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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dionysius Exiguus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="دنيسيوس الصغير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دنيسيوس الصغير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ডায়োনিসিয়াস এক্সিগুয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডায়োনিসিয়াস এক্সিগুয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Дыянісій Малы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыянісій Малы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дионисий Малки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дионисий Малки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%ADs_l%27Exigu" title="Dionís l'Exigu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dionís l'Exigu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Διονύσιος ο Μικρός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διονύσιος ο Μικρός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_el_Exiguo" title="Dionisio el Exiguo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dionisio el Exiguo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_le_Petit" title="Denys le Petit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Denys le Petit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_o_Exiguo" title="Dionisio o Exiguo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dionisio o Exiguo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%9C%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%91%EC%8B%9C%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="디오니시우스 엑시구스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디오니시우스 엑시구스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysio_Exiguo" title="Dionysio Exiguo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dionysio Exiguo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionigi_il_Piccolo" title="Dionigi il Piccolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dionigi il Piccolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="דיוניסיוס אקסיגואוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיוניסיוס אקסיגואוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="დიონისე მცირე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიონისე მცირე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C4%ABsijs_Mazais" title="Dionīsijs Mazais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dionīsijs Mazais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡയണിസിയസ് എക്സിഗ്യൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡയണിസിയസ് എക്സിഗ്യൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ディオニュシウス・エクシグウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディオニュシウス・エクシグウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%ADs_l%27Exig%C3%BA" title="Dionís l'Exigú – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dionís l'Exigú" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionizjusz_Ma%C5%82y" title="Dionizjusz Mały – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dionizjusz Mały" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%ADsio,_o_Ex%C3%ADguo" title="Dionísio, o Exíguo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dionísio, o Exíguo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisie_cel_Smerit" title="Dionisie cel Smerit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dionisie cel Smerit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Дионисий Малый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дионисий Малый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionizij_Mali" title="Dionizij Mali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dionizij Mali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дионисије Мали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дионисије Мали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionizije_Mali" title="Dionizije Mali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dionizije Mali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dionysius Exiguus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Діонісій Малий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine saint (c. 470 – c. 544)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Dionysius Exiguus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysius_Exiguus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dionysius_Exiguus.jpg/200px-Dionysius_Exiguus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Dionysius_Exiguus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 544</span> (aged 73 or 74)<br />Rome, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Holy_Synod_of_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church">the Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (first day of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Liturgical year">Byzantine liturgical year</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dionysius Exiguus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Dionysius the Humble";<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: Διονύσιος; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span> – <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 544</span>) was a 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman">Eastern Roman</a> monk born in <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia Minor</a>. He was a member of a community of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_monks" title="Scythian monks">Scythian monks</a> concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>), the major city of Scythia Minor. Dionysius is best known as the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) dating, which is used to number the years of both the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and the (Christianised) <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. Almost all churches adopted his <i><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a></i> for the dates of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. </p><p>From around the year 500 until his death, Dionysius lived in Rome. He <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> 401 Church canons from Greek into Latin, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a> and the decrees of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Sardica" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Sardica">Council of Sardica</a>, and a collection of the <a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">decretals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a>. These <i><a href="/wiki/Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">Collectiones canonum Dionysianae</a></i> had great authority in the West, and they continue to guide church administrations. Dionysius also wrote a treatise on elementary mathematics. </p><p>The author of a continuation of Dionysius's <i>Computus</i>, writing in 616, described Dionysius as a "most learned abbot of the city of Rome", and <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">the Venerable Bede</a> accorded him the honorific <i>abbas</i> (which could be applied to any monk, especially a senior and respected monk, and does not necessarily imply that Dionysius ever headed a monastery; indeed, Dionysius's friend <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> stated in <i>Institutiones</i> that he was still an ordinary monk late in life). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to his friend and fellow-student, <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, Dionysius, although by birth a "<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>", was in character a true Roman, most learned in both tongues (by which he meant Greek and Latin).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a thorough <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">catholic</a> Christian and an accomplished Scripturist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of such an ambiguous, dated term as "<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a>" raises the suspicion that his contemporaries had difficulties classifying him, either from lack of knowledge about him personally or about his native land, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> By the 6th century, the term "Scythian" could mean an inhabitant of Scythia Minor, or simply someone from the north-east of the Greco-Roman world, centred on the Mediterranean. The term had a widely encompassing meaning, devoid of clear ethnic attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> Even for the "Scythian monk" <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Maxentius" title="Joannes Maxentius">Joannes Maxentius</a>, friend and companion of Dionysius, the two monks are "Scythian" by virtue of their geographical origin relative to Rome, just as <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Riez" title="Faustus of Riez">Faustus of Riez</a> is a "<a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gaul</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> </p><p>The dubious assertion, based on a single Syriac source, that the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman">Eastern-Roman</a> rebel general <a href="/wiki/Vitalian_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitalian (general)">Vitalian</a>, to whom Dionysius seems to have been related, was of <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> extraction was the basis for labelling, without any further evidence, all of the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_monks" title="Scythian monks">Scythian monks</a>, Dionysius included, as "Goths".<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> In Greek and Latin sources, Vitalian is sometimes labelled with the same ambiguous term "Scytha"; he is presented as commanding "Hunnic", "Gothic", "Scythian", "<a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessian</a>" soldiers, but this information says more about the general's military endeavours, and bears little relevance to clarifying his origins. Furthermore, since none of the Scythian monks expressed any kinship, by blood or spiritual, with the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Goths who at that time ruled Italy, a Gothic origin for Dionysius is questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> Vitalian seems to have been of local Latinised <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> stock, born in Scythia Minor or in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name.<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> By the time of the flourishing of the Scythian monks, the provinces from the Lower Danube, long since Latinised, were already a centre for the production of Latin-speaking theologians. Most likely Dionysius was also of local <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a> origin (romanized <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Geto</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a>), like Vitalian's family to whom he was related, and the rest of the Scythian monks and other Thraco-Roman personalities of the era (<a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130–131">: 130–131 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_translations">Works and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dionysius translated standard works from Greek into Latin, principally the "Life of St. Pachomius", the "Instruction of St. Proclus of Constantinople" for the Armenians, the "De opificio hominis" of St. Gregory of Nyssa, and the history of the discovery of the head of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> (written by Archimandrite Markellos). The translation of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">St. Cyril of Alexandria's</a> synodical letter against Nestorius, and some other works long attributed to Dionysius are now acknowledged to be earlier and are assigned to Marius Mercator. </p><p>Of great importance were the contributions of Dionysius to the tradition of canon law. His <a href="/wiki/Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">several collections</a> embrace: </p> <div><ol><li>A collection of synodal decrees, of which he has left two editions:<div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li><i>Codex canonum Ecclesiæ Universæ</i>. This contains canons of Oriental synods and councils only in Greek and Latin, including those of the four œcumenical councils from Nicæa (325) to Chalcedon (451).</li><li><i>Codex canonum ecclesiasticarum</i>. This is in Latin only; its contents agree generally with the other, but the Council of Ephesus (431) is omitted, while the so-called "Canons of the Apostles" and those of Sardica are included, as well as 138 canons of the African Council of Carthage (419).</li><li>Another bilingual version of Greek canons, undertaken at the instance of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Pope Hormisdas</a>, only the preface has been preserved.</li></ol></div></li><li>A collection of papal Constitutions (<i>Collectio decretorum Pontificum Romanorum</i>) from Siricius to Anastasius II (384–498).</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anno_Domini">Anno Domini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anno Domini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">Ante Christum natum</a></div> <p>Dionysius is best known as the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> dating, which is used to number the years of both the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. He used it to identify the several Easters in his <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">Easter table</a>, but did not use it to date any historical event. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consuls</a> who held office that year; he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Probus_Iunior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Probus Iunior">Probus Junior</a>", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>". How he arrived at that number is unknown, but there is evidence of the system he applied. He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Diocletian years</a> that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that he arranged the numbers so that leap years would be exactly divisible by four, and that his new table would begin one "Victorian cycle" (see below), i.e. 532 years, after his new epoch. </p><p>Evidence exists that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world. At the time, some believed that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The current <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a> calendar commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. It was believed that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (or 5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008254,_270,_328_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008254,_270,_328-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anno Mundi 6000 (c. 500) was thus equated with the second coming of Christ and the end of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Easter_tables">Easter tables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Easter tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Special:EditPage/Dionysius Exiguus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table</a></div> <p>In 525, Dionysius prepared a table of 95 future dates of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (532–626) and a set of rules ("argumenta") explaining their calculation (<a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200099_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200099-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed a request by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">Pope John I</a>, possibly influenced by the fact that the then current Victorian table gave an Easter date for 526 (19 April) which was the 22nd day of the moon. In a previous embarrassment, this table had given Saturday, 24 April as the date of the Greek Easter in 482.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens1999793–794_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens1999793–794-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note well that only the first nine arguments are by Dionysius – arguments 10 to 16 as well as the second paragraphs of 3 and 4 and the third paragraph of 9 are later interpolations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones194370_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones194370-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments 11 and 12 imply that these were interpolated in the year 675, shortly before <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>. Dionysius also introduced his table and arguments via a letter to a bishop Petronius (also written in 525) and added another explanatory letter (written in 526). These works in volume 67 of the 217-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a></i> also include a letter from Bishop <a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo</a> (written before 457). Though not named by Dionysius, this collection was recently called his <i>Liber de Paschate</i> (<i>Book on Easter</i>) by Audette. </p><p>Dionysius ignored the existing table used by the Patriarchate of Rome, which was prepared in 457 by <a href="/wiki/Victorius_of_Aquitaine" title="Victorius of Aquitaine">Victorius of Aquitaine</a>, complaining that it did not obey <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> principles, without actually acknowledging their existence. To be sure that his own table was correct, he simply extended a table prepared in Alexandria that had circulated in the west in Latin, but was never used in the west to determine the date of Easter (however, a variant of it was used in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, in Greek). The Latin table was prepared by a subordinate of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> shortly before Cyril's death in 444. It covered a period of 95 years or five decennovenal (19-year) cycles with years dated in the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Diocletian Era</a>, whose first year was 285 (the modern historical year in progress at Easter). Diocletian years were advantageous because their division by 19 yielded a remainder equal to the year of the decennovenal cycle <span class="nowrap">(1–19).</span> </p><p>Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table</a>, meanwhile extended from the years 532–626 to the years 532–721,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000152_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000152-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> must have been adopted at Rome and also have arrived in Britain and Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000153_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, however in both cases certainly not before the second quarter of the seventh century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200550_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200550-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victorius_of_Aquitaine" title="Victorius of Aquitaine">Victorius of Aquitaine</a>'s lunar limits 16–22 were gradually replaced with Dionysius’ lunar limits 15–21; only then the discord between the churches of Rome and Alexandria regarding the correct date for the celebration of Easter came to an end, and only from then both these authoritative churches used identical tables and hence observed Easter on the same day. </p><p>The Greek tables had begun with the new moon which fell (on 29 August) the day before the starting date of their chronology, which was 30 August 284. The <a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">epact</a> thus calculated was carried over unchanged by Dionysius into his tables together with a number from one to seven, calculated annually, called by the Greeks the "day of the [planetary] gods" and in the west the "concurrent". This number the Greeks used for calculating the day of the week for any date in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Alexandrian civil calendar</a> (a late form of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian solar calendar</a> which included a final leap day every four years), which involved no more than simple arithmetic because the twelve months ran consecutively and all had thirty days. These two variables were understood neither by Dionysius nor by the other western computists, who were used to working with the age of the moon on 1 January and the Sunday letters to determine the Sundays. This is why the tables took so long to gain acceptance, but the values were eventually assimilated into the theory, the concurrent as the weekday of 24 March and the epact as the age of the moon on 22 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200549–51_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200549–51-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table owes its strong structure to his distant predecessor <a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a>, who invented the Metonic 19-year lunar cycle, which is an application of the <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200065–66_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200065–66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its lunar cycle is the nearby variant of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus</a>' 19-year lunar cycle proposed by <a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianus</a> and adopted by bishop <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> in the first half of the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008202–203_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008202–203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Metonic structure of this so-called classical Alexandrian 19-year lunar cycle contained in Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table is reflected by the structure of its 19-year periodic sequence of <a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">epacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuidhoek201787_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuidhoek201787-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">epact</a>, since it originally marked the new moon, was zero in all first decennovenal years. The Latin word <i>nulla</i> meaning <i>no/none</i> was used because no <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> for zero existed. To determine the decennovenal year, the Dionysian year plus one was divided by 19. If the result was zero (to be replaced by 19), it was represented by the Latin word <i>nvlla</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000102_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also meaning <i>nothing</i>. Both "zeros" continued to be used by (among others) Bede, by whose extension of Dionysius Exiguus’ Easter table to a great <a href="/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis%27_Easter_cycle" title="Beda Venerabilis' Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a> all future <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> dates of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> were fixed unambiguously at last. However, in medieval Europe one had to wait as late as the second millennium to see the number zero itself come into use, although it had come into being around the year 600 in India. </p><p>Dionysius copied the last decennovenal cycle of the Cyrillian table ending with Diocletian 247, and then added a new 95-year table with numbered <i>Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi</i> (<i>Years of our Lord <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> Christ</i>) because, as he explained to Petronius, he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. The only reason he gave for beginning his new 95-year table with the year 532 was that six years were still left in the Cyrillian table after the year during which he wrote. For the current year he only stated that it was 525 years after the Incarnation of Christ, without stating when this event occurred in any other calendar. He did <i>not</i> realise that the dates of the Alexandrian Easter repeated after 532 years, despite his apparent knowledge of the Victorian 532-year 'cycle', indicating only that Easter did not repeat after 95 years. He knew that Victorian Easters did not agree with Alexandrian Easters, thus he no doubt assumed that they had no bearing on any Alexandrian cycle. Furthermore, he obviously did not realise that simply multiplying 19 by 4 by 7 (decennovenal cycle × cycle of leap years × days in a week) fixed the Alexandrian cycle at 532 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000140_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000140-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the British Church accepted the Dionysian tables after the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> in 664, which agreed that the old British method (the <i>insular latercus</i>) should be dropped in favour of the Roman one. Quite a few individual churches and monasteries refused to accept them, the last holdout finally accepting them during the early 10th century. After the first Frankish adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <i>The Reckoning of Time</i> was published (by 771),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000163_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000163-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of the Franks (France) accepted them during the late 8th century under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, after he arrived from Britain. </p><p>Ever since the 2nd century, some bishoprics in the eastern Roman Empire had counted years from the birth of Christ, but there was no agreement on the correct epoch – <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 320</span>) wrote about these attempts. Because Dionysius did not place the Incarnation in an explicit year, competent scholars have deduced both AD 1 and 1 BC. The reason for his omission may be simply that the starting date was computationally convenient, or that he did not believe that the date of the Nativity could be pinpointed exactly. Ambiguities arise from the fact that eras may be either elapsed or current years, there are discrepancies in the lists of consuls, and there is disagreement as to whether the Incarnation should be reckoned from the Annunciation or the Nativity. Most scholars have selected 1 BC (historians do not use a <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>), arguing that because the anniversary of the Incarnation was 25 March, which was near Easter, a year that was 525 years "since the Incarnation" implied that 525 whole years were completed near that Easter. Consequently, one year since the Incarnation would have meant 25 March AD 1, meaning that Dionysius placed the Incarnation on 25 March 1 BC. Because the birth of Jesus was nine calendar months later, Dionysius implied, but never stated, that Jesus was born 25 December 1 BC. Only one scholar, Georges Declerq (Declerq, 2002), thinks that Dionysius placed the Incarnation and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> in AD 1, basing his conclusion on the structure of Dionysius's Easter tables. In either case, Dionysius ignored his predecessors, who usually placed the Nativity in the year we now label 2 BC. In his 1605 thesis, the Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Suslyga" title="Laurentius Suslyga">Laurentius Suslyga</a> was the first to suggest that Christ was actually born around 4 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deriving this from the chronology of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a>, and the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having read Suslyga's work,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> noted that Christ was born during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:1" title="Matthew 2:1">2:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:18" title="Matthew 2:18">18</a>), whose death he placed in 4 BC. Kepler chose this year because <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> stated that a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> occurred shortly before Herod's death.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Pratt of the <a href="/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society" title="International Planetarium Society">International Planetarium Society</a> proposed the 29 December 1 BC eclipse as another eclipse.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt-1990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, Herod died in the year 4 or 3 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt-1990_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Dionysius stated that the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 sanctioned his method of dating Easter, that is only generally true. There was no formal canon – the Council echoed Canon 1 of the first <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles">Council of Arles</a> (314) which had decreed that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_observance_of_Passover#Replacement_by_Easter" title="Christian observance of Passover">Christian Passover</a> be celebrated <i>uno die et uno tempore per omnem orbem</i> (on one day and at one time through all the world) – but added that all "celebrate Pascha at the same time as" the churches of Alexandria and Rome. </p><p>A synodal letter to the church of Alexandria states: </p> <blockquote><p>All our eastern brothers who up until now have not been in agreement with the Romans or you or with all those who from the beginning have done as you do, will henceforth celebrate Pascha at the same time as you.</p></blockquote> <p>And the letter of the Emperor Constantine to bishops who had not attended the council states: </p> <blockquote><p>It was judged good and proper, all questions and contradictions being left aside, that the eastern brothers follow the example of the Romans and Alexandrians and all the others so that everyone should let their prayers rise to heaven on one single day of holy Pascha.</p></blockquote> <p>Dionysius' method had actually been used by the Church of Alexandria (but not by the Church of Rome) at least as early as 311, and probably began during the first decade of the 4th century, its dates naturally being given in the Alexandrian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeugebauer201693,_95–100_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeugebauer201693,_95–100-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Dionysius did not develop a new method of dating Easter. The most that he may have done was convert its arguments from the Alexandrian calendar into the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. The resulting Julian date for Easter was the Sunday following the first Luna XIV (the 14th day of the moon) that occurred on or after the <i>XII Kalendas Aprilis</i> (21 March) (12 days before the first of April, inclusive). The 14th day of the moon, <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Nisan 14</a>, was the date that <a href="/wiki/Korban_Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Korban Pesach">paschal lambs</a> were slain (in late afternoon) until the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in 70 prevented their continuing sacrifice, as well as the day when all leavened bread crumbs had to be collected and burned, hence Nisan 14 was the day of preparation for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023:5&version=nrsv">Lev 23:5</a>). Alexandria may have chosen it because it was the day that Christ was crucified according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (18:28, 19:14), in direct contradiction to the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:17&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:17</a>, Mark 14:12, and Luke 22:7), who state that he was crucified after he ate the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Seder</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>. Then and now, the Seder was eaten after sundown at the beginning of Nisan 15. Because Dionysius's method of computing Easter used dates in the Julian calendar, it is also called the Julian Easter. This Easter is still used by all <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox</a> churches, even those which have regularized the rest of their calendars with the West. The Gregorian Easter still uses the same definition, but relative to its own solar and lunar dates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Petau" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Petau">Denis Petau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes rendered in English as <i>Dennis the Small</i>, <i>the Dwarf</i>, <i>the Little</i>, or <i>the Short</i>, referring to his <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012622/http://www.basilica.ro/ro/stiri/trecerea_in_randul_sfintilor_a_domnitorului_neagoe_basarab_a_lui_dionisie_cel_smerit_si_a_mitropolitului_iachint_de_vicina.html">"Trecerea în rândul sfinţilor a domnitorului Neagoe Basarab, a lui Dionisie cel Smerit si a mitropolitului Iachint de Vicina"</a> (in Romanian). Basilica (Romanian Orthodox Church news agency). 8 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basilica.ro/ro/stiri/trecerea_in_randul_sfintilor_a_domnitorului_neagoe_basarab_a_lui_dionisie_cel_smerit_si_a_mitropolitului_iachint_de_vicina.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trecerea+%C3%AEn+r%C3%A2ndul+sfin%C5%A3ilor+a+domnitorului+Neagoe+Basarab%2C+a+lui+Dionisie+cel+Smerit+si+a+mitropolitului+Iachint+de+Vicina&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basilica.ro%2Fro%2Fstiri%2Ftrecerea_in_randul_sfintilor_a_domnitorului_neagoe_basarab_a_lui_dionisie_cel_smerit_si_a_mitropolitului_iachint_de_vicina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207042628/http://www.ziarullumina.ro/articole%3B669%3B1%3B14214%3B0%3BSfantul-Dionisie-Exiguul-sfant-ocrotitor-al-Institutului-National-de-Statistica.html">"Sfântul Dionisie Exiguul, sfânt ocrotitor al Institutului Naţional de Statistică"</a>. <i>Ziarul Lumina</i> (in Romanian). Romanian Orthodox Church. 13 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziarullumina.ro/articole;669;1;14214;0;Sfantul-Dionisie-Exiguul-sfant-ocrotitor-al-Institutului-National-de-Statistica.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ziarul+Lumina&rft.atitle=Sf%C3%A2ntul+Dionisie+Exiguul%2C+sf%C3%A2nt+ocrotitor+al+Institutului+Na%C5%A3ional+de+Statistic%C4%83&rft.date=2008-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziarullumina.ro%2Farticole%3B669%3B1%3B14214%3B0%3BSfantul-Dionisie-Exiguul-sfant-ocrotitor-al-Institutului-National-de-Statistica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dionysius Monachus, Scytha natione, sed moribus omnino Romanus, in utraque lingua valde doctissimus</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassiodorus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cassiodorus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0485-0585,_Cassiodorus_Vivariensis_Abbas,_De_Institutione_Divinarum_Litterarum,_MLT.pdf">"Chapter XXIII"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>De Institutione Divinarum Litterarum</i> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXIII&rft.btitle=De+Institutione+Divinarum+Litterarum&rft.au=Cassiodorus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F02m%2F0485-0585%2C_Cassiodorus_Vivariensis_Abbas%2C_De_Institutione_Divinarum_Litterarum%2C_MLT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span> At the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/">Documenta Catholica Omnia</a></i> online library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05010b.htm">Dionysius Exiguus in the Catholic Encyclopedia.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amory-2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amory-2003_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmory2003" class="citation book cs1">Amory, Patrick (2003). <i>People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Identity+in+Ostrogothic+Italy%2C+489%E2%80%93554&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Amory&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens (2003)</a>, p. 767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008254,_270,_328-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008254,_270,_328_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMosshammer2008">Mosshammer (2008)</a>, pp. 254, 270, 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200099-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200099_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens1999793–794-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens1999793–794_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens1999">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens (1999)</a>, pp. 793–794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones194370-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones194370_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1943">Jones (1943)</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000152-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000152_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000153-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000153_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200550-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200550_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2005">Holford-Strevens (2005)</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200549–51-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200549–51_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2005">Holford-Strevens (2005)</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200065–66-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq200065–66_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008202–203-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008202–203_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMosshammer2008">Mosshammer (2008)</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuidhoek201787-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuidhoek201787_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuidhoek2017">Zuidhoek (2017)</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000102-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000102_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000140-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000140_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000163-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeclercq2000163_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeclercq2000">Declercq (2000)</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marking Time, by Duncan Steel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worlds Made by Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West, by Anthony Grafton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepler and the Star of Bethlehem by W. Burke-Gaffney.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=2359&pageno=558">Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVII, Chapter VI, Paragraph 4.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt-1990-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt-1990_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt-1990_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1990" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, John P. (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/herod/herod.html">"Yet another eclipse for Herod"</a>. <i>The Planetarian</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 8–14. <q>Josephus ... not always clear and ... sometimes inconsistent ... states that Herod captured Jerusalem and began to reign in what we would call 37 B.C., and lived for 34 years thereafter, implying his death was in 4–3 B.C." "Of the candidates to be Herod's eclipse, the 29 December 1 B.C. eclipse was the most likely to have been widely observed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Planetarian&rft.atitle=Yet+another+eclipse+for+Herod&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8-14&rft.date=1990-12&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnpratt.com%2Fitems%2Fdocs%2Fherod%2Fherod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herod died 34 years after the death of Antigonus and 37 years after Herod was made king by the Romans (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=2359&pageno=560"><i>Ant. Jews</i> 17.8.1</a>). Antigonus died when Marcus Agrippa and Caninius Gallus were consuls (37 BC) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=2359&pageno=480"><i>Ant. Jews</i> 14.16.4</a>). Herod was made king when Caius Domitias Calvinus and Caius Asinius Pollio were consuls (40 BC) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=2359&pageno=472"><i>Ant. Jews</i> 14.14.5</a>). Both 37 BC minus 34 and 40 BC minus 37 yield 4 or 3 BC. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Roman_Consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republican Roman Consuls">List of Republican Roman Consuls</a> for the modern year numbers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeugebauer201693,_95–100-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeugebauer201693,_95–100_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeugebauer2016">Neugebauer (2016)</a>, pp. 93, 95–100.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens1999" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (1999). "Calendars and chronology". <i>The Oxford Companion to the Year</i>. Oxford. pp. 659–937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calendars+and+chronology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year&rft.pages=659-937&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Year</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span> A corrected reprinting of the 1999 original edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclercq2000" class="citation book cs1">Declercq, Georges (2000). <i>Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era</i>. Turnhout. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51050-7"><bdi>978-2-503-51050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anno+Domini%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.pub=Turnhout&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51050-7&rft.aulast=Declercq&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dionysius Exiguus, <i>Patrologia Latina</i> <b>67</b> (works). <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115083618/http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm">Cyclus Decemnovennalis Dionysii – Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius</a> (original Easter table – archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/dionysius_exiguus_easter_01.htm">On Easter</a> – with preface</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henk-reints.nl/cal/audette/denys.html">Liber de Paschate (Latin text)</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolford-Strevens2005" class="citation book cs1">Holford-Strevens, L. (2005). <i>The History of Time: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Time%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Holford-Strevens&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1943" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charles W. (1943). "Development of the Latin ecclesiastical calendar". <i>Bedae opera de temporibus</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 1–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Latin+ecclesiastical+calendar&rft.btitle=Bedae+opera+de+temporibus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=1-122&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosshammer2008" class="citation book cs1">Mosshammer, Alden A. (2008). <i>The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era</i>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954312-0"><bdi>978-0-19-954312-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954312-0&rft.aulast=Mosshammer&rft.aufirst=Alden+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Neugebauer">Neugebauer, Otto</a> (2016) [1979]. <i>Ethiopic Astronomy and Computus</i> (2nd ed.). Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-440-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-440-9"><bdi>978-1-56902-440-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopic+Astronomy+and+Computus&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-440-9&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuidhoek2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zuidhoek, Jan (2017). "The initial year of <i>De ratione paschali</i> and the relevance of its paschal dates". <i>Studia Traditionis Theologiae</i>. <b>26</b>: 71–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.STT-EB.5.114734">10.1484/M.STT-EB.5.114734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57709-8"><bdi>978-2-503-57709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Traditionis+Theologiae&rft.atitle=The+initial+year+of+De+ratione+paschali+and+the+relevance+of+its+paschal+dates&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=71-93&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.STT-EB.5.114734&rft.isbn=978-2-503-57709-8&rft.aulast=Zuidhoek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Declercq, G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43960999">"Dionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian era"</a>. <i>Sacris Erudiri</i>. <b>41</b>: 165–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SE.2.300491">10.1484/J.SE.2.300491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacris+Erudiri&rft.atitle=Dionysius+Exiguus+and+the+introduction+of+the+Christian+era&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=165-246&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SE.2.300491&rft.aulast=Declercq&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43960999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duta, Florian (1999). "Des précisions sur la biographie de Denys le Petit". <i>Revue de droit canonique</i> (in French). <b>49</b>: 279–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+droit+canonique&rft.atitle=Des+pr%C3%A9cisions+sur+la+biographie+de+Denys+le+Petit&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=279-96&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Duta&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (21 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122104227/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9693576/Jesus-was-born-years-earlier-than-thought-claims-Pope.html">"Jesus was born years earlier than thought, claims Pope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9693576/Jesus-was-born-years-earlier-than-thought-claims-Pope.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jesus+was+born+years+earlier+than+thought%2C+claims+Pope&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fthe-pope%2F9693576%2FJesus-was-born-years-earlier-than-thought-claims-Pope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Teres, Gustav (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1984jha....15..177t&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES">"Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus"</a>. <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 177–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JHA....15..177T">1984JHA....15..177T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182868401500302">10.1177/002182868401500302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Time+computations+and+Dionysius+Exiguus&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=177-188&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182868401500302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JHA....15..177T&rft.aulast=Teres&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3Fbibcode%3D1984jha....15..177t%26db_key%3DAST%26page_ind%3D0%26data_type%3DGIF%26type%3DSCREEN_VIEW%26classic%3DYES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysius+Exiguus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_Exiguus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Modern version of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janzuidhoek.net/diony2.htm">Dionysius Exiguus' Paschal table</a> (original version is linked in <a href="#References">References</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118679724">Literature by and about Dionysius Exiguus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienD/Dionysius_Exiguus.html">Dionysius Exiguus</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96kumenisches_Heiligenlexikon" title="Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon">Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints</a></i></li> <li>Nikolaus A. Bär: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nabkal.de/osterstreit/cap_13.html">Der Osterstreit: Dionysius Exiguus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814001842/http://www.nabkal.de/osterstreit/cap_13.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janzuidhoek.net/Reconmeton.htm">Five Metonic 19-year lunar cycles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janzuidhoek.net/Recondiony.htm">Dionysius Exiguus' Paschal table</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/290513376">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315724131">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4018159477735127990006">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1880159474333027662256">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1195159474356227662986">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315656655">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/357144647689319992468">10</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1815960/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/321351/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8JW6FXMh3dmdgWdyfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118679724">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93008668">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929838b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929838b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dionysius : Exiguus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV121938">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an67259450">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020122070&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX936988">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1589964">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070213550">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07422719X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/95001397">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=88667">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cc9rh2bc4tlf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653136505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/25291">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007281815205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058610563706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04339395?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1872778">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DIONIGI il Piccolo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dionigi-il-piccolo_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118679724.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118679724">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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