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vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Leksikologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leksikologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Leksikologija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leksikologija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Leksikologija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leksikologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upotreba_izraza_astronomija_i_astrofizika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upotreba_izraza_astronomija_i_astrofizika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Upotreba izraza <i>astronomija</i> i <i>astrofizika</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upotreba_izraza_astronomija_i_astrofizika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Istorija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rana_istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rana_istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rana istorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rana_istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naučna_revolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naučna_revolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Naučna revolucija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naučna_revolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posmatračka_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posmatračka_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Posmatračka astronomija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Posmatračka_astronomija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Posmatračka astronomija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Posmatračka_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radioastronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioastronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Radioastronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioastronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infracrvena_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infracrvena_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Infracrvena astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infracrvena_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optička_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optička_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Optička astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optička_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraljubičasta_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraljubičasta_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ultraljubičasta astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraljubičasta_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomija_iks-zraka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomija_iks-zraka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Astronomija iks-zraka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomija_iks-zraka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomija_gama-zraka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomija_gama-zraka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Astronomija gama-zraka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomija_gama-zraka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Područja_posmatračke_astronomije_van_elektromagnetskog_spektra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Područja_posmatračke_astronomije_van_elektromagnetskog_spektra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Područja posmatračke astronomije van elektromagnetskog spektra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Područja_posmatračke_astronomije_van_elektromagnetskog_spektra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrometrija_i_nebeska_mehanika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrometrija_i_nebeska_mehanika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Astrometrija i nebeska mehanika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrometrija_i_nebeska_mehanika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorijska_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorijska_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teorijska astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorijska_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblasti_astronomije_prema_predmetu_izučavanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblasti_astronomije_prema_predmetu_izučavanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oblasti astronomije prema predmetu izučavanja</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oblasti_astronomije_prema_predmetu_izučavanja-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Oblasti astronomije prema predmetu izučavanja</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oblasti_astronomije_prema_predmetu_izučavanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomija_Sunca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomija_Sunca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Astronomija Sunca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomija_Sunca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetarna_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetarna_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Planetarna astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetarna_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zvezdana_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zvezdana_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Zvezdana astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zvezdana_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galaktička_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galaktička_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Galaktička astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galaktička_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vangalaktička_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vangalaktička_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vangalaktička astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vangalaktička_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosmologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosmologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Kosmologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosmologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Međudisciplinarna_proučavanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Međudisciplinarna_proučavanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Međudisciplinarna proučavanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Međudisciplinarna_proučavanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amaterska_astronomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amaterska_astronomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Amaterska astronomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amaterska_astronomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otvorena_pitanja_u_astronomiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otvorena_pitanja_u_astronomiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Otvorena pitanja u astronomiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otvorena_pitanja_u_astronomiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astronomija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 242 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-242" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">242 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Sterrekunde — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterrekunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8D%88%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AD" title="ሥነ ፈለክ — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ፈለክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungolcr%C3%A6ft" title="Tungolcræft — Staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tungolcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="علم الفلك — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%AC_%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ — Armajski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Armajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="فلك — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaxpacha_y%C3%A4nakata" title="Alaxpacha yänakata — Ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alaxpacha yänakata" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="آسترونومی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسترونومی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astruonuom%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Astruonuomėjė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Astruonuomėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астраномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астраномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_palak" title="Èlmu palak — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu palak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलिकी — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खगोलिकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_tawas_langit" title="Kaji tawas langit — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji tawas langit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolokalan" title="Dolokalan — Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dolokalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredoniezh" title="Steredoniezh — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Одон орон шудалал — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Одон орон шудалал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-%C3%B9ng" title="Tiĕng-ùng — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-ùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئەستێرەناسی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronumia" title="Astronumia — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Astronumia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomij%C3%B4" title="Astronomijô — Kašubijanski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Astronomijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kašubijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seryddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ai%C9%9B%CC%88ckanhial" title="Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial — Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asm%C3%AAn%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Asmênşınasiye — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asmênşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Niski Sorbijanski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Niski Sorbijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoronomi" title="Astoronomi — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Astoronomi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ފަލަކީ އިލްމު — Divehijski" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަލަކީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αστρονομία — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%AE" title="Astronomî — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Astronomî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astronomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronoomia" title="Astronoomia — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astronoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اخترشناسی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoronomy" title="Astoronomy — Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Astoronomy" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htitiede" title="Tähtitiede — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähtitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hetiid%C3%BCs" title="Tähetiidüs — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tähetiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliwalala" title="Maliwalala — Fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Maliwalala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidžijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rnufr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Stjørnufrøði — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørnufrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4rkunde" title="Stäärkunde — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäärkunde" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alteola%C3%ADocht" title="Réalteolaíocht — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastronnonmi" title="Lastronnonmi — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lastronnonmi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-e%C3%B2las" title="Reul-eòlas — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyjakuaa" title="Mbyjakuaa — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyjakuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollageydys" title="Rollageydys — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rollageydys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-v%C3%B9n-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Thiên-vùn-ho̍k — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-vùn-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo_h%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Kilo hōkū — Havajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kilo hōkū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Havajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אסטרונומיה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרונומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taara_vigyan" title="Taara vigyan — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Taara vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Gornji sorbijski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Gornji sorbijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astwonomi" title="Astwonomi — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Astwonomi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag%C3%A1szat" title="Csillagászat — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղագիտություն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղագիտութիւն — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աստղագիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="АйламӀилма — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="АйламӀилма" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astronomio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjörnufræði — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%93%9A%E1%93%AF%E1%90%85%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ — Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="天文学 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschranami" title="Aschranami — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aschranami" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kesyske" title="kesyske — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kesyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრონომია — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტრონომია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-kalpaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnallunt" title="Tasnallunt — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnallunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulloriarsiorneq" title="Ulloriarsiorneq — Kalalisutski" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ulloriarsiorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalalisutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="តារាវិទ្យា — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តារាវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="천문학 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Karačaj-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karačaj-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فَلکِیات — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فَلکِیات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AArnas%C3%AE" title="Stêrnasî — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêrnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steronieth" title="Steronieth — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="ЦӀурттал элму — Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЦӀурттал элму" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabwengula" title="Essomabwengula — Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabwengula" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starekunde" title="Starekunde — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starekunde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_nz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94" title="Mambí ma nzɔ́tɔ — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma nzɔ́tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ດາລາສາດ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາລາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Madureški" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madureški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikintana" title="Haikintana — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Астрономий — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Астрономий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81tai_arorangi" title="Tātai arorangi — Maorski" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tātai arorangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maorski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрономија — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астрономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Одон орон — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одон орон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ — Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोलशास्त्र — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खगोलशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اساره‌دونی — mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اساره‌دونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhuicamatiliztli" title="Ilhuicamatiliztli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ilhuicamatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronumia" title="Astronumia — Neapolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Astronumia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steernskunde" title="Steernskunde — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steernskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोलशास्त्र — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खगोलशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8D" title="ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ — N’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrononmie" title="Astrononmie — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Astrononmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutanaledi" title="Thutanaledi — Severni soto" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutanaledi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Severni soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4htitiedo" title="Tiähtitiedo — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiähtitiedo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin-hawaa" title="Xin-hawaa — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xin-hawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrononmie" title="Astrononmie — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Astrononmie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estronomii" title="Estronomii — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Estronomii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ACa" title="Astronomìa — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Astronomìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="تارا پڑھت — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ستورپوهنه — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستورپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllur_yachay" title="Quyllur yachay — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quyllur yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Reto-Romanski" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexanipen" title="Chexanipen — Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexanipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — Aromanijski" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрономія — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Астрономія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="खगोलशास्त्रम् — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खगोलशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrunum%C3%ACa" title="Astrunumìa — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astrunumìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%90_%D9%81%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علمِ فلڪيات — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علمِ فلڪيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAnd%C3%A2tongo" title="Sêndâtongo — Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêndâtongo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnaggurt" title="Tasnaggurt — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnaggurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාරකා විද්‍යාව — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරකා විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%B3mia" title="Astronómia — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astronómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکیات — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فلکیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saienisi_o_fet%C5%AB" title="Saienisi o fetū — Samoanski" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saienisi o fetū" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvechadenga" title="Zvechadenga — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvechadenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiddigmaal" title="Xiddigmaal — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xiddigmaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрономија — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрономија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiernkunde_af_Astronomie" title="Stiernkunde af Astronomie — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stiernkunde af Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimuanga" title="Elimuanga — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimuanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astr%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F" title="Astrōnōmijŏ — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Astrōnōmijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானியல் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಖಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ахтаршиносӣ — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахтаршиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาราศาสตร์ — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90-%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%BE%E1%89%A5" title="ስነ-ኮኾብ — Tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስነ-ኮኾብ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi%C3%BDa" title="Astronomiýa — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Astronomiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomij%C9%99" title="Astronomijə — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Astronomijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estronomi" title="Estronomi — Tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Estronomi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinyeleti" title="Dyondzo-Tinyeleti — Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinyeleti" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئاسترونومىيە — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاسترونومىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрономія — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрономія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکیات — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomii" title="Astronomii — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Astronomii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thiên văn học — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelav" title="Stelav — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stelav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomeye" title="Astronomeye — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Astronomeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saytubiddiw" title="Saytubiddiw — Volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Saytubiddiw" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAstronomi" title="IAstronomi — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IAstronomi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრონომია — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტრონომია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אסטראנאמיע — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסטראנאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%B2r%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Ìtòràwọ̀ — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtòràwọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denhvwnz" title="Denhvwnz — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Denhvwnz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staerrekunde" title="Staerrekunde — Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Staerrekunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thian-bûn-ha̍k — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinkanyezi" title="Izinkanyezi — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinkanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/375px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/500px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rak_maglina" title="Rak maglina">Maglina Rak</a> slikana <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Habl" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleskop Habl">teleskopom Habl.</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Astronomija</b> (<a href="/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik">starogrčki</a>: <i>αστρον</i> + <i>νόμος</i> i u prevodu znači <i>zakon zvezda</i>) je <a href="/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">nauka</a> koja proučava objekte i pojave izvan <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a> i njene <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">atmosfere</a>. Ona proučava poreklo, razvoj, <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizička</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemijska</a> svojstva, <a href="/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">kretanje</a>, kao i procese koji se odvijaju na <a href="/wiki/Nebesko_telo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebesko telo">nebeskim telima</a> (kao što su <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezda">zvezde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezdani_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezdani sistem">zvezdani sistemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija">galaksije</a>...), pojave kao što je <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dko_pozadinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Kozmičko pozadinsko zračenje">kosmičko pozadinsko zračenje</a>, i nastanak, razvoj i sudbinu <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemira</a>. Osobe koje se bave astronomijom zovu se <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronomi</a>. </p><p>Astronomija je jedna od najstarijih nauka. Astronomi ranih civilizacija izvodili su planska zapažanja o noćnom nebu, a astronomski artefakti su pronađeni i iz mnogo ranijeg perioda. Međutim, bilo je potrebno otkriće <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskopa</a> pre nego što je astronomija mogla da se razvije u savremenu nauku. Istorijski gledano, astronomija je uključivala raznovrsne discipline kao što su <a href="/wiki/Astrometrija" title="Astrometrija">astrometrija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebeska_navigacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebeska navigacija (stranica ne postoji)">nebeska navigacija</a>, posmatračka astronomija, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izrada_kalendara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izrada kalendara (stranica ne postoji)">izrada kalendara</a>, pa čak i <a href="/wiki/Astrologija" title="Astrologija">astrologija</a>, ali profesionalna astronomija se danas često poistovećuje sa <a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">astrofizikom</a>. Od 20. veka, profesionalna astronomija je podeljena na posmatračke i teorijske grane. Posmatračka astronomija usmerena je na sticanje i analiziranje podataka, uglavnom korišćenjem osnovnih principa fizike. Teorijska astronomija je usmerena prema razvoju računarskih ili analitičkih modela za opisivanje astronomskih objekata i pojava. Dva polja dopunjuju jedno drugo, tako da teorijska astronomija nastoji objasniti rezultate posmatranja, a posmatranja se koriste se za potvrdu teorijskih rezultata. </p><p>Astronomija se mora razlikovati od <a href="/wiki/Astrologija" title="Astrologija">astrologije</a> koja je <a href="/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka">pseudonauka</a> o predviđanju ljudske sudbine posmatranjem putanja zvezda i planeta. Iako dva polja dele zajedničko poreklo i deo metodologije (naime, korišćenje efemerida), ona su različita.<sup id="cite_ref-new_cosmos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amaterska_astronomija" title="Amaterska astronomija">Astronomi amateri</a> su doprineli mnogim važnim astronomskim otkrićima, i astronomija je jedna od preostalih nauka u kojoj amateri još uvek mogu igrati aktivnu ulogu, posebno u otkrivanju i posmatranju prolaznih pojava. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leksikologija">Leksikologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Leksikologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Leksikologija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reč <i>astronomija</i> bukvalno znači <i>zakon zvezda</i> ili, zavisno o prevodu, <i>kultura zvezda</i>, i izvedena je iz <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkog</a> αστρονομία, <i>astronomia</i>, koja je nastala od reči άστρον (<i>astron</i> — zvezda) i νόμος (<i>nomos</i> — zakon ili kultura). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upotreba_izraza_astronomija_i_astrofizika">Upotreba izraza <i>astronomija</i> i <i>astrofizika</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Upotreba izraza astronomija i astrofizika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Upotreba izraza astronomija i astrofizika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uopšteno, u današnje vreme, bilo pojam <i>astronomija</i> bilo <i>astrofizika</i> može se koristiti za ovu temu.<sup id="cite_ref-scharrinhausen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharrinhausen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odenwald_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odenwald-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pennstateerie_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennstateerie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema rečničkoj definiciji, <i>astronomija</i> se odnosi na „proučavanje materije i tela van Zemljine atmosfere i njihovih fizičkih i hemijskih svojstava“<sup id="cite_ref-mw-astronomy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-astronomy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a <i>astrofizika</i> se odnosi na granu astronomije koja se bavi „ponašanjem, fizičkim svojstvima i dinamičkim procesima nebeskih objekata i pojava“.<sup id="cite_ref-mw-astrophysics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-astrophysics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ponekad, kao u uvodu udžbenika <i>Fizički svemir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl.</a> <i><span lang="en">The Physical Universe</span></i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frenk_%C5%A0u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frenk Šu (stranica ne postoji)">Frenka Šua</a>, <i>astronomija</i> se koristi za opisivanje kvalitativnog proučavanja teme, dok se <i>astrofizika</i> koristi za opisivanje dela nauke orijentisanog na fiziku.<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No, pošto se većina modernih astronomskih istraživanja bavi temama vezanim za fiziku, moderna astronomija može se u stvari nazvati i astrofizikom,<sup id="cite_ref-scharrinhausen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharrinhausen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iako je pojam astronomija u značenju širi od pojma astrofizika, i podrazumeva više oblasti, kao što su na primer <a href="/wiki/Astrometrija" title="Astrometrija">astrometrija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebeska_mehanika" title="Nebeska mehanika">nebeska mehanika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija">kosmologija</a>, pa i neke multidisciplinarne oblasti kao što su <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalna_kosmi%C4%8Dka_biologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalna kosmička biologija">astrobiologija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arheoastronomija" title="Arheoastronomija">arheoastronomija</a>, i slično. Mnogi profesionalni astronomi zapravo su školovani kao fizičari.<sup id="cite_ref-pennstateerie_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennstateerie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jedan od vodećih naučnih časopisa u polju zove se <a href="/wiki/Astronomija_i_astrofizika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomija i astrofizika">Astronomija i astrofizika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl.</a> <i><span lang="en">Astronomy and Astrophysics</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članci: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istorija_astronomije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istorija astronomije (stranica ne postoji)">Istorija astronomije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arheoastronomija" title="Arheoastronomija">Arheoastronomija</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnoastronomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnoastronomija (stranica ne postoji)">Etnoastronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rana_istorija">Rana istorija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Rana istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rana istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/220px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/330px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/440px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5812" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption>Nebeska mapa iz 17. veka, koju je izradio holandski kartograf Frederik de Vit.</figcaption></figure> <p>U ranim vremenima, astronomija je jedino obuhvatala posmatranje i predviđanja kretanja objekata vidljivih golim okom. Na nekim mestima, kao što je <a href="/wiki/Stounhend%C5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Stounhendž">Stounhendž</a>, rane kulture skupile su masivne predmete koji su verovatno imali određene astronomske svrhe. Pored njihovih ceremonijalnih upotreba, ove opservatorije mogle su biti korišćene da se izradi i prati <a href="/wiki/Kalendar" title="Kalendar">kalendar</a> i utvrde godišnja doba, što je važan faktor za znanje kada zasaditi useve, kao i u razumevanju dužine godine.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomija je takođe imala velik uticaj na razvoj čovečanstva, jer su prikupljeno znanje i iskustvo unapredili ekonomiju, trgovinu, pomorstvo. </p><p>Pre nego što su izmišljeni instrumenti kao što je <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a> rano proučavanje zvezda i neba je vršeno golim okom, sa dostupnih povoljnih položaja, visokih građevina i zemljišta. </p><p>Najraniji poznati astronomski uređaj je <a href="/wiki/Antikitera_mehanizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikitera mehanizam">Antikitera mehanizam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka">antički grčki</a> uređaj za proračunavanje kretanja planeta, koji datira iz oko <a href="/w/index.php?title=150._p._n._e.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="150. p. n. e. (stranica ne postoji)">150</a>—<a href="/w/index.php?title=80._p._n._e.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="80. p. n. e. (stranica ne postoji)">80. p. n. e.</a>, i prvi je predak astronomskih <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunar" class="mw-redirect" title="Računar">računara</a>. On je otkriven na drevnoj olupini kod grčkog ostrva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antikitera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antikitera (stranica ne postoji)">Antikitera</a>, između <a href="/wiki/Kitera" title="Kitera">Kitere</a> i <a href="/wiki/Krit" title="Krit">Krita</a> u <a href="/wiki/Egejsko_more" title="Egejsko more">Egejskom moru</a>. Uređaj je postao poznat po svojoj primeni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diferencijal_(infinitezimalni_ra%C4%8Dun)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diferencijal (infinitezimalni račun) (stranica ne postoji)">diferencijala</a>, za koga se ranije verovalo da je smišljen u <a href="/wiki/16._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="16. vek">16. veku</a>, i minijaturizaciju i složenost njegovih delova, uporedivih sa satom iz <a href="/wiki/18._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="18. vek">18. veka</a>. Izvorni mehanizam prikazan je u <i>Bronzanoj zbirci</i> <a href="/wiki/Nacionalni_arheolo%C5%A1ki_muzej_u_Atini" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Atini">Nacionalnog arheološkog muzeja u Atini</a>, zajedno sa replikom. </p><p>Kako su se civilizacije razvijale, posebno <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamija">Mesopotamija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat">Egipat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahemenidsko_kraljevstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahemenidsko kraljevstvo (stranica ne postoji)">Persija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka">Grčka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maje" class="mw-redirect" title="Maje">Maje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija">Nubija</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamski_svet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamski svet (stranica ne postoji)">islamski svet</a>, pravljene su astronomske opservatorije i počele su se istraživati ideje o prirodi svemira. Većina rane astronomije zapravo se sastojala od kartiranja položaja zvezda i planeta, nauka koja se danas naziva <a href="/wiki/Astrometrija" title="Astrometrija">astrometrija</a>. Iz ovih zapažanja, formirane su rane ideje o kretanju planeta, a priroda Sunca, Meseca i Zemlje u svemiru su filozofski istraživane. U Mesopotamiji su podelili godinu na 12 meseci i dali imena sazvežđa <a href="/wiki/Zodijak" title="Zodijak">Zodijaka</a>. U Egiptu su odredili trajanje godine, a prestupna godina potiče od tog vremena. <a href="/wiki/Haldejsko_kraljevstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldejsko kraljevstvo">Haldejci</a> su otkrili da se <a href="/wiki/Pomra%C4%8Denje_Meseca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomračenje Meseca">pomračenja Meseca</a> ponavljaju u ciklusu poznatom kao <a href="/wiki/Saros" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros">saros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U to doba su u Kini umeli da predvide pomračenje Meseca i Sunca, a vreme su merili sunčanim satovima. Nagnutost <a href="/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika">ekliptike</a> u odnosu na <a href="/wiki/Nebeski_ekvator" title="Nebeski ekvator">nebeski ekvator</a> je procenjena još 1000. g p. n. e. u Kini. U kulturama Amerika, pre Kolumba, imali su precizne podatke o kretanjima nebeskih tela i o trajanju godine. U Staroj Grčkoj su uveli pored posmatranja i misaone eksperimente i logičko zaključivanje. <a href="/wiki/Aristarh_sa_Samosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristarh sa Samosa">Aristarh</a> (<a href="/wiki/310" title="310">310</a> — <a href="/wiki/210" title="210">210</a>. g p. n. e.) je stavio Sunce u centar oko koga obilazi Zemlja i druge planete (<a href="/wiki/Heliocentri%C4%8Dni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentrični sistem">heliocentrični sistem</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hiparh_sa_Rodosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiparh sa Rodosa">Hiparh</a> (<a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a> — <a href="/wiki/125" title="125">125</a>. g p. n. e.) je napravio katalog zvezda i razvrstao ih na osnovu sjaja u šest grupa; otkrio je precesiju zemljine ose, a procenio dimenzije i udaljenost Meseca.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Klaudije_Ptolemej" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaudije Ptolemej">Ptolomej</a> je <a href="/wiki/Geocentri%C4%8Dni_sistem_sveta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentrični sistem sveta">geocentrični sistem</a> opisao u delu „Velika sinteza“. Ovaj sistem podrazumeva redosled u kome se Zemlja nalazi u centru, a zatim Mesec, Merkur, Venera, Sunce, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn i na kraju zvezde. Ptolomej je redosled odredio na osnovu brzina objekata na nebu. Mesec obiđe nebo za jedan mesec, Sunce za godinu dana, a Saturn za 29,5 godina. Da bi pomirio pogrešne ideje sa posmatranjima Ptolomej smatra da se svaka planeta okreće u malim krugovima (epicikli) dok orbitira oko Zemlje. Ptolomejov Geocentrični sistem je bila vodeća teorija tokom narednih 1400 godina. </p><p>Tokom <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">srednjeg veka</a>, posmatračka astronomija je uglavnom stagnirala u srednjovekovnoj Evropi, barem do <a href="/wiki/13._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="13. vek">13. veka</a>. Međutim, posmatračka astronomija procvetala je u islamskom svetu i drugim delovima sveta. Arapska kultura, u poznatom svetu, postaje centar astronomije od <a href="/wiki/9._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="9. vek">9. veka</a>. Od tada, Arapi, grade brojne opservatorije – velike astronomske instrumente, zidne kvadrante korišćeni za merenje nadmorske visine astronomskih objekata na prelasku preko ravni sever-jug (<a href="/wiki/Meridijan_(geografija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridijan (geografija)">meridijana</a>). Neki od istaknutih arapskih astronoma su napravili značajne doprinose nauci, recimo <a href="/wiki/Al-Batani" title="Al-Batani">Al-Batani</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tebit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tebit (stranica ne postoji)">Tebit</a>. Astronomi su u tom periodu uveli mnoga <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapska</a> imena koja se sada koriste za imena sjajnijih zvezda na nebu.<sup id="cite_ref-short_history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_history_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_history-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takođe se veruje da su kompleksi u <a href="/wiki/Veliki_Zimbabve" title="Veliki Zimbabve">Velikom Zimbabveu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mogle imati astronomsku opservatoriju.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evropljani su smatrali da nije bilo astronomskih osmatranja u prekolonijalnoj srednjovekovnoj <a href="/wiki/Podsaharska_Afrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Podsaharska Afrika">podsaharskoj Africi</a>, ali moderna otkrića pokazuju drugačije.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrookMedupeUrama2008180_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrookMedupeUrama2008180-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naučna_revolucija"><span id="Nau.C4.8Dna_revolucija"></span>Naučna revolucija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Naučna revolucija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Naučna revolucija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Galileo_moon_phases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/170px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/255px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/340px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Galilejeve skice i posmatranja Meseca otkrile su on ima brdovitu površinu.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Kopernik" title="Nikola Kopernik">Nikola Kopernik</a> (<a href="/wiki/1473" title="1473">1473</a> — <a href="/wiki/1543" title="1543">1543</a>.) je opisao <a href="/wiki/Heliocentri%C4%8Dni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentrični sistem">heliocentrični sistem</a> u delu „O kruženju nebeskih tela“ 1543. godine. Ovaj sistem pokazuje da Zemljina osa nije fiksirana i da je Mesec Zemljin satelit. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilej" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Galilej">Galileo Galilej</a> (<a href="/wiki/1564" title="1564">1564</a> — <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>.) u posmatranje uvodi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durbin (stranica ne postoji)">durbin</a> otkriva planine na Mesecu, uočava da Venera ima mene i shvata da njihovo postojanje može da se objasni samo ako kruži oko Sunca a ne oko Zemlje. Uočava tamne mrlje na Suncu i otkriva četiri Jupiterova satelit, a u Mlečnom putu vidi pojedinačne zvezde. Godine <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>. teološki savetnici <a href="/wiki/Inkvizicija" title="Inkvizicija">inkvizicije</a> osudili su ga zbog toga što je zastupao novu astronomiju (zalagao se za Kopernikov heliocentrični sistem), i tada mu je zabranjeno da zastupa, predaje i brani osuđeno učenje. Početkom <a href="/wiki/17._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="17. vek">17. veka</a> u <a href="/wiki/Holandija" class="mw-redirect" title="Holandija">Holandiji</a> se pojavljuju prvi teleskopi <a href="/wiki/Refraktor" title="Refraktor">refraktori</a>. Godine <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>. Hans Liperšei (Hans Lippershey) prijavio je patent za otkriće teleskopa, ali je odbijen jer su slične instrumente prijavili i drugi optičari Zaharije Jansen (Zacharias Janssen) i Jakob Metijus (Jacob Metius). U isto vreme, Galileo Galijej je <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>. godine unapredio optičku konstrukciju i prvi upotrebio teleskop za astronomska posmatranja. Galileo Galilej je koristio teleskope koji su imali uvećanje 15 i 20 puta i dimenzije sočiva 2-3 centimetara. Godine <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>. godine <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEejms_Gregori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džejms Gregori (stranica ne postoji)">Džejms Gregori</a> je konstruisao reflektujući teleskop sa velikim udubljenim primarnim ogledalom i manjim udubljenim sekundarnim ogledalom koje je odbijalo nazad kroz otvor u primarnom ogledalu do sočiva koje se nalazilo na donjem kraju cevi. <a href="/wiki/Isak_Njutn" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak Njutn">Isak Njutn</a> (1564—1642) je <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>. godine popravio konstrukciju i dodao ravno sekundarno ogledalo koje je odbijalo prikupljenu svetlost na okular postavljen sa strane glavne cevi </p><p>Kepler je prvi matematički došao do <a href="/wiki/Keplerovi_zakoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Keplerovi zakoni">zakonitosti</a> koji su ispravno opisali kretanja planeta sa Suncem u žiži eliptičnih putanja kojim se kreću planete. Međutim, Kepler nije uspeo da sastavi teoriju koja stoji iza zakona koje je zapisao. Tek su <a href="/wiki/Isak_Njutn" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak Njutn">Njutnovo</a> otkriće <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebeska_dinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebeska dinamika (stranica ne postoji)">nebeske dinamike</a> i njegov <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_gravitacije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon gravitacije (stranica ne postoji)">zakon gravitacije</a> konačno objasnili kretanje planeta. </p><p>Dalja otkrića pratila su poboljšanja u veličini i kvalitetu teleskopa. Opsežnije zvezdane kataloge izradio je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakaj (stranica ne postoji)">Lakaj</a>. Astronom <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Her%C5%A1el" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilhelm Heršel">Vilijam Heršel</a> napravio je detaljan katalog maglina i jata, a u <a href="/wiki/1781" title="1781">1781</a>. otkrio planetu <a href="/wiki/Uran_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uran (planet)">Uran</a>, prvu pronađenu pomoću teleskopa. Udaljenost do jedne zvezde je prvi put objavljena u <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>. kada je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridrih_Besel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fridrih Besel (stranica ne postoji)">Fridrih Besel</a> izmerio <a href="/wiki/Paralaksa" title="Paralaksa">paralaksu</a> zvezde <a href="/w/index.php?title=61_Labuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="61 Labuda (stranica ne postoji)">61 Labuda</a>. </p><p>Krajem <a href="/wiki/18._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="18. vek">osamnaestog</a> i početkom <a href="/wiki/19._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="19. vek">devetnaestog veka</a>, pažnja koju su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Problem_tri_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problem tri tela (stranica ne postoji)">problemu tri tela</a> posvetili <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Ojler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Ojler">Ojler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksis_Klod_Klero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksis Klod Klero (stranica ne postoji)">Klero</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDan_le_Ron_d%27Alamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žan le Ron d'Alamber (stranica ne postoji)">D'Alamber</a> dovela je do tačnijeg predviđanja o kretanju Meseca i planeta i procvata <a href="/wiki/Nebeska_mehanika" title="Nebeska mehanika">nebeske mehanike</a>. Ovaj rad su dodatno usavršili <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDozef_Luj_Lagran%C5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Žozef Luj Lagranž">Lagranž</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pjer_Simon_Laplas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pjer Simon Laplas">Laplas</a>, čime su mase planeta i satelita mogle biti procenjene prema perturbacijama njihovih putanja. </p><p>Značajan napredak u astronomiji došao je uvođenjem novih tehnologija, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Spektroskop" title="Spektroskop">spektroskopiju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija">fotografiju</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozef_fon_Fraunhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozef fon Fraunhofer (stranica ne postoji)">Fraunhofer</a> je otkrio oko 600 linija u spektru Sunca u <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>—<a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">15</a> koje je, <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Kirhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Kirhof">Kirhof</a> pripisao prisutnosti različitih elemenata na Suncu. Za ostale zvezde u svemiru se pokazalo da su slične našem Suncu, ali sa širokim rasponom <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, i veličina.<sup id="cite_ref-short_history_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Priroda naše galaksije, <a href="/wiki/Mle%C4%8Dni_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlečni put">Mlečnog puta</a>, kao zasebne grupe zvezda koja ima milijarde članova bila je i ranije poznata, ali je pokazano tek u <a href="/wiki/20._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="20. vek">20. veku</a>, da u svemiru postoje i druge galaksije, slične Mlečnom putu. Ubrzo zatim, otkriveno je i širenje <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemira</a>, uočeno kao udaljavanje većine galaksija od nas. Savremena astronomija je takođe otkrila mnoge egzotične objekte kao što su <a href="/wiki/Kvazar" title="Kvazar">kvazari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blazar (stranica ne postoji)">blazari</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio-galaksija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio-galaksija (stranica ne postoji)">radio-galaksije</a>, te je iskoristila ova zapažanja za razvoj fizičkih teorija koje opisuju neke od tih objekata uporedo sa jednako egzotičnim objektima kao što su <a href="/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa">crne rupe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutronska_zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutronska zvezda">neutronske zvezde</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizi%C4%8Dka_kosmologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizička kosmologija (stranica ne postoji)">Fizička kosmologija</a> napravila je ogroman napredak tokom 20. veka, sa modelom <a href="/wiki/Veliki_prasak" title="Veliki prasak">Velikog praska</a> kojeg su snažno podržali dokazi koje su obezbedile astronomija i fizika, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmi%C4%8Dko_pozadinsko_zra%C4%8Denje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmičko pozadinsko zračenje (stranica ne postoji)">mikrotalasno pozadinsko zračenje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hablov_zakon" title="Hablov zakon">Hablov zakon</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primarna_nukleosinteza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primarna nukleosinteza (stranica ne postoji)">količina i odnos elemenata u svemiru</a>. </p><p>Tokom 62. Generalne skupštine <a href="/wiki/Organizacija_ujedinjenih_nacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizacija ujedinjenih nacija">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>. je proglašena za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me%C4%91unarodna_godina_astronomije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Međunarodna godina astronomije (stranica ne postoji)">Međunarodnu godinu astronomije</a> (MGA2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posmatračka_astronomija"><span id="Posmatra.C4.8Dka_astronomija"></span>Posmatračka astronomija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Posmatračka astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Posmatračka astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg/220px-USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg/330px-USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg/440px-USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Very Large Array</i> u Nju Meksiku, primer radio-teleskopa.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posmatra%C4%8Dka_astronomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posmatračka astronomija (stranica ne postoji)">Posmatračka astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>U astronomiji, <a href="/wiki/Informacija" title="Informacija">informacija</a> se prima uglavnom detekcijom i analizom vidljive svetlosti ili drugih vrsta <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskog zračenja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posmatračka astronomija može biti podeljena prema posmatranom delu <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetski_spektar" title="Elektromagnetski spektar">elektromagnetskog spektra</a>. Neki delovi spektra mogu se videti sa površine <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a>, dok su ostali delovi vidljivi samo sa velikih visina ili iz svemira. Posebne detalji o ovoj podeli slede u nastavku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioastronomija">Radioastronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Radioastronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Radioastronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioastronomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioastronomija (stranica ne postoji)">Radioastronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Radioastronomija proučava zračenja sa <a href="/wiki/Talasna_du%C5%BEina" class="mw-redirect" title="Talasna dužina">talasnim dužinama</a> većim od približno jednog milimetra.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radioastronomija se razlikuje od većine drugih oblika posmatračke astronomije u tome što se posmatrani <a href="/wiki/Radio-talasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio-talasi">radio talasi</a> mogu tretirati kao <a href="/wiki/Talas_(fizika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas (fizika)">talasi</a> pre nego kao diskretni <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoni</a>, tj. kao čestice. Zbog toga je srazmerno lakše meriti amplitudu i fazu radio-talasa, što nije tako lako obaviti na kraćim talasnim dužinama.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iako neke radio-talase odašilju astronomski objekti u obliku <a href="/wiki/Toplotno_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplotno zračenje">toplotnog zračenja</a>, većina radio zračenja koja se vidi na Zemlji je u obliku <a href="/wiki/Sinhrotronsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Sinhrotronsko zračenje">sinhrotronskog zračenja</a>, koje nastaje kada <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a> interaguju sa <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskim poljem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osim toga, jedan broj <a href="/wiki/Spektar_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Spektar zračenja">spektralnih linija</a> koje proizvodi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me%C4%91uzvezdani_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Međuzvezdani gas (stranica ne postoji)">međuzvezdani gas</a>, naročito spektralna linija molekularnog <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonika</a>, se detektuje na radio-talasnim dužinama (na 21 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raznovrsni objekti se mogu posmatrati na radio-talasnim dužinama, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernove</a>, međuzvezdani gas, <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsare</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aktivno_galakti%C4%8Dko_jezgro" title="Aktivno galaktičko jezgro">aktivna galaktička jezgra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infracrvena_astronomija">Infracrvena astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Infracrvena astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Infracrvena astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Infracrvena_astronomija" title="Infracrvena astronomija">Infracrvena astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Infracrvena astronomija bavi se otkrivanjem i analizom <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno" class="mw-redirect" title="Infracrveno">infracrvenog</a> zračenja (sa talasnim dužinama većim od crvenog svetla i manjim od radio-zračenja). Osim talasnih dužina bliskih vidljivoj svetlosti, atmosfera umnogome upija infracrveno zračenje, a i sama značajno zrači u infracrvenom delu spektra. Shodno tome, infracrvene opservatorije moraju biti smeštene na visokim, suvim mestima ili u svemiru. Infracrveni spektar koristan je za proučavanje objekata koji su previše hladni da bi zračili vidljivo svetlo, poput planeta i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdani_disk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdani disk (stranica ne postoji)">zvezdanih diskova</a>. Duže infracrvene talasne dužine takođe mogu da prodru kroz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblak_pra%C5%A1ine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblak prašine (stranica ne postoji)">oblake prašine</a> koji zaustavljaju vidljivu svetlost, što omogućava posmatranje mladih zvezda u molekularnim oblacima kao i galaktičkih jezgara.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neki molekuli snažno zrače u infracrvenom, što se može koristiti za proučavanje hemije u svemiru, kao i otkrivanje vode u kometama<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optička_astronomija"><span id="Opti.C4.8Dka_astronomija"></span>Optička astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Optička astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Optička astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG/220px-The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG/330px-The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG/440px-The_Keck_Subaru_and_Infrared_obervatories.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subaru_teleskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subaru teleskop (stranica ne postoji)">Subaru teleskop</a> (levo) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kek_opservatorija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kek opservatorija (stranica ne postoji)">Kek opservatorija</a> (sredina) na <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kei</a>, oba su primeri opservatorije koje posmatraju na bliskim infracrvenim i vidljivim talasnim dužinama. <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_postrojenje_infracrvenog_teleskopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA postrojenje infracrvenog teleskopa (stranica ne postoji)">NASA postrojenje infracrvenog teleskopa</a> (desno) je primer teleskopa koji posmatra samo na bliskim infracrvenim talasnim dužinama.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dka_astronomija" title="Optička astronomija">Optička astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Istorijski gledano, optička astronomija, takođe zvana astronomija vidljive svetlosti, je najstariji oblik astronomije, iz razloga što je prvi instrument kojim je posmatrano nebo — <a href="/wiki/Ljudsko_oko" title="Ljudsko oko">ljudsko oko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moore1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posmatranja teleskopom da bi se sačuvala su isprva crtana rukom i pravljene su skice. U kasnom devetnaestom veku, posmatranja su počela da se beleže pomoću <a href="/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija">fotografije</a>. Savremene slike se izrađuju pomoću digitalnih detektora, posebno detektora koji koriste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravougaona_matrica_senzora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravougaona matrica senzora (stranica ne postoji)">pravougaonu matricu senzora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl.</a> <i><span lang="en">charge-coupled device</span></i>). Iako se sama vidljiva svetlost prostire od oko 4000<a href="/wiki/Angstrem_(jedinica)" title="Angstrem (jedinica)">Å</a> do 7000Å (400nm do 700nm),<sup id="cite_ref-moore1997_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ista oprema koja se koristi na ovim talasnim dužinama se koristi i za posmatranje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blisko_ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blisko ultraljubičasto (stranica ne postoji)">blisko-ultraljubičastih</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blisko_infracrveno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blisko infracrveno (stranica ne postoji)">blisko-infracrvenih</a> delova spektra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraljubičasta_astronomija"><span id="Ultraljubi.C4.8Dasta_astronomija"></span>Ultraljubičasta astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Ultraljubičasta astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ultraljubičasta astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasta_astronomija" title="Ultraljubičasta astronomija">Ultraljubičasta astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Ultraljubičasta astronomija se uglavnom odnosi na posmatranje u <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraljubičasto">ultraljubičastim</a> talasnim dužinama otprilike između 100 i 3200Å (10 do 320nm).<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svetlo na ovim talasnim dužinama upija Zemljina atmosfera, tako da se osmatranja na njima moraju vršiti iz visokih slojeva atmosfere ili iz svemira. Ultraljubičasta astronomija je najbolja za proučavanje toplotnog zračenja i spektralnih emisionih linija toplih plavih <a href="/wiki/Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezda">zvezda</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=OB_zvezde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OB zvezde (stranica ne postoji)">tipa OB</a>) koje su veoma sjajne u ovom delu spektra. To uključuje i plave zvezde u drugim galaksijama. Ostali objekti koji se često posmatraju u ultraljubičastom svetlu uključuju <a href="/wiki/Planetarna_maglina" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetarna maglina">planetarne magline</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostatak_supernove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostatak supernove (stranica ne postoji)">ostatke supernovih</a>, i aktivna galaktička jezgra.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, ultraljubičasto svetlo lako upija <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91uzvezdana_pra%C5%A1ina" title="Međuzvezdana prašina">međuzvezdana prašina</a>, i merenja ultraljubičastog zračenja objekata moraju biti ispravljana zbog ovog efekta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstinkcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstinkcija (stranica ne postoji)">ekstinkcije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomija_iks-zraka">Astronomija iks-zraka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Astronomija iks-zraka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Astronomija iks-zraka"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija_iks-zraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomija iks-zraka (stranica ne postoji)">Astronomija iks-zraka</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Astronomija iks-zraka ili rendgenska astronomija je proučavanje astronomskih objekata na talasnim dužinama iks-zraka. Tipično, objekti odašilju iks-zrake kao <a href="/wiki/Sinhrotronsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Sinhrotronsko zračenje">sinhrotronsko zračenje</a> (proizvedeno od elektrona koji se kreću oko linija magnetskog polja), toplotno zračenje retkih gasova (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zako%C4%8Dno_zra%C4%8Denje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakočno zračenje (stranica ne postoji)">zakočno zračenje</a>) na temperaturama iznad 10<sup>7</sup> (10 miliona) Kelvina, i toplotno zračenje gustih gasova (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zra%C4%8Denje_crnog_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zračenje crnog tela (stranica ne postoji)">zračenje crnog tela</a>) na temperaturama iznad 10<sup>7</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(jedinica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin (jedinica)">Kelvina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budući da iks-zrake upija Zemljina atmosfera, sva posmatranja iks-zraka moraju se obavljati visokoletećim balonima, <a href="/wiki/Raketa" title="Raketa">raketama</a> ili svemirskim opservatorijama. Značajni izvori iks-zraka su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rendgenski_binarni_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rendgenski binarni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">rendgenske binarne zvezde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsari</a>, ostaci supernova, <a href="/wiki/Elipti%C4%8Dka_galaksija" title="Eliptička galaksija">eliptične galaksije</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galakti%C4%8Dko_jato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktičko jato (stranica ne postoji)">galaktička jata</a>, i aktivna galaktička jezgra<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomija_gama-zraka">Astronomija gama-zraka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Astronomija gama-zraka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Astronomija gama-zraka"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija_gama-zraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomija gama-zraka (stranica ne postoji)">Astronomija gama-zraka</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Astronomija <a href="/wiki/Gama_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gama zračenje">gama-zraka</a> je proučavanje astronomskih objekata u najkraćim talasnim dužinama elektromagnetskog spektra. Gama-zraci mogu biti posmatrani direktno putem satelita kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komptonova_opservatorija_gama_zraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komptonova opservatorija gama zraka (stranica ne postoji)">Komptonova opservatorija gama zraka</a> ili specijalizovanih teleskopa zvanih atmosferski Čerjenkovljevi teleskopi.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Čerjenkovljevi teleskopi zapravo ne detektuju gama zrake direktno već prepoznaju bleskove vidljive svetlosti proizvedene kada gama zrake upija Zemljina atmosfera.<sup id="cite_ref-spectrum_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectrum-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Većina izvora gama-zračenja su zapravo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksplozija_gama-zraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksplozija gama-zraka (stranica ne postoji)">eksplozije gama-zraka</a>, objekti koji proizvode gama zračenje za nekoliko milisekundi do nekoliko hiljada sekundi pre nego što nestanu. Samo 10% izvora gama-zraka su stalni izvori. Oni uključuju pulsare, <a href="/wiki/Neutronska_zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutronska zvezda">neutronske zvezde</a>, i kandidate za <a href="/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa">crne rupe</a>, kao što su aktivna galaktička jezgra.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Područja_posmatračke_astronomije_van_elektromagnetskog_spektra"><span id="Podru.C4.8Dja_posmatra.C4.8Dke_astronomije_van_elektromagnetskog_spektra"></span>Područja posmatračke astronomije van elektromagnetskog spektra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Područja posmatračke astronomije van elektromagnetskog spektra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Područja posmatračke astronomije van elektromagnetskog spektra"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pored elektromagnetnog zračenja, postoji još načina da posmatramo svemir sa planete Zemlje. </p><p>U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrinska_astronomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrinska astronomija (stranica ne postoji)">neutrinskoj astronomiji</a>, astronomi koristite posebne podzemne objekte kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE (stranica ne postoji)">SAGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GALLEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GALLEX (stranica ne postoji)">GALLEX</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamioka_opservatorija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamioka opservatorija (stranica ne postoji)">Kamioka II/III</a> za detektovanje <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrina</a> koji potiču uglavnom iz <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a>, ali i iz drugih objekata kao što su <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kosmi%C4%8Dko_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmičko zračenje">Kosmički zraci</a> sastoje se iz čestica velike energije koji se mogu videti kada uđu u Zemljinu atmosferu i interaguju sa česticama u njoj. Očekuje se da će neki budući detektori neutrina biti osetljivi i na neutrine nastale kada kosmički zraci ulete u Zemljinu atmosferu.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detekcija <a href="/wiki/Gravitacioni_talas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitacioni talas">gravitacionih talasa</a> je novo polje astronomije, u kojem se pokušavaju naći gravitacioni talasi. Detektori kao što je LIGO (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl.</a> <i><span lang="en">Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory</span></i>) već postoje, ali kako se gravitacioni talasi ekstremno teško mogu posmatrati,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ove opservatorije još nisu imale rezultata. Detekcija i posmatranje gravitacionih talasa će pomoći dalji razvoj teorije, kao i proučavanje izuzetno kompaktnih objekata u svemiru. </p><p>Planetarna astronomija ima velike koristi od direktnog posmatranja pomoću svemirskih letelica i misija donošenja uzoraka materijala sa planeta i ostalih nebeskih tela u Sunčevom sistemu. Ovo podrazumeva misije sa daljinskim senzorima, robotizovanim vozilima koja mogu da obave eksperimente na površini planete, udarnih objekata koji omogućavaju daljinsko posmatranje materijala unutar nebeskih tela, kao i misije za vraćanje uzoraka koje omogućavaju neposredno, laboratorijsko ispitivanje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrometrija_i_nebeska_mehanika">Astrometrija i nebeska mehanika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Astrometrija i nebeska mehanika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Astrometrija i nebeska mehanika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članci: <a href="/wiki/Astrometrija" title="Astrometrija">Astrometrija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nebeska_mehanika" title="Nebeska mehanika">Nebeska mehanika</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Jedna od najstarijih oblasti u astronomiji, i u celokupnoj nauci, je merenje položaja nebeskih tela. Istorijski gledano, poznavanje tačnih položaja Sunca, Meseca, planeta i zvezda je oduvek bilo važno u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebeska_navigacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebeska navigacija (stranica ne postoji)">nebeskoj navigaciji</a>. </p><p>Pažljiva merenja položaja planeta je dovelo do saznanja i razumevanja gravitacione sile u svemiru, i mogućnosti da se utvrde prošli i budući položaji planeta sa velikom preciznošću, polje poznato kao <a href="/wiki/Nebeska_mehanika" title="Nebeska mehanika">nebeska mehanika</a>. Skora praćenja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Objekti_blizu_Zemlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objekti blizu Zemlje (stranica ne postoji)">nebeskih tela koji prolaze blizu Zemlje</a> će nam omogućiti da predvidimo susrete i potencijalne sudare Zemlje sa tim objektima. </p><p>Merenja <a href="/wiki/Paralaksa" title="Paralaksa">zvezdane paralakse</a> obližnjih zvezda stvara osnov za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merenje_daljina_u_svemiru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merenje daljina u svemiru (stranica ne postoji)">merenje daljina bližoj galaktičkoj okolini</a>. Merenja paralakse obližnjih zvezda predstavlja osnov za utvrđivanje karakteristika udaljenih zvezda, prostim poređenjem njihovim osobina. Merenja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radijalna_brzina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radijalna brzina (stranica ne postoji)">radijalne brzine</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sopstveno_kretanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sopstveno kretanje (stranica ne postoji)">sopstvenog kretanja</a> prikazuje kretanje i položaj objekata u Mlečnom putu. Astrometrički rezultati se takođe koriste za merenje rasporeda <a href="/wiki/Tamna_materija" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamna materija">tamne materije</a> u Galaksiji. </p><p>Za vreme <a href="/wiki/1990e" class="mw-redirect" title="1990e">1990-ih</a> godina, astrometrijska tehnika merenja zvezdanih kolebanja je korišćena za otkrivanje <a href="/wiki/Ekstrasolarne_planete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstrasolarne planete">vansolarnih planeta</a> koje orbitiraju oko obližnjih zvezda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorijska_astronomija">Teorijska astronomija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Teorijska astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Teorijska astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teorijska astronomija koristi širok spektar alata koji uključuje <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dki_model" title="Matematički model">analitičke modele</a> i računarske <a href="/wiki/Numeri%C4%8Dka_analiza" title="Numerička analiza">numeričke simulacije</a>. Svaki od ovih modela ima svoje prednosti i mane. Analitički modeli proseca generalno su najbolji za uvid u suštinu onoga šta se dešava. Numerički modeli mogu otkriti postojanje fenomena i efekata koji na drugi način ne mogu da se vide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teoretičari u astronomiji nastoje da stvore teorijske modele i shvate šta bi bili njihovi posmatrani rezultati. Ovo pomaže posmatračima da traže podatke koji mogu da potvrde ili pobiju model ili da pomognu u odabiru između nekoliko alternativnih ili sukobljenih modela. Teoretičari takođe pokušavaju da stvore ili izmene modele uzimajući u obzir nove podatke. U slučaju nedoslednosti, osnovna tendencija je da se pokuša sa pravljenjem minimalnih modifikacija modela kako bi odgovarao dobijenim podacima. U nekim slučajevima, velika količina nedoslednih podataka vremenom može dovesti do potpunog odbacivanja modela. </p><p>Teme kojima se bave teoretičari u astronomiji su: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdana_dinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdana dinamika (stranica ne postoji)">zvezdana dinamika</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdana_evolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdana evolucija (stranica ne postoji)">evolucija</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formiranje_galaksija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formiranje galaksija (stranica ne postoji)">formiranje galaksija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktura_svemira_velikih_razmera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktura svemira velikih razmera (stranica ne postoji)">strukture velikih razmera</a> <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materije</a> u <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemiru</a>; poreklo <a href="/wiki/Kosmi%C4%8Dko_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmičko zračenje">kosmičkih zraka</a>; <a href="/wiki/Op%C5%A1ta_relativnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Opšta relativnost">opšta relativnost</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizi%C4%8Dka_kosmologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizička kosmologija (stranica ne postoji)">fizička kosmologija</a>, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Teorija_struna" title="Teorija struna">kosmologiju struna</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizika_astro%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizika astročestica (stranica ne postoji)">fiziku astročestica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Op%C5%A1ta_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opšta teorija relativnosti">Opšta teorija relativnosti</a> služi kao alat za merenje svojstva struktura velikih razmera kod kojih gravitacija igra značajnu ulogu u fizičkim pojavama koje se izučavaju i kao osnova za (astro)fiziku <a href="/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa">crnih rupa</a> i proučavanje <a href="/wiki/Gravitacioni_talas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitacioni talas">gravitacionih talasa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tamna_materija" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamna materija">Tamna materija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tamna_energija" title="Tamna energija">tamna energija</a> su trenutno među vodećim temama u astronomiji, i trenutno su to samo teorijski modeli nastali tokom proučavanja galaksija pri pokušaju da se objasne određeni posmatrački podaci. </p><p>Neke široko prihvaćene i proučavane teorije i modeli u astronomiji, sada uključeni u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambda-HTM_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambda-HTM model (stranica ne postoji)">Lambda-HTM model</a> su model <a href="/wiki/Veliki_prasak" title="Veliki prasak">Velikog praska</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflacija_svemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflacija svemira (stranica ne postoji)">inflacija svemira</a>, tamna materija i fundamentalne teorije <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a>. </p><p>Nekoliko primera ovog procesa: </p> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Fizički proces</b> </td> <td><b>Posmatračka alatka</b> </td> <td><b>Teorijski model</b> </td> <td><b>Objašnjava / predviđa</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">Gravitacija</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio-teleskop" title="Radio-teleskop">Radio-teleskopi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infra-crveni_teleskopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infra-crveni teleskopi (stranica ne postoji)">infra-crveni teleskopi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitaciono-sa%C5%BEimaju%C4%87i_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitaciono-sažimajući sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Gravitaciono-sažimajući sistem</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stvaranje_zvezda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stvaranje zvezda (stranica ne postoji)">Stvaranje zvezda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">Nuklearna fuzija</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija">Spektroskopija</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdana_evolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdana evolucija (stranica ne postoji)">Zvezdana evolucija</a> </td> <td>Stvaranje energije i elemenata u zvezdama </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veliki_prasak" title="Veliki prasak">Veliki prasak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Habl" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleskop Habl">Hablov svemirski teleskop</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=COBE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COBE (stranica ne postoji)">COBE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=WMAP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WMAP (stranica ne postoji)">WMAP</a>… </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0irenje_svemira" title="Širenje svemira">Širenje svemira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Starost_svemira" title="Starost svemira">Starost svemira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_fluktuacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna fluktuacija (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantne fluktuacije</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>Inflacija svemira </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geometrija_svemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometrija svemira (stranica ne postoji)">Geometrija svemira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitacioni_kolaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitacioni kolaps (stranica ne postoji)">Gravitacioni kolaps</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija_iks-zraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomija iks-zraka (stranica ne postoji)">Astronomija iks-zraka</a> </td> <td>Opšta relativnost </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa">Crne rupe</a> u centru <a href="/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija">galaksija</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oblasti_astronomije_prema_predmetu_izučavanja"><span id="Oblasti_astronomije_prema_predmetu_izu.C4.8Davanja"></span>Oblasti astronomije prema predmetu izučavanja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Oblasti astronomije prema predmetu izučavanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Oblasti astronomije prema predmetu izučavanja"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomija_Sunca">Astronomija Sunca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Astronomija Sunca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Astronomija Sunca"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Na udaljenosti od oko osam svetlosnih minuta (149.476.000 km), nalazi se najčešće proučavana zvezda, <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a>, tipična <a href="/wiki/Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezda">zvezda</a> <a href="/wiki/Glavni_niz" title="Glavni niz">glavnog niza</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdana_klasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdana klasa (stranica ne postoji)">zvezdane klase</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G2V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G2V (stranica ne postoji)">G2V</a> i stara oko 4,6 milijardi godina. Sunce nije <a href="/wiki/Promenljiva_zvezda" title="Promenljiva zvezda">promenljiva zvezda</a>, ali podleže periodičnim promenama u aktivnosti poznatim kao <a href="/wiki/Solarni_ciklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Solarni ciklus">Sunčev ciklus</a>. To je 11-godišnja fluktuacija u broju <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deve_pege" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčeve pege">Sunčevih pega</a>. Sunčeve pege su oblasti potprosečne temperature koje su povezane sa intenzivnom magnetnom aktivnošću.<sup id="cite_ref-solar_FAQ_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solar_FAQ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Uvsun_trace_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Uvsun_trace_big.jpg/220px-Uvsun_trace_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Uvsun_trace_big.jpg/330px-Uvsun_trace_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Uvsun_trace_big.jpg/440px-Uvsun_trace_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraljubičasta">Ultraljubičasta</a> slika <a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">fotosfere</a> Sunca, kako je vidi <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRACE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRACE (stranica ne postoji)">TRACE</a> svemirski teleskop (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Sunce je vremenom povećavalo svoju luminoznost, povećavši je za oko 40% od vremena kad je postalo zvezda glavnog niza. Sunce takođe ima periodične promene u luminoznosti koje mogu imati značajan uticaj na Zemlju.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_issues_:_essential_primary_sources._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_:_essential_primary_sources.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maunderov_minimum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maunderov minimum (stranica ne postoji)">Maunderov minimum</a>, na primer, veruje se da je prouzrokovao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mini_ledeno_doba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mini ledeno doba (stranica ne postoji)">mini ledeno doba</a> u <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">srednjem veku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vidljiva spoljna površina Sunca se zove <a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">fotosfera</a>. Iznad ovog sloja nalazi se tanka oblast poznata kao <a href="/wiki/Hromosfera" title="Hromosfera">hromosfera</a>. Ovo je okruženo prelaznom oblašću naglo povećanih temperatura, a zatim i super-zagrejanom <a href="/wiki/Korona_(astronomija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korona (astronomija)">koronom</a>. </p><p>U središtu Sunca je jezgro, prostor dovoljno visoke temperature i pritiska za odigravanje <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">nuklearne fuzije</a>. Iznad jezgra je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radijaciona_zona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radijaciona zona (stranica ne postoji)">radijaciona zona</a>, gde plazma provodi energiju putem zračenja. Spoljni slojevi formiraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvektivna_zona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvektivna zona (stranica ne postoji)">konvektivnu zonu</a> gde gas prenosi energiju prvenstveno preko <a href="/wiki/Konvekcija" title="Konvekcija">konvekcije</a>. Veruje se da granica između radijacione i konvektivne zone stvara magnetnu aktivnost Sunca, koja između ostalog izaziva i Sunčeve pege.<sup id="cite_ref-solar_FAQ_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solar_FAQ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_vetar" title="Sunčev vetar">Sunčev vetar</a> čestica plazme neprestano struji od Sunca sve dok ne dođe do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliopauza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliopauza (stranica ne postoji)">heliopauze</a>. Čestice Sunčevog vetra interaguju sa <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera">magnetnim omotačem</a> Zemlje i tako stvaraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Alenov_pojas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Alenov pojas (stranica ne postoji)">Van Alenov pojas</a> zračenja, kao i <a href="/wiki/Polarna_svetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarna svetlost">polarnu svetlost</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetarna_astronomija">Planetarna astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Planetarna astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Planetarna astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članci: <a href="/wiki/Planetologija" title="Planetologija">Planetologija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetarna_geologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planetarna geologija (stranica ne postoji)">Planetarna geologija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Povijest_promatranja_Marsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest promatranja Marsa">Povijest promatranja Marsa</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Istraživanje planeta daje podatke o sastavu i orbitama <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satelit_(prirodni)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satelit (prirodni)">satelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patuljasta_planeta" title="Patuljasta planeta">patuljastih planeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa">kometa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroida</a> i drugih tela koja orbitiraju oko Sunca, kao i <a href="/wiki/Ekstrasolarne_planete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstrasolarne planete">vansolarne planete</a>. Sunčev sistem je relativno dobro proučen, uglavnom teleskopskim posmatranjima i kasnije svemirskim letelicama. Ovo je omogućilo dobro razumevanje nastajanja i razvoja ovog planetarnog sistema, iako su mnoga nova otkrića i dalje u toku.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Crna tačka na vrhu je <a href="/wiki/Tromba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromba">pijavica</a> koja se penje uza zid kratera na <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Marsu</a>. Pokretni, rotirajući stub <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera_Marsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosfera Marsa (stranica ne postoji)">Marsove atmosfere</a> (uporedljiv sa zemaljskim <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadom</a>) napravio je dugačku tamnu senku (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Sunčev sistem je podeljen na <a href="/wiki/Terestri%C4%8Dka_planeta" title="Terestrička planeta">unutrašnje planete</a>, glavni <a href="/wiki/Glavni_asteroidni_pojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavni asteroidni pojas">pojas asteroida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spolja%C5%A1nje_planete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoljašnje planete (stranica ne postoji)">spoljašnje planete</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kojperov_pojas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kojperov pojas (stranica ne postoji)">Kojperov pojas</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ortov_oblak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortov oblak">Ortov oblak</a>. Unutrašnje ili <a href="/wiki/Terestri%C4%8Dka_planeta" title="Terestrička planeta">planete Zemljinog tipa</a> su <a href="/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur">Merkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera">Venera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a> i Mars. Asteroidni pojas sadrži veliki broj asteroida i <a href="/wiki/Patuljasta_planeta" title="Patuljasta planeta">patuljastu planetu</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerera_(patuljasta_planeta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerera (patuljasta planeta)">Cereru</a>. Spoljašnje planete, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiterovog_tipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiterovog tipa">gasoviti džinovi</a>, ili <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiterovog_tipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiterovog tipa">planete Jupiterovog tipa</a> su <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uran_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uran (planet)">Uran</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptun">Neptun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-planets_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planets-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iza Neptuna leži Kojperov pojas sa nekoliko patuljastih planeta od kojih je najpoznatiji <a href="/wiki/Pluton" title="Pluton">Pluton</a>, i konačno Ortov oblak, stanište kometa, koji se možda proteže i na udaljenosti od oko jedne svetlosne godine. </p><p>Planete su stvorene iz <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetarni_disk" title="Protoplanetarni disk">protoplanetarnog diska</a> koji je okruživao proto-Sunce. Kroz proces koji je uključivao gravitaciono privlačenje, sudare i akreciju, disk je stvarao zgrušnjenja materije koje su, vremenom, postale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplaneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protoplaneta (stranica ne postoji)">protoplanete</a>. Pritisak zračenja <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_vetar" title="Sunčev vetar">Sunčevog vetra</a> je izbacio veći deo preostale materije, a samo planete sa dovoljnom masom su zadržale svoje atmosfere. Planete su nastavile da izbacuju preostalu materiju za vreme trajanja perioda intenzivnog bombardovanja (kao dokaz tog perioda ostali su <a href="/wiki/Udarni_krater" title="Udarni krater">udarni krateri</a> na Mesecu). Za vreme ovog perioda, neke od protoplaneta su se sudarile, što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastanak_Meseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nastanak Meseca (stranica ne postoji)">vodeća hipoteza nastanka Meseca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-formation_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formation-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jednom kada planeta dostigne dovoljno veliku masu, materijali različitih gustina odvajaju se tokom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetarna_diferencijacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planetarna diferencijacija (stranica ne postoji)">planetarne diferencijacije</a>. Ovaj proces može stvoriti kameno ili metalno jezgro, okruženo omotačem i spoljnom površinom. Jezgro može imati čvrste i tečne oblasti, i neka planetarna jezgra proizvode sopstveno <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetno polje</a> koje štiti njihovu atmosferu da je ne oduva Sunčev vetar.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unutrašnja toplota planete ili satelita nastaje od sudara koji su stvorili telo, od radioaktivnih materijala (npr. <a href="/wiki/Uranijum" title="Uranijum">uran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torijum" title="Torijum">torijum</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Aluminijum" title="Aluminijum"><sup>26</sup>aluminijum</a>), ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plimsko_zagrevanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plimsko zagrevanje (stranica ne postoji)">plimskog zagrevanja</a>. Neke planete i sateliti nakupe dovoljno toplote da se pokrenu geološki procesi kao što su <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">vulkani</a> i tektonski pokreti. One planete koje nakupe ili uspeju da povrate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera_nebeskog_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosfera nebeskog tela (stranica ne postoji)">atmosferu</a> mogu takođe podleći površinskoj eroziji od strane vetra ili vode. Manja tela, bez plimskog zagrevanja, hlade se brže i njihove geološke aktivnosti prestaju sa izuzetkom udarnih kratera.<sup id="cite_ref-new_solar_system_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_solar_system-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zvezdana_astronomija">Zvezdana astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Zvezdana astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zvezdana astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ant_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ant_Nebula.jpg/220px-Ant_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ant_Nebula.jpg/330px-Ant_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ant_Nebula.jpg/440px-Ant_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mz3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mz3 (stranica ne postoji)">Planetarna maglina Mrav</a>. Izbacivanje gasa iz umiruće zvezde u središtu stvara simetrične oblike za razliku od haotičnih oblika običnih eksplozija.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezda">Zvezda</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Proučavanje <a href="/wiki/Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezda">zvezda</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdana_evolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdana evolucija (stranica ne postoji)">njihovog razvoja</a> je u osnovi razumevanja svemira. Znanja o zvezdama su dobijena pomoću posmatranja, teorijskog istraživanja i iz računarskih simulacija. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stvaranje_zvezda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stvaranje zvezda (stranica ne postoji)">Stvaranje zvezda</a> se odigrava u gustim oblastima prašine i gasa, poznatim kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_oblaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni oblaci (stranica ne postoji)">molekularni oblaci</a>. Kada su destabilizovani, delovi tog oblaka mogu da kolabiraju pod uticajem gravitacije, da bi formirali <a href="/wiki/Protozvezda" title="Protozvezda">protozvezde</a>. Dovoljno gusto i vruće jezgro će pokrenuti proces <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">fuzije</a>, i tako stvoriti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezda_glavnog_niza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezda glavnog niza (stranica ne postoji)">zvezdu glavnog niza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sead_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sead-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skoro svi elementi teži od <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">helijuma</a> su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosinteza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosinteza (stranica ne postoji)">nastali</a> unutar jezgara zvezda. </p><p>Karakteristike zvezde koja nastaje zavise najviše od njene mase. Što je zvezda masivnija, veća je njena luminoznost, i brže se troši vodonik u jezgru. Vremenom, vodonik se u potpunosti pretvori u helijum, i zvezda počinje da se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdana_evolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdana evolucija (stranica ne postoji)">menja</a>. Fuzija helijuma zahteva veće temperature jezgra, tako da zvezda narasta i u veličini i u gustini jezgra. Tako nastaje <a href="/wiki/Crveni_d%C5%BEin" class="mw-redirect" title="Crveni džin">crveni džin</a>. Crveni džin živi kratak vremenski period, pre nego što se helijum u jezgru u potpunosti potroši. Veoma masivne zvezde takođe mogu da prođe kroz određene faze razvoja koje podrazumevaju fuziju težih elemenata. </p><p>Konačna sudbina zvezde zavisi od njene mase. Zvezda mase veće od oko osam <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunčevih</a> masa postaje <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, dok se manje zvezde formiraju <a href="/wiki/Planetarna_maglina" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetarna maglina">planetarnu maglinu</a> i pretvore u <a href="/wiki/Beli_patuljak" class="mw-redirect" title="Beli patuljak">bele patuljke</a>. Ostatak supernove je gusta <a href="/wiki/Neutronska_zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutronska zvezda">neutronska zvezda</a>, ili, ako je zvezdana masa bila najmanje tri puta veća od Sunčeve, <a href="/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa">crna rupa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_atlas_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_atlas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bliski dvojni sistemi zvezda mogu poći kompleksnijim evolucionim putem, kao što je prenos mase na belog patuljka koji potencijalno može izazvati supernovu. Planetarne magline i supernove su neophodne za širenje metala u međuzvezdano okruženje; bez njih, sve nove zvezde (i njihovi sistemi planeta) bili bi stvoreni samo iz vodonika i helijuma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galaktička_astronomija"><span id="Galakti.C4.8Dka_astronomija"></span>Galaktička astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odjeljak Galaktička astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Galaktička astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Galakti%C4%8Dka_astronomija" title="Galaktička astronomija">Galaktička astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg/220px-Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg/330px-Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg/440px-Spiralni_kraci_Mlecnog_puta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Posmatrana struktura spiralnih krakova <a href="/wiki/Mle%C4%8Dni_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlečni put">Mlečnog puta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Naš <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sistem" title="Sunčev sistem">Sunčev sistem</a> orbitira unutar <a href="/wiki/Mle%C4%8Dni_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlečni put">Mlečnog puta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiralna_galaksija_sa_pre%C4%8Dagom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiralna galaksija sa prečagom (stranica ne postoji)">spiralne prečkaste galaksije</a> koja je član <a href="/wiki/Lokalna_grupa_galaksija" title="Lokalna grupa galaksija">Lokalne grupe galaksija</a>. To je rotirajuća masa gasa, prašine, zvezda i drugih objekata, koje drže na okupu međusobna gravitaciona privlačenja. Pošto se Zemlja nalazi u prašinastom spoljašnjem kraku, postoje mnogi delovi Mlečnog puta koji su za nas nevidljivi. </p><p>U središtu Mlečnog puta je jezgro, šire (deblje) u odnosu na okolni disk galaksije. Jezgro ima izduženi oblik (oblik prečke) i sadrži u centru, kako se veruje, <a href="/wiki/Supermasivna_crna_rupa" title="Supermasivna crna rupa">supermasivnu crnu rupu</a>. Ono je okruženo sa četiri primarna kraka koji se uvijaju od centra ka spolja. Ovo je region aktivnog formiranja zvezda koji sadrži mnoštvo mladih zvezda, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezde_populacije_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezde populacije I (stranica ne postoji)">populacije I</a>. Disk je okružen loptastim haloom starih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezde_populacije_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezde populacije II (stranica ne postoji)">populacije II</a>, kao i relativno gustim koncentracijama zvezda poznatih kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbijeno_zvezdano_jato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbijeno zvezdano jato (stranica ne postoji)">globularna jata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Između zvezda se nalazi <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91uzvezdani_prostor" class="mw-redirect" title="Međuzvezdani prostor">međuzvezdani prostor</a>, prostor retke materije. U najgušćem delu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_oblak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni oblak (stranica ne postoji)">molekularni oblaci</a> sastavljeni od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_vodonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni vodonik (stranica ne postoji)">molekularnog vodonika</a> i drugih elemenata formiraju regione <i>zvezdanih porodilišta</i>. Oni počinju kao nepravilna <a href="/wiki/Tamna_maglina" title="Tamna maglina">tamna maglina</a>, koja se koncentriše i kolapsira (u zapreminama određenim <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEinsova_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džinsova dužina (stranica ne postoji)">Džinsovom dužinom</a>) da bi formirala zgusnute <a href="/wiki/Protozvezda" title="Protozvezda">protozvezde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kako se pojavljuju masivnije zvezde, one pretvaraju oblak u <a href="/w/index.php?title=H_II_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H II region (stranica ne postoji)">H II region</a>, oblast sjajnog jonizovanog gasa i plazme. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdani_vetar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdani vetar (stranica ne postoji)">Zvezdani vetar</a> i eksplozije supernovih od ovih najmasivnijih zvezda služe za širenje oblaka, često ostavljajući iza sebe jedno ili više mladih <a href="/wiki/Rasejano_zvezdano_jato" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasejano zvezdano jato">otvorenih jata</a> zvezda. Ova jata se postepeno rasturaju i zvezde se priključuju populaciji Mlečnog puta kao pojedinačne zvezde. </p><p>Proučavanje kretanja materije u Mlečnom putu i drugim galaksijama je dokazalo da u njima postoji više mase nego što se može izmeriti u vidljivoj materiji. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_tamne_materije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halo tamne materije (stranica ne postoji)">Halo tamne materije</a> izgleda da je dominantna masa, iako priroda ove tamne materije ostaje nepoznata.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vangalaktička_astronomija"><span id="Vangalakti.C4.8Dka_astronomija"></span>Vangalaktička astronomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odjeljak Vangalaktička astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vangalaktička astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Vangalakti%C4%8Dka_astronomija" title="Vangalaktička astronomija">Vangalaktička astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Proučavanje objekata van naše galaksije je grana astronomije koja se bavi <a href="/wiki/Nastanak_i_evolucija_galaksija" title="Nastanak i evolucija galaksija">formiranjem i evolucijom galaksija</a>, njihovom <a href="/wiki/Morfolo%C5%A1ka_klasifikacija_galaksija" title="Morfološka klasifikacija galaksija">morfologijom i klasifikacijom</a>, i ispitivanjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivna_galaksija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivna galaksija (stranica ne postoji)">aktivnih galaksija</a>. Ovo poslednje je važno za razumevanje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktura_velikih_razmera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktura velikih razmera (stranica ne postoji)">strukture velikih razmera u svemiru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>Ova slika pokazuje nekoliko plavih objekata oblika petlje, koji su višestruke slike iste galaksije, umnožene dejstvom <a href="/wiki/Gravitaciono_so%C4%8Divo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitaciono sočivo">gravitacionog sočiva</a> koji pravi jato (žutih) galaksija blizu središta slike. Sočivo proizvodi gravitaciono polje jata koje iskrivljuje svetlost tako da uvećava i iskrivljuje sliku udaljenijeg objekta.</figcaption></figure> <p>Većina galaksija je organizovana u jasne oblike koji omogućavaju njihovo klasifikovanje. One su obično podeljene na <a href="/wiki/Spiralna_galaksija" title="Spiralna galaksija">spiralne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elipti%C4%8Dka_galaksija" title="Eliptička galaksija">eliptične</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nepravilna_galaksija" title="Nepravilna galaksija">nepravilne galaksije</a>. </p><p>Kao što im ime kaže, <i>eliptične galaksije</i> imaju oblik <a href="/wiki/Elipsa" title="Elipsa">elipse</a>. Zvezde se kreću duž nasumičnih orbita bez preovlađujućeg pravca. Ove galaksije sadrže malo ili nimalo međuzvezdane prašine, malo <i>zvezdanih porodilišta</i> i uglavnom starije zvezde. Eliptične galaksije se često nalaze u jezgrima galaktičkih jata, i mogu nastati spajanjem velikih galaksija. </p><p><i>Spiralna galaksija</i> je organizovana u ravan, rotirajući disk, obično sa izbočinom ili prečkom u središtu i svetlim krakovima koji se šire prema ivici. Krakovi su oblasti <i>zvezdanih porodilišta</i> kojima masivne mlade zvezde daju plavu nijansu. Spiralne galaksije su tipično okružene haloom starijih zvezda. I <a href="/wiki/Mle%C4%8Dni_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlečni put">Mlečni put</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesje_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesje 31 (stranica ne postoji)">Andromedina galaksija</a> su spiralne galaksije. </p><p><i>Nepravilne galaksije</i> su haotičnog izgleda, i nisu ni eliptične ni spiralne. Oko četvrtina svih galaksija su nepravilne, i osobenost izgleda tih galaksija možda je rezultat gravitacionih interakcija. One su, po pravilu, galaksije manjih dimenzija, u poređenju sa spiralnim i eliptičnim. </p><p><i>Aktivna galaksija</i> je galaksija koja emituje značajnu količinu svoje energije iz izvora koji nisu zvezde, prašina i gas; već iz zgusnute oblasti u jezgru, za koju se obično misli da je supermasivna crna rupa koja emituje zračenje zbog materijala koji u nju upada. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio-galaksija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio-galaksija (stranica ne postoji)">Radio-galaksija</a></i> je aktivna galaksija koja je veoma svetla u <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> delu spektra, i izbacuje ogromne oblake gasa. Aktivne galaksije koje emituju zračenje visoke energije uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejfertova_galaksija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejfertova galaksija (stranica ne postoji)">Sejfertove galaksije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvazar" title="Kvazar">kvazare</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blazar (stranica ne postoji)">blazare</a>. Kvazari su nasvetliji poznati objekti u svemiru.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktura_velikih_razmera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktura velikih razmera (stranica ne postoji)">Strukturu velikih razmera u svemiru</a> predstavljaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galakti%C4%8Dka_grupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktička grupa (stranica ne postoji)">grupe</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galakti%C4%8Dko_jato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktičko jato (stranica ne postoji)">jata galaksija</a>. Ova struktura je organizovana u hijerarhiju grupa, od kojih su najveća <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superjato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superjato (stranica ne postoji)">superjata</a>. Ukupna materija je organizovana u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galakti%C4%8Dka_nit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktička nit (stranica ne postoji)">galaktičkim nitima</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galakti%C4%8Dki_zid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktički zid (stranica ne postoji)">zidovima</a>, koji ostavljaju velike <a href="/wiki/Praznina_(astronomija)" title="Praznina (astronomija)">praznine</a> među sobom.<sup id="cite_ref-evolving_universe_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolving_universe-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosmologija">Kosmologija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odjeljak Kosmologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kosmologija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizi%C4%8Dka_kosmologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizička kosmologija (stranica ne postoji)">Fizička kosmologija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Kosmologija (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grč.</a> <i>κοσμος</i> — svet, univerzum i <i>λογος</i> — nauka, proučavanje) se bavi proučavanjem svemira u celini. </p><p>Posmatranja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktura_velikih_razmera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktura velikih razmera (stranica ne postoji)">strukture velikih razmera u svemiru</a>, oblast poznata kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizi%C4%8Dka_kosmologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizička kosmologija (stranica ne postoji)">fizička kosmologija</a>, doprinela je razumevanju o stvaranja i evolucije kosmosa. Fundamentalna za modernu kosmologiju je dobro poznata teorija <a href="/wiki/Veliki_prasak" title="Veliki prasak">Velikog praska</a>. Koncept Velikog praska vodi poreklo još i pre otkrića <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozadinsko_mikrotalasno_zra%C4%8Denje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pozadinsko mikrotalasno zračenje (stranica ne postoji)">pozadinskog mikrotalasnog zračenja</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>. godine, koje je nesumnjivo iznelo ovu teoriju u prvi plan. </p><p>Tokom ovog širenja, svemir je prošao kroz nekoliko evolucionih faza. U veoma ranim momentima, smatra se da je svemir doživeo veoma brzu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflacija_svemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflacija svemira (stranica ne postoji)">inflaciju</a>, koja je ujednačila početne uslove. Nakon toga, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosinteza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosinteza (stranica ne postoji)">nukleosinteza</a> je proizvela obilje elemenata u ranom svemiru. (Vidi još <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleokosmohronologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleokosmohronologija (stranica ne postoji)">nukleokosmohronologija</a>.) </p><p>Kad su nastali prvi atomi, svemir je postao providan za zračenje, oslobađajući energiju koju danas vidimo kao pozadinsko mikrotalasno zračenje. Svemir koji se i dalje širio ušao je u Tamno doba zbog nedostatka zvezdanih izvora energije.<sup id="cite_ref-cosmology_101_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmology_101-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hijerarhijska struktura materije počela je da se stvara od malenih varijacija u gustini mase. Materija se akumulira u najgušće oblasti, stvarajući oblake gasa i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezde_populacije_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezde populacije III (stranica ne postoji)">najranije zvezde</a>. Ove masivne zvezde su izazvale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rejonizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rejonizacija (stranica ne postoji)">rejonizaciju</a> i veruje se da su stvorile većinu težih elemenata (težih od vodonika i helijuma) u ranom svemiru. </p><p>Gravitacione skupine su se nagomilale u duge niti, ostavljajući praznine za sobom. Postepeno, skupine gasa i prašine su se spajale i stvorile prve primitivne galaksije. Vremenom, one su uvlačile sve više i više materije, i često su bile organizovane u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galakti%C4%8Dke_grupe_i_jata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktičke grupe i jata (stranica ne postoji)">grupe i jata galaksija</a>, a zatim i u superjata velikih dimenzija.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smatra se da je osnovno za strukturu svemira postojanje <a href="/wiki/Tamna_materija" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamna materija">tamne materije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tamna_energija" title="Tamna energija">tamne energije</a>. Za njih se danas smatra da čine 96% mase svemira, mada ne postoji ni najmanje saznanje o njihovoj fizičkoj prirodi. Zbog ovog razloga, mnogo napora se troši u pokušajima shvatanja njihove fizike.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Međudisciplinarna_proučavanja"><span id="Me.C4.91udisciplinarna_prou.C4.8Davanja"></span>Međudisciplinarna proučavanja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odjeljak Međudisciplinarna proučavanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Međudisciplinarna proučavanja"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomija i astrofizika su razvile značajne međudisciplinarne veze sa drugim naukama. <a href="/wiki/Arheoastronomija" title="Arheoastronomija">Arheoastronomija</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnoastronomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnoastronomija (stranica ne postoji)">etnoastronomija</a> proučavaju drevne i tradicionalne astronomije u njihovom kulturnom kontekstu, koristeći arheološke i antropološke dokaze. <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalna_kosmi%C4%8Dka_biologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalna kosmička biologija">Astrobiologija</a> je nauka o nastanku i evoluciji bioloških sistema u svemiru, sa posebnim naglaskom na mogućnost postojanja vanzemaljskog života. </p><p>Proučavanje atoma, <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekula</a> i jedinjenja u svemiru, uključujući njihov nastanak, interakcije i uništenje zove se <a href="/wiki/Astrohemija" title="Astrohemija">astrohemija</a>. Ove supstance se obično nalaze u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_oblak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni oblak (stranica ne postoji)">molekularnim oblacima</a>, iako se mogu naći i u zvezdama niskih temperatura, smeđim patuljcima i planetama. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmohemija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmohemija (stranica ne postoji)">Kosmohemija</a> je proučavanje elemenata, molekula i jedinjenja pronađenih u Sunčevom sistemu, uključujući poreklo elemenata i raspored odnosa <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a>. Oba ova polja predstavljaju spoj astronomije i hemije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amaterska_astronomija">Amaterska astronomija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odjeljak Amaterska astronomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Amaterska astronomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Amaterska_astronomija" title="Amaterska astronomija">Amaterska astronomija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Telescope_trailer_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Telescope_trailer_22.jpg/170px-Telescope_trailer_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Telescope_trailer_22.jpg/255px-Telescope_trailer_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Telescope_trailer_22.jpg/340px-Telescope_trailer_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Astronomi amateri mogu da sami izrade svoju opremu, i prave astronomska okupljanja.</figcaption></figure> <p>Astronomija je jedna od nauka kojoj amateri mogu najviše da doprinesu.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomi amateri posmatraju razne nebeske objekte i pojave, ponekad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogradnja_teleskopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samogradnja teleskopa (stranica ne postoji)">opremom koju su sami napravili</a>. Najčešći ciljevi su Mesec, planete, zvezde, komete, meteorski rojevi, te razni <a href="/wiki/Objekti_dubokog_neba" title="Objekti dubokog neba">objekti dubokog neba</a> kao što su zvezdana jata, galaksije i magline. Jedna grana amaterske astronomije, amaterska <a href="/wiki/Astrofotografija" title="Astrofotografija">astrofotografija</a>, uključuje pravljenje fotografija noćnog neba. Mnogi amateri se specijalizuju u posmatranju određenih objekata, vrsta objekata, odnosno vrsta događaja koji ih zanimaju.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Većina amatera radi na vidljivim talasnim dužinama, ali postoje i oni koji eksperimentišu sa talasnim dužinama van vidljivog spektra. To uključuje korišćenje infracrvenih filtera na konvencionalnim teleskopima, kao i korišćenje radio-teleskopa. Pionir amaterske radioastronomije je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Janski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Janski (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Janski</a> koji je počeo da osmatra nebo na radio-talasnim dužinama <a href="/wiki/1930e" class="mw-redirect" title="1930e">1930-ih</a>. Jedan broj astronoma amatera koristiti bilo teleskope napravljene u samogradnji ili teleskope koji su prvobitno izgrađeni za astronomska istraživanja, a koji su sada dostupni amaterima (npr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleskop_od_jedne_milje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleskop od jedne milje (stranica ne postoji)">Teleskop od jedne milje</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomi amateri i dalje naučno doprinose astronomiji. Zapravo, to je jedna od retkih naučnih disciplina u kojoj amateri još uvek mogu da učine značajne doprinose. Amateri, recimo, mogu da vrše posmatranja <a href="/wiki/Okultacija" title="Okultacija">okultacija</a> koja se koriste za usavršavanje orbita malih planeta. Oni takođe mogu otkriti komete, i obavljati redovna posmatranja <a href="/wiki/Promenljiva_zvezda" title="Promenljiva zvezda">promenljivih zvezda</a>. Poboljšanja u digitalnoj tehnologiji omogućila su amaterima da ostvare impresivan napredak u oblasti astrofotografije.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otvorena_pitanja_u_astronomiji">Otvorena pitanja u astronomiji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odjeljak Otvorena pitanja u astronomiji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=25" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otvorena pitanja u astronomiji"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-bottom:.5em; border:0px text-align:left; font-size:95%; background:transparent; color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td width="100%"><i>Za više informacija pogledajte članak <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nere%C5%A1eni_problemi_u_fizici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerešeni problemi u fizici (stranica ne postoji)">Nerešeni problemi u fizici</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mada je astronomija načinila ogromne korake u razumevanju prirode svemira i njegovog sadržaja, postoje važna pitanja koja su još uvek ostala otvorena. Odgovori na njih mogu zahtevati izgradnju novih instrumenata na Zemlji i u svemiru, i moguće nova otkrića u teoretskoj i eksperimentalnoj fizici. </p> <ul><li>Šta je poreklo rasporeda zvezdanih masa? To jest, zašto astronomi uvek vide isti raspored zvezdanih masa — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inicijalna_funkcija_mase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inicijalna funkcija mase (stranica ne postoji)">inicijalnu funkciju mase</a> — bez obzira na početne uslove?<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potrebno je bolje razumevanje procesa stvaranja zvezda i planeta.</li> <li>Ima li <a href="/wiki/Vanzemaljac" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanzemaljac">vanzemaljskog života</a> u svemiru? Posebno, ima li drugog inteligentnog života? Ako ima, šta je objašnjenje za <a href="/wiki/Fermijev_paradoks" title="Fermijev paradoks">Fermijev paradoks</a>? Postojanje vanzemaljskog života ima važne naučne i filozofske implikacije.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kakva je priroda tamne materije i tamne energije? Izgleda da one dominiraju evolucijom i sudbinom svemira, pa ipak mi još uvek ne znamo kakva je njihova priroda.<sup id="cite_ref-physics_questions_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics_questions-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zašto je svemir nastao? Zašto su, na primer, fizičke konstante <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropi%C4%8Dki_princip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antropički princip (stranica ne postoji)">raspoređene</a> tako da dozvoljavaju postojanje života? Može li to biti rezultat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmolo%C5%A1ka_prirodna_selekcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmološka prirodna selekcija (stranica ne postoji)">kosmološke prirodne selekcije</a>? Šta je uzrok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflacija_svemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflacija svemira (stranica ne postoji)">inflacije</a> koja je učinila naš svemir homogenim?<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Šta je <a href="/wiki/Kona%C4%8Dna_sudbina_svemira" title="Konačna sudbina svemira">konačna sudbina svemira</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=26" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija_u_Srbiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomija u Srbiji (stranica ne postoji)">Astronomija u Srbiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_astronoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak astronoma (stranica ne postoji)">Spisak astronoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">Astrofizika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrologija" title="Astrologija">Astrologija</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=27" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-new_cosmos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-new_cosmos_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnsöld2001">Unsöld 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scharrinhausen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scharrinhausen_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scharrinhausen_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">B. Scharringhausen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=30">„Curious About Astronomy: What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics?”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Curious+About+Astronomy%3A+What+is+the+difference+between+astronomy+and+astrophysics%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=B.+Scharringhausen&rft.au=B.+Scharringhausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurious.astro.cornell.edu%2Fquestion.php%3Fnumber%3D30&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odenwald-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-odenwald_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">S. Odenwald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q449.html">„Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers: What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics?”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Archive+of+Astronomy+Questions+and+Answers%3A+What+is+the+difference+between+astronomy+and+astrophysics%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=S.+Odenwald&rft.au=S.+Odenwald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycafe.net%2Fqadir%2Fq449.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennstateerie-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pennstateerie_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pennstateerie_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erie.psu.edu/academic/science/degrees/astronomy/astrophysics.htm">„Penn State Erie-School of Science-Astronomy and Astrophysics”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Penn+State+Erie-School+of+Science-Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erie.psu.edu%2Facademic%2Fscience%2Fdegrees%2Fastronomy%2Fastrophysics.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-astronomy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mw-astronomy_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/astronomy">„Merriam-Webster Online”</a>. <i>Results for "astronomy".</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online&rft.atitle=Results+for+%22astronomy%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Fastronomy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-astrophysics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mw-astrophysics_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/astrophysics">„Merriam-Webster Online”</a>. <i>Results for "astrophysics".</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online&rft.atitle=Results+for+%22astrophysics%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Fastrophysics&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shu1982-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_7-2">7,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">F. H. Shu (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaluniverse00shuf"><i>The Physical Universe</i></a>. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-935702-05-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-935702-05-7">978-0-935702-05-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Universe&rft.aulast=F.+H.+Shu&rft.au=F.+H.+Shu&rft.date=1982&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-935702-05-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaluniverse00shuf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-history_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Forbs, Džordž (1909) (Slobodna e-knjiga iz <a href="/wiki/Projekat_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Projekat Gutenberg">Projekta Gutenberg</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8172"><i>History of Astronomy</i></a>. London: Watts & Co..</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Forbs&rft.aufirst=D%C5%BEord%C5%BE&rft.au=Forbs%2C%26%2332%3BD%C5%BEord%C5%BE&rft.date=1909&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F8172&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetquest.org/learn/nabta.html">PlanetQuest: History of Astronomy</a> - Dobavljeno dana 2007-08-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomski_magazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomski magazin (stranica ne postoji)">Astronomski magazin</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.astronomija.co.rs/suncsist/Sunce/pomracenje/saros.htm">Saros, serija 145</a>Dobavljeno dana 2008-06-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hipparchus.html">Hipparchus of Rhodes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023062202/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hipparchus.html">Arhivirano</a> 2007-10-23 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> Škola Matematike i statistike, Univerzitet Sv. Andreje, Škotska. Dobavljeno dana 2007-10-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-short_history-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-short_history_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-short_history_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeri1961">Beri 1961</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_history-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_history_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Majkl Hoskin, ur. (1999). <i>The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-57600-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-57600-0">978-0-521-57600-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Concise+History+of+Astronomy&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57600-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Pk-bZMS_KdUC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=astronomy+in+medieval+Africa&source=bl&ots=aRLD55EWpi&sig=a6mM7gqHkev1GQPCFRY84gCNEcE&hl=en&ei=V4yQSbaQLZaitgea1aSRCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result"><i>The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay</i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Kingdoms+of+Ghana%2C+Mali+and+Songhay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPk-bZMS_KdUC%26pg%3DPA103%26lpg%3DPA103%26dq%3Dastronomy%2Bin%2Bmedieval%2BAfrica%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DaRLD55EWpi%26sig%3Da6mM7gqHkev1GQPCFRY84gCNEcE%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DV4yQSbaQLZaitgea1aSRCw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D10%26ct%3Dresult&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, Pristupljeno 24. 4. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3137-eclipse-brings-claim-of-medieval-african-observatory.html">Eclipse brings claim of medieval African observatory</a>, Pristupljeno 24. 4. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2003/november/cosmic.htm">Cosmic Africa explores Africa's astronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031203055223/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2003/november/cosmic.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2003-12-03 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, Pristupljeno 24. 4. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrookMedupeUrama2008180-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrookMedupeUrama2008180_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbrookMedupeUrama2008">Holbrook, Medupe & Urama 2008</a>: str. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4117">„The Royal Society”</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fnews.asp%3Fyear%3D%26id%3D4117&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html">„Electromagnetic Spectrum”</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Spectrum&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fscience%2Fknow_l1%2Femspectrum.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox2000-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-0">20,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-1">20,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-2">20,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-3">20,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-4">20,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-5">20,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-6">20,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-7">20,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-8">20,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-9">20,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-10">20,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-11">20,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-12">20,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_20-13">20,13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">A. N. Cox, editor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allensastrophysi0004alle"><i>Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</i></a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-387-98746-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-387-98746-0">978-0-387-98746-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&rft.aulast=A.+N.+Cox%2C+editor&rft.au=A.+N.+Cox%2C+editor&rft.date=2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98746-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallensastrophysi0004alle&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Staff (11. 9. 2003.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMX9PZO4HD_FeatureWeek_0.html">„Why infrared astronomy is a hot topic”</a>. ESA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. 8. 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+infrared+astronomy+is+a+hot+topic&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.au=Staff&rft.date=11.+9.+2003.&rft.pub=ESA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMX9PZO4HD_FeatureWeek_0.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005031543/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Spectra/irspec.html">„Infrared Spectroscopy - An Overview”</a>. NASA/IPAC. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Spectra/irspec.html">originala</a> na datum 2008-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. 8. 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Infrared+Spectroscopy+-+An+Overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=NASA%2FIPAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081005031543%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipac.caltech.edu%2FOutreach%2FEdu%2FSpectra%2Firspec.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moore1997_23-0">23,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moore1997_23-1">23,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">P. Moore (1997). <i>Philip's Atlas of the Universe</i>. Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo: George Philis Limited. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-540-07465-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-540-07465-5">978-0-540-07465-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip%27s+Atlas+of+the+Universe&rft.aulast=P.+Moore&rft.au=P.+Moore&rft.date=1997&rft.place=Ujedinjeno+Kraljevstvo&rft.pub=George+Philis+Limited&rft.isbn=978-0-540-07465-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectrum-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Penston, Margaret J. (14. 8. 2002.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/components/tutors/?view=tutor&id=2002">„The electromagnetic spectrum”</a>. Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+electromagnetic+spectrum&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Penston&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft.au=Penston%2C%26%2332%3BMargaret+J.&rft.date=14.+8.+2002.&rft.pub=Particle+Physics+and+Astronomy+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ice.cam.ac.uk%2Fcomponents%2Ftutors%2F%3Fview%3Dtutor%26id%3D2002&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">G. A. Tammann, F. K. Thielemann, D. Trautmann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116033426/http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/20/article8/article8.html">„Opening new windows in observing the Universe”</a>. Europhysics News. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/20/article8/article8.html">originala</a> na datum 2006-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 22. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Opening+new+windows+in+observing+the+Universe&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=G.+A.+Tammann%2C+F.+K.+Thielemann%2C+D.+Trautmann&rft.au=G.+A.+Tammann%2C+F.+K.+Thielemann%2C+D.+Trautmann&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Europhysics+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061116033426%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.europhysicsnews.com%2Ffull%2F20%2Farticle8%2Farticle8.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Rot, <i>A Slowly Contracting or Expanding Fluid Sphere and its Stability</i>, <i>Phys. Rev.</i> (<b>39</b>, p;525–529, 1932)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. S. Edington, <i>Internal Constitution of the Stars</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solar_FAQ-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-solar_FAQ_28-0">28,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-solar_FAQ_28-1">28,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverker_Johanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverker Johanson (stranica ne postoji)">Johanson, Sverker</a> (27. 7. 2003.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toarchive.org/faqs/faq-solar.html">„The Solar FAQ”</a>. Talk.Origins Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Solar+FAQ&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Sverker&rft.au=Johanson%2C%26%2332%3BSverker&rft.date=27.+7.+2003.&rft.pub=Talk.Origins+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toarchive.org%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-solar.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since October 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_issues_:_essential_primary_sources.-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_issues_:_essential_primary_sources._29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lerner i K. Li Lerner, Brenda Vilmot (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2006000857&CNT=10+records+per+page">„Environmental issues : essential primary sources."”</a>. Thomson Gale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Environmental+issues+%3A+essential+primary+sources.%22&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lerner+i+K.+Li+Lerner&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Vilmot&rft.au=Lerner+i+K.+Li+Lerner%2C%26%2332%3BBrenda+Vilmot&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FPwebrecon.cgi%3Fv3%3D1%26DB%3Dlocal%26CMD%3D010a%2B2006000857%26CNT%3D10%2Brecords%2Bper%2Bpage&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bokšić, Predrag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.astronomija.co.rs/suncsist/planete/zemlja/Klima/Ledena_doba/Aktivnost_Sunca.htm"><i>Vodič kroz ledena doba za astronome</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 22. 6. 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodi%C4%8D+kroz+ledena+doba+za+astronome&rft.aulast=Bok%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft.au=Bok%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BPredrag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.astronomija.co.rs%2Fsuncsist%2Fplanete%2Fzemlja%2FKlima%2FLedena_doba%2FAktivnost_Sunca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-geology_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">J. F. Bell III, B. A. Campbell, M. S. Robinson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marswatch.tn.cornell.edu/rsm.html"><i>Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing</i></a> (3. izd.). John Wiley & Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+for+the+Earth+Sciences%3A+Manual+of+Remote+Sensing&rft.aulast=J.+F.+Bell+III%2C+B.+A.+Campbell%2C+M.+S.+Robinson&rft.au=J.+F.+Bell+III%2C+B.+A.+Campbell%2C+M.+S.+Robinson&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarswatch.tn.cornell.edu%2Frsm.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planets-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-planets_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">E. Grayzeck, D. R. Williams (11. 5. 2006.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/">„Lunar and Planetary Science”</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 21. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=E.+Grayzeck%2C+D.+R.+Williams&rft.au=E.+Grayzeck%2C+D.+R.+Williams&rft.date=11.+5.+2006.&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formation-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-formation_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Roberge, Aki (5. 5. 1997.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/akir/Seminar/seminar.html">„Planetary Formation and Our Solar System”</a>. Carnegie Institute of Washington—Department of Terrestrial Magnetism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Planetary+Formation+and+Our+Solar+System&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Roberge&rft.aufirst=Aki&rft.au=Roberge%2C%26%2332%3BAki&rft.date=5.+5.+1997.&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institute+of+Washington%E2%80%94Department+of+Terrestrial+Magnetism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtm.ciw.edu%2Fakir%2FSeminar%2Fseminar.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Roberge, Aki (21. 4. 1998.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/akir/Seminar/internal.html">„The Planets After Formation”</a>. Department of Terrestrial Magnetism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Planets+After+Formation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Roberge&rft.aufirst=Aki&rft.au=Roberge%2C%26%2332%3BAki&rft.date=21.+4.+1998.&rft.pub=Department+of+Terrestrial+Magnetism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtm.ciw.edu%2Fakir%2FSeminar%2Finternal.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_solar_system-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-new_solar_system_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">J.K. Beatty, C.C. Petersen, A. Chaikin, ur. (1999). <i>The New Solar System</i> (4. izd.). Cambridge press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-64587-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-64587-4">978-0-521-64587-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Cambridge+press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64587-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sead-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sead_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210154901/http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html">„Stellar Evolution & Death”</a>. NASA Observatorium. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html">originala</a> na datum 2008-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 6. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Stellar+Evolution+%26+Death&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=NASA+Observatorium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080210154901%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fobserve.arc.nasa.gov%2Fnasa%2Fspace%2Fstellardeath%2Fstellardeath_intro.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_atlas-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_atlas_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Jean Audouze, Guy Israel, ur. (1994). <i>The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy</i> (3. izd.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-43438-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-43438-6">978-0-521-43438-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Atlas+of+Astronomy&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43438-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Faulkner, Danny R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514095342/http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/30/30_1/StellarPop.html">„The Role Of Stellar Population Types In The Discussion Of Stellar Evolution”</a>. <i>CRS Quarterly</i> <b>30</b> (1): 174-180. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/30/30_1/StellarPop.html">originala</a> na datum 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Role+Of+Stellar+Population+Types+In+The+Discussion+Of+Stellar+Evolution&rft.jtitle=CRS+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Danny+R.&rft.au=Faulkner%2C%26%2332%3BDanny+R.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=174-180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110514095342%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.creationresearch.org%2Fcrsq%2Farticles%2F30%2F30_1%2FStellarPop.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Hanes, Dave (24. 8. 2006.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061002091114/http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~hanes/p014/Notes/Topic_063.html">„Star Formation; The Interstellar Medium”</a>. Queen's University. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~hanes/p014/Notes/Topic_063.html">originala</a> na datum 2006-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Star+Formation%3B+The+Interstellar+Medium&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hanes&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Hanes%2C%26%2332%3BDave&rft.date=24.+8.+2006.&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20061002091114%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.queensu.ca%2F%7Ehanes%2Fp014%2FNotes%2FTopic_063.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Van den Berg, Sidni (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/316369">„The Early History of Dark Matter”</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomy Society of the Pacific</i> <b>111</b>: 657-660. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F316369">10.1086/316369</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280">0004-6280</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Dark+Matter&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomy+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.aulast=Van+den+Berg%2C+Sidni&rft.au=Van+den+Berg%2C+Sidni&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=657-660&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F316369&rft.issn=0004-6280&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F316369&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since September 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bil_Kil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bil Kil (stranica ne postoji)">Kil, Bil</a> (1. 8. 2006.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/classify.html">„Galaxy Classification”</a>. University of Alabama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Classification&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kil&rft.aufirst=Bil&rft.au=Kil%2C%26%2332%3BBil&rft.date=1.+8.+2006.&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astr.ua.edu%2Fkeel%2Fgalaxies%2Fclassify.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html">„Active Galaxies and Quasars”</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Active+Galaxies+and+Quasars&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fscience%2Fknow_l1%2Factive_galaxies.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolving_universe-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-evolving_universe_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeilik2002">Zeilik 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cosmology_101-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cosmology_101_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Hinshaw, Gary (13. 7. 2006.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni.html">„Cosmology 101: The Study of the Universe”</a>. NASA WMAP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 10. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cosmology+101%3A+The+Study+of+the+Universe&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hinshaw&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Hinshaw%2C%26%2332%3BGary&rft.date=13.+7.+2006.&rft.pub=NASA+WMAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmap.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fm_uni.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_lss.html">„Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure”</a>. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Clusters+and+Large-Scale+Structure&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damtp.cam.ac.uk%2Fuser%2Fgr%2Fpublic%2Fgal_lss.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Preuss, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811215815/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/dark-energy.html">„Dark Energy Fills the Cosmos”</a>. U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley Lab. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/dark-energy.html">originala</a> na datum 2006-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dark+Energy+Fills+the+Cosmos&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Preuss&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Preuss%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Berkeley+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060811215815%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2FScience-Articles%2FArchive%2Fdark-energy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mims III, Forrest M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/284/5411/55">„Amateur Science--Strong Tradition, Bright Future”</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>284</b> (5411): 55-56. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5411.55">10.1126/science.284.5411.55</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2008</span>. »Astronomy has traditionally been among the most fertile fields for serious amateurs [...]«</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amateur+Science--Strong+Tradition%2C+Bright+Future&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Mims+III&rft.aufirst=Forrest+M.&rft.au=Mims+III%2C%26%2332%3BForrest+M.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5411&rft.pages=55-56&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5411.55&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F284%2F5411%2F55&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsmeteors.org/">„The Americal Meteor Society”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Americal+Meteor+Society&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsmeteors.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lodriguss, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropix.com/">„Catching the Light: Astrophotography”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Catching+the+Light%3A+Astrophotography&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lodriguss&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Lodriguss%2C%26%2332%3BJerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astropix.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">F. Ghigo (7. 2. 2006.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_jansky.shtml">„Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves”</a>. National Radio Astronomy Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Karl+Jansky+and+the+Discovery+of+Cosmic+Radio+Waves&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=F.+Ghigo&rft.au=F.+Ghigo&rft.date=7.+2.+2006.&rft.pub=National+Radio+Astronomy+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrao.edu%2Fwhatisra%2Fhist_jansky.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~arcus/cara/">„Cambridge Amateur Radio Astronomers”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Amateur+Radio+Astronomers&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.globalnet.co.uk%2F%7Earcus%2Fcara%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/iotandx.htm">„The International Occultation Timing Association”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+International+Occultation+Timing+Association&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lunar-occultations.com%2Fiota%2Fiotandx.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/">„American Association of Variable Star Observers”</a>. AAVSO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=American+Association+of+Variable+Star+Observers&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AAVSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavso.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kroupa, Pavel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5552/82?ijkey=3Dzzwlrn9nK7LUM&keytype=3Dref&siteid=3Dsci">„The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems”</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>295</b> (5552): 82-91. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067524">10.1126/science.1067524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778039">11778039</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Initial+Mass+Function+of+Stars%3A+Evidence+for+Uniformity+in+Variable+Systems&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Kroupa&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft.au=Kroupa%2C%26%2332%3BPavel&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5552&rft.pages=82-91&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1067524&rft_id=info:pmid/11778039&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F295%2F5552%2F82%3Fijkey%3D3Dzzwlrn9nK7LUM%26keytype%3D3Dref%26siteid%3D3Dsci&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/great-debates/complex-life-elsewhere-in-the-universe/">„Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe?”</a>. Astrobiology Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Complex+Life+Elsewhere+in+the+Universe%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fgreat-debates%2Fcomplex-life-elsewhere-in-the-universe%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigear.org/vol1no2/sagan.htm">„The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence”</a>. Cosmic Search Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 12. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Extraterrestrial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cosmic+Search+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigear.org%2Fvol1no2%2Fsagan.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physics_questions-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-physics_questions_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203152634/http://www.pnl.gov/energyscience/01-02/11-questions/11questions.htm">„11 Physics Questions for the New Century”</a>. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnl.gov/energyscience/01-02/11-questions/11questions.htm">originala</a> na datum 2006-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 12. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=11+Physics+Questions+for+the+New+Century&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+National+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060203152634%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnl.gov%2Fenergyscience%2F01-02%2F11-questions%2F11questions.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721211753/http://www.meta-library.net/cq-wein/index-frame.html">„Was the Universe Designed?”</a>. Counterbalance Meta Library. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-library.net/cq-wein/index-frame.html">originala</a> na datum 2011-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 12. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Was+the+Universe+Designed%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Counterbalance+Meta+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110721211753%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.meta-library.net%2Fcq-wein%2Findex-frame.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Hinshaw, Gary (15. 12. 2005.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101fate.html">„What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe?”</a>. NASA WMAP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Ultimate+Fate+of+the+Universe%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hinshaw&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Hinshaw%2C%26%2332%3BGary&rft.date=15.+12.+2005.&rft.pub=NASA+WMAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmap.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fm_uni%2Funi_101fate.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=28" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFHolbrookMedupeUrama2008">Holbrook, Jarita Charmian; Medupe, Rodney; Urama, Johnson O. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4DJpDW6IAukC&pg=PA180"><i>African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy research in Africa</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. str. 180–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-4020-6639-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-4020-6639-9">978-1-4020-6639-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Cultural+Astronomy%3A+Current+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy+research+in+Africa&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Jarita+Charmian&rft.au=Holbrook%2C%26%2332%3BJarita+Charmian&rft.au=Medupe%2C%26%2332%3BRodney&rft.au=Urama%2C%26%2332%3BJohnson+O.&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B180%E2%80%93&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6639-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DJpDW6IAukC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poincare.matf.bg.ac.rs/~zlucic/MilutinMilankovic.pdf">Istorija astronomske nauke</a>, drugo izdanje, Beograd, 1979. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Page_white_acrobat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Page_white_acrobat.png/13px-Page_white_acrobat.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Page_white_acrobat.png 1.5x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></span>)</li> <li><i>Jedan deo ovog članka preuzet je iz članka Zorana Tomića „Šta je to astronomija?“ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmilan.com/sta-je-to-astronomija-i-deo/">I deo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214102211/http://www.mmilan.com/sta-je-to-astronomija-i-deo/">Arhivirano</a> 2010-02-14 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmilan.com/zoran-tomic-sta-je-to-astronomija-ii-deo/">II deo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214100102/http://www.mmilan.com/zoran-tomic-sta-je-to-astronomija-ii-deo/">Arhivirano</a> 2010-02-14 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmilan.com/zoran-tomic-sta-je-to-astronomija-iii-deo/">III deo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009164228/http://www.mmilan.com/zoran-tomic-sta-je-to-astronomija-iii-deo/">Arhivirano</a> 2009-10-09 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>) a koji je prevod članka <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" class="extiw" title="en:Astronomy">Astronomy</a>.</i></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFUnsöld2001">Unsöld, Albrecht; Bodo Baschek, W.D. Brewer (translator) (2001). <i>The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. Berlin, New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-540-67877-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-540-67877-9">978-3-540-67877-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cosmos%3A+An+Introduction+to+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.au=Uns%C3%B6ld%2C%26%2332%3BAlbrecht&rft.date=2001&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67877-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFF._H._Shu1982">F. H. Shu (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaluniverse00shuf"><i>The Physical Universe</i></a>. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-935702-05-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-935702-05-7">978-0-935702-05-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Universe&rft.aulast=F.+H.+Shu&rft.au=F.+H.+Shu&rft.date=1982&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-935702-05-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaluniverse00shuf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFForbs1909">Forbs, Džordž (1909) (Slobodna e-knjiga iz <a href="/wiki/Projekat_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Projekat Gutenberg">Projekta Gutenberg</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8172"><i>History of Astronomy</i></a>. London: Watts & Co..</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Forbs&rft.aufirst=D%C5%BEord%C5%BE&rft.au=Forbs%2C%26%2332%3BD%C5%BEord%C5%BE&rft.date=1909&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F8172&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBeri1961">Beri, Artur (1961). <i>A Short History of Astronomy From Earliest Times Through the Nineteenth Century</i>. Njujork: Dover Publications, Inc..</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Astronomy+From+Earliest+Times+Through+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.aulast=Beri&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft.au=Beri%2C%26%2332%3BArtur&rft.date=1961&rft.place=Njujork&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMajkl_Hoskin1999">Majkl Hoskin, ur. (1999). <i>The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-57600-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-57600-0">978-0-521-57600-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Concise+History+of+Astronomy&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57600-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFA._N._Cox,_editor2000">A. N. Cox, editor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allensastrophysi0004alle"><i>Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</i></a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-387-98746-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-387-98746-0">978-0-387-98746-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&rft.aulast=A.+N.+Cox%2C+editor&rft.au=A.+N.+Cox%2C+editor&rft.date=2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98746-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallensastrophysi0004alle&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFP._Moore1997">P. Moore (1997). <i>Philip's Atlas of the Universe</i>. Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo: George Philis Limited. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-540-07465-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-540-07465-5">978-0-540-07465-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip%27s+Atlas+of+the+Universe&rft.aulast=P.+Moore&rft.au=P.+Moore&rft.date=1997&rft.place=Ujedinjeno+Kraljevstvo&rft.pub=George+Philis+Limited&rft.isbn=978-0-540-07465-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBokšić">Bokšić, Predrag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.astronomija.co.rs/suncsist/planete/zemlja/Klima/Ledena_doba/Aktivnost_Sunca.htm"><i>Vodič kroz ledena doba za astronome</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 22. 6. 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodi%C4%8D+kroz+ledena+doba+za+astronome&rft.aulast=Bok%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft.au=Bok%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BPredrag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.astronomija.co.rs%2Fsuncsist%2Fplanete%2Fzemlja%2FKlima%2FLedena_doba%2FAktivnost_Sunca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFJ._F._Bell_III,_B._A._Campbell,_M._S._Robinson2004">J. F. Bell III, B. A. Campbell, M. S. Robinson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marswatch.tn.cornell.edu/rsm.html"><i>Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing</i></a> (3. izd.). John Wiley & Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 8. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+for+the+Earth+Sciences%3A+Manual+of+Remote+Sensing&rft.aulast=J.+F.+Bell+III%2C+B.+A.+Campbell%2C+M.+S.+Robinson&rft.au=J.+F.+Bell+III%2C+B.+A.+Campbell%2C+M.+S.+Robinson&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarswatch.tn.cornell.edu%2Frsm.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFJ.K._Beatty,_C.C._Petersen,_A._Chaikin1999">J.K. Beatty, C.C. Petersen, A. Chaikin, ur. (1999). <i>The New Solar System</i> (4. izd.). Cambridge press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-64587-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-64587-4">978-0-521-64587-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Cambridge+press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64587-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFJean_Audouze,_Guy_Israel1994">Jean Audouze, Guy Israel, ur. (1994). <i>The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy</i> (3. izd.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-43438-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-43438-6">978-0-521-43438-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Atlas+of+Astronomy&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43438-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFZeilik2002">Zeilik, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyevolvin0000zeil"><i>Astronomy: The Evolving Universe</i></a> (8th izd.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-80090-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-80090-7">978-0-521-80090-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy%3A+The+Evolving+Universe&rft.aulast=Zeilik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Zeilik%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80090-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomyevolvin0000zeil&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Astronomija"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija&action=edit&section=29" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>{<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomija.co.rs/">Astronomski magazin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomija.rs/">Astronomija.rs</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomy2009.org/">Međunarodna Godina Astronomije 2009.</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/">Astronomska slika dana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126064324/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/">Arhivirano</a> 2011-01-26 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="srpskohrvatski jezik">(<kbd>sh</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zika.rs/index.php/svemir.html">Zika.rs - Svemir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417001653/http://www.zika.rs/index.php/svemir.html">Arhivirano</a> 2010-04-17 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> - portal za inovacije i futuristiku, vesti iz oblasti astronomije i istraživanja svemira</li></ul> <dl><dt>Ostali projekti</dt></dl> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="background:none; color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td><td>U <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> nalazi se članak na temu: <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" class="extiw" title="commons:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Prirodne_nauke-lat" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Prirodne nauke-lat"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Prirodne_nauke-lat&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osnovne_podoblasti_prirodnih_nauka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Osnovne podoblasti <a href="/wiki/Prirodne_nauke" title="Prirodne nauke">prirodnih nauka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink 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