La jovença e l'educacion d'Ibn Khaldun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_jovença_e_l'educacion_d'Ibn_Khaldun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Un_conselhier_politic_important_en_Magrèb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Un_conselhier_politic_important_en_Magrèb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Un conselhier politic important en Magrèb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Un_conselhier_politic_important_en_Magrèb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Fès" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Fès"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Lo periòde a la cort de Fès</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Fès-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Granada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Granada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Lo periòde a la cort de Granada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Granada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Bogía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Bogía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Lo periòde a la cort de Bogía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Bogía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Tlemcen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Tlemcen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Lo periòde a la cort de Tlemcen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Tlemcen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_retorn_a_la_cort_de_Fès" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_retorn_a_la_cort_de_Fès"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Lo retorn a la cort de Fès</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_retorn_a_la_cort_de_Fès-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Un_intellectuau_major_en_Orient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Un_intellectuau_major_en_Orient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Un intellectuau major en Orient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Un_intellectuau_major_en_Orient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_redaccion_de_la_Muqaddima_e_dau_Libre_deis_exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_redaccion_de_la_Muqaddima_e_dau_Libre_deis_exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>La redaccion de la <i>Muqaddima</i> e dau <i>Libre deis exemples</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_redaccion_de_la_Muqaddima_e_dau_Libre_deis_exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_retorn_a_Tunis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_retorn_a_Tunis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Lo retorn a Tunis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_retorn_a_Tunis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'installacion_en_Egipte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'installacion_en_Egipte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>L'installacion en Egipte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'installacion_en_Egipte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_rescòntre_amb_Tamburlan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_rescòntre_amb_Tamburlan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Lo rescòntre amb Tamburlan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_rescòntre_amb_Tamburlan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_fin_de_vida_d'Ibn_Khaldun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fin_de_vida_d'Ibn_Khaldun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>La fin de vida d'Ibn Khaldun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fin_de_vida_d'Ibn_Khaldun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'òbra_d'Ibn_Khaldun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'òbra_d'Ibn_Khaldun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>L'òbra d'Ibn Khaldun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-L'òbra_d'Ibn_Khaldun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció L'òbra d'Ibn Khaldun</span> </button> <ul id="toc-L'òbra_d'Ibn_Khaldun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obratges_e_tractats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obratges_e_tractats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Obratges e tractats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obratges_e_tractats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generalitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Generalitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_Libre_deis_Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Libre_deis_Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Lo Libre deis Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Libre_deis_Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Muqaddima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Muqaddima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>La <i>Muqaddima</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Muqaddima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sociologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eiretatge_e_influéncia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eiretatge_e_influéncia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eiretatge e influéncia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eiretatge_e_influéncia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Khaldun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 132 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chaldun" title="Ibn Chaldun - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ibn Chaldun" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%BB%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B1%E1%8A%95" title="እብን ኻልዱን - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እብን ኻልዱን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="بن خلدون - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بن خلدون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Jaldún - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ibn Jaldún" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_X%C9%99ldun" title="İbn Xəldun - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Xəldun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Ибн Хәлдүн - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ибн Хәлдүн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABns" title="Ibn Chaldūns - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ibn Chaldūns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Хальдун - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Хальдун - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ібн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Haldun" title="Ibnu Haldun - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibnu Haldun" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="इब्न खाल्दून - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इब्न खाल्दून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="ইবনে খালদুন - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে খালদুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Haldun" title="Ibn-Haldun - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ibn-Haldun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Хальдун - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ибн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئیبن خەلدوون - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن خەلدوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Haldun" title="İbn Haldun - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İbn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Chaldún - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ibn Chaldún" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Chaldūn - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn Chaldūn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Xaldun" title="İbn Xaldun - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İbn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A8_%DE%9A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިބްނި ޚަލްދޫން - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިބްނި ޚަލްދޫން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_%C4%A4aldun" title="Ibn Ĥaldun - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ibn Ĥaldun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Jaldún - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn Jaldún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Khaldūn - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibn Khaldūn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn Khaldoun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C3%BBn" title="Ibn Chaldûn - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ibn Chaldûn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%AE%A2%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·客敦 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊本·客敦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ibn Khaldoun" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Khaldún - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ibn Khaldún" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Jaldún - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ibn Jaldún" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kaldun" title="Ibn Kaldun - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Kaldun" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אבן ח'לדון - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן ח'לדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="इब्न खल्दून - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न खल्दून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ibn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Khaldún - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibn Khaldún" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իբն Խալդուն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իբն Խալդուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="イブン・ハルドゥーン - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・ハルドゥーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ხალდუნი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ ხალდუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xeldun" title="Ibn Xeldun - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ibn Xeldun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%ED%95%A0%EB%91%94" title="이븐 할둔 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 할둔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Xeld%C3%BBn" title="Îbn Xeldûn - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Xeldûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunus" title="Ibn Khaldunus - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ibn Khaldunus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABnas" title="Ibn Chaldūnas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ibn Chaldūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hald%C5%ABns" title="Ibn Haldūns - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ibn Haldūns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - madurès" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ibn Khaldoun" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇബ്നു ഖൽദൂൻ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്നു ഖൽദൂൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Chaldūn - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ibn Chaldūn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Khaldūn - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn Khaldūn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਇਬਨ ਖ਼ਲਦੂਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਨ ਖ਼ਲਦੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chaldun" title="Ibn Chaldun - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ibn Chaldun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν - pòntic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pòntic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibne_Caldune" title="Ibne Caldune - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibne Caldune" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Хальдун - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Халдун - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ібн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱩᱱ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱩᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xaldun" title="Ibn Xaldun - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ibn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Chaldún - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ibn Chaldún" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ibn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khalduun" title="Ibn Khalduun - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibn Khalduun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Halduni" title="Ibn Halduni - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn Halduni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இப்னு கல்தூன் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்னு கல்தூன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86_%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇబ్నె ఖుల్దూన్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇబ్నె ఖుల్దూన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибни Халдун - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Халдун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อิบน์ ค็อลดูน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิบน์ ค็อลดูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xaldun" title="Ibn Xaldun - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ibn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Haldun" title="İbn Haldun - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Хальдун - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ібн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xaldun" title="Ibn Xaldun - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Xhaldoun" title="Ben Xhaldoun - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ben Xhaldoun" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊本·赫勒敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ხალდუნი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბნ ხალდუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="איבן כאלדון - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבן כאלדון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ - amazic estàndard marroquí" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazic estàndard marroquí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊本·赫勒敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊本·赫勒敦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Ibn Khaldun</b> (27 de mai <a href="/wiki/1332" class="mw-redirect" title="1332">1332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> - 17 de març de <a href="/wiki/1406" class="mw-redirect" title="1406">1406</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Lo Caire</a>) es un òme <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politic</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosòf</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorian</a> arabi de la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministre" title="Ministre">Ministre</a> e jutge <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiós</a> de plusors sobeirans <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">maugrabin</a> dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1350" class="mw-redirect" title="Ans 1350">ans 1350</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1370" class="mw-redirect" title="Ans 1370">1370</a>, venguèt tanben una figura intellectuala major dau mond arabi dau periòde. Lassat dei conflictes incessents que tocavan sa region d'origina, se concentrèt pauc a pauc vèrs la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a>. Dins aquelei domenis, sei trabalhs marquèron una rompedura amb leis <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorians</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">arabis</a> dei sègles precedents. D'efiech, Ibn Khaldun adoptèt un encaminament <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientific</a> que prefigurèt lo metòde istoric actuau. De mai, assaièt de prepausar d'explicacions ai fenomèns sociaus, culturaus e politics observats dins lo mond <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a> medievau. Aquò lo menèt ansin a realizar de recèrcas <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologicas</a>. </p><p>Après sa <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a>, son òbra foguèt en partida oblidada. Pasmens, subrevisquèt dins l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> avans de se difusar en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> au sègle XVII. Son importància foguèt pauc a pauc descubèrta au sègle XIX e, mai que mai, durant la premiera mitat dau sègle XX. Uei, Ibn Khaldun es considerat coma una figura intellectuala majora de la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>, coma un pionier de la recèrca <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorica</a> modèrna e coma lo fondator de la <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Biografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D'un biais generau, la <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vida</a> d'Ibn Khaldun es relativament ben coneguda. D'efiech, escriguèt una <a href="/wiki/Autobiografia" title="Autobiografia">autobiografia</a>, <i>At-Ta'rīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan</i>, que contèn un nombre fòrça important de documents sus sa vida. De mai, son ròtle es sovent citat dins d'autrei tèxtes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_jovença_e_l'educacion_d'Ibn_Khaldun"><span id="La_joven.C3.A7a_e_l.27educacion_d.27Ibn_Khaldun"></span>La jovença e l'educacion d'Ibn Khaldun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : La jovença e l'educacion d'Ibn Khaldun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La jovença e l'educacion d'Ibn Khaldun"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originari d'una <a href="/wiki/Familha_(parentala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Familha (parentala)">familha</a> <a href="/wiki/Andalosia" title="Andalosia">andalosa</a> aisada que s'èra installat en <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> après lei desfachas aràbias dins la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a>, Ibn Khaldun nasquèt lo 27 de mai de <a href="/wiki/1332" class="mw-redirect" title="1332">1332</a> dins la vila de <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. Gràcias a la richessa de sei parents, aguèt accès a una <a href="/wiki/Educacion" title="Educacion">educacion</a> aràbia classica fòrça rigorosa dirigida per de professors competents<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò li permetèt d'aprendre la lenga aràbia classica, çò qu'èra una etapa indispensabla per estudiar l'<a href="/wiki/Alcoran" title="Alcoran">Alcoran</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith">tradicion</a>, lo drech e la jurisprudéncia islamic e la literatura aràbia<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Recebèt tanben un ensenhament <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologic</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e foguèt iniciat ai <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematicas</a>, a l'<a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, a la <a href="/wiki/Logica" title="Logica">logica</a>, a la <a href="/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina">medecina</a> e a la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1348" class="mw-redirect" title="1348">1348</a>-<a href="/wiki/1349" class="mw-redirect" title="1349">1349</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> foguèt tocada per la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8sta" title="Pèsta">pèsta negra</a>. Ibn Khaldun perdiguèt son <a href="/wiki/Paire" title="Paire">paire</a>, sa <a href="/wiki/Maire" title="Maire">maire</a>, una partida dau rèsta de sa familha, la màger part de seis <a href="/wiki/Amistat" title="Amistat">amics</a> e plusors de sei professors<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pus generalament, la region, compres son elèit intellectuau, foguèt decimat<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins leis annadas seguentas, la desorganizacion dau teissut <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economic</a> entraïnèt egalament una <a href="/wiki/Famina" title="Famina">famina</a>. Après aquela catastròfa, Ibn Khaldun desirèt quitar <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> per s'installar a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a> qu'èra lo centre intellectuau de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a>. La volontat de continuar seis estudis e de començar una carriera politica – segon la tradicion familiala – son lei dos motors d'aquela ambicion. Pasmens, deguèt esperar fins a <a href="/wiki/1350" class="mw-redirect" title="1350">1350</a> per intrar au servici dei sultans <a href="/wiki/Marinidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinidas">marinidas</a>, probablament gràcias ai relacions bònas establidas amb lo sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Hasan_ben_Uthman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Hasan ben Uthman (la pagina existís pas)">Abu al-Hasan ben Uthman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1341" class="mw-redirect" title="1341">1341</a>-<a href="/wiki/1348" class="mw-redirect" title="1348">1348</a>) qu'ocupèt brèvament <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> en <a href="/wiki/1347" class="mw-redirect" title="1347">1347</a>-<a href="/wiki/1348" class="mw-redirect" title="1348">1348</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Un_conselhier_politic_important_en_Magrèb"><span id="Un_conselhier_politic_important_en_Magr.C3.A8b"></span>Un conselhier politic important en Magrèb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Un conselhier politic important en Magrèb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Un conselhier politic important en Magrèb"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Fès"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_a_la_cort_de_F.C3.A8s"></span>Lo periòde a la cort de Fès</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde a la cort de Fès" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde a la cort de Fès"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1354" class="mw-redirect" title="1354">1354</a>, lo sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Inan_Faris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Inan Faris (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Inan Faris</a> <a href="/wiki/Marinidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinidas">marinida</a> (<a href="/wiki/1348" class="mw-redirect" title="1348">1348</a>-<a href="/wiki/1358" class="mw-redirect" title="1358">1358</a>) convidèt Ibn Khaldun a participar au Conseu dei sabents de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò li permetèt d'èsser introduch dins lei ceucles intellectuaus de la cort e de venir secretari personau dau sultan<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, a aquela epòca, èra encara a s'interessar mai au saber qu'a la <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politica</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1357" class="mw-redirect" title="1357">1357</a>, Ibn Khaldun foguèt arrestat en causa de sa participacion a un complòt destinat a restablir un prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafsidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafsidas (la pagina existís pas)">hafsida</a>, Abu Adballah, sus lo tròne de <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%ADa" title="Bogía">Bogía</a>. I demorèt fins a la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Inan_Faris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Inan Faris (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Inan Faris</a>. Aquela disparicion entraïnèt una crisi de 5 ans en <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a> amb quatre sultans que se succediguèron rapidament durant aqueu periòde. Ibn Khaldun sostenguèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Salim_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Salim Ibrahim (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Salim Ibrahim</a> (<a href="/wiki/1359" class="mw-redirect" title="1359">1359</a>-<a href="/wiki/1361" class="mw-redirect" title="1361">1361</a>) que lo nomèt secretari d'Estat, cap de sa cancelariá e, finalament, « secretari dei comandaments » (es a dire cap d'una cort auta de justícia) e poèta de cort<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/1361" class="mw-redirect" title="1361">1361</a>, quitèt son pòste dins l'administracion per venir <a href="/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi">cadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Malikisme" title="Malikisme">malikita</a> de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a>. </p><p>Pasmens, la meteissa annada, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Salim_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Salim Ibrahim (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Salim Ibrahim</a> foguèt reversat per un autre pretendent, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachf%C3%AEn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachfîn (la pagina existís pas)">Tachfîn</a>. Ibn Khaldun se ralièt au cap novèu de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_marinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia marinida (la pagina existís pas)">dinastia marinida</a> mai obtenguèt ges de posicion oficiala dins lo govèrn novèu. Maucontent, demandèt l'autorizacion de quitar la cort. En causa de sei compenténcias, aguèt pas lo drech d'anar a <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> ò <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, capitalas deis autrei reiaumes poderós de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a>. Pasmens, en decembre de <a href="/wiki/1362" class="mw-redirect" title="1362">1362</a>, poguèt intrar au servici de l'<a href="/wiki/Emirat_de_Granada" title="Emirat de Granada">Emirat de Granada</a>, darrier estat <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Granada"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_a_la_cort_de_Granada"></span>Lo periòde a la cort de Granada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde a la cort de Granada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde a la cort de Granada"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Khaldun recebèt un acuelh calorós de part de l'emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_V_de_Granada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad V de Granada (la pagina existís pas)">Muhammad V</a> (<a href="/wiki/1354" class="mw-redirect" title="1354">1354</a>-<a href="/wiki/1359" class="mw-redirect" title="1359">1359</a> e <a href="/wiki/1362" class="mw-redirect" title="1362">1362</a>-<a href="/wiki/1391" class="mw-redirect" title="1391">1391</a>) e de son vizir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Khatib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Khatib (la pagina existís pas)">Ibn al-Khatib</a>. D'efiech, en <a href="/wiki/1362" class="mw-redirect" title="1362">1362</a>, Ibn Khaldun leis aviá ajudat a tornar prendre lo poder après un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2p_d%27Estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Còp d'Estat">còp d'Estat</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1363" class="mw-redirect" title="1363">1363</a>-<a href="/wiki/1364" class="mw-redirect" title="1364">1364</a>, Ibn Khaldun foguèt donc encargat d'una importanta mission <a href="/wiki/Diplomacia" title="Diplomacia">diplomatica</a> a la cort de <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8ire_I%C3%A8r_de_Castelha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pèire Ièr de Castelha (la pagina existís pas)">Pèire I<sup>èr</sup> de Castelha</a> (<a href="/wiki/1350" class="mw-redirect" title="1350">1350</a>-<a href="/wiki/1369" class="mw-redirect" title="1369">1369</a>) per restablir la <a href="/wiki/Patz" title="Patz">patz</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_de_Castelha" title="Reiaume de Castelha">Castelha</a> e lei princes <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmans</a>. Obtenguèt lo resultat demandat e lo rèi de Castelha li prepausèt d'intrar a son servici en cambi de la restitucion dei tèrras aperavans tengudas per sa familha en <a href="/wiki/Al_Andal%C3%B3s" title="Al Andalós">Al Andalós</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, Ibn Khaldun refusèt l'ofèrta. </p><p>Aqueu sejorn permetèt a Ibn Khaldun d'observar lo foncionament deis <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estats</a> <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">crestians</a> (conflictes dinastics, consequéncias de la pèsta negra...). Après sa mission en <a href="/wiki/Castelha" title="Castelha">Castelha</a>, obtenguèt la proprietat d'una vila e divèrsei tèrras. Son influéncia sus la politica de l'<a href="/wiki/Emirat_de_Granada" title="Emirat de Granada">Emirat</a> aumentèt fòrça e Ibn Khaldun installèt sa familha dins sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a>. Pasmens, son succès suscitèt la <a href="/wiki/Gelosi%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelosiá">gelosiá</a> d'autrei personalitats importantas de <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. En particular, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Khatib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Khatib (la pagina existís pas)">Ibn al-Khatib</a> comencèt d'intrigar còntra eu<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Em març de <a href="/wiki/1365" class="mw-redirect" title="1365">1365</a>, Ibn Khaldun acceptèt donc l'invitacion d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Abdallah</a>, lo senhor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafsidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafsidas (la pagina existís pas)">hafsida</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%ADa" title="Bogía">Bogía</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Bogía"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_a_la_cort_de_Bog.C3.ADa"></span>Lo periòde a la cort de Bogía</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde a la cort de Bogía" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde a la cort de Bogía"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Abdallah</a> e Ibn Khaldun èran venguts amics a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ibn Khaldun foguèt nomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarlenc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camarlenc (la pagina existís pas)">camarlenc</a> e foguèt encargat de missions religiosas a la <a href="/wiki/Mosqueta" title="Mosqueta">mosqueta</a> de Qaçba<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son fraire, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya Ibn Khaldun (la pagina existís pas)">Yahya Ibn Khaldun</a>, foguèt egalament nomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vizir (la pagina existís pas)">vizir</a>. Durant aqueu periòde, Ibn Khaldun aguèt un ròtle centrau dins lo <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%ADa" title="Bogía">Bogía</a> e foguèt encargat de recebre de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vizir (la pagina existís pas)">vizirs</a>, de dignitaris e de <a href="/wiki/Diplomacia" title="Diplomacia">diplomatas</a>. S'ocupèt tanben dei requistas dau pòble, dei soudats e dei foncionaris civius e religiós<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enfin, Ibn Khaldun deguèt organizar la collècta deis <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%B2st" title="Impòst">impòsts</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1366" class="mw-redirect" title="1366">1366</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Abdallah</a> foguèt tuat au combat còntra un de sei cosins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Abbas (la pagina existís pas)">Abu al-Abbas</a>. Aqueu darrier prenguèt lo contraròtle de <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%ADa" title="Bogía">Bogía</a> e Ibn Khaldun intrèt brèvament au servici dau venceire. Pasmens, la maufisança entre lei dos òmes èra tròp importanta. Susvelhat e menaçat, Ibn Khaldun s'enfugiguèt dins lei tribüs <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">aràbias</a> dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhawawidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhawawidas (la pagina existís pas)">Dhawawidas</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Abbas (la pagina existís pas)">Abu al-Abbas</a> arrestèt alora sa <a href="/wiki/Familha_(parentala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Familha (parentala)">familha</a> e confisquèt sei bens<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_a_la_cort_de_Tlemcen"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_a_la_cort_de_Tlemcen"></span>Lo periòde a la cort de Tlemcen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde a la cort de Tlemcen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde a la cort de Tlemcen"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/1366" class="mw-redirect" title="1366">1366</a> a <a href="/wiki/1370" class="mw-redirect" title="1370">1370</a>, Ibn Khaldun visquèt entre lei tribüs dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhawawidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhawawidas (la pagina existís pas)">Dhawawidas</a>. Lo sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zianidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zianidas (la pagina existís pas)">zianida</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_Mussa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu Mussa II (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Hammu Mussa II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1353" class="mw-redirect" title="1353">1353</a>-<a href="/wiki/1389" class="mw-redirect" title="1389">1389</a>), intrèt en contacte amb eu per obtenir lo sostèn d'aquelei tribüs e per i recrutar de <a href="/wiki/Mercenari" title="Mercenari">mercenaris</a>. Ibn Khaldun refusèt un pòste de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarlenc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camarlenc (la pagina existís pas)">camarlenc</a> a la cort mai acceptèt de formar una coalicion de tribüs capablas d'ajudar lo sultan. Venguèt ansin una mena de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Condottiere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condottiere (la pagina existís pas)">condottiere</a></i> que menèt plusors negociacions amb lei caps tribaus. Per aquò, recebèt de subsidis importants e participèt a divèrsei <a href="/wiki/Campanha_militara" title="Campanha militara">campanhas militaras</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/1370" class="mw-redirect" title="1370">1370</a>, acceptèt finalament d'intrar dirèctament au servici dau sultan d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_Mussa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu Mussa II (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Hammu Mussa II</a> après la formacion d'una aliança entre <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> per menar una guèrra còntra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Abbas (la pagina existís pas)">Abu al-Abbas</a>. Ibn Khaldun venguèt camarlenc d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_Mussa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu Mussa II (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Hammu Mussa II</a> e s'ocupèt de mantenir lei tribüs aràbias sota son influéncia dins una aliança amb <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_retorn_a_la_cort_de_Fès"><span id="Lo_retorn_a_la_cort_de_F.C3.A8s"></span>Lo retorn a la cort de Fès</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo retorn a la cort de Fès" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo retorn a la cort de Fès"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1370" class="mw-redirect" title="1370">1370</a>-<a href="/wiki/1372" class="mw-redirect" title="1372">1372</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> foguèt ocupada per lei fòrças dau sultan <a href="/wiki/Marinidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinidas">marinida</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Faris_Abd_al-Aziz_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ben Ali (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Faris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1366" class="mw-redirect" title="1366">1366</a>-<a href="/wiki/1372" class="mw-redirect" title="1372">1372</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_Mussa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu Mussa II (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Hammu Mussa II</a> s'enfugiguèt dins lei <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhas</a> e Ibn Khaldun assaièt d'anar dins la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a>. Pasmens, foguèt capturat dins lo <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rt" class="mw-disambig" title="Pòrt">pòrt</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honaine (la pagina existís pas)">Honaine</a>. Foguèt accusat per lo sultan d'aver traït lei <a href="/wiki/Marinidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinidas">Marinidas</a>. Ibn Khaldun expliquèt aver quitat la cort de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a> en causa de menaças exercidas còntra eu per lo grand vizir<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Òr, coma aqueu grand vizir aviá tanben assaiat d'assassinar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Faris_Abd_al-Aziz_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ben Ali (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Faris</a>, lei dos òmes se reconcilièron. De mai, Ibn Khaldun donèt d'informacions importantas sus lei tribüs aràbias e sus la situacion politica dins lo centre de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a>. Ansin, foguèt liberat e participèt a d'expedicions militaras còntra leis enemics dei Marinidas. Aquò li permetèt d'obtenir tornarmai un ròtle important dins lo Sultanat<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_1998_p._75_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste_1998_p._75-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pasmens, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Faris_Abd_al-Aziz_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ben Ali (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Faris</a> moriguèt en <a href="/wiki/1372" class="mw-redirect" title="1372">1372</a>. A sa mòrt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_Mussa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu Mussa II (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Hammu Mussa II</a> tornèt prendre lo poder a <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> e assaièt de se venjar d'Ibn Khaldun. Aqueu darrier s'enfugiguèt e arribèt, après quauqueis escaramochas, a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a> onte recebèt un bòn acuelh e recebèt una plaça au sen dau <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_1998_p._75_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste_1998_p._75-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu còp, participèt pauc ai conflictes entre vizirs e preferiguèt s'investir dins l'ensenhament e lei recèrcas <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istoricas</a>. Pasmens, deguèt lèu s'interessar ais intrigas menadas còntra son amic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Khatib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Khatib (la pagina existís pas)">Ibn al-Khatib</a>, l'èx-vizir de <a href="/wiki/Emirat_de_Granada" title="Emirat de Granada">Granada</a>. D'efiech, a la demanda de l'emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_V_al-Ghani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad V al-Ghani (la pagina existís pas)">Muhammad V</a>, foguèt jutjat e executat per complòt. Ibn Khaldun assaièt de lo defendre e foguèt arrestat<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Rapidament liberat, Ibn Khaldun se placèt sota la proteccion dau cap arabi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanzammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanzammar (la pagina existís pas)">Wanzammar</a>. Refusant una ofèrta d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_Mussa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu Mussa II (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Hammu Mussa II</a> que voliá son ajuda per recrutar de <a href="/wiki/Mercenari" title="Mercenari">mercenaris</a>, se retirèt dins la <a href="/wiki/Fortalessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortalessa">fortalessa</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalaa_Ibn_Salama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalaa Ibn Salama (la pagina existís pas)">Qalaa Ibn Salama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Un_intellectuau_major_en_Orient">Un intellectuau major en Orient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Un intellectuau major en Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Un intellectuau major en Orient"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_redaccion_de_la_Muqaddima_e_dau_Libre_deis_exemples">La redaccion de la <i>Muqaddima</i> e dau <i>Libre deis exemples</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : La redaccion de la Muqaddima e dau Libre deis exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La redaccion de la Muqaddima e dau Libre deis exemples"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/1374" class="mw-redirect" title="1374">1374</a> a <a href="/wiki/1377" class="mw-redirect" title="1377">1377</a>, Ibn Khaldun demorèt dins la <a href="/wiki/Fortalessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortalessa">fortalessa</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanzammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanzammar (la pagina existís pas)">Wanzammar</a>. Tre lo començament de sa retirada, preparèt lo plan de la <i>Muqaddima</i> qu'es lo premier tòme de son <i>Kitab al-Ibar</i> (<i>lo Libre deis exemples</i>). Per aquò, dispausava unicament de son saber e de son experiéncia<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, a respècte deis autreis <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorians</a> dau periòde, aviá la volontat d'explicar lei causas deis eveniments e dei fachs istorics e sociaus<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu trabalh es uei famós per son avança dins mai d'un domeni, especialament en <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>, gràcias a l'adopcion d'un metòde que prefigura lei tecnicas <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientificas</a> actualas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_retorn_a_Tunis">Lo retorn a Tunis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo retorn a Tunis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo retorn a Tunis"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1378" class="mw-redirect" title="1378">1378</a>, Ibn Khaldun deguèt anar a <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> per consultar d'obratges necessaris a son trabalh. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Abbas (la pagina existís pas)">Abu al-Abbas</a> acceptèt de lo laissar s'installar dins la vila e lo reprenguèt a son servici. Pasmens, la relacion entre lei dos òmes demorèt marrida. En parallèl, Ibn Khaldun deguèt tanben faciar la gelosiá dei professors de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitat_Zituna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitat Zituna (la pagina existís pas)">Universitat Zituna</a> ont èra vengut professor<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/1379" class="mw-redirect" title="1379">1379</a>, Ibn Khaldun foguèt tanben tocat per l'<a href="/wiki/Assassinat" title="Assassinat">assassinat</a> de son fraire a <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après quauqueis annadas, decidèt donc de quitar <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a>. Per aquò, demandèt l'autorizacion de realizar lo <a href="/wiki/Romavatge" class="mw-redirect" title="Romavatge">romavatge</a> tradicionau a <a href="/wiki/La_M%C3%A8ca" title="La Mèca">La Mèca</a>. De segur, èra impossible de refusar una tala demanda e Ibn Khaldun embarquèt per <a href="/wiki/Alex%C3%A0ndria" title="Alexàndria">Alexàndria</a> lo 24 d'octòbre de <a href="/wiki/1382" class="mw-redirect" title="1382">1382</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'installacion_en_Egipte"><span id="L.27installacion_en_Egipte"></span>L'installacion en Egipte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : L'installacion en Egipte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'installacion en Egipte"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>, Ibn Khaldun poguèt pas jónher la caravana que deviá lo menar vèrs lei luòcs sants. Pasmens, aprecièt la <a href="/wiki/Patz" title="Patz">patz</a> e la prosperitat egipciana. Decidèt donc de s'installar au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Az-Zahir_Sayf_ad-Din_Barquq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq (la pagina existís pas)">Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq</a> (<a href="/wiki/1380" class="mw-redirect" title="1380">1380</a>-<a href="/wiki/1399" class="mw-redirect" title="1399">1399</a>) lo nomèt <a href="/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi">cadi</a> malekita de la vila. Pasmens, Ibn Khaldun deguèt faciar fòrça criticas coma jutge. D'efiech, en mai de la <a href="/wiki/Gelosi%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelosiá">gelosiá</a> exprimida per divèrsei cortesans qu'èran opausats a l'idèa de fisar un pòste tant important a un « Occidentau », foguèt considerat coma auturós. Après mens d'un an d'exercici, foguèt donc obligat d'abandonar sa carga. Dins aquò, foguèt lo començament d'un cicle de nominacion e de demission. Au finau, ne'n foguèt demés cinc còps mai, cada còp, la recuperèt rapidament. En parallèl, foguèt nomat professor a l'universitat Al Zahirya. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1385" class="mw-redirect" title="1385">1385</a>, obtenguèt l'autorizacion dau sultan d'installar sa familha au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a>. Pasmens, sa <a href="/wiki/Femna" title="Femna">femna</a> e sei cinc filhas moriguèron durant un <a href="/wiki/Naufragi" title="Naufragi">naufragi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goumeziane_2006_p._27_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goumeziane_2006_p._27-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sei dos fius subrevisquèron car prenguèron un autre <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1387" class="mw-redirect" title="1387">1387</a>, Ibn Khaldun realizèt finalament son romavatge. A son retorn, foguèt nomat professor de <a href="/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit">hadits</a> dins divèrsei <a href="/wiki/Medersa" class="mw-redirect" title="Medersa">medersas</a>. Durant leis ans seguents, se concentrèt sus sei pòstes de professor a l'universitat e dins leis escòlas religiosas. Contunièt tanben sei recèrcas sus lei tèmas presentats dins lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis exemples</a></i>, especialament sus aqueu d’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">asabiyya</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Goumeziane_2006_p._27_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goumeziane_2006_p._27-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_rescòntre_amb_Tamburlan"><span id="Lo_resc.C3.B2ntre_amb_Tamburlan"></span>Lo rescòntre amb Tamburlan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo rescòntre amb Tamburlan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo rescòntre amb Tamburlan"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1400" class="mw-redirect" title="1400">1400</a>, Ibn Khaldun deguèt seguir lo sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=An-Nasir_Faraj_ben_Barquq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An-Nasir Faraj ben Barquq (la pagina existís pas)">An-Nasir Faraj ben Barquq</a> durant una campanha en <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> còntra l'armada de <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a> que veniá de prendre <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8p" title="Alèp">Alèp</a>. Pasmens, lo sultan, inquietat per de rumors de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2p_d%27Estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Còp d'Estat">còp d'Estat</a>, abandonèt son <a href="/wiki/Armada" title="Armada">armada</a> per s'entornar au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a>. Ibn Khaldun e plusors captaus de la capitala foguèron donc assetjats per lei tropas timuridas dins la vila de <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Foguèt encargat de menar una delegacion per negociar amb <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a>. </p><p>Inicialament arrestat e menaçat d'execucion, Ibn Khaldun foguèt rapidament liberat après aver mostrat l'estenduda de sei conoissenças. <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a> lo gardèt a sa cort durant 35 jorns<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lei dos òmes parlèron de subjèctes variats e <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a> s'interessèt fòrça a l'istòria de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a> e ai recèrcas d'Ibn Khaldun sus la formacion e la disparicion deis <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estats</a>. De son caire, Ibn Khaldun assaièt d'obtenir l'abandon dau sètge. </p><p>Tamburlan acceptèt finalament d'esparnhar leis abitants. Mai son armada decidèt de realizar un pilhatge en règla e la vila foguèt donc destrucha. <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a> assaièt pas de l'empachar e una partida important de la populacion foguèt tuada. La vila foguèt egalament cremada. Ibn Khaldun refusèt una ofèrta de demorar a la cort timurida per i venir conselhier e istorian de <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a>. S'entornèt au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a> en març de <a href="/wiki/1401" class="mw-redirect" title="1401">1401</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_fin_de_vida_d'Ibn_Khaldun"><span id="La_fin_de_vida_d.27Ibn_Khaldun"></span>La fin de vida d'Ibn Khaldun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : La fin de vida d'Ibn Khaldun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La fin de vida d'Ibn Khaldun"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En despiech de la revirada de sei negociacions e de la durada de son sejorn a la cort de <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a>, Ibn Khaldun recebèt un bòn acuelh a son retorn au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a>. Demorèt un intellectuau e un jutge important de la vila fins a sa mòrt qu'aguèt luòc lo 17 de març de <a href="/wiki/1406" class="mw-redirect" title="1406">1406</a>. Foguèt enterrat dins lo <a href="/wiki/Cement%C3%A8ri" title="Cementèri">cementèri</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Sofisme" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sofisme">sofis</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'òbra_d'Ibn_Khaldun"><span id="L.27.C3.B2bra_d.27Ibn_Khaldun"></span>L'òbra d'Ibn Khaldun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : L'òbra d'Ibn Khaldun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'òbra d'Ibn Khaldun"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obratges_e_tractats">Obratges e tractats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Obratges e tractats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Obratges e tractats"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generalitats">Generalitats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Generalitats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Generalitats"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Khaldun es l'autor de plusors obratges e tractats qu'abòrdan de subjèctes divèrs coma la <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poesia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Logica" title="Logica">logica</a>, lei <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncias</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a>. Pasmens, una partida d'aquelei trabalhs es desenant perduda. Son premier tèxte, redigit durant seis estudis, es conservat a la <a href="/wiki/Bibliot%C3%A8ca" title="Bibliotèca">bibliotèca</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Escurial" title="Escurial">Escurial</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Es un commentari teologic dich <i>Lubab al-Muhassal</i>. Puei, de <a href="/wiki/1351" class="mw-redirect" title="1351">1351</a> a <a href="/wiki/1364" class="mw-redirect" title="1364">1364</a>, escriguèt cinc tractats sus la <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poesia</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasidat_al-Burda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasidat al-Burda (la pagina existís pas)">Qasidat al-Burda</a>, sus la logica e, subretot, sus la pensada d'<a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%A8s" title="Averroès">Averroès</a>. Una partida d'aquelei manuscrits èran destinats a l'emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_V_al-Ghani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad V al-Ghani (la pagina existís pas)">Muhammad V al-Ghani</a>. Ibn Khaldun escriguèt tanben sus lo <a href="/wiki/Sofisme" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sofisme">sofisme</a> (<i>Shifâ' al-sâ'il li-tahdhîb al masâ'il</i>) durant una participacion a de debats religiós en <a href="/wiki/Andalosia" title="Andalosia">Andalosia</a>. Pasmens, sei trabalhs pus importants son son autobiografia – fònt importanta per l'istòria dau sègle XIV –, la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a></i> e lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis exemples</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_Libre_deis_Exemples">Lo Libre deis Exemples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Libre deis Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo Libre deis Exemples"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg/220px-Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg/330px-Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg/440px-Title_page_of_the_1867_Bulaq_edition_of_Kitab_al-Ibr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Edicion de <a href="/wiki/1867" class="mw-redirect" title="1867">1867</a> dau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_Exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis Exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis Exemples</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_Exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis Exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis Exemples</a>.</div> <p>Lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_Exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis Exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis Exemples</a></i> (<i>Kitab al-Ibar</i>) es considerada coma l'òbra pus important d'Ibn Khaldun. Es una <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universalisme (la pagina existís pas)">universala</a> qu'es compausada de sèt volums. Es desenant famós per sei metòdes de trabalh e d'ensenhament que prefiguran lei tecnicas de recèrca actuala en <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>. Son volum premier, la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a></i> n'es la partida pus famosa car contèn la partida teorica. Lei volums II a V son una istòria de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Umanitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umanitat (la pagina existís pas)">umanitat</a> fins a l'epòca d'Ibn Khaldun. Enfin, lei volums VI e VII son una istòria dei <a href="/wiki/Berb%C3%A8rs" title="Berbèrs">Berbèrs</a>. Son una fònt importanta per leis istorians modèrnes car contènon lei conoissenças personalas de lor autor sus lei tribüs berbèras de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a>. Dins certanei passatges, lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_Exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis Exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis Exemples</a></i> parla tanben d'<a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimia</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrologia</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numerologia (la pagina existís pas)">numerologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Muqaddima">La <i>Muqaddima</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : La Muqaddima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Muqaddima"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn,_al-Muqaddima,_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936,_f._7a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/220px-Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/330px-Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/440px-Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Pagina de la <i>Muqaddima</i> escrich per Ibn Khaldun.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a>.</div> <p>Lo premier volum dau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_deis_Exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre deis Exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Libre deis Exemples</a></i>, la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a></i>, es desenant considerat coma la partida centrala dau trabalh d'Ibn Khaldun. D'efiech, segon l'usatge de l'epòca, comencèt son òbra per una introduccion. Compausada de tres partidas, aqueu « prefaci » es dicha <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a></i>. Expausa la pensada de son autor en <a href="/wiki/Jurisprud%C3%A9ncia" title="Jurisprudéncia">jurisprudéncia</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologia</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncias</a> puras e aplicadas, en ensenhament, en <a href="/wiki/Retorica" title="Retorica">retorica</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poesia</a>. Pasmens, son innovacion majora es de considerar l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> coma una <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncia</a> que necessita una analisi precisa dei fachs istorics. Puei, determinèt una teoria permetent de descriure lei mecanismes de formacion e de disparicion dei <a href="/wiki/Dinastia" title="Dinastia">dinastias</a> aràbias en identificant de factors sociaus, culturaus e climatics. </p><p>Segon sa teoria, la legitimitat dau poder èra fondada per l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">asabiyya</a></i>, un concèpte arabi ancian que tradutz una nocion de fòrça fondada sus la coësion e l'unitat dei membres d'un meteis grop. Per Ibn Khaldun, la formacion d'una <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">asabiyya</a></i> entraïna la formacion d'un grop unit. Aqueu mecanisme es present dins totei lei societats umanas mai es pus poderós dins lei societats nomadas. Aquela fòrça permet ansin au grop de prendre lo poder au detriment d'una <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">asabiyya</a></i> pus febla. Aquò explicava la naissença de dinastias poderosas dins de regions perifericas dei territòris ocupats per lei <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Abbassidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seldjokidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Seldjokidas">Seldjokidas</a>, etc.). Pasmens, permetiá tanben d'explicar son declin per l'afebliment progressiu de l'<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">asabiyya</a></i> en causa dei luchas intèrnas per lo contraròtle de l'<a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estat</a>. Finalament, la dissolucion de l'unitat dau grop au poder permet a un grop novèu de sasir a son torn lo poder après conquista e destruccion parciala dei vilas<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aqueu modèl es un trabalh pionier en <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>. D'efiech, permet d'explicar certanei fenomèns caracteristics de la societat aràbia <a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">medievala</a> coma l'alternància rapida dei <a href="/wiki/Dinastia" title="Dinastia">dinastias</a>. Dins aquò, Ibn Khaldun estendiguèt sa validitat ai societats non musulmanas. Òr, son experiéncia d'aquelei societats èra limitada ai conflictes observats dins la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a> durant la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Civila_de_Castelha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiera Guèrra Civila de Castelha (la pagina existís pas)">Premiera Guèrra Civila de Castelha</a> (<a href="/wiki/1351" class="mw-redirect" title="1351">1351</a>-<a href="/wiki/1369" class="mw-redirect" title="1369">1369</a>). Son afiermacion per lei societats <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">crestianas</a> es donc fòrça abusiva car preniá pas en còmpte l'estabilitat pus importanta dei dinastias <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">europèas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La vision de l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> desvolopada per Ibn Khaldun es una rompedura importanta a respècte deis istorians arabis <a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">medievaus</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'efiech, considerèt la disciplina coma una <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncia</a> e decidèt de l'inscriure dins l'òrdre dau saber. Aquò èra fòrça diferent dau trabalh deis autreis istorians que se contentavan generalament d'enregistrar lei fachs istorics sensa assaiar de descriure lor contèxte ò de leis explicar. Per Ibn Khaldun, l'istòria a un sens e es possible, gràcias a l'estudi e l'analisi dei fachs, de lo descubrir<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per aquò, èra necessari de cercar lei causas deis eveniments. </p><p>Ibn Khaldun apliquèt aqueu programa a l'estudi de l'instabilitat politica caracteristica dau <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a> de la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>. Aquò li permetèt de descubrir que de fenomèns de natura diferenta, coma una famina ò lo desvolopament d'una ciutat, èran pas totjorn de causas independentas e que, au contrari, podián partejar una meteissa causa. Puei, determinèt de lèis generalas permetent d'explicar certanei fenomèns coma la formacion dei dinastias aràbias, la disparicion dau <a href="/wiki/Califat" title="Califat">califat</a> au profiech de la <a href="/wiki/Monarquia" title="Monarquia">monarquia</a> e lo passatge de l'economia naturala a l'economia <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A8rci" title="Comèrci">marchanda</a>. Placèt ansin la nocion de <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacion</a> au centre de son trabalh istoric car permetiá d'englobar aquelei nocions<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociologia">Sociologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Sociologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sociologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La volontat d'Ibn Khaldun d'identifiar de lèis generalas sus lo foncionament dei societats umanas lo menèt a realizar d'estudis sociaus. Aquò prefigura la <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a> modèrna. D'efiech, a partir de la nocion d'<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">asabiyya</a></i>, Ibn Khaldun expliquèt la transicion dau mòde de vida nomada a la sedentarizacion. Puei, expliquèt la formacion dei vilas e presentèt en parallèl l'evolucion dei mestiers qu'acompanha aquelei transformacions. Una partida de sa descripcion dei mecanismes de fondacion dei premierei vilas, especialament l'origina rurala dei premierei populacions urbanas, es uei totjorn considerada coma valida per leis <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorians</a> e leis <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eiretatge_e_influéncia"><span id="Eiretatge_e_influ.C3.A9ncia"></span>Eiretatge e influéncia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Eiretatge e influéncia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Eiretatge e influéncia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ibn_khaldoun-kassus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ibn_khaldoun-kassus.jpg/220px-Ibn_khaldoun-kassus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ibn_khaldoun-kassus.jpg/330px-Ibn_khaldoun-kassus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Ibn_khaldoun-kassus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Estatua d'Ibn Khaldun a <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Khaldun es uei considerat coma una figura majora de la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncias</a> aràbias de la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>. Pasmens, aquela reconoissença foguèt tardiva. D'efiech, sei contemporanèus comprenguèron pas son trabalh e aguèt pas de successor dirècte. Pasmens, son òbra foguèt pas oblidada. La <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a></i> influencièt plusors sabents <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">otomans</a> dau sègle XVII coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katip_Celebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katip Celebi (la pagina existís pas)">Katip Celebi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1609" class="mw-redirect" title="1609">1609</a>-<a href="/wiki/1657" class="mw-redirect" title="1657">1657</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Efendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Efendi (la pagina existís pas)">Ahmed Efendi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1631" class="mw-redirect" title="1631">1631</a>-<a href="/wiki/1702" class="mw-redirect" title="1702">1702</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Naima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Naima (la pagina existís pas)">Mustafa Naima</a> (<a href="/wiki/1655" class="mw-redirect" title="1655">1655</a>-<a href="/wiki/1716" class="mw-redirect" title="1716">1716</a>). Aquò permetèt ai tèxtes d'Ibn Khaldun de se difusar en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> onte suscitèron un certan interès. Per exemple, foguèron citats dins l'<i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean Le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a>. Pasmens, sensa <a href="/wiki/Traduccion" title="Traduccion">traduccion</a> complèta de seis òbras, leis <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Europèus</a> aguèron de dificultats per comprendre l'importància de l'òbra d'Ibn Khaldun. Òr, coma aqueu darrier melhorava regularament sei manuscrits, existís fòrça versions diferentas de seis obratges, çò que complica lo trabalh dei traductors. </p><p>Au sègle XIX, l'importància d'Ibn Khaldun foguèt finalament compresa tant en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> que dins lo mond <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a>. Ansin, leis edicions de Bulaq poguèron pauc a pauc constituïr la premiera version complèta en <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a> de la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddima (la pagina existís pas)">Muqaddima</a></i>. Entre <a href="/wiki/1862" class="mw-redirect" title="1862">1862</a> e <a href="/wiki/1868" class="mw-redirect" title="1868">1868</a>, aqueu trabalh permetèt a <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Mac_Guckin_de_Slane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Mac Guckin de Slane (la pagina existís pas)">William Mac Guckin de Slane</a> (<a href="/wiki/1801" class="mw-redirect" title="1801">1801</a>-<a href="/wiki/1878" class="mw-redirect" title="1878">1878</a>) de prepausar la premiera <a href="/wiki/Traduccion" title="Traduccion">traduccion</a> complèta en <a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">francés</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. S'aquelei premierei traduccions son desenant criticadas per d'errors dins certanei passatges, permetèron de difusar pus largament lo trabalh d'Ibn Khaldun. Pasmens, foguèt necessari d'esperar fins a <a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a> per dispausar d'una traduccion de qualitat – basada sus la darriera version dau tèxte – en <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">anglés</a> e <a href="/wiki/1967" class="mw-redirect" title="1967">1967</a> en <a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">francés</a>. </p><p>Durant aqueu procès, Ibn Khaldun foguèt utilizat coma figura tutelària per la <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a> naissenta au sègle XIX. D'efiech, l'existéncia d'un pionier arabi ancian permetèt de renforçar l'imatge de la disciplina novèla. Dins un premier temps, lei <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociològs</a> estudièron pauc lei tèxtes d'Ibn Khaldun. Lor redescubèrta aguèt puslèu luòc a partir de la premiera mitat dau sègle XX<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins lo corrent d'aqueu periòde, la prefondor de son òbra foguèt pauc a pauc compresa e Ibn Khaldun aquistèt l'estatut de precursor ò de pionier de l'istòria modèrna e de la <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>. Dins certanei país arabis, especialament en <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, es sovent presentat coma lo fondator de la <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asabiyya (la pagina existís pas)">Asabiyya</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">Filosofia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">Istòria</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_Libre_deis_Exemples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo Libre deis Exemples (la pagina existís pas)">Lo Libre deis Exemples</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">Sociologia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Hadjiat Abdelhamid, <i>Le Maghrib central sous le règne du sultan abd al-Wadid Abou Hammou Mousâ II (1323-1389)</i>, Université de Provence, 1991.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, pp. 52-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Charles-André Julien, <i>Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord des origines à 1830</i>, premiera edicion en 1931, reedicion Payot, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, pp. 65-66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacoste_1998_p._75-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_1998_p._75_21-0">21,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_1998_p._75_21-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gràcias a son educacion e a sa vida, avián pasmens de conoissenças fòrça importantas per son epòca. De mai, son educacion iniciala èra estada completada per sei visitas dins lei bibliotècas pus importantas de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès">Fès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>...).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean Mohsen Fahmy, <i>Ibn Khaldoun, l'honneur et la disgrâce</i>, L'Interligne, 2003, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Yves Lacoste, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire, passé du tiers monde</i>, La Découverte, 1998, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goumeziane_2006_p._27-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goumeziane_2006_p._27_28-0">28,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goumeziane_2006_p._27_28-1">28,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, pp. 31-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Mahmoud Dhaouadi, « Ibn Khaldun: the founding father of Eastern sociology », <i>International Sociology</i>, vol. 5, n° 3,‎ 1990, pp. 319-335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Au <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XI" title="Sègle XI">sègle XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena">Avicena</a> (<a href="/wiki/980" class="mw-redirect" title="980">980</a>-<a href="/wiki/1037" class="mw-redirect" title="1037">1037</a>) aviá aprochat una tala idèa mai la desvolopèt pas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasmens, Ibn Khaldun considerèt pas l'istòria coma una <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncia</a> distinta au sens modèrne dau tèrme. D'efiech, en acòrdi amb lei concepcions de son epòca, definiguèt l'istòria coma una branca de la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> (la disciplina encargada de descriure e d'explicar lo foncionament dau mond).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Ibn Khaldoun (trad. Vincent Monteil), <i>Al-Muqaddima</i>, Commission internationale pour la traduction des chefs-d'œuvre, 1967, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Smaïl Goumeziane, <i>Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)</i>, Non Lieu, coll. « Persona grata », 2006, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> David Ayalon e Moshe Sharon, <i>Studies in Islamic history and civilization: in honour of Professor David Ayalon</i>, Brill, 1986, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Lilia Ben Salem, « Ibn Khaldoun et l’analyse du pouvoir : le concept de jâh », <i>SociologieS</i>,‎ 28 d'octòbre de 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Imed Melliti, « Une sociologie tunisienne francophone fait-elle encore sens ? », <i>SociologieS</i>,‎ 17 de genier de 2019.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="títol">Suls autres projèctes Wikimèdia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ibn_Khaldun?uselang=oc">Ibn Khaldun</a>, sus <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span> </li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&oldid=2416001">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&oldid=2416001</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Personalitat_politica_ar%C3%A0bia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Personalitat politica aràbia (la pagina existís pas)">Personalitat politica aràbia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Filos%C3%B2f_arabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Filosòf arabi (la pagina existís pas)">Filosòf arabi</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Scientific_arabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Scientific arabi (la pagina existís pas)">Scientific arabi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias amagadas : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categoria_Commons_amb_ligam_local_identic_sus_Wikidata" title="Categoria:Categoria Commons amb ligam local identic sus Wikidata">Categoria Commons amb ligam local identic sus Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_utilizant_lo_mod%C3%A8l_Commonscat" title="Categoria:Article utilizant lo modèl Commonscat">Article utilizant lo modèl Commonscat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pagina_utilizant_Commonscat_sens_afichatge_personalizat" title="Categoria:Pagina utilizant Commonscat sens afichatge personalizat">Pagina utilizant Commonscat sens afichatge personalizat</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 1 genièr de 2024 a 19.05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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