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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sharifian Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">الجيش الشريفي</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:030Arab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/030Arab.jpg/300px-030Arab.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/030Arab.jpg/450px-030Arab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/030Arab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="353" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Soldiers of the Sharifian Army in northern <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> carrying the Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1916–1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Arab Army <br /> Hejazi Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Khurma_dispute" title="Al-Khurma dispute">Al-Khurma dispute</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Sharifian Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجيش الشريفي</span>), also known as the <b>Arab Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجيش العربي</span>), or the <b>Hejazi Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجيش الحجازي</span>) was the military force behind the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> which was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Sharif Hussein bin Ali</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a>, who was proclaimed "Sultan of the Arabs" in 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led the Sharifian Army in a rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> with the ultimate goal of uniting the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab people</a> under an independent government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aided both financially and militarily by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>, Hussein's forces gradually moved north through the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and, fought alongside the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a>, eventually <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">capturing</a> <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Once there, members of the Sharifian Army set up a short-lived monarchy known as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>, a son of Hussein. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hijaz</a> (the western region of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> where the Muslim holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> are located), power was strongly centralized in the hands of the family of the <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">sharif</a>. Members of this family, as descendants of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were called <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> in English. Unlike many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, there were few competing political influences among the urban elite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tribal chieftains served as intermediaries between their tribes and the sharif but rarely challenged his authority. The sharif's lone political rival was the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">vali</a> (governor) of the region, who was responsible for ensuring Ottoman sovereignty over the region. A power struggle existed between the sharif and the vali; the authority to make decisions switched back and forth between the two over time. Overall, this political climate left a large amount of influence in the hands of the sharif, who in the early years of the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Sharif Husayn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dissatisfied with his limited power, Sharif Husayn began discussions with tribal leaders in the region, <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalists</a>, and the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry McMahon (diplomat)">Henry McMahon</a>. Husayn knew that many Muslims believed that the Sharif of Mecca was the rightful claimant to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, which was currently held by the family of the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. The British support that was pledged in the <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">Husayn-McMahon Correspondence</a> caused Husayn to emerge from these talks with a strengthened belief in his right to claim both the caliphate and sovereignty over Arab lands in the area. Furthermore, and more importantly, the promises made by the British to Husayn in the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence of 1915 and 1916 led Husayn to think that if he were to lead a successful revolt against the Ottomans, the British would help him establish an Arab Caliphate encompassing most of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> stretching as far north as present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the British could not promise a few districts that they had already pledged to give the French, the pieces seemed to be falling into place for Sharif Husayn, and he prepared to launch the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_revolt">The revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></div> <p>In early June 1916, the Ottoman government was putting pressure on Sharif Husayn to supply Hijazi troops and to issue a call for jihad from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in support of the Ottoman participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In exchange for the troops, Husayn wanted greater autonomy, but the Ottoman authorities would not concede it. Ottoman officials were holding Husayn's son <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">Faysal</a> and told Husayn that if he ever wanted to see his son again, he must send the troops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On June 9, 1916, the Ottomans sent Faysal to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> to get the armed forces that Husayn had been organizing, but when he arrived, he escaped with his brother ‘Ali. </p><p>At the beginning of the revolt, the Sharifian Army consisted of these forces that had been assembled by Husayn and his sons under the guise that they were to fight with the Ottoman forces. After escaping, Faysal wrote a letter stating that if Husayn's demands for greater autonomy were not met their relations with the Ottomans would end. Rather than wait for a reply, the Arab Revolt was started with an attack on the Hijaz Railway by forces that consisted of members of local Arab tribes and Ottoman defectors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day the first shots of the revolt were fired in Mecca and within two days, the Sharifian Army was in control of Mecca. By June 16, the Sharifian Army, with the assistance of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, captured the important port of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>. By the end of the summer, the Arab forces under the control of Sharif Husayn had managed to overtake coastal cities as far north as <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Qunfudhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qunfudhah">Qunfudhah</a>. </p><p>The Ottomans decisively won a battle for the first time when the Sharifian Army attacked Medina in October 1916. The Ottoman forces were entrenched in Medina with artillery that the poorly equipped Sharifian Army lacked. The Sharifian forces retreated and were forced to develop a new strategy in regard to Medina. Rather than attack the well-protected Ottoman army and suffer large casualties, the Arabs surrounded the city and cut it off from access to other Ottoman forces. For much of the war the Ottomans managed to keep the Hijaz Railway open to Medina and, through this, were able to continue to supply their men with weapons, ammunition, and other equipment until near the end of the war. The constant need for supplies in Medina played into the Sharifian strategy which was designed to have the Ottomans station troops along the railway and in Medina, wasting troops and supplies, while the Arabs continued up the coast of the Red Sea. </p><p>As the British and Sharifian forces sought a way to overtake the Ottoman forces at <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, the British decided to send <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Captain</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a>) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> (commonly referred to as “Lawrence of Arabia”) to help Faysal lead his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence's plan was to make the Ottomans think that the Arabs were planning on attacking <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> by creating a few diversions, including the destruction of a railroad bridge in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>. Upon arrival in Aqaba on July 6, 1917, the Sharifian forces brutally massacred about three hundred Ottomans before their superiors could get them under control. Another 150 Ottoman troops were taken prisoner and after a few subsequent small scale attacks by Ottomans, the Arab and British forces solidified control in Aqaba.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point onwards, the Sharifian Army fought at the side of the British armed forces that were coming from British-occupied Egypt. The well executed <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a> included a small amount of Sharifian forces who marched into Damascus on October 1, 1918, with their revolt almost complete. The only city still under Ottoman control in the Hijaz was the city of Medina. Although they were cut off from the rest of the Ottoman world, forces inside of Medina continued to resist Sharifian forces until their lack of supplies forced them to surrender in January 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sharifian Army consisted of about 5,000 regular forces and many thousands of irregular forces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the regular forces were former Arab members of the Ottoman military who defected and joined the Arab Revolt. Irregular forces refer to largely untrained Arabs who joined the revolt for a short period of time when the fighting was taking place near their home. As the fighting stretched further from Mecca, many soldiers from around Mecca decided that they had done their part and returned home. The constant flow of British gold and weaponry into the hands of the Sharifian Army was the main driving force behind the Revolt. Many tribes would fight for whoever offered them the most money. Some tribal leaders would agree to fight for the British and accept their payment and weapons and soon afterwards begin fighting for the Ottomans because they offered to pay the tribes more. This fickleness showed that many of the tribes were not interested in Arab unity, the ultimate goal of Sharif Husayn, but rather just wanted to be paid. While this made things more difficult for the Sharifian Army, Faysal's strong negotiating skills won many tribal chieftains over, giving the Hashemites the support they needed to challenge the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army was divided into four groups led by Sharif Husayn's sons, ‘Ali, ‘Abdullah, Faysal, and Zayd. <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a> and his brother-in-law Ja’far al-Askari, who had previously been a Colonel in the Ottoman Army, joined the Sharifian Army because of their strong belief in <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and rose to become leaders within the Sharifian Army. The first few months of the revolt were led by ‘Ali and his forces which consisted of about 30,000 men, most of whom were irregular forces who only fought for a short period of time. By September 1916 these 30,000 were divided amongst all four of Husayn's sons who each now had at least 6,000 irregular forces under their control. The Sharifian Army consisted of about 4,000 regular forces by the beginning of 1917. The majority of these regular soldiers served under Husayn or ‘Ali. As the revolt continued, Faysal emerged as the most successful of the four brothers and most of the forces fell under his control. The fact that Faysal worked alongside Lawrence of Arabia gave him access to more British intelligence, which is a large part of the reason he was the most successful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">capture of Damascus</a> at the end of the Arab Revolt, Faysal set up a <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Kingdom in Syria</a> and ruled there until the French won the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> on July 24, 1920, and ousted him from the country. In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> decided that the lands of the Ottoman Empire would be divided by a newly created <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate system</a>. The country that received the mandate was responsible for guiding the new state formed by the mandate to its independence. The British received the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (Iraq) mandates and the French received the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate of Syria and Lebanon</a>. These mandates and their maps closely followed the divisions presented in the secret <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a> of 1916. The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> complicated things in the region because rather than including Palestine within the land promised to <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Husayn">Sharif Husayn</a> as part of the Arab kingdom because of the <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">Husayn-McMahon Correspondence</a>, the British had <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">promised</a> to create a Jewish state in the region. While the question of Palestine was never resolved, in Cairo, in 1921, the British decided to name Husayn's son <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah</a> as the emir in the newly created state of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>. The British left Husayn in control of the Hijaz and, since Faysal was deposed by the French from his Kingdom of Syria in 1920, helped Faysal come to power in Iraq, becoming <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a>. Sharif Husayn continued to rule the Hijaz and on March 23, 1924, declared himself <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>. In that same year the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudis</a> ousted Husayn from the Hijaz and he lived the remainder of his life in exile, dying in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other officers from the Sharifian Army, including Nuri al-Said, Jafar al-Askari, Jamil al-Midfai, Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi, and <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Baban" title="Jamal Baban">Jamal Baban</a>, played a prominent role in King Faysal's Iraq. Nuri al-Said and Ja’far al-Askari both served terms as prime minister. Officers from the Sharifian Army continued to play an important role in Iraqi politics until the <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">1963 coup</a> led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr">Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian Army">Jordanian Army</a> - Successor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Cavendish Corporation. <i>History of World War I, Volume 1</i>. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. Pp. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Cavendish Corporation. <i>History of World War I, Volume 1</i>. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. Pp. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Ochsenwald" title="William L. Ochsenwald">Ochsenwald, William</a>. <i>Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz Under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908</i>. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kedourie, Elie. <i>In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: the McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations</i>, 1914–1939. Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasha, Djemal. <i> Memories of a Turkish Statesman- 1913–1919</i>. New York: Arno, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parnell, Charles L., CDR USN "Lawrence of Arabia's Debt to Seapower" <i>United States Naval Institute Proceedings</i>. August 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, T. E. <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a>.</i> Doubleday, Doran, and Co. 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tauber, Eliezer. <i>The Arab Movements in World War I.</i> London: Cass, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, T.E. “The Howeitat and their Chiefs”. <i>The Arab Bulletin</i>. 24 July 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, Timothy. <i>Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 The Sharifian Solution.</i> London: Frank Cass, 2003.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eldar, D. “France in Syria: the abolition of the Sharifian government, April–July 1920.” <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> v. 29 (July 1993) p 487–504.</li> <li>Eldar, D. “French policy towards Husayn, Sharif of Mecca.” <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> v. 26 (July 1990) p 329–50.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromkin,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Fromkin, David">Fromkin, David</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace" title="A Peace to End All Peace">A Peace to End All Peace</a></i>. Avon Books. 1989.</li> <li>Goldstein, E. “British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: the Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918.” <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> v. 23 (October 1987) p 419–36.</li> <li>H. A. R. Gibb. “Review of The Independent Arab by Hubert Young.” <i>International Affairs</i>, Vol. 12, No. 3 (May, 1933), p 425–426.</li> <li>Haj, Samira. <i>The Making of Iraq: 1900–1963: Capital, Power, and Ideology</i>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.</li> <li>Johnson, Maxwell. “The Arab Bureau and the Arab Revolt: Yanbu' to Aqaba.” <i>Society for Military History. Military Affairs</i>, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Dec., 1982), p 194–201.</li> <li>Karsh, E., et al. “Myth in the Desert, or Not the Great Arab Revolt.” <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> v. 33 (April 1997) p 267–312.</li> <li>Leach, H. “Lawrence's Strategy and Tactics in the Arab Revolt.” <i>Asian Affairs</i> (London) v. 37 no. 3 (Nov 2006) p 337–41.</li> <li>Martin, Thomas. “Anglo–French Imperial Relations in the Arab World: Intelligence Liaison and Nationalist Disorder, 1920–1939.” <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>, Dec 2006, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p 771–798.</li> <li>McKale, D. M. “Germany and the Arab question in the First World War.” <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> v. 29 (April 1993) p 236–53.</li> <li>R. H. Lieshout. “'Keeping Better Educated Moslems Busy': Sir Reginald Wingate and the Origins of the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence.” <i>The Historical Journal</i>, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), p 453–463.</li> <li>Teitelbaum, Joshua. “Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite vision of the post-Ottoman order: from chieftaincy to suzerainty.” <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> v. 34 no. 1 (January 1998) p 103–22.</li> <li>Wilson, Jeremy. <i>Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T.E. Lawrence</i>. Atheneum. 1990.</li> <li>Young, Hubert. <i>The Independent Arab.</i> Gorgias Press. London, 1933.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_arabrevolt.html">History of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/revolt/index.html">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102152102/http://www.turkeyswar.com/campaigns/arabia.htm">Campaigns: Arabian Peninsula</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&oldid=1254404582">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharifian_Army&oldid=1254404582</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Revolt" title="Category:Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Military units and formations of World War I">Military units and formations of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Iraq" title="Category:Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_militant_groups" title="Category:Arab nationalist militant groups">Arab nationalist militant groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Military history of Saudi Arabia">Military history of Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Arabist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Arabist organizations">Pan-Arabist organizations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 21:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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