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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation</b> (FCT) is a twenty-year <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategic</a> treaty between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The treaty was signed by Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 16 July 2001, and it came into force on 28 February 2002. </p><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_and_Jiang_Zemin_document-signing_ceremony_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Putin_and_Jiang_Zemin_document-signing_ceremony_2001.jpg/300px-Putin_and_Jiang_Zemin_document-signing_ceremony_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Putin_and_Jiang_Zemin_document-signing_ceremony_2001.jpg/450px-Putin_and_Jiang_Zemin_document-signing_ceremony_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Putin_and_Jiang_Zemin_document-signing_ceremony_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> after signing the treaty</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Treaty of friendship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001-07-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 2002<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2002-02-28</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span></span> President <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span></span> President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中俄睦邻友好合作条约</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span class="nowrap">中俄睦鄰友好合作條約</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōng É mùlín Yǒuhǎo hézuò tiáoyuē <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/Chinese-Sino-Russia_Friendship_Treaty.ogg\/Chinese-Sino-Russia_Friendship_Treaty.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chinese-Sino-Russia Friendship Treaty.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Chinese-Sino-Russia_Friendship_Treaty.ogg/Chinese-Sino-Russia_Friendship_Treaty.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese-Sino-Russia_Friendship_Treaty.ogg" title="File:Chinese-Sino-Russia Friendship Treaty.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jūng ngòh muhk lèuhn yáuh hóu hahp jok tiùh yeuk</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zung1 ngo4 muk6 leon4 jau5 hou2 hap6 zok3 tiu4 joek3</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Russian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Договор о Добрососедстве Дружбе и Сотрудничестве Между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The treaty was signed by Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 July 2001 in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> of China approved the treaty on 27 October 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also ratified by Russia's <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> on 26 December 2001, the Federation Council on 16 January 2002, and by President Vladimir Putin on 25 January 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 February 2002, Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Liu_Guchang" title="Liu Guchang">Liu Guchang</a> and Russian Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Losyukov" title="Alexander Losyukov">Alexander Losyukov</a> exchanged instruments of force in Beijing, formally bringing the treaty into force.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 June 2021, Russia and China extended the treaty for another 5 years after its expiration in February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The treaty outlines the broad strokes which are to serve as a basis for <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peaceful</a> relations, economic cooperation, as well as <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> reliance. </p><p>Article 9 of the treaty can be seen as an implicit <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">pact</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_5" title="North Atlantic Treaty">NATO's Article 5</a>. Article 9 states "When a situation arises in which one of the contracting parties deems that peace is being threatened and undermined or its security interests are involved or when it is confronted with the threat of aggression, the contracting parties shall immediately hold contacts and consultations in order to eliminate such threats."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other articles (A7 and A16) point at increasing <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> cooperation, including the sharing of "military know-how" (A16), namely, Chinese access to <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Russia">Russian military technology</a>. </p><p>The treaty also encompasses a mutual, cooperative approach to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">environmental technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">regulations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a>; and toward <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. The document affirms Russia's stand on Taiwan as "an inalienable part of China" (A5), and highlights the commitment to ensure the "national unity and territorial integrity" in the two countries (A4). The treaty includes a <a href="/wiki/No_first_use" title="No first use">no first use</a> clause for the two nations against each other. </p><p>According to Paul Stronski and Nicole Ng of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, "the greatest threat to the West of the Sino-Russian partnership emanates from their efforts to adjust the international system to their advantage".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of the Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513073448/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_30_17/ai_77356320">"Insight on the News: China and Russia Align Against U.S - sign Sino-Russian Friendship Treaty; United States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_30_17/ai_77356320">the original</a> on 2006-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insight+on+the+News%3A+China+and+Russia+Align+Against+U.S+-+sign+Sino-Russian+Friendship+Treaty%3B+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1571%2Fis_30_17%2Fai_77356320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001+Sino-Russian+Treaty+of+Friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181201/http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2001/content_61186.htm">"全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准《中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦睦邻友好合作条约》的决定"</a> [The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the ratification of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation]. <i>State Council of the People's Republic of China</i>. 27 October 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2001/content_61186.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%B8%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9D%A6%E9%82%BB%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A&rft.date=2001-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fgongbao%2Fcontent%2F2001%2Fcontent_61186.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001+Sino-Russian+Treaty+of+Friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalacts.ru/doc/federalnyi-zakon-ot-25012002-n-9-fz-o/">"Федеральный закон от 25.01.2002 N 9-ФЗ "О ратификации Договора о добрососедстве, дружбе и сотрудничестве между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Federal Law dated 25.01.2002 N 9-FZ "On Ratification of the Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Chinese People's Republic"]. <i>Law, Code and Regulatory Acts of the Russian Federation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law%2C+Code+and+Regulatory+Acts+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+25.01.2002+N+9-%D0%A4%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalacts.ru%2Fdoc%2Ffederalnyi-zakon-ot-25012002-n-9-fz-o%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001+Sino-Russian+Treaty+of+Friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181338/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2002-02-28/1904489897.html">"中俄互换批准书《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》正式生效"</a> [China and Russia exchanged instruments of ratification and the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation officially came into effect]. <i><a href="/wiki/Sina_Corporation" title="Sina Corporation">Sina Corporation</a></i>. 28 February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2002-02-28/1904489897.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+China+extend+friendship+and+cooperation+treaty+-Kremlin&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Frussia-china-extend-friendship-cooperation-treaty-kremlin-2021-06-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001+Sino-Russian+Treaty+of+Friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071535/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/2649/t15771.htm">"Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation"</a>. <i>www.fmprc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/2649/t15771.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmprc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Good-Neighborliness+and+Friendly+Cooperation+Between+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+and+the+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Feng%2Fwjdt%2F2649%2Ft15771.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001+Sino-Russian+Treaty+of+Friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStronskiNg2018" class="citation web cs1">Stronski, Paul; Ng, Nicole (2018-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673">"Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic"</a>. <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301011720/http://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya-Xitoy_yaxshi_qo%E2%80%98shnichilik,_do%E2%80%98stlik_va_hamkorlik_shartnomasi" title="Rossiya-Xitoy yaxshi qo‘shnichilik, do‘stlik va hamkorlik shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya-Xitoy yaxshi qo‘shnichilik, do‘stlik va hamkorlik shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5,_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Российско-китайский договор о добрососедстве, дружбе и сотрудничестве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российско-китайский договор о добрососедстве, дружбе и сотрудничестве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n%E2%80%93Kiinan_yst%C3%A4vyyssopimus_2001" title="Venäjän–Kiinan ystävyyssopimus 2001 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän–Kiinan ystävyyssopimus 2001" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-ryska_v%C3%A4nskapsf%C3%B6rdraget_2001" title="Sino-ryska vänskapsfördraget 2001 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sino-ryska vänskapsfördraget 2001" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%94%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_2001%D8%A1" title="چین۔روس معاہدہ دوستی 2001ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین۔روس معاہدہ دوستی 2001ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E7%9D%A6%E9%82%BB%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄睦邻友好合作条约 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中俄睦邻友好合作条约" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 18:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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