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class="mw-page-title-main">Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A)" title="محمد عبد العزيز (سياسي صحراوي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد عبد العزيز (سياسي صحراوي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A9ammad_%E2%80%98Abd_al-%E2%80%98Az%C4%ABz" title="Muḩammad ‘Abd al-‘Azīz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muḩammad ‘Abd al-‘Azīz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84_%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%B6" title="Μοχάμετ Αμπντελαζίζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοχάμετ Αμπντελαζίζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Մոհամմեդ Աբդելազիզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոհամմեդ Աբդելազիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometus_Abdelaziz" title="Mahometus Abdelaziz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahometus Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ムハンマド・アブデルアズィーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・アブデルアズィーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Muhammad Abd al-Aziz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Abd al-Aziz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Абдельазиз, Мухаммед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абдельазиз, Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Мухамед Абделазиз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мухамед Абделазиз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Abd%C3%BClaziz" title="Muhammed Abdülaziz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Abdülaziz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Мухаммед Абдельазіз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммед Абдельазіз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mohamed Abdelaziz" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9" title="穆罕默德·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313797#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sahrawi President from 1976 to 2016</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mohamed Abdelaziz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">محمد عبد العزيز</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_Abdelaziz,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mohamed_Abdelaziz%2C_2005.jpg/220px-Mohamed_Abdelaziz%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Mohamed_Abdelaziz%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="387" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Abdelaziz in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President of the Sahrawi Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 August 1976 – 31 May 2016</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Lamine_Ould_Ahmed" title="Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed">Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouchraya_Hammoudi_Bayoun" title="Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun">Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahfoud_Ali_Beiba" title="Mahfoud Ali Beiba">Mahfoud Ali Beiba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Taleb_Omar" title="Abdelkader Taleb Omar">Abdelkader Taleb Omar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahfoud_Ali_Beiba" title="Mahfoud Ali Beiba">Mahfoud Ali Beiba</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khatri_Addouh" title="Khatri Addouh">Khatri Addouh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mohamed Abdelaziz ben Khalili ben Mohamed al-Bachir Er-Rguibi</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1947-08-17</span>)</span>17 August 1947<br /><a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 2016<span style="display:none">(2016-05-31)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Lehlou" title="Bir Lehlou">Bir Lehlou</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khadidja_Hamdi" title="Khadidja Hamdi">Khadidja Hamdi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_University" title="Mohammed V University">Mohammed V University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mohamed Abdelaziz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد عبد العزيز</span>; 17 August 1947 – 31 May 2016) was the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Polisario_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Polisario Front">Secretary General of the Polisario Front</a>, from 1976, and the 1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> from 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-AfrBio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfrBio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until his death in 2016. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Mohamed Abdelaziz ben Khalili ben Mohamed al-Bachir Er-Rguibi</b> was born in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-alain_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alain-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marrakesh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marrakesh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a><sup id="cite_ref-smara_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smara-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a> family of an eastern <a href="/wiki/Reguibat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reguibat">Reguibat</a> subtribe, migrating between <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and southern Morocco. </p><p>He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Erguibi" title="Khalili Erguibi">Khalili Ben Mohamed Al-Bachir Rguibi</a>, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Liberation Army">Moroccan Liberation Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Army" title="Royal Moroccan Army">Royal Moroccan Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-le_matin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le_matin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gazette_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdelaziz's father lived in Morocco with a part of his family and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-le_matin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le_matin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gazette_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telquel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telquel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father held two transport licences in Morocco for buses serving <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>–<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>–<a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-do_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-do-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first license was given to him by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan II">Hassan II</a> in 1983 and the second by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-do_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-do-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother is Mohamed Lahbib Rguibi,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lawyer of many Sahrawi human rights activists such as <a href="/wiki/Aminatou_Haidar" title="Aminatou Haidar">Aminatou Haidar</a> or Naama Asfari, and former "<a href="/wiki/Disappeared" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappeared">disappeared</a>" in Moroccan prisons between 1976 and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a student in the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_University" title="Mohammed V University">Mohammed V University</a> of Rabat, he gravitated towards Sahrawi nationalism, and became one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, a Sahrawi independence movement in Western Sahara with strong <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a> ideas which <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">launched a few attacks</a> against <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonialism#Territories_in_Africa_(1885–1975)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonialism">Spanish colonialism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> in 1973. Shortly after Spain relinquished control of the area to Mauritania and Morocco in the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a>, Polisario declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), leading to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> (1975–1991). From 1976 until his death, Abdelaziz was Secretary-General of the Polisario Front, replacing <a href="/wiki/Mahfoud_Ali_Beiba" title="Mahfoud Ali Beiba">Mahfoud Ali Beiba</a>, who had taken the post as interim Secretary-General after <a href="/wiki/El-Ouali_Mustapha_Sayed" title="El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed">El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed</a> was killed in action in Mauritania.<sup id="cite_ref-oup_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oup-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdelaziz was also the first president of the SADR from August 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-AfrBio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfrBio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a change made in the constitution by the fifth general congress of the Polisario, deciding the post were to be held by the secretary-general of the Polisario.<sup id="cite_ref-Zunes_2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zunes_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He lived in exile in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf Province</a> of western Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-oup_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oup-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some former members of Polisario now aligned with Morocco, Abdelaziz was "chosen" by Algeria at the top of the organization although he did not belong to the very closed circle of the organization's founders and "he always considered himself to be their man."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Abdelaziz, Polisario continued its <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against Morocco and Mauritania, until the latter's withdrawal in 1979 and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan Wall</a> in 1980s. With the wall limiting attacks, Abdelaziz turned to diplomatic measures to secure SADR's future.<sup id="cite_ref-oup_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oup-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> (OAU) seated Western Sahara for the first time in 1982, despite Morocco's vehement objections. This led to Morocco's withdrawal from the OAU two years later. In 1985, Abdelaziz was elected as Vice-President of the OAU at its 21st summit, effectively signalling that the Sahrawi Republic would be a permanent OAU member despite the controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) replaced the OAU in 2001, Abdelaziz was elected as AU vice-president at its first summit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2005, as leader of the Polisario Front, he received the Spanish Human Rights Association's "Human Rights International Prize".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdelaziz died of <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> on 31 May 2016, aged 68,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Bir_Lehlou" title="Bir Lehlou">Bir Lehlou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdelaziz was considered a secular nationalist<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and steered the Polisario and the Sahrawi republic towards political compromise, notably in backing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a> in 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was some criticism against Abdelaziz from within the Polisario for preventing reforms inside the movement,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and for insisting on a diplomatic course which had gained few concessions from Morocco, rather than re-launching the armed struggle favored by many within the movement. The only supposedly opposition group is the <a href="/wiki/Front_Polisario_Khat_al-Shahid" title="Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid">Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid</a>, which states that it wants to continue with militant attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-oup_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oup-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdelaziz specifically denied the existence of such a group; he maintained that only the Polisario exists in the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-telquel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telquel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdelaziz condemned terrorism, insisting the Polisario's guerrilla war is to be a "clean struggle" (that is, not targeting private citizens' safety or property); he however acknowledged mistreatment to Moroccan prisoners of war as well as attacking civilian populations in Moroccan cities by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, justifying this as necessary evils in times of war and that the Polisario had to use every means in order to defend the Sahrawi population from the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-telquel_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telquel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spsrasd.info/news/en/articles/2016/06/04/2254.html">"President Mohamed Abdelaziz buried in liberated town of Bir-Lehlou"</a>. <i>Sahara Press Service</i>. 4 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605145545/https://www.spsrasd.info/news/en/articles/2016/06/04/2254.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+Press+Service&rft.atitle=President+Mohamed+Abdelaziz+buried+in+liberated+town+of+Bir-Lehlou&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spsrasd.info%2Fnews%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2016%2F06%2F04%2F2254.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfrBio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AfrBio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfrBio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=president+1982+polisario&pg=PA14">Abd al-Aziz Muhammad</a> In: Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates (eds.) <i>Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6</i>, Oxford University Press, 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maghress&rft.atitle=Le+p%C3%A8re+de+Mohamed+Abdelaziz+voterait+pour+le+Maroc&rft.date=2002-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maghress.com%2Ffr%2Faujourdhui%2F6720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazette-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette_du_Maroc2005" class="citation news cs1">Gazette du Maroc (24 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145602/http://www.lagazettedumaroc.com/articles.php?id_artl=7773">"De Rguibi Khalili à son fils Abdelaziz ..."</a> <i>Gazette du Maroc</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+du+Maroc&rft.atitle=De+Rguibi+Khalili+%C3%A0+son+fils+Abdelaziz+...&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.au=Gazette+du+Maroc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagazettedumaroc.com%2Farticles.php%3Fid_artl%3D7773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telquel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telquel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telquel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telquel_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_R._Benchemsi_and_Mehdi_Sekkouri_Alaoui" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aminetu+Haidar+reaparece+en+un+tenso+juicio+en+Casablanca&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2F20101015%2Finternacional%2Faminatu-haidar-reaparece-juicio-201010151853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arso.org/RappA.ChanuF.Weyl.pdf">Rapport de Mission d’observateurs au proces en appel de Ennaama Asfari et de la Mission d’enquete qui s’est deroulee du 6 au 9 Mai 2007 dans les Territoires Occupes (Laayoune et Smara) pour l’Association franÇaise «Droit Solidarite» et l’Association Internationale des Juristes Democrates</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/en-las-mazmorras-de-hasan/">"En las mazmorras de Hassan"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Intervi%C3%BA" title="Interviú">Interviú</a>. 19 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=En+las+mazmorras+de+Hassan&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interviu.es%2Freportajes%2Farticulos%2Fen-las-mazmorras-de-hasan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oup-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oup_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oup_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oup_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oup_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyeampongGates,_Jr.Niven2012" class="citation book cs1">Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis; Niven, Steven J. 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Retrieved 3 August 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203940/http://www.esisc.org/POLISARIO%20ENG.pdf">"UN Polisario Front report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esisc.org/POLISARIO%20ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Polisario+Front+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esisc.org%2FPOLISARIO%2520ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Talmon, <i>Recognition of Governments in International Law</i> (1998), Oxford University Press, page 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/News2002/mor016a_sah_au.htm">"Morocco loses out in Africa"</a>. Norway: <a href="/wiki/Afrol" title="Afrol">afrol News</a>. 11 July 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021028144206/http://www.afrol.com/News2002/mor016a_sah_au.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Morocco+loses+out+in+Africa&rft.date=2002-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2FNews2002%2Fmor016a_sah_au.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apdhe.org/quienessomos/documentos/MEMORIA%20APDHE%202005%20TEXTO.pdf">APDHE – Memoria de actividades 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045720/http://www.apdhe.org/quienessomos/documentos/MEMORIA%20APDHE%202005%20TEXTO.pdf">Archived</a> 4 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telquel.ma/2016/05/31/mohamed-abdelaziz-chef-du-polisario-mort_1499639">"Mort du chef du Polisario Mohamed Abdelaziz"</a>. 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mort+du+chef+du+Polisario+Mohamed+Abdelaziz&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelquel.ma%2F2016%2F05%2F31%2Fmohamed-abdelaziz-chef-du-polisario-mort_1499639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/polisario-front-leader-mohamed-abdelaziz-dies-160531152322637.html">"Polisario Front leader Mohamed Abdelaziz dies"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Polisario+Front+leader+Mohamed+Abdelaziz+dies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F05%2Fpolisario-front-leader-mohamed-abdelaziz-dies-160531152322637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218215210/http://www.issafrica.org/index.php?link_id=14&slink_id=5316&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3">"ISS Africa – Home"</a>. <i>ISS Africa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issafrica.org/index.php?link_id=14&slink_id=5316&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3">the original</a> on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISS+Africa&rft.atitle=ISS+Africa+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issafrica.org%2Findex.php%3Flink_id%3D14%26slink_id%3D5316%26link_type%3D12%26slink_type%3D12%26tmpl_id%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Abdelaziz+%28Sahrawi+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mohamed_Abdelaziz" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mohamed Abdelaziz"><b><i>Mohamed Abdelaziz</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/MOHAMED_VI_DE_MARRUECOS/MARRUECOS/SAHARA_OCCIDENTAL/MARRUECOS/SAHARA_OCCIDENTAL/ORGANIZACION_DE_LAS_NACIONES_UNIDAS_/ONU/Carta/abierta/rey/Marruecos/elpepiint/19991121elpepiint_13/Tes">Mohamed Abdelaziz: Carta abierta al rey de Marruecos (1999)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/presidentedelarasd/">President of the SADR photo gallery</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahfoud_Ali_Beiba" title="Mahfoud Ali Beiba">Mahfoud Ali Beiba</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President of the Sahrawi Republic</a> </b><br />1976–2016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Khatri_Addouh" title="Khatri Addouh">Khatri Addouh</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el-Hamra_and_Río_de_Oro" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E16026; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polisario_Front" title="Template:Polisario Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Polisario Front (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polisario_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polisario Front"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el-Hamra_and_Río_de_Oro" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E16026; color:white;;width:1%;background:#FFE5D4; color:black;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Ouali_Mustapha_Sayed" title="El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed">Luali Mustafa Sayed</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mohamed Abdelaziz</a> (1976–2016)</li> <li>Brahim Ghali (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E16026; color:white;;width:1%;background:#FFE5D4; color:black;">Mass organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Sahrawi_Women" title="National Union of Sahrawi Women">National Union of Sahrawi Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Trade_Union" title="Sahrawi Trade Union">Sahrawi Trade Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Youth_Union" title="Sahrawi Youth Union">Sahrawi Youth Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_Student_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahrawi Student Union (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Student Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E16026; color:white;;width:1%;background:#FFE5D4; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Congress of the Polisario Front">Congresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">1st (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">2nd (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">3rd (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">4th (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">5th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">6th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">7th (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">8th (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">9th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">11th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">12th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="13th Congress of the Polisario Front">13th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">14th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Extraordinary_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Extraordinary Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">Ext. (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">15th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="16th Congress of the Polisario Front">16th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)&oldid=1253887555">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)&oldid=1253887555</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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