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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alexander H. Flax</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_H._Flax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Alexander_H._Flax.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Reconnaissance_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the National Reconnaissance Office">Director of the National Reconnaissance Office</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 1, 1965 – March 17, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brockway_McMillan" title="Brockway McMillan">Brockway McMillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_L._McLucas" title="John L. McLucas">John L. McLucas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1921-01-18</span>)</span>January 18, 1921<br /><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 30, 2014<span style="display:none">(2014-06-30)</span> (aged 93)<br /><a href="/wiki/Potomac,_Maryland" title="Potomac, Maryland">Potomac, Maryland</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ida Leane</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">aeronautical engineer, government official</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Air_Force_Decoration_for_Exceptional_Civilian_Service" title="Department of the Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service">Department of the Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service</a> (1961, 1969)</li><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a> (1968)</li><li>Defense Intelligence Agency Exceptional Civilian Service Medal (1974)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Award" title="Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award">Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award</a> (1983)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Henry Flax</b> (January 18, 1921 – June 30, 2014) was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_the_U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force">Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force</a> (USAF) from 1959 to 1961, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Research and Development from 1963 to 1969, and the third <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Reconnaissance_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the National Reconnaissance Office">Director of the National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO) from 1965 to 1969. He was the director at a time when the second generation of imaging systems became operational and began to play a major role in United States intelligence during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. He oversaw major growth in NRO funding and personnel, the development of signals intelligence collectors from space, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Electro-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-optical">electro-optical</a> imaging for US <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Henry Flax was born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, on January 18, 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of David Flax, a businessman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge19923_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge19923-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Etta Flax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a sister, Shirley.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interested in science from an early age, reading magazines like <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. He had a particular interest in aviation, and built model aircraft from balsa wood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge19923–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge19923–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> in 1937, where he studied aeronautical engineering, and received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flax participated in the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a> (ROTC) at New York University, but did not receive a commission on graduation. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had already begun, and the aircraft industry needed aeronautical engineers, which was therefore a <a href="/wiki/Reserved_occupation" title="Reserved occupation">reserved occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oral_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oral-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright Corporation">Curtiss-Wright Corporation</a> after graduation. Within two years he became head of its <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity#Flutter" title="Aeroelasticity">flutter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> group, working on structural and dynamics issues, and on methods for design analysis and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This field was transformed by the advent of the electronic strain gauge, which provided dynamic readouts of stresses and strains that previously had been the subject of theoretical analysis or painstaking laboratory experimentation. Flax was at the forefront of applying the new technology to the aircraft under development at Curtiss-Wright, such as the <a href="/wiki/O-52_Owl" class="mw-redirect" title="O-52 Owl">O-52 Owl</a> observation aircraft, <a href="/wiki/P-40_Warhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-40 Warhawk">P-40 Warhawk</a> fighter, <a href="/wiki/C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="C-46 Commando">C-46 Commando</a> transport, and <a href="/wiki/SB2C_Helldiver" class="mw-redirect" title="SB2C Helldiver">SB2C Helldiver</a> dive bomber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, Flax accepted an offer to join the <a href="/wiki/Piasecki_Helicopter_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Piasecki Helicopter Corporation">Piasecki Helicopter Corporation</a> as its head of aerodynamics, structures, and weights—a position normally occupied in a larger company by a senior engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a> technology was still in its infancy at the time, and Flax had to develop the means to design and test this new type of aircraft. He was part of a small team of engineers who developed the <a href="/wiki/Piasecki_HRP_Rescuer" title="Piasecki HRP Rescuer">Piasecki HRP Rescuer</a>, the first true <a href="/wiki/Tandem_rotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem rotor">tandem rotor</a> helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornell_Aeronautical_Laboratory">Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war ended, Flax was offered a position as assistant head of the Aeromechanics Department at the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Aeronautical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory">Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, he continued his work on helicopters, particularly the study of blade dynamics and stability. Along with his associate Harold Hirsch, he developed and tested a <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor blade</a>. He also became involved in the development of supersonic <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a> propulsion in collaboration with the Applied Physics Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199213–16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199213–16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed the perforated-wall wind tunnel for testing <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> flows, making use of electronic gauges to study this phenomenon. He was also one of the inventors of the wave <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a>, which can generate airflows at temperatures hitherto attained only in rocket exhausts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199217–24_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199217–24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax became head of the Aeromechanics Department in 1949, and Assistant Director of the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in 1955. He also served as its Vice President and Technical Director from 1961 to 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he exercised managerial and technical guidance over all the work of the laboratory. Not all of this was related to aeronautics; projects included research into <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural networks</a>; the design of <a href="/wiki/Automobile_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile safety">automobile safety</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seat belts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">crumple zones</a>; pioneering work; and development of <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19932–3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19932–3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, he married Ida Leane,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had served as an Army <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptanalyst">cryptanalyst</a> during World War II, and worked at Piasecki as a mathematician. They had one child, a daughter called Laurel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019109_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019109-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Flax served on various boards and commissions, including the National Commission on Aerodynamics from 1952 to 1954, its subcommittee on high-speed aerodynamics from 1954 to 1958, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) Advisory Commission on aircraft aerodynamics from 1958 to 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earned a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in physics from the University of Buffalo in 1958, writing his thesis on "Approximate methods for the calculation of the scattering of particles by atoms and nuclei".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flax served as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_the_U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force">Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force</a> (USAF) from 1959 to 1961, and the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Research and Development from 1963 to 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As assistant secretary, he promoted advanced aircraft engine development through the Lightweight Engine Gas Generator Program and Advanced Turbine Engine Gas Generator Program, which developed engines that eventually went into the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> fighter aircraft, and a new generation of high-bypass engines for large, long-range transport aircraft. Based on his experience with fiberglass helicopter blades, he championed the use of composite materials. He also supported the development of precision-guided weapons and their targeting systems and sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Space systems also fell within Flax's area of responsibility, and he oversaw the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">Missile Defense Alarm System</a> (MiDAS) space-based infrared sensor system for ballistic missile launch detection, the development of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan III">Titan III</a> family of launch vehicles, and the evolution of the early defense communications satellite systems including the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">Defense Satellite Communications System</a> (DSCS), TACSATCOM, and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax concurrently served as the third director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO) from October 1, 1965, until March 17, 1969. In this role he oversaw major growth in NRO funding and personnel, and the production of signals intelligence collectors from space and promoted the development of real-time <a href="/wiki/Electro-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-optical">electro-optical</a> imaging systems for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a>. He canceled short-lived <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> satellites in favor of longer-lived, more cost-effective ones in higher orbits with modules for returning film to Earth like the <a href="/wiki/KH-8_Gambit_3" title="KH-8 Gambit 3">KH-8 Gambit 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/KH-9_Hexagon" title="KH-9 Hexagon">KH-9 Hexagon</a>. In the process, the NRO's signal intelligence share of the National Reconnaissance Program budget rose from 5 to 30 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidelakeHomer20141–4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidelakeHomer20141–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1969, Flax joined the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a> (IDA), initially as its vice president of research, becoming its president later that year. The IDA helped the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> develop analytical and computer models to evaluate conventional and nuclear forces, through such projects as the Air Combat Evaluation (<a href="/wiki/ACEVAL" class="mw-redirect" title="ACEVAL">ACEVAL</a>) and the Air Intercept Missile Evaluation (<a href="/wiki/AIMVAL" class="mw-redirect" title="AIMVAL">AIMVAL</a>) respectively. It also assisted in coordinating and evaluating technology-based Department of Defense programs like those involved with infrared sensors, new materials, and novel propulsion technologies. He retired in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax was a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Science_Board" title="Defense Science Board">Defense Science Board</a> from 1974 to 1987, and <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a> from 1982 to 1987. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Scientific_Advisory_Board" title="United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board">United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> advisory board, and the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA) advisory committee. He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a> Panel on the Impact of National Security Controls on International Technology Transfer from 1985 to 1987, Committee on a Commercially Developed Space Facility from 1988 to 1989, and Committee on NASA Scientific and Technological Program Reviews from 1981 to 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019108_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019108-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years Flax received many awards and accolades, including the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Air_Force_Decoration_for_Exceptional_Civilian_Service" title="Department of the Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service">Department of the Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service</a> in 1961 and 1969, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a> in 1968, the Defense Intelligence Agency Exceptional Civilian Service Medal in 1974, and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Award" title="Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award">Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received the Theodore von Karman award from the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, the Lawrence Sperry Award from <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>, the Clifford Furnas Award from the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Buffalo">State University of New York at Buffalo</a> and the National Geographic Society's General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax died on June 30, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?pid=172435687">"Alexander H. Flax Obituary"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. September 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Alexander+H.+Flax+Obituary&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Fwashingtonpost%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fpid%3D172435687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge19923-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge19923_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge1992">Burge 1992</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019107_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowell2019">Dowell 2019</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge19923–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge19923–4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge1992">Burge 1992</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oral-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oral_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation interview cs1">Flax, Alexander H. (July 29, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/24321.html">"Oral History interview transcript with Alexander Flax"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Finn Aserud. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+interview+transcript+with+Alexander+Flax&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics%2C+Niels+Bohr+Library+and+Archives&rft.date=1991-07-29&rft.aulast=Flax&rft.aufirst=Alexander+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fohilist%2F24321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19931–2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Engineering1993">National Academy of Engineering 1993</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199210–13_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge1992">Burge 1992</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge1992vii_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge1992">Burge 1992</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199213–16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199213–16_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge1992">Burge 1992</a>, pp. 13–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge199217–24-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge199217–24_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge1992">Burge 1992</a>, pp. 17–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19932–3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19932–3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Engineering1993">National Academy of Engineering 1993</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019109-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019109_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowell2019">Dowell 2019</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurieSuk201936_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaurieSuk2019">Laurie & Suk 2019</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.lib.buffalo.edu/permalink/01SUNY_BUF/r66d6a/alma990012600000204803">"Approximate methods for the calculation of the scattering of particles by atoms and nuclei"</a>. University of Buffalo. 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approximate+methods+for+the+calculation+of+the+scattering+of+particles+by+atoms+and+nuclei&rft.pub=University+of+Buffalo&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.lib.buffalo.edu%2Fpermalink%2F01SUNY_BUF%2Fr66d6a%2Falma990012600000204803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_Engineering19934_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Engineering1993">National Academy of Engineering 1993</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidelakeHomer20141–4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidelakeHomer20141–4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidelakeHomer2014">Widelake & Homer 2014</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowell2019108-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowell2019108_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowell2019">Dowell 2019</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurge1992" class="citation thesis cs1">Burge, Legand L. (March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258441.pdf"><i>Dr. Alexander H. Flax: Technologist of Aeronautics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224720/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258441.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Dr.+Alexander+H.+Flax%3A+Technologist+of+Aeronautics&rft.inst=Air+University&rft.date=1992-03&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=Legand+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa258441.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowell2019" class="citation book cs1">Dowell, Earl H. (2019). "Alexander H. Flax 1921–2014". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/File.aspx?id=219782"><i>Memorial Tributes</i></a>. Vol. 22. Washington, DC: National Academy of Engineering. pp. 106–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-49640-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-49640-7"><bdi>978-0-309-49640-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120966427">1120966427</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+H.+Flax+1921%E2%80%932014&rft.btitle=Memorial+Tributes&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=106-109&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Engineering&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120966427&rft.isbn=978-0-309-49640-7&rft.aulast=Dowell&rft.aufirst=Earl+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2FFile.aspx%3Fid%3D219782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurieSuk2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Laurie, Clayton; Suk, Michael J. (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/leaders/Leaders_of_NRO_Vol_I_July_2019_web.pdf?ver=2019-09-18-094920-410&timestamp=1568815046728"><i>Leaders of the National Reconnaissance Office: Directors, Deputy Directors, Staff Directors, Program Directors, Chiefs Of Staff, Directorate and Office Managers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I: 1961–1992 (Second Revised ed.). Chantilly, Virginia: Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937219-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937219-15-4"><bdi>978-1-937219-15-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+the+National+Reconnaissance+Office%3A+Directors%2C+Deputy+Directors%2C+Staff+Directors%2C+Program+Directors%2C+Chiefs+Of+Staff%2C+Directorate+and+Office+Managers&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+National+Reconnaissance&rft.date=2019-07&rft.isbn=978-1-937219-15-4&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=Suk%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.gov%2FPortals%2F65%2Fdocuments%2Fhistory%2Fcsnr%2Fleaders%2FLeaders_of_NRO_Vol_I_July_2019_web.pdf%3Fver%3D2019-09-18-094920-410%26timestamp%3D1568815046728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Engineering1993" class="citation book cs1">National Academy of Engineering, ed. (1993). "Alexander H. Flax Highlights of an Engineering Career". <i>The Future of Aerospace – Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Honor of Alexander H. Flax Home Secretary</i>. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F2101">10.17226/2101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-04881-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-04881-8"><bdi>0-309-04881-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+H.+Flax+Highlights+of+an+Engineering+Career&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Aerospace+%E2%80%93+Proceedings+of+a+Symposium+Held+in+Honor+of+Alexander+H.+Flax+Home+Secretary&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F2101&rft.isbn=0-309-04881-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidelakeHomer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Widelake, Patrick; Homer, Courtney (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/articles/docs/journal-07.pdf">"In Memoriam: Alexander H. Flax Director, National Reconnaissance Office (18 January 1921–30 June 2014)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Reconnaissance—Journal of the Discipline and Practice</i>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-0304">1557-0304</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Reconnaissance%E2%80%94Journal+of+the+Discipline+and+Practice&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Alexander+H.+Flax+Director%2C+National+Reconnaissance+Office+%2818+January+1921%E2%80%9330+June+2014%29&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2014-06&rft.issn=1557-0304&rft.aulast=Widelake&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Homer%2C+Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.gov%2FPortals%2F65%2Fdocuments%2Fhistory%2Fcsnr%2Farticles%2Fdocs%2Fjournal-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+H.+Flax" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_H._Flax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/24321">Oral history interview transcript with Alexander Flax on 29 July 1991, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="List_of_National_Reconnaissance_Office_Leadership" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DNRO" title="Template:DNRO"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DNRO" title="Template talk:DNRO"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DNRO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DNRO"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_National_Reconnaissance_Office_Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_the_National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="Leadership of the National Reconnaissance Office">List of National Reconnaissance Office Leadership</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_the_National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="Leadership of the National Reconnaissance Office">DNRO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._Charyk" title="Joseph V. Charyk">Charyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockway_McMillan" title="Brockway McMillan">McMillan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._McLucas" title="John L. McLucas">McLucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Plummer" title="James W. Plummer">Plummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reed" title="Thomas C. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mark" title="Hans Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Hermann" title="Robert J. Hermann">Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Aldridge_Jr." title="Edward C. Aldridge Jr.">Aldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Faga" title="Martin C. Faga">Faga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_K._Harris" title="Jeffrey K. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_R._Hall" title="Keith R. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Teets" title="Peter B. Teets">Teets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kerr" title="Donald Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_F._Large" title="Scott F. Large">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_A._Carlson" title="Bruce A. Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_J._Sapp" title="Betty J. Sapp">Sapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scolese" title="Christopher Scolese">Scolese</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NRO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Reconnaissance Office"><img alt="National Reconnaissance Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NRO.svg/50px-NRO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NRO.svg/75px-NRO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NRO.svg/100px-NRO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>National Reconnaissance Office</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_the_National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="Leadership of the National Reconnaissance Office">PDDNRO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_P._Keifer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene P. Keifer (page does not exist)">Keifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Reber" title="James Q. Reber">Reber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Robert_Naka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Robert Naka (page does not exist)">Naka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_D._Singel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert D. Singel (page does not exist)">Singel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_W._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Cook (page does not exist)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_L._Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald L. Haas (page does not exist)">Haas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimmie_D._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimmie D. Hill (page does not exist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_R._Hall" title="Keith R. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kier" title="David Kier">Kier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_D._Fitzgerald" title="Dennis D. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_F._Large" title="Scott F. Large">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Haller" title="Ralph Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_J._Sapp" title="Betty J. Sapp">Sapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Calvelli" title="Frank Calvelli">Calvelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troy_Meink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troy Meink (page does not exist)">Meink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_the_National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="Leadership of the National Reconnaissance Office">DDNRO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Sheridan" title="John T. Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_M._Pawlikowski" title="Ellen M. Pawlikowski">Pawlikowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_K._Mashiko" title="Susan K. Mashiko">Mashiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Cotton" title="Anthony J. Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Denker" title="Stephen Denker">Denker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Baird" title="Mark Baird">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guetlein" title="Michael Guetlein">Guetlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_D._Shipton" title="Donna D. Shipton">Shipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Povak" title="Christopher Povak">Povak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Program A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_Greer" title="Robert Evans Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Martin_Jr." title="John L. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._King_Jr." title="William G. King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Allen,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lew Allen, Jr.">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_D._Bradburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David D. Bradburn (page does not exist)">Bradburn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_E._Kulpa,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John E. Kulpa, Jr. (page does not exist)">Kulpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_H._Jacobson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph H. Jacobson (page does not exist)">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Lindsay" title="Nathan J. Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Program B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Scoville,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Scoville, Jr. (page does not exist)">Scoville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_C._Ledford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack C. Ledford (page does not exist)">Ledford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_D._Sheldon" title="Huntington D. Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Duckett" title="Carl E. Duckett">Duckett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_C._Dirks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie C. Dirks (page does not exist)">Dirks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Evans_Hineman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Evans Hineman (page does not exist)">Hineman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Caballero,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Caballero, Jr. (page does not exist)">Caballero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Program C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Lowrance" title="Vernon L. Lowrance">Lowrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_L._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus L. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Fluckey" title="Eugene B. Fluckey">Fluckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Harlfinger_II" title="Frederick J. Harlfinger II">Harlfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Geiger (page does not exist)">Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_T._Darcy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert T. Darcy (page does not exist)">Darcy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grover_M._Yowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grover M. Yowell (page does not exist)">Yowell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Roy_Patterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Roy Patterson (page does not exist)">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_M._Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis M. Brooks (page does not exist)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_C._Betterton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas C. Betterton (page does not exist)">Betterton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_W._Sprague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay W. Sprague (page does not exist)">Sprague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Program D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_P._Geary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo P. Geary (page does not exist)">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clason_B._Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clason B. Saunders (page does not exist)">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_W._Hartley,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank W. Hartley, Jr. (page does not exist)">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_L._Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard L. Bailey (page does not exist)">Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4719029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4719029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4719029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/75530695">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/328534/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx9J7YmFqWrhqY4vmmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93091151">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344427505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575247">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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