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Geneva Conventions and the law | ICRC
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class="header-top-search-holder"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="header-top-search-container"></div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="block-icrc-theme-tabs"> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <main tabindex="-1" id="mainContent"> <div class="page main"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="page-head bg-beige content-type-head is-visual"> <div class="icrc-container"> <nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="You are here"> <ol> <li class="with-link"><a href="/en/law-and-policy">Law & Policy</a></li> <li>Geneva Conventions and the law</li> </ol> </nav> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "name": "Geneva Conventions and the law", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "/en/law-and-policy", "name": "Law & Policy" } } ] } </script> <div class="text"> <div class="title"> <h1>Geneva Conventions and the law</h1> </div> <div class="description"> <div class="ck-text"><p>International humanitarian law is based on treaties, in particular the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, and a series of other conventions and protocols on specific topics. There is also a substantial body of customary law that is binding on all States and parties to a conflict.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-type-visual"> <div class="media"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/desktop_full_lg/public/document/image/geneva_conventions.jpg.webp?itok=3kKrQ_oG 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1440px)" type="image/webp" width="2048" height="736"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/desktop_full/public/document/image/geneva_conventions.jpg.webp?itok=sYl6qBKV 1x" media="all and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="1280" height="736"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/tablet_full/public/document/image/geneva_conventions.jpg.webp?itok=NlT3w2p1 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="768" height="440"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_img_rect_01/public/document/image/geneva_conventions.jpg.webp?itok=QXj5H7gI 1x" media="all and (max-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="180"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/desktop_full/public/document/image/geneva_conventions.jpg.webp?itok=sYl6qBKV" width="1280" height="736" alt="ICRC car next to buildings that have been destroyed by conflict " title="An ICRC vehicle next to buildings that have been destroyed by armed conflict. ICRC" /> </picture> </div> <div class="content-type-visual-content"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="content-type-frame"> <div class="col"> <ul class="content-type-list"> <li> <a href="/en/law-and-policy/customary-ihl" title="Customary international humanitarian law consists of rules that come from "a general practice accepted as law" and exist independent of treaty law." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/312">Customary IHL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/law-and-policy/domestic-law-and-ihl" title="For international humanitarian law treaties to be universally accepted, all countries must adopt them through ratification or accession." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/352">Domestic law and IHL</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/">International Humanitarian Law Databases</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <ul class="content-type-list"> <li> <a href="/en/law-and-policy/other-bodies-law-protecting-persons-affected-violence" title="IHL and other legal regimes are complementary in armed conflicts. They are, however, distinct and separate. Human rights law and refugee law can overlap with IHL." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/357">Other bodies of law protecting persons affected by violence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/law-and-policy/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries" title="The 1949 Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols protect people who do not take part in the fighting and those who can no longer fight." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/313">The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="text940041" class="text-module"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="text-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="title"> <h2>Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries</h2> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-9"> <div class="ck-text"><p>The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are international treaties that contain the most important rules limiting the barbarity of war. They protect people who are not taking part in the fighting (civilians, medics, aid workers) and those who can no longer fight (wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war).</p> <p>The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are at the core of international humanitarian law, the body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects. They specifically protect people who are not taking part in the hostilities, including civilians, health workers and aid workers, and those who are no longer participating, such as wounded, sick and shipwrecked soldiers and prisoners of war. The Conventions and their Protocols call for measures to be taken to prevent or put an end to all breaches. They contain stringent rules to deal with what are known as "grave breaches". Those who commit grave breaches must be pursued, tried or extradited, whatever their nationality.</p> </div> <div class="btn-wrap btn-w-secondary-accent"> <a href="/en/law-and-policy/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries">Learn more about the Geneva Conventions</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="manual-highlight1774168" class="manual-highlight-module"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="title-module"> <h2> ICRC and international humanitarian law </h2> </div> <div class="manual-highlight-content"> <div class="item"> <div class="frame"> <div class="text"> <div class="title"> <h3><a href=" /en/rulesofwar "> Respect the Rules of War: Protect humanity during armed conflict </a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="media"> <a href=" /en/rulesofwar "> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/desktop_rect_3/public/2024-10/thubnail-banner-Geneva-conventions-75-aniversary-respect-rules-or-war.jpg.webp?itok=I5fdAiEe 1x" media="all and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="390" height="224"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-10/thubnail-banner-Geneva-conventions-75-aniversary-respect-rules-or-war.jpg.webp?itok=Tbz85Ktt 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-10/thubnail-banner-Geneva-conventions-75-aniversary-respect-rules-or-war.jpg.webp?itok=Tbz85Ktt 1x" media="all and (max-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/desktop_rect_3/public/2024-10/thubnail-banner-Geneva-conventions-75-aniversary-respect-rules-or-war.jpg.webp?itok=I5fdAiEe" width="390" height="224" alt="Geneva conventions 75 anniversary respect rules or war" title="Geneva conventions 75 anniversary respect rules or war" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="text940047" class="text-module"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="text-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="title"> <h2>Sources of international humanitarian law</h2> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-9"> <div id="text-paragraph940046" class="highlight-item"> <h4>IHL treaties</h4> <div class="ck-text"><p>IHL is based on a number of treaties, in particular the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols, and a series of other instruments.</p> </div> <div class="link-option"> <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties">Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries</a> </div> </div> <div id="text-paragraph940045" class="highlight-item"> <h4>Customary IHL</h4> <div class="ck-text"><p>Customary international law consists of rules that come from "a general practice accepted as law" and that exist independent of treaty law.</p> </div> <div class="link-option"> <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl">Customary IHL</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="text940057" class="text-module"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="text-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="title"> <h2>Bodies of law related to IHL</h2> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-9"> <div class="ck-text"><p>International humanitarian law (IHL) and other legal regimes are complementary in armed conflicts. They are, however, distinct and separate, especially jus in bello (or IHL), which regulates the way war is conducted, and jus ad bellum, which covers the reasons for war. Human rights law and refugee law can overlap with IHL.</p> </div> <div class="btn-wrap btn-w-secondary-accent"> <a href="/en/law-and-policy/other-bodies-law-protecting-persons-affected-violence">Learn about bodies of law related to IHL</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="manual-highlight1225441" class="manual-highlight-module"> <div class="icrc-container"> <div class="title-module"> <h2> IHL resources </h2> </div> <div class="manual-highlight-content items-4"> <div class="item"> <div class="frame"> <div class="text"> <div class="title"> <h3><a href=" https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en "> IHL databases </a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="media"> <a href=" https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en "> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_small/public/2024-03/customary%20law%20database-zh.jpg.webp?itok=FPycB4cq 1x" media="all and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="144" height="144"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-03/customary%20law%20database-zh.jpg.webp?itok=B4Yfzk_d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-03/customary%20law%20database-zh.jpg.webp?itok=B4Yfzk_d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-03/customary%20law%20database-zh.jpg.webp?itok=B4Yfzk_d" width="320" height="320" alt="习惯国际人道法数据库" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="frame"> <div class="text"> <div class="title"> <h3><a href=" https://ihl-in-action.icrc.org/ "> IHL in action </a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="media"> <a href=" https://ihl-in-action.icrc.org/ "> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_small/public/2024-02/App_IHL_ICRC.jpg.webp?itok=Z6bIvjLN 1x" media="all and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="144" height="144"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-02/App_IHL_ICRC.jpg.webp?itok=q6swMIB5 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-02/App_IHL_ICRC.jpg.webp?itok=q6swMIB5 1x" media="all and (max-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/2024-02/App_IHL_ICRC.jpg.webp?itok=q6swMIB5" width="320" height="320" alt="App 2.0 IHL. Copyright ICRC" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="frame"> <div class="text"> <div class="title"> <h3><a href=" https://international-review.icrc.org/ "> The International Review of the Red Cross </a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="media"> <a href=" https://international-review.icrc.org/ "> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_small/public/document/image/review_vol100_cover.png.webp?itok=CjzFzukm 1x" media="all and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="144" height="144"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/document/image/review_vol100_cover.png.webp?itok=HkoI1lOR 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/document/image/review_vol100_cover.png.webp?itok=HkoI1lOR 1x" media="all and (max-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/document/image/review_vol100_cover.png.webp?itok=HkoI1lOR" width="320" height="320" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="frame"> <div class="text"> <div class="title"> <h3><a href=" /en/document/icrc-advisory-services-international-humanitarian-law "> Advisory Service on international humanitarian law </a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="media"> <a href=" /en/document/icrc-advisory-services-international-humanitarian-law "> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_small/public/job_opportunity/image/colombia_-_emblema_cicr_2022_1_0.jpg.webp?itok=_BooIJM5 1x" media="all and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="144" height="144"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/mobile_square_1/public/job_opportunity/image/colombia_-_emblema_cicr_2022_1_0.jpg.webp?itok=iRH-HYVn 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <source 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