Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens&reg; Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732286508"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(0,92,111,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(0,92,111,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(0,92,111,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(0,92,111,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(0,92,111,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain"> <meta name="description" content="Background/Objectives: Patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) exhibit sensorimotor disturbances, with proprioception impairment considered an important aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer (KFORCE Sens®) for cervical spine (CS) proprioception measurement in patients with NSCNP. Methods: The within-day intra-rater reliability of CS proprioception and its association with patient demographics and clinical status were examined in fifty-nine patients with NSCNP, aged between 25–65 years, recruited from primary care. CS proprioception was examined via angle reproduction, in angles set mid-range in the available CS range of motion (ROM) in each motion direction. The clinical status evaluation comprised the maximum and average pain intensity in the last week, disability, fear of movement/re-injury, catastrophizing, neck awareness, and CS-ROM. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), standard error of the measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC95%). Pearson’s R assessed between-measures associations. Results: CS proprioception reliability was good (ICC2,1 = 0.75–0.89), with low measurement error (SEM = 1.38–3.02° and MDC95% = 3.83–8.38°). Correlations between participants’ CS proprioception and their clinical status or demographics were not significant. Conclusions: The reliability of CS proprioception assessment with the KFORCE Sens® was good in a sample of mildly to moderately disabled patients with CNP and thus deemed suitable for further research in this field." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="George A. Koumantakis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Stamatina Gkouma"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Christina Floka"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Petros I. Tatsios"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Maria Moutzouri"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Vasiliki Sakellari"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Brain Sciences 2024, Vol. 14, Page 1165"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-22"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/brainsci14121165"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Background/Objectives: Patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) exhibit sensorimotor disturbances, with proprioception impairment considered an important aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer (KFORCE Sens®) for cervical spine (CS) proprioception measurement in patients with NSCNP. Methods: The within-day intra-rater reliability of CS proprioception and its association with patient demographics and clinical status were examined in fifty-nine patients with NSCNP, aged between 25–65 years, recruited from primary care. CS proprioception was examined via angle reproduction, in angles set mid-range in the available CS range of motion (ROM) in each motion direction. The clinical status evaluation comprised the maximum and average pain intensity in the last week, disability, fear of movement/re-injury, catastrophizing, neck awareness, and CS-ROM. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), standard error of the measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC95%). Pearson’s R assessed between-measures associations. Results: CS proprioception reliability was good (ICC2,1 = 0.75–0.89), with low measurement error (SEM = 1.38–3.02° and MDC95% = 3.83–8.38°). Correlations between participants’ CS proprioception and their clinical status or demographics were not significant. Conclusions: The reliability of CS proprioception assessment with the KFORCE Sens® was good in a sample of mildly to moderately disabled patients with CNP and thus deemed suitable for further research in this field." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="cervical spine" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="chronicity" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="motor control" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="position sense" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="repositioning error" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="reproducibility" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2076-3425"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Brain Sciences"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-22"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="14"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="12"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="1165" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2076-3425"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Brain Sciences"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/12"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/22"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="12"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1165"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Koumantakis, George A."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gkouma, Stamatina"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Floka, Christina"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tatsios, Petros I."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Moutzouri, Maria"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sakellari, Vasiliki"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/brainsci14121165"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-brainsci14121165"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf?version=1732259224"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf?version=1732259224"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf?version=1732259224"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Background/Objectives: Patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) exhibit sensorimotor disturbances, with proprioception impairment considered an important aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer (KFORCE Sens®) for cervical spine (CS) proprioception measurement in patients with NSCNP. Methods: The within-day intra-rater reliability of CS proprioception and its association with patient demographics and clinical status were examined in fifty-nine patients with NSCNP, aged between 25–65 years, recruited from primary care. CS proprioception was examined via angle reproduction, in angles set mid-range in the available CS range of motion (ROM) in each motion direction. The clinical status evaluation comprised the maximum and average pain intensity in the last week, disability, fear of movement/re-injury, catastrophizing, neck awareness, and CS-ROM. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), standard error of the measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC95%). Pearson’s R assessed between-measures associations. Results: CS proprioception reliability was good (ICC2,1 = 0.75–0.89), with low measurement error (SEM = 1.38–3.02° and MDC95% = 3.83–8.38°). Correlations between participants’ CS proprioception and their clinical status or demographics were not significant. Conclusions: The reliability of CS proprioception assessment with the KFORCE Sens® was good in a sample of mildly to moderately disabled patients with CNP and thus deemed suitable for further research in this field." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001-550.jpg?1732259440" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1166">Emotion Recognition Based on a EEG–fNIRS Hybrid Brain Network in the Source Space</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1164">Noninvasive Ultra Low Intensity Light Photodynamic Treatment of Glioblastoma with Drug Augmentation: LoGlo PDT Regimen</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=brainsci " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" selected='selected'> Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="14" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="12" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/brainsci">Brain Sciences</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2076-3425/14">Volume 14</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12">Issue 12</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/brainsci14121165</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/brainsci"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="brainsci-logo" title="Brain Sciences" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D91" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/brainsci" data-path="/2076-3425/14/12/1165" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#academic_editors" class="accordion__title">Academic Editor</a> <div id="academic_editors" class="content active"> <div class="academic-editor-container " title="Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><a class="sciprofiles-link__link" href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/233678?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/233678/thumb/Peter_Federolf.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Peter Federolf</span></a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Reliability%20and%20Validity%20of%20the%20KFORCE%20Sens%C2%AE%20Inertial%20Sensor%20for%20Measuring%20Cervical%20Spine%20Proprioception%20in%20Patients%20with%20Non-Specific%20Chronic%20Neck%20Pain" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22George%20A.%20Koumantakis%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Koumantakis, G. A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Stamatina%20Gkouma%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gkouma, S.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Christina%20Floka%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Floka, C.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Petros%20I.%20Tatsios%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tatsios, P. I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Maria%20Moutzouri%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Moutzouri, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Vasiliki%20Sakellari%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sakellari, V.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George%20A.%20Koumantakis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Koumantakis, G. A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stamatina%20Gkouma" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gkouma, S.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christina%20Floka" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Floka, C.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Petros%20I.%20Tatsios" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tatsios, P. I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maria%20Moutzouri" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Moutzouri, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vasiliki%20Sakellari" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sakellari, V.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=George%20A.%20Koumantakis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Koumantakis, G. A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Stamatina%20Gkouma" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gkouma, S.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Christina%20Floka" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Floka, C.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Petros%20I.%20Tatsios" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tatsios, P. I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Maria%20Moutzouri" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Moutzouri, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Vasiliki%20Sakellari" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sakellari, V.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/brainsci14121165'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/brainsci14121165?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf?version=1732259224" data-name="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13430790' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> George A. Koumantakis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13430790" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1284740/thumb/George_Koumantakis.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">George A. Koumantakis</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1284740?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=George%20A.%20Koumantakis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=George%20A.%20Koumantakis&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George%20A.%20Koumantakis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13430790" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#36195558521b55515f195a19535b575f5a1b464459425355425f595815060606550001060e070406570600060f0705060006550653070204010704060f065307060600020f06060703"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7709-2802" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13430791' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Stamatina Gkouma</div><div id="profile-card-drop13430791" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Stamatina Gkouma</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3947813?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Stamatina%20Gkouma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Stamatina%20Gkouma&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stamatina%20Gkouma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13430791" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#eec18d808ac38d8987c182c18b838f8782c39e9c819a8b8d9a878180cddededf8bd88ade8bdf8adedbdfdadf8bdb88db8bdb8adb8adbd6dc8adfd6dedddedadf8fde8ddaddde8fdf88"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13430792' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Christina Floka</div><div id="profile-card-drop13430792" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Christina Floka</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3947830?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Christina%20Floka" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Christina%20Floka&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christina%20Floka" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13430792" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#2f004c414b024c48460043004a424e4643025f5d405b4a4c5b4640410c1f1f1e4a194b1f4a1e4b1f1a1e1b1e4a1a491a4a1a4b1a4c1a4d1d4b1e171f1c1f1b1e4e1f4c1b1c1f4e1e49"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13430793' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Petros I. Tatsios</div><div id="profile-card-drop13430793" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1699655/thumb/PETROS_TATSIOS.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Petros I. Tatsios</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1699655?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Petros%20I.%20Tatsios" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Petros%20I.%20Tatsios&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Petros%20I.%20Tatsios" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13430793" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#efc08c818bc28c8886c083c08a828e8683c29f9d809b8a8c9b868081ccdfdfdfdbd8dfdededfdbdfdcded6de89dfdcdcdfdfdade8aded6dfd8dededa8aded8dfdd"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5156-3733" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13430794' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Maria Moutzouri</div><div id="profile-card-drop13430794" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/3287950/thumb/Maria_Moutzouri.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Maria Moutzouri</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3287950?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Maria%20Moutzouri" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Maria%20Moutzouri&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maria%20Moutzouri" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13430794" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#58773b363c753b3f317734773d3539313475282a372c3d3b2c3137367b6868686a6e3c69606961696f686a6960693e686c6a3c6960686b686c6939683b6c6b6839693e"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7014-892X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13430795' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Vasiliki Sakellari</div><div id="profile-card-drop13430795" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1719206/thumb/Vasiliki_Sakellari.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Vasiliki Sakellari</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1719206?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Vasiliki%20Sakellari" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Vasiliki%20Sakellari&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vasiliki%20Sakellari" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13430795" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#cfe0aca1abe2aca8a6e0a3e0aaa2aea6a3e2bfbda0bbaaacbba6a0a1ecfffffffaf8f9fef8feabfefcfeaefeaefef8fffbfea9fcf9fffcfef7fea9fffefef8faf7fefefffb"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9481-996X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Physiotherapy Department, School of Health & Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Laboratory of Advanced Physiotherapy (LAdPhys), Physiotherapy Department, School of Health & Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1165; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 20 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 16 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 19 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 22 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Sensory_Motor_Neuroscience_">Sensory and Motor Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1526686" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526686" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1526686" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf?version=1732259224" data-name="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain" data-journal="brainsci">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001.png?1732259440" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Measurements of cervical spine ROM in flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002.png?1732259441" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Passive cervical spine placement in the ‘target angles’ (50% of cervical spine ROM) of flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>), with participant in a seated position wearing an eye mask.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Background/Objectives: Patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) exhibit sensorimotor disturbances, with proprioception impairment considered an important aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer (KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup>) for cervical spine (CS) proprioception measurement in patients with NSCNP. Methods: The within-day intra-rater reliability of CS proprioception and its association with patient demographics and clinical status were examined in fifty-nine patients with NSCNP, aged between 25–65 years, recruited from primary care. CS proprioception was examined via angle reproduction, in angles set mid-range in the available CS range of motion (ROM) in each motion direction. The clinical status evaluation comprised the maximum and average pain intensity in the last week, disability, fear of movement/re-injury, catastrophizing, neck awareness, and CS-ROM. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC<sub>2,1</sub>), standard error of the measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC<sub>95%</sub>). Pearson’s R assessed between-measures associations. Results: CS proprioception reliability was good (ICC<sub>2,1</sub> = 0.75–0.89), with low measurement error (SEM = 1.38–3.02° and MDC<sub>95%</sub> = 3.83–8.38°). Correlations between participants’ CS proprioception and their clinical status or demographics were not significant. Conclusions: The reliability of CS proprioception assessment with the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> was good in a sample of mildly to moderately disabled patients with CNP and thus deemed suitable for further research in this field.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=cervical+spine">cervical spine</a>; <a href="/search?q=chronicity">chronicity</a>; <a href="/search?q=motor+control">motor control</a>; <a href="/search?q=position+sense">position sense</a>; <a href="/search?q=repositioning+error">repositioning error</a>; <a href="/search?q=reproducibility">reproducibility</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-brainsci-14-01165' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Neck pain (NP) is the fourth most common cause of disability worldwide [<a href="#B1-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. The average estimates for its prevalence are 7.6% for current prevalence, 37% for annual prevalence, and 48.5% for lifetime prevalence [<a href="#B1-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. There are many NP classification systems available, with a main classification scheme based on the duration of symptoms (acute pain: ≤6 weeks, subacute: between 6 weeks and 3 months, and chronic: ≥3 months) [<a href="#B3-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In the absence of a lesion in the nervous system or other serious pathology, nociceptive-type mechanical pain arises from the spine or its supporting structures, muscles, and ligaments due to the presence of arthritis, degenerative lesions in the intervertebral discs, or myofascial pain [<a href="#B4-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">4</a>], and it is also linked to sustained poor posture and repetitive or awkward movements [<a href="#B5-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. However, longer-term disturbance of the sensorimotor system function may result in neuroplastic changes within the central nervous system (CNS), leading to chronic nociplastic-type pain [<a href="#B4-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">4</a>] due to central pain-processing alterations [<a href="#B7-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Proprioception sense encompasses various afferent signals from peripheral tissues, collectively contributing to the sensation of body parts’ movement and orientation in space [<a href="#B10-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">11</a>], as well as the sense of force or effort [<a href="#B11-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Proprioception is considered a key element in the seamless execution of pain-free movement [<a href="#B8-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. In chronic pain conditions, head–neck proprioception acuity is considered to be influenced by altered sensorimotor control at multiple levels of pain transmission and centrally planned movement execution [<a href="#B8-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Proprioception signals, contributing to the integration of sensory information, can be affected by pain-related neuroplastic changes [<a href="#B12-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Therefore, the abnormal proprioceptive signal processing from the CNS related to motor control impairments could possibly contribute to the chronicity of pain conditions [<a href="#B14-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>There is an array of tests to assess sensorimotor dysfunction in chronic pain states [<a href="#B15-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">15</a>], with proprioception forming part of this test battery [<a href="#B8-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Proprioception testing encompasses various protocols; some studies focus on repositioning errors in the neutral position, while others examine errors at angles within the available range. However, the number of tests, repetitions per test, and equipment used vary between studies [<a href="#B16-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B17-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Some studies have observed significant proprioception dysfunction in patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) compared to healthy subjects [<a href="#B18-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Other studies have found this proprioception dysfunction to be minor [<a href="#B13-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B22-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">23</a>], limited to certain proprioception measures [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>] or certain movement directions [<a href="#B25-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">25</a>], or pertaining to patients with CNP with neuropathic characteristics [<a href="#B26-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. This could be because of differences in testing methods between studies and fluctuations in patient clinical status. Furthermore, clinically, significant associations of moderate levels and not in all movement directions have been demonstrated between proprioception impairment and patients’ kinesiophobia [<a href="#B27-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">29</a>] and catastrophizing [<a href="#B29-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">29</a>,<a href="#B30-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">30</a>], while other studies have not shown such associations to be present, both in studies with cross-sectional [<a href="#B31-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">31</a>] or prospective [<a href="#B32-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">32</a>] designs.</div><div class='html-p'>For pain intensity or pain duration, most studies were not able to identify significant associations with proprioception acuity [<a href="#B27-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">29</a>,<a href="#B32-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">33</a>], with one study identifying a moderate association (r = 0.51) between pain intensity and one out of the eighteen proprioception measures reported [<a href="#B34-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. However, in a study performed on patients with cervical spondylosis and CNP, moderate to good associations (r = 0.59–0.78) were identified between pain intensity and proprioception deficits for all four movement directions tested [<a href="#B35-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. Only two studies have so far shown a link between proprioception dysfunction and disability. The first study reported a fair correlation (r = 0.32) between “repositioning errors” and disability, but it did not specify the significance level of this association or if it was present for all of the four movement directions tested [<a href="#B33-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. The second study confirmed a significant moderate association (r = 0.56) for only one of the four tests used, and only for one of the two movement directions tested [<a href="#B29-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Improvement in tests employed and technological advancements in monitoring devices may provide a more detailed picture of the extent of proprioception dysfunction present in CNP [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B36-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Additionally, the relationships of proprioception dysfunction with patient demographics and condition severity characteristics require more detailed documentation, as these may vary between certain patient subgroups [<a href="#B13-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a lightweight and easy-to-apply novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer in measuring cervical spine (CS) proprioception. It also aimed to examine its construct validity via possible associations between CS proprioception and an array of clinical status characteristics and patient demographics.</div></section><section id='sec2-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Sample</h4><div class='html-p'>This study included 59 adult participants between 25 and 65 years old, with a diagnosis of NSCNP lasting for more than 3 months, referred for physical therapy in a large private physiotherapy practice. All participants were fluent in speaking and reading Greek. People who had received physical therapy in the past 6 months for their neck pain; those with neurological or psychological disorders; and those with vestibular, hearing, or uncorrected visual impairments, cervical radiculopathy, previous spinal surgery, a diagnosis of serious spinal pathology (cancer, inflammatory arthropathy, or spinal fracture), or pregnancy were excluded.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Ethics</h4><div class='html-p'>The Ethics Committee of the University of West Attica, Athens, Greece, approved the protocol of this research study (approval no: 63750/4-7-2023), according to the Declaration of Helsinki. A detailed information sheet describing the aims and purposes of this study was provided to all possible participants, and those who agreed to take part filled in and signed a relevant consent form prior to their inclusion in the study.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Study Design</h4><div class='html-p'>This study was of a cross-sectional design.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-brainsci-14-01165' type='methods'><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Procedures</h4><div class='html-p'>Participants were first asked to complete their demographic and neck pain pathology characteristics (duration of current episode and history of recurrences) and the following five clinical status questionnaires. Cervical spine range of motion (CS-ROM) and CS proprioception measurements followed.</div><section id='sec2dot4dot1-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.1. Pain Intensity Visual Analog Scale (PI-VAS)</h4><div class='html-p'>The PI-VAS scale assesses the intensity of pain in various pain conditions. The PI-VAS scale typically takes the form of a 10-cm-long straight horizontal line, where the left end represents no pain at all, all values to the right represent increasing pain intensity, and the extreme value at the right end of the line represents the worst possible pain [<a href="#B40-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. The scale has been utilized among Greek patients with CNP [<a href="#B41-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. We chose to use a PI-VAS scale with two instructions: “Average pain over the last week” and “The worst pain over the last week” [<a href="#B40-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot4dot2-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.2. Neck Disability Index—Greek Version (NDI-GR)</h4><div class='html-p'>The NDI is a 10-item scale designed to assess disability related to daily life activities due to neck pain (9 items), as well as the intensity of pain (1 item), by selecting one of the six available responses (Likert scale, 0–5) in each of the ten examined areas [<a href="#B42-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. The rating ranges from zero (least restriction and no pain) to five (maximum restriction and worst pain). The overall score ranges from zero (no disability) to fifty (maximum disability). The questionnaire has been validated in Greek patients with CNP, with high reliability, validity, and internal consistency reported [<a href="#B43-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">43</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot4dot3-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.3. Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia—Greek Version (TSK-GR)</h4><div class='html-p'>The TSK was created to assess fear of movement/re-injury, a frequent condition in patients with chronic pain characterized by an illogical, unusual, excessive, and debilitating fear of physical movement and activity due to a feeling of fear from a previous or potential impending injury [<a href="#B44-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. The scale has been shown to moderately correlate with proprioception acuity in patients with NSCNP [<a href="#B27-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. The scale consists of 17 self-report items, with each item scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree), and the scale score ranges from 17 (no fear) to 68 (serious/pathologic level fear). The scale has been cross-culturally adapted and validated in Greek patients with chronic pain [<a href="#B45-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">45</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot4dot4-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.4. Pain Catastrophizing Scale—Greek Version (PCS-GR)</h4><div class='html-p'>This questionnaire quantifies the extent of negative catastrophic thoughts that an individual may be feeling as part of their pain experience. It consists of thirteen questions with five possible answers, from zero (not at all) to four (constantly). The overall score ranges from zero (no perception of catastrophizing) to fifty-two (maximum perception of catastrophizing) [<a href="#B46-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">46</a>]. The questionnaire has been cross-culturally adapted and validated for the Greek population [<a href="#B47-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot4dot5-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.5. Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire—Greek Version (FreNAQ-GR)</h4><div class='html-p'>The FreNAQ is a questionnaire recently developed to assess body awareness found to be altered in patients with NSCNP [<a href="#B48-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. It consists of nine items assessing deviations in neck shape, size, position, and motor control, with each item scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0 representing ‘never’ to 4 representing ‘always’ feeling like that) and scores ranging from 0–36, with higher scores denoting greater impairment in neck body awareness. The FreNAQ has been recently cross-culturally adapted and validated in Greek patients with NSCNP [<a href="#B50-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">50</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot4dot6-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.6. Cervical Spine Range of Motion (CS-ROM) and Proprioception Measurements</h4><div class='html-p'>The study’s coordinator (G.A.K.) and the owner of the physiotherapy practice (P.T.) trained two members of the research team (S.G. and C.F.) in the conduct of all CS-ROM and proprioception measurements, as the former were more experienced in treating patients with neck pain and proprioception measurement methods.</div><div class='html-p'>All CS-ROM and proprioception measurements were conducted with the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> (KINVENT, Montpellier, France), a small (15 × 56 × 35 mm), lightweight (40 g) inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer with a manufacturer-reported accuracy of 3° [<a href="#B51-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. With the aid of a customized mobile phone application, the device can transmit and display recorded data in real-time to a mobile phone via Bluetooth (2.4 GHz band) at a distance of up to 10 m. The application can then store the ROM, time, and speed data related to the movement direction measured for later display and analysis. The device has been previously used to assess wrist ROM and proprioception [<a href="#B52-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">52</a>] and has not yet been used for the corresponding CS measurements.</div><div class='html-p'>The measurement process initially involved measuring the full available CS-ROM in the sagittal plane (flexion and extension), the frontal plane (right and left lateral flexion), and the transverse plane (right and left rotation), assessed in random order. The measurements were taken from a seated position in a stable chair with the patient’s feet in contact with the ground, forming a right angle with the hip, and the shoulder blades supported by the chair so that the movement was exclusively performed by the cervical spine (<a href="#brainsci-14-01165-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>). Three sequential measurements of the full CS-ROM were executed per movement direction, and the highest value of the three was selected for each of the movement directions.</div><div class='html-p'>For CS proprioception measurements, the participants’ ability to reproduce a pre-specified ‘target angle’ set at 50% of the full CS-ROM for each of the above six movement directions was assessed, with participants blindfolded throughout the procedure. The process followed was divided into two steps per movement direction. First, participants were passively taken from the neutral position 0° and placed at each pre-specified ‘target angle’, at which they were kept for 5 s, allowing for this position to be memorized (<a href="#brainsci-14-01165-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>), and then they were passively returned to the neutral position. As a second step, we asked participants to actively identify the pre-specified ‘target angle’ at each movement direction by performing three sequential repositioning trials at their own pace, starting from neutral, remaining in place for 2 s when they believed they had reached the ‘target angle’, and then returning to neutral. We performed CS proprioception in each movement direction immediately after the corresponding CS-ROM test, ensuring that the procedure followed the same random order to avoid possible interaction effects between measurements [<a href="#B53-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>For the measurement of proprioceptive acuity, the absolute error (AE) index was used, calculated as the average of the absolute deviation values of the three sequential repositioning trials from the ‘target angle’ [<a href="#B54-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. The AE index has been used as the primary outcome measure for assessing spinal proprioception and thus provides a direct comparison with other studies.</div><div class='html-p'>All measurements were collected in a quiet room with a stable temperature of 23 °C. The participants’ vision was occluded throughout the experiment, with their eyes covered (application of a non-photo-permeable eye mask) and the goniometer, which was mounted on a headband, firmly secured at the center of their foreheads. In all stages, the necessary hygiene measures were observed. Before the measurements began, the space was adequately ventilated, the objects (chair, KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> sensor) were sterilized, and during the placement of the eye mask (blindfold) and the sensor stabilization strap, a disposable protective non-woven fabric was first applied to the forehead and eye areas.</div></section></section><section id='sec2dot5-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Statistical Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'>All analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics v.29.02.00 software. The distribution of continuous variables was analyzed with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. All descriptive statistics of participants’ demographic details, their CS-ROM and proprioception, as well as their questionnaire scores (PI-VAS, NDI-GR, TSK-GR, PCS-GR, and FreNAQ-GR) were analytically presented, depending on the distribution of each variable. The possible influence of the anthropometric characteristics or the level of self-reported physical activity on the patient’s clinical status data (questionnaires, CS-ROM, and CS proprioception) was examined with the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and that of gender was assessed with the independent samples t-test.</div><div class='html-p'>The within-day test–retest intra-rater reliability of the three sequentially executed ‘target angle’ repositioning trials was calculated using the two-way random effects absolute agreement single measurement intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC<sub>2,1</sub>) [<a href="#B55-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">55</a>], the standard error of the measurement (SEM), and the minimum detectable change (MDC<sub>95%</sub>) [<a href="#B53-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B56-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. ICCs less than 0.5 were interpreted as poor, those between 0.5 and 0.75 as moderate, those between 0.75 and 0.90 as good, and those greater than 0.90 as excellent [<a href="#B55-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. The SEM and MDC95% indicate the measurement error level in the same values as the original measurement (degrees), with the MDC in particular representing the smallest detectable amount of change that cannot be attributed to measurement error [<a href="#B53-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B56-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">56</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The construct validity of the CS proprioception acuity was examined using correlations with relevant questionnaires examining participants’ clinical status (PI-VAS, NDI-GR, TSK-GR, PCS-GR, and FreNAQ-GR) [<a href="#B57-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Correlations were classified as negligible (0.0–0.25), fair (0.25–0.50), moderate to good (0.50–0.75), or good to excellent (>0.75) [<a href="#B53-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. The minimum sample size required for the study was calculated taking into account the large number of correlations and adjusting the level of statistical significance based on the Holm–Bonferroni method [<a href="#B58-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">58</a>]. Therefore, the minimum sample size for conducting 30 correlations of primary interest (6 proprioception tests × 5 clinical status questionnaires), with an adjusted statistical significance level α = 0.05/30 = 0.00167 to achieve 80% statistical power with a moderate correlation coefficient r = 0.50, was calculated to be n = 56 participants, calculated with a relevant algorithm for correlational studies (<a href='https://sample-size.net/correlation-sample-size/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">https://sample-size.net/correlation-sample-size/</a>, accessed on 31 May 2023) [<a href="#B59-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">59</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec3-brainsci-14-01165' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><section id='sec3dot1-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Descriptive Statistics</h4><div class='html-p'>Overall, 59 patients (34 women) with NSCNP who were referred for physical therapy at a private practice participated in this study. The majority of continuous variables (17 out of 23) were normally distributed (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05), apart from pain duration, mean PI-VAS, NDI-GR, PCS-GR, CS-ROM R rotation, and R rotation proprioception; therefore, descriptive data are presented as the mean (SD), maximum, and minimum statistics for all variables. Participants’ demographic characteristics are displayed in <a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Each patient had a current pain episode that lasted longer than three months, with a mean (SD) of 25.05 (29.71) months and a median (IQR) of 12 (30) months.</div><div class='html-p'>The majority of participants declared a current low (n = 25) or moderate (n = 24) activity level, with few declaring a high (n = 10) activity level. The descriptive statistics of participants’ clinical status from the questionnaires, the CS-ROM, and the CS proprioception acuity measures are displayed in <a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. Neither the patients’ demographic characteristics (gender included) nor their self-reported activity level significantly influenced any of the variables reported in <a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>; therefore, these did not seem to influence the main variables of interest in this study.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Within-Day Intra-Rater Reliability of CS Proprioception Acuity</h4><div class='html-p'>The reliability level of the three sequential proprioceptive measurements using the active target reproduction method at 50% of the available CS-ROM in each movement direction, measured on the same day and time by the same examiner, was evaluated. The ICC<sub>2,1</sub> (95% CI) values were generally good (0.75–0.79) for all movement directions; however, they improved even further (0.76–0.89) if the first of the three consecutive trials was omitted, except for CS flexion proprioception acuity, which remained unchanged (<a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>). The SEM values ranged between 1.97 and 2.94° (1.38 and 3.02° if the first trial was omitted), and the MDC<sub>95%</sub> ranged between 5.05 and 8.14° (3.83 and 8.38° if the first trial was omitted), generally registering an acceptable trial-to-trial error level (<a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>).</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-brainsci-14-01165' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Construct Validity of CS Proprioception Acuity</h4><div class='html-p'>As is evidenced in <a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>, in general, there were no statistically significant correlations between CS proprioception acuity, measured with the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup>, and patient clinical status, measured with an array of questionnaires assessing average and worst pain intensity over the previous week, the NDI-GR, the TSK-GR, the PCS-GR, and the FreNAQ-GR scales. The only fair correlations registered between R side flexion proprioception acuity and the NDI-GR, TSK-GR, PCS-GR, and FreNAQ-GR were not clinically significant when the corrected significance level was considered (α = 0.00167). There were no significant correlations registered between CS-ROM and CS proprioception acuity either.</div><div class='html-p'>In addition, the only fair negative correlations registered between CS-ROM and patient clinical status were between mean PI-VAS and two out of six ROM measures (extension and R rotation), between the PCS-GR and R rotation, and between the FreNAQ-GR and R side flexion (<a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>). However, neither of these were statistically significant.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-brainsci-14-01165' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>Chronic neck pain is a widely prevalent clinical problem that affects a large proportion of the world population [<a href="#B1-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Although there are various methods of assessment and treatment, the connection between clinical symptoms and the corresponding measurements of movement and proprioception remains unclear [<a href="#B14-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B32-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. Several previous studies have shown small-scale yet statistically significantly impaired proprioception acuity in patients with NSCNP compared with healthy individuals of the same age and gender [<a href="#B23-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B33-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B35-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B60-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">61</a>], indicating that proprioceptive deficits are pathological and predispose patients to a higher likelihood of chronicity, possibly due to microtraumas that occur from poor movement control. However, other research investigations have not demonstrated statistically significant differences in proprioception acuity between patients with NSCNP and healthy controls, either in all [<a href="#B31-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B62-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">62</a>] or in the majority [<a href="#B25-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B32-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B63-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">63</a>] of the measured tests.</div><div class='html-p'>Understanding the relationship between proprioceptive measurements and the severity and diversity of patient clinical status can provide valuable insights for the clinical evaluation of patients with NSCNP and aid in the development of more effective treatment approaches [<a href="#B64-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Expanding our knowledge regarding patient evaluation and treatment may require the application of new clinical assessment tools in the population examined [<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of a new sensor-based electronic goniometer in measuring CS proprioception acuity via the ‘target angle’ reproduction method within the available pain-free CS-ROM in several movement directions.</div><div class='html-p'>Two members of the research team were trained in the measurements first and then meticulously collected all the data. These two research team members each examined half of the participants. The normal distribution of the majority of the data was confirmed with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Initial statistical analysis established that there was no influence of gender or other demographic characteristics, or the level of physical activity in relation to CS proprioception angle repositioning measurements, to avoid confounding. The KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> is a portable lightweight sensor that transmits the recorded data to a user-friendly mobile application for immediate storage, making it an easy-to-use system for collecting kinematic data (angles and speeds) in a clinical setting. The tests employed were safe and did not provoke any unnecessary pain or discomfort in participants, as they involved slow-paced, self-regulated movements assessing CS mobility and sensorimotor control (position sense via active angle reproduction). We kept the number of repetitions per test direction low to reduce patient involvement and potential fatigue or pain from prolonged testing, in contrast to previous studies that recommended six repetitions per test direction as optimal [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B65-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">65</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The CS proprioception testing methodology followed with this new tool resulted in good measurement accuracy, partly concurring with other similar studies examining reliability in patients with NSCNP with similar but not identical measurement methods employing classic [<a href="#B29-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">29</a>,<a href="#B33-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B60-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B66-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B67-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">67</a>] or sensor-based technological equipment [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Specifically considering the sensor-based studies [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">39</a>], none of them used exactly the same protocol as the one followed in this study, precluding a direct comparison of results. The first study looked at neck proprioception using two different tools: a laser beam device and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. It included 23 asymptomatic and 20 participants with NSCNP. The average age of the patients was much younger (25.9 years) compared with the age of those included in this study. Four different directions were tested, taking the average of six repetitions per direction, while sitting and standing, and both head-to-neutral and head-to-target tests were included, as well as absolute and constant errors [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. For those with NSCNP tested while sitting, the AE showed poor to good between-day intra-rater reliability (ICC range: 0.43–0.8 and SEM range: 0.59–2.34°), but with a test–retest timeframe of 14 days [<a href="#B24-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. The second study recruited 28 healthy participants to perform both inter- and intra-rater reliability, with the latter having a test–retest timeframe of 7 days. Six movement directions were tested by calculating the AE, taking the average of three repetitions per direction. The AE showed moderate to good between-day intra-rater reliability (ICC range: 0.51–0.77 and SEM range: 0.76–1.59°) [<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. The most recently published study of the three tested 53 patients with NSCNP for intra- and inter-rated reliability. For intra-rater reliability, a test–retest timeframe of 2 days was applied. Again, six movement directions were tested by calculating the AE, taking the average of three repetitions per direction, with the AE showing moderate to good between-day intra-rater reliability (ICC range: 0.56–0.85 and SEM range: 0.39–0.94°) [<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. The advantages of using new technologies in CS proprioception measurements are the use of lightweight, easy-to-apply, but at the same time accurate devices, allowing patients to perform as many trials as possible.</div><div class='html-p'>The ICC<sub>2,1</sub>, a two-way random effects absolute agreement single raters/measurements model, was used as a measure of relative reliability in the present study, as single measurements were used to compare measurement accuracy recorded as absolute deviations from a ‘target angle’ set mid-range within the available CS-ROM movement direction individually calculated and set for each of the participants. The SEM and MDC<sub>95%</sub> were additionally presented as indices of absolute reliability complementing the ICC, as advised [<a href="#B56-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. As a primary validation step, though, only sequential measurements obtained at the same time of day and by one examiner were performed in this study. Further testing is required to examine the stability of those measurements over time and in the hands of different examiners who have received similar training [<a href="#B57-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">57</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The average CS proprioception values in this study exceeded the previously identified “dysfunctional threshold” of 4.5° [<a href="#B17-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B21-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B33-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">33</a>] in all movement directions (<a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a> and <a href="#brainsci-14-01165-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>). Most studies have reported proprioception AE deviations surpassing this threshold in people with NSCNP [<a href="#B17-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. However, there is substantial variability around this cut-off value, with a proportion of patients exhibiting values toward the normative range, too [<a href="#B13-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. This variability may suggest that individual factors, such as injury history, current clinical status, physical activity levels, and overall health, may influence proprioceptive ability. Our findings, however, did not confirm this hypothesis for current clinical status or for pain duration. Specifically, the construct validity examination clearly indicated that there were no statistically significant correlations between the CS proprioception acuity measures and patient clinical status. A comprehensive assessment of patient clinical status was performed using questionnaires relevant to the pathology of NSCNP, comprising the PI-VAS, the NDI-GR, the TSK-GR, the PCS-GR, and a relatively new scale measuring impaired body awareness due to chronic pain, the FreNAQ-GR [<a href="#B48-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>The expected outcome based on the ‘theory’ would be that the more pain, disability, distorted body self-perception, fear of re-injury, and catastrophizing the patients with CNP had, the greater the disturbance in proprioceptive ability should have been [<a href="#B8-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. To explain the lack of correlations, the literature’s inconsistent results should not be ignored, as this relationship may only apply to some patients with CNP. The fact that proprioception acuity was examined within the available and relatively painless CS-ROM, in which patients do not exhibit functional incapacity or disturbed bodily perception and probably neither fear of re-injury nor experience a sense of catastrophizing, may also explain the lack of correlation between the parameters examined. Furthermore, the particular proprioception testing protocols require participants’ full concentration and are thus significantly dependent on fatigue as well as participants’ lack of concentration and distraction during the experimental procedures. Therefore, several factors may have interfered with ‘joint position sense’ testing during the protocol administration. Finally, statistically, the small range of values for both proprioceptive ability and range of motion measurements may have possibly contributed to the non-statistically significant associations between CS proprioception and clinical status.</div><div class='html-p'>The limitations of the present study also affect the generalization of the results to some extent. The study’s participants (n = 59, 25 men and 34 women) belonged to a specific age group (25–65 years), with one or several episodes of pain, lasting 3 months or more, of non-traumatic origin. However, the duration of symptoms varied widely among the participants. It may be that patients’ proprioception acuity has to be separately examined in different patient groups [<a href="#B13-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">13</a>], possibly according to a pain phenotyping CNP classification scheme [<a href="#B68-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. Future studies should also examine the inter-rater and test–retest reliability of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> inertial sensor. Furthermore, its responsiveness following physical therapy interventions has to be verified.</div><div class='html-p'>Subsequent investigations might have to elucidate the molecular processes that underlie pain and proprioception [<a href="#B14-brainsci-14-01165" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Proposals for more effective interventions aimed at the sensorimotor control system or brain plasticity, as well as for new precise movement measures denoting sensorimotor deficit, are also encouraged. Modifications to the tests already employed may have to be made to take into account the effect of the speed of test execution and neck muscles’ fatigue development. A rigorous reevaluation and standardization of the current cervical proprioceptive impairment testing methodologies and related treatments may be necessary.</div></section><section id='sec5-brainsci-14-01165' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>The current study confirmed the accuracy of a proprioception measurement protocol in patients with CNP; however, there was no association of proprioception measurements with the severity of clinical status in a sample of patients with CNP referred for physical therapy. Based on the findings of this study, the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> may be a suitable tool for further research, potentially proving important in the provision of new findings taking into account the speed and quality of movement execution for a more detailed evaluation of CS proprioception.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, G.A.K. and P.I.T.; methodology, G.A.K., P.I.T., M.M. and V.S.; validation, G.A.K., S.G., C.F. and P.I.T.; formal analysis, G.A.K.; investigation, G.A.K., S.G., C.F., P.I.T., M.M. and V.S.; resources, G.A.K. and P.I.T.; data curation, G.A.K., S.G. and C.F.; writing—original draft preparation, G.A.K., S.G., C.F. and P.I.T.; writing—review and editing, G.A.K., S.G., C.F., P.I.T., M.M. and V.S.; visualization, G.A.K.; supervision, G.A.K. and P.I.T.; project administration, G.A.K., S.G., C.F. and P.I.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>Part of the article processing charge (APC) fees were covered by the Special Account for Research Grants of the University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of West Attica, Athens, Greece (approval no: 63750; date of approval: 4 July 2023).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to the applicable data protection law in Greece (Law 4624/2019).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Hurwitz, E.L.; Randhawa, K.; Yu, H.; Côté, P.; Haldeman, S. The Global Spine Care Initiative: A summary of the global burden of low back and neck pain studies. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. Spine J.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>27</span>, 796–801. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Global+Spine+Care+Initiative:+A+summary+of+the+global+burden+of+low+back+and+neck+pain+studies&author=Hurwitz,+E.L.&author=Randhawa,+K.&author=Yu,+H.&author=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9,+P.&author=Haldeman,+S.&publication_year=2018&journal=Eur.+Spine+J.&volume=27&pages=796%E2%80%93801&doi=10.1007/s00586-017-5432-9&pmid=29480409" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-5432-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29480409" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B2-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Shin, D.W.; Shin, J.I.; Koyanagi, A.; Jacob, L.; Smith, L.; Lee, H.; Chang, Y.; Song, T.J. Global, regional, and national neck pain burden in the general population, 1990-2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Neurol.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 955367. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Global,+regional,+and+national+neck+pain+burden+in+the+general+population,+1990-2019:+An+analysis+of+the+global+burden+of+disease+study+2019&author=Shin,+D.W.&author=Shin,+J.I.&author=Koyanagi,+A.&author=Jacob,+L.&author=Smith,+L.&author=Lee,+H.&author=Chang,+Y.&author=Song,+T.J.&publication_year=2022&journal=Front.+Neurol.&volume=13&pages=955367&doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.955367&pmid=36119688" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.955367" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36119688" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B3-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Blanpied, P.R.; Gross, A.R.; Elliott, J.M.; Devaney, L.L.; Clewley, D.; Walton, D.M.; Sparks, C.; Robertson, E.K. Neck Pain: Revision 2017. <span class='html-italic'>J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>47</span>, A1–A83. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neck+Pain:+Revision+2017&author=Blanpied,+P.R.&author=Gross,+A.R.&author=Elliott,+J.M.&author=Devaney,+L.L.&author=Clewley,+D.&author=Walton,+D.M.&author=Sparks,+C.&author=Robertson,+E.K.&publication_year=2017&journal=J.+Orthop.+Sports+Phys.+Ther.&volume=47&pages=A1%E2%80%93A83&doi=10.2519/jospt.2017.0302" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.0302" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>de Zoete, R.M.J. Exercise Therapy for Chronic Neck Pain: Tailoring Person-Centred Approaches within Contemporary Management. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Med.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 7108. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Exercise+Therapy+for+Chronic+Neck+Pain:+Tailoring+Person-Centred+Approaches+within+Contemporary+Management&author=de+Zoete,+R.M.J.&publication_year=2023&journal=J.+Clin.+Med.&volume=12&pages=7108&doi=10.3390/jcm12227108" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227108" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Sterud, T.; Johannessen, H.A.; Tynes, T. Work-related psychosocial and mechanical risk factors for neck/shoulder pain: A 3-year follow-up study of the general working population in Norway. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>87</span>, 471–481. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Work-related+psychosocial+and+mechanical+risk+factors+for+neck/shoulder+pain:+A+3-year+follow-up+study+of+the+general+working+population+in+Norway&author=Sterud,+T.&author=Johannessen,+H.A.&author=Tynes,+T.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+Arch.+Occup.+Environ.+Health&volume=87&pages=471%E2%80%93481&doi=10.1007/s00420-013-0886-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-013-0886-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B6-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Kim, R.; Wiest, C.; Clark, K.; Cook, C.; Horn, M. Identifying risk factors for first-episode neck pain: A systematic review. <span class='html-italic'>Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 77–83. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Identifying+risk+factors+for+first-episode+neck+pain:+A+systematic+review&author=Kim,+R.&author=Wiest,+C.&author=Clark,+K.&author=Cook,+C.&author=Horn,+M.&publication_year=2018&journal=Musculoskelet.+Sci.+Pract.&volume=33&pages=77%E2%80%9383&doi=10.1016/j.msksp.2017.11.007" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.11.007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B7-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Xie, Y.; Jun, D.; Thomas, L.; Coombes, B.K.; Johnston, V. Comparing Central Pain Processing in Individuals with Non-Traumatic Neck Pain and Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pain</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 1101–1124. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparing+Central+Pain+Processing+in+Individuals+with+Non-Traumatic+Neck+Pain+and+Healthy+Individuals:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&author=Xie,+Y.&author=Jun,+D.&author=Thomas,+L.&author=Coombes,+B.K.&author=Johnston,+V.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Pain&volume=21&pages=1101%E2%80%931124&doi=10.1016/j.jpain.2020.02.007&pmid=32574788" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2020.02.007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574788" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B8-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Peng, B.; Yang, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, T.; Liu, Y. Cervical Proprioception Impairment in Neck Pain-Pathophysiology, Clinical Evaluation, and Management: A Narrative Review. <span class='html-italic'>Pain Ther.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 143–164. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cervical+Proprioception+Impairment+in+Neck+Pain-Pathophysiology,+Clinical+Evaluation,+and+Management:+A+Narrative+Review&author=Peng,+B.&author=Yang,+L.&author=Li,+Y.&author=Liu,+T.&author=Liu,+Y.&publication_year=2021&journal=Pain+Ther.&volume=10&pages=143%E2%80%93164&doi=10.1007/s40122-020-00230-z" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-020-00230-z" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>de Zoete, R.M.J.; Stanwell, P.; Weber, K.A.; Snodgrass, S.J. Differences in Structural Brain Characteristics Between Individuals with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain and Asymptomatic Controls: A Case-Control Study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pain Res.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>15</span>, 521–531. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Differences+in+Structural+Brain+Characteristics+Between+Individuals+with+Chronic+Nonspecific+Neck+Pain+and+Asymptomatic+Controls:+A+Case-Control+Study&author=de+Zoete,+R.M.J.&author=Stanwell,+P.&author=Weber,+K.A.&author=Snodgrass,+S.J.&publication_year=2022&journal=J.+Pain+Res.&volume=15&pages=521%E2%80%93531&doi=10.2147/JPR.S345365" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S345365" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Han, J.; Waddington, G.; Adams, R.; Anson, J.; Liu, Y. Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods. <span class='html-italic'>J. Sport. Health Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 80–90. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessing+proprioception:+A+critical+review+of+methods&author=Han,+J.&author=Waddington,+G.&author=Adams,+R.&author=Anson,+J.&author=Liu,+Y.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Sport.+Health+Sci.&volume=5&pages=80%E2%80%9390&doi=10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.004" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.004" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Hillier, S.; Immink, M.; Thewlis, D. Assessing Proprioception: A Systematic Review of Possibilities. <span class='html-italic'>Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>29</span>, 933–949. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessing+Proprioception:+A+Systematic+Review+of+Possibilities&author=Hillier,+S.&author=Immink,+M.&author=Thewlis,+D.&publication_year=2015&journal=Neurorehabil.+Neural.+Repair.&volume=29&pages=933%E2%80%93949&doi=10.1177/1545968315573055&pmid=25712470" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968315573055" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712470" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B12-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Efstathiou, M.A.; Giannaki, C.D.; Roupa, Z.; Hadjisavvas, S.; Stefanakis, M. Evidence of distorted proprioception and postural control in studies of experimentally induced pain: A critical review of the literature. <span class='html-italic'>Scand. J. Pain</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 445–456. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evidence+of+distorted+proprioception+and+postural+control+in+studies+of+experimentally+induced+pain:+A+critical+review+of+the+literature&author=Efstathiou,+M.A.&author=Giannaki,+C.D.&author=Roupa,+Z.&author=Hadjisavvas,+S.&author=Stefanakis,+M.&publication_year=2022&journal=Scand.+J.+Pain&volume=22&pages=445%E2%80%93456&doi=10.1515/sjpain-2021-0205&pmid=35470647" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2021-0205" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35470647" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B13-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Särkilahti, N.; Hirvonen, M.; Lavapuro, J.; Takatalo, J.; Löyttyniemi, E.; Tenovuo, O. Sensorimotor tests in patients with neck pain and its associated disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Rep.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 12764. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sensorimotor+tests+in+patients+with+neck+pain+and+its+associated+disorders:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&author=S%C3%A4rkilahti,+N.&author=Hirvonen,+M.&author=Lavapuro,+J.&author=Takatalo,+J.&author=L%C3%B6yttyniemi,+E.&author=Tenovuo,+O.&publication_year=2024&journal=Sci.+Rep.&volume=14&pages=12764&doi=10.1038/s41598-024-63545-3" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63545-3" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B14-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Qu, N.; Tian, H.; De Martino, E.; Zhang, B. Neck Pain: Do We Know Enough About the Sensorimotor Control System? <span class='html-italic'>Front. Comput. Neurosci.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 946514. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neck+Pain:+Do+We+Know+Enough+About+the+Sensorimotor+Control+System?&author=Qu,+N.&author=Tian,+H.&author=De+Martino,+E.&author=Zhang,+B.&publication_year=2022&journal=Front.+Comput.+Neurosci.&volume=16&pages=946514&doi=10.3389/fncom.2022.946514" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2022.946514" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B15-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Elsig, S.; Allet, L.; Bastiaenen, C.H.G.; de Bie, R.; Hilfiker, R. Reliability and measurement error of sensorimotor tests in patients with neck pain: A systematic review. <span class='html-italic'>Arch. Physiother.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 15. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reliability+and+measurement+error+of+sensorimotor+tests+in+patients+with+neck+pain:+A+systematic+review&author=Elsig,+S.&author=Allet,+L.&author=Bastiaenen,+C.H.G.&author=de+Bie,+R.&author=Hilfiker,+R.&publication_year=2023&journal=Arch.+Physiother.&volume=13&pages=15&doi=10.1186/s40945-023-00170-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40945-023-00170-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B16-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>AlDahas, A.; Heneghan, N.R.; Althobaiti, S.; Deane, J.A.; Rushton, A.; Falla, D. Measurement properties of cervical joint position error in people with and without neck pain: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. <span class='html-italic'>BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 44. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Measurement+properties+of+cervical+joint+position+error+in+people+with+and+without+neck+pain:+A+systematic+review+and+narrative+synthesis&author=AlDahas,+A.&author=Heneghan,+N.R.&author=Althobaiti,+S.&author=Deane,+J.A.&author=Rushton,+A.&author=Falla,+D.&publication_year=2024&journal=BMC+Musculoskelet.+Disord.&volume=25&pages=44&doi=10.1186/s12891-023-07111-4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-07111-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B17-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>English, D.J.; Zacharias, A.; Green, R.A.; Weerakkody, N. Reliability of Cervicocephalic Proprioception Assessment: A Systematic Review. <span class='html-italic'>J. Manip. Physiol. Ther.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>45</span>, 346–357. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reliability+of+Cervicocephalic+Proprioception+Assessment:+A+Systematic+Review&author=English,+D.J.&author=Zacharias,+A.&author=Green,+R.A.&author=Weerakkody,+N.&publication_year=2022&journal=J.+Manip.+Physiol.+Ther.&volume=45&pages=346%E2%80%93357&doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.08.005&pmid=36270904" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.08.005" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36270904" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B18-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Stanton, T.R.; Leake, H.B.; Chalmers, K.J.; Moseley, G.L. Evidence of Impaired Proprioception in Chronic, Idiopathic Neck Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <span class='html-italic'>Phys. Ther.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>96</span>, 876–887. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evidence+of+Impaired+Proprioception+in+Chronic,+Idiopathic+Neck+Pain:+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&author=Stanton,+T.R.&author=Leake,+H.B.&author=Chalmers,+K.J.&author=Moseley,+G.L.&publication_year=2016&journal=Phys.+Ther.&volume=96&pages=876%E2%80%93887&doi=10.2522/ptj.20150241" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150241" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B19-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>de Vries, J.; Ischebeck, B.K.; Voogt, L.P.; van der Geest, J.N.; Janssen, M.; Frens, M.A.; Kleinrensink, G.J. Joint position sense error in people with neck pain: A systematic review. <span class='html-italic'>Man. Ther.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 736–744. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Joint+position+sense+error+in+people+with+neck+pain:+A+systematic+review&author=de+Vries,+J.&author=Ischebeck,+B.K.&author=Voogt,+L.P.&author=van+der+Geest,+J.N.&author=Janssen,+M.&author=Frens,+M.A.&author=Kleinrensink,+G.J.&publication_year=2015&journal=Man.+Ther.&volume=20&pages=736%E2%80%93744&doi=10.1016/j.math.2015.04.015" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.04.015" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Andias, R.; Silva, A.G. A systematic review with meta-analysis on functional changes associated with neck pain in adolescents. <span class='html-italic'>Musculoskelet. Care</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 23–36. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis+on+functional+changes+associated+with+neck+pain+in+adolescents&author=Andias,+R.&author=Silva,+A.G.&publication_year=2019&journal=Musculoskelet.+Care&volume=17&pages=23%E2%80%9336&doi=10.1002/msc.1377" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/msc.1377" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Revel, M.; Andre-Deshays, C.; Minguet, M. Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility in patients with cervical pain. <span class='html-italic'>Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.</span> <b>1991</b>, <span class='html-italic'>72</span>, 288–291. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cervicocephalic+kinesthetic+sensibility+in+patients+with+cervical+pain&author=Revel,+M.&author=Andre-Deshays,+C.&author=Minguet,+M.&publication_year=1991&journal=Arch.+Phys.+Med.+Rehabil.&volume=72&pages=288%E2%80%93291" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B22-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>de Zoete, R.M.J.; Osmotherly, P.G.; Rivett, D.A.; Farrell, S.F.; Snodgrass, S.J. Sensorimotor Control in Individuals with Idiopathic Neck Pain and Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <span class='html-italic'>Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>98</span>, 1257–1271. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sensorimotor+Control+in+Individuals+with+Idiopathic+Neck+Pain+and+Healthy+Individuals:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&author=de+Zoete,+R.M.J.&author=Osmotherly,+P.G.&author=Rivett,+D.A.&author=Farrell,+S.F.&author=Snodgrass,+S.J.&publication_year=2017&journal=Arch.+Phys.+Med.+Rehabil.&volume=98&pages=1257%E2%80%931271&doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.121&pmid=27771360" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.121" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27771360" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B23-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Hesby, B.B.; Hartvigsen, J.; Rasmussen, H.; Kjaer, P. Electronic measures of movement impairment, repositioning, and posture in people with and without neck pain-a systematic review. <span class='html-italic'>Syst. Rev.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 220. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Electronic+measures+of+movement+impairment,+repositioning,+and+posture+in+people+with+and+without+neck+pain-a+systematic+review&author=Hesby,+B.B.&author=Hartvigsen,+J.&author=Rasmussen,+H.&author=Kjaer,+P.&publication_year=2019&journal=Syst.+Rev.&volume=8&pages=220&doi=10.1186/s13643-019-1125-2" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1125-2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B24-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>AlDahas, A.; Devecchi, V.; Deane, J.A.; Falla, D. Measurement properties of cervical joint position error in people with and without chronic neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>18</span>, e0292798. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Measurement+properties+of+cervical+joint+position+error+in+people+with+and+without+chronic+neck+pain&author=AlDahas,+A.&author=Devecchi,+V.&author=Deane,+J.A.&author=Falla,+D.&publication_year=2023&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=18&pages=e0292798&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0292798" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292798" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B25-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Ntenezakos, N.; Makrogkikas, M.; Dimitriadis, Z.; Koumantakis, G.A. Neck proprioception assessment with a laser beam device: Reliability in participants without neck pain and differences between participants with and without neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>Bull. Fac. Phys. Ther.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 36. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neck+proprioception+assessment+with+a+laser+beam+device:+Reliability+in+participants+without+neck+pain+and+differences+between+participants+with+and+without+neck+pain&author=Ntenezakos,+N.&author=Makrogkikas,+M.&author=Dimitriadis,+Z.&author=Koumantakis,+G.A.&publication_year=2021&journal=Bull.+Fac.+Phys.+Ther.&volume=26&pages=36&doi=10.1186/s43161-021-00056-6" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s43161-021-00056-6" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B26-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, I.; Tostado-Haro, I.; Noval-Granda, B.; Ferrer-Peña, R.; Del Corral, T. Widespread impairment of tactile spatial acuity and sensory-motor control in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain with neuropathic features. <span class='html-italic'>Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>47</span>, 102138. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Widespread+impairment+of+tactile+spatial+acuity+and+sensory-motor+control+in+patients+with+chronic+nonspecific+neck+pain+with+neuropathic+features&author=L%C3%B3pez-de-Uralde-Villanueva,+I.&author=Tostado-Haro,+I.&author=Noval-Granda,+B.&author=Ferrer-Pe%C3%B1a,+R.&author=Del+Corral,+T.&publication_year=2020&journal=Musculoskelet.+Sci.+Pract.&volume=47&pages=102138&doi=10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102138&pmid=32148331" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102138" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32148331" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B27-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Asiri, F.; Reddy, R.S.; Tedla, J.S.; ALMohiza, M.A.; Alshahrani, M.S.; Govindappa, S.C.; Sangadala, D.R. Kinesiophobia and its correlations with pain, proprioception, and functional performance among individuals with chronic neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, e0254262. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Kinesiophobia+and+its+correlations+with+pain,+proprioception,+and+functional+performance+among+individuals+with+chronic+neck+pain&author=Asiri,+F.&author=Reddy,+R.S.&author=Tedla,+J.S.&author=ALMohiza,+M.A.&author=Alshahrani,+M.S.&author=Govindappa,+S.C.&author=Sangadala,+D.R.&publication_year=2021&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=16&pages=e0254262&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254262&pmid=34237105" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254262" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34237105" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B28-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Amiri Arimi, S.; Ghamkhar, L.; Kahlaee, A.H. The Relevance of Proprioception to Chronic Neck Pain: A Correlational Analysis of Flexor Muscle Size and Endurance, Clinical Neck Pain Characteristics, and Proprioception. <span class='html-italic'>Pain Med.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 2077–2088. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Relevance+of+Proprioception+to+Chronic+Neck+Pain:+A+Correlational+Analysis+of+Flexor+Muscle+Size+and+Endurance,+Clinical+Neck+Pain+Characteristics,+and+Proprioception&author=Amiri+Arimi,+S.&author=Ghamkhar,+L.&author=Kahlaee,+A.H.&publication_year=2018&journal=Pain+Med.&volume=19&pages=2077%E2%80%932088&doi=10.1093/pm/pnx331&pmid=29304254" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx331" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29304254" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B29-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Gonçalves, C.; Silva, A.G. Reliability, measurement error and construct validity of four proprioceptive tests in patients with chronic idiopathic neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>43</span>, 103–109. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reliability,+measurement+error+and+construct+validity+of+four+proprioceptive+tests+in+patients+with+chronic+idiopathic+neck+pain&author=Gon%C3%A7alves,+C.&author=Silva,+A.G.&publication_year=2019&journal=Musculoskelet.+Sci.+Pract.&volume=43&pages=103%E2%80%93109&doi=10.1016/j.msksp.2019.07.010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2019.07.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B30-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Reddy, R.S.; Meziat-Filho, N.; Ferreira, A.S.; Tedla, J.S.; Kandakurti, P.K.; Kakaraparthi, V.N. Comparison of neck extensor muscle endurance and cervical proprioception between asymptomatic individuals and patients with chronic neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 180–186. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison+of+neck+extensor+muscle+endurance+and+cervical+proprioception+between+asymptomatic+individuals+and+patients+with+chronic+neck+pain&author=Reddy,+R.S.&author=Meziat-Filho,+N.&author=Ferreira,+A.S.&author=Tedla,+J.S.&author=Kandakurti,+P.K.&author=Kakaraparthi,+V.N.&publication_year=2021&journal=J.+Bodyw.+Mov.+Ther.&volume=26&pages=180%E2%80%93186&doi=10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.040" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.040" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>de Zoete, R.M.J.; Osmotherly, P.G.; Rivett, D.A.; Snodgrass, S.J. No Differences Between Individuals with Chronic Idiopathic Neck Pain and Asymptomatic Individuals on Seven Cervical Sensorimotor Control Tests: A Cross-Sectional Study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>50</span>, 33–43. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=No+Differences+Between+Individuals+with+Chronic+Idiopathic+Neck+Pain+and+Asymptomatic+Individuals+on+Seven+Cervical+Sensorimotor+Control+Tests:+A+Cross-Sectional+Study&author=de+Zoete,+R.M.J.&author=Osmotherly,+P.G.&author=Rivett,+D.A.&author=Snodgrass,+S.J.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Orthop.+Sports+Phys.+Ther.&volume=50&pages=33%E2%80%9343&doi=10.2519/jospt.2020.8846&pmid=31892290" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2020.8846" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892290" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B32-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>de Zoete, R.M.J.; Osmotherly, P.G.; Rivett, D.A.; Snodgrass, S.J. Cervical Sensorimotor Control Does Not Change Over Time and Is Not Related to Chronic Idiopathic Neck Pain Characteristics: A 6-Month Longitudinal Observational Study. <span class='html-italic'>Phys. Ther.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>100</span>, 268–282. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cervical+Sensorimotor+Control+Does+Not+Change+Over+Time+and+Is+Not+Related+to+Chronic+Idiopathic+Neck+Pain+Characteristics:+A+6-Month+Longitudinal+Observational+Study&author=de+Zoete,+R.M.J.&author=Osmotherly,+P.G.&author=Rivett,+D.A.&author=Snodgrass,+S.J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Phys.+Ther.&volume=100&pages=268%E2%80%93282&doi=10.1093/ptj/pzz167&pmid=32031655" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz167" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32031655" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B33-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Dugailly, P.M.; De Santis, R.; Tits, M.; Sobczak, S.; Vigne, A.; Feipel, V. Head repositioning accuracy in patients with neck pain and asymptomatic subjects: Concurrent validity, influence of motion speed, motion direction and target distance. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. Spine J.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 2885–2891. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Head+repositioning+accuracy+in+patients+with+neck+pain+and+asymptomatic+subjects:+Concurrent+validity,+influence+of+motion+speed,+motion+direction+and+target+distance&author=Dugailly,+P.M.&author=De+Santis,+R.&author=Tits,+M.&author=Sobczak,+S.&author=Vigne,+A.&author=Feipel,+V.&publication_year=2015&journal=Eur.+Spine+J.&volume=24&pages=2885%E2%80%932891&doi=10.1007/s00586-015-4263-9&pmid=26438174" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-015-4263-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438174" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B34-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Chen, X.; Treleaven, J. The effect of neck torsion on joint position error in subjects with chronic neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>Man. Ther.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>18</span>, 562–567. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+effect+of+neck+torsion+on+joint+position+error+in+subjects+with+chronic+neck+pain&author=Chen,+X.&author=Treleaven,+J.&publication_year=2013&journal=Man.+Ther.&volume=18&pages=562%E2%80%93567&doi=10.1016/j.math.2013.05.015&pmid=23810427" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2013.05.015" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810427" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B35-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Reddy, R.S.; Tedla, J.S.; Dixit, S.; Abohashrh, M. Cervical proprioception and its relationship with neck pain intensity in subjects with cervical spondylosis. <span class='html-italic'>BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 447. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cervical+proprioception+and+its+relationship+with+neck+pain+intensity+in+subjects+with+cervical+spondylosis&author=Reddy,+R.S.&author=Tedla,+J.S.&author=Dixit,+S.&author=Abohashrh,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=BMC+Musculoskelet.+Disord.&volume=20&pages=447&doi=10.1186/s12891-019-2846-z&pmid=31615495" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2846-z" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31615495" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B36-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Moggioli, F.; Pérez-Fernández, T.; Liébana, S.; Corredor, E.B.; Armijo-Olivo, S.; Fernandez-Carnero, J.; Raya, R.; Conde, P.; Rodríguez-López, O.; Sánchez, C.; et al. Analysis of sensorimotor control in people with and without neck pain using inertial sensor technology: Study protocol for a 1-year longitudinal prospective observational study. <span class='html-italic'>BMJ Open</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, e058190. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+sensorimotor+control+in+people+with+and+without+neck+pain+using+inertial+sensor+technology:+Study+protocol+for+a+1-year+longitudinal+prospective+observational+study&author=Moggioli,+F.&author=P%C3%A9rez-Fern%C3%A1ndez,+T.&author=Li%C3%A9bana,+S.&author=Corredor,+E.B.&author=Armijo-Olivo,+S.&author=Fernandez-Carnero,+J.&author=Raya,+R.&author=Conde,+P.&author=Rodr%C3%ADguez-L%C3%B3pez,+O.&author=S%C3%A1nchez,+C.&publication_year=2022&journal=BMJ+Open&volume=12&pages=e058190&doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058190&pmid=35168985" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058190" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35168985" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B37-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Cerina, V.; Tesio, L.; Malloggi, C.; Rota, V.; Caronni, A.; Scarano, S. Cervical Proprioception Assessed through Targeted Head Repositioning: Validation of a Clinical Test Based on Optoelectronic Measures. <span class='html-italic'>Brain Sci.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 604. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cervical+Proprioception+Assessed+through+Targeted+Head+Repositioning:+Validation+of+a+Clinical+Test+Based+on+Optoelectronic+Measures&author=Cerina,+V.&author=Tesio,+L.&author=Malloggi,+C.&author=Rota,+V.&author=Caronni,+A.&author=Scarano,+S.&publication_year=2023&journal=Brain+Sci.&volume=13&pages=604&doi=10.3390/brainsci13040604" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040604" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B38-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Zhang, M.; Chen, X.Y.; Fu, S.Y.; Li, D.F.; Zhao, G.N.; Huang, A.B. Reliability and Validity of A Novel Device for Evaluating the Cervical Proprioception. <span class='html-italic'>Pain Ther.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 671–682. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reliability+and+Validity+of+A+Novel+Device+for+Evaluating+the+Cervical+Proprioception&author=Zhang,+M.&author=Chen,+X.Y.&author=Fu,+S.Y.&author=Li,+D.F.&author=Zhao,+G.N.&author=Huang,+A.B.&publication_year=2023&journal=Pain+Ther.&volume=12&pages=671%E2%80%93682&doi=10.1007/s40122-023-00487-0" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-023-00487-0" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B39-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Wang, J.; Wang, R.; Zhao, P.; Han, T.; Cui, X.; He, Y.; Li, M. The reliability and validity of a novel wearable inertial sensor to measure the cervical proprioception. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Eng. Phys.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>125</span>, 104125. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+reliability+and+validity+of+a+novel+wearable+inertial+sensor+to+measure+the+cervical+proprioception&author=Wang,+J.&author=Wang,+R.&author=Zhao,+P.&author=Han,+T.&author=Cui,+X.&author=He,+Y.&author=Li,+M.&publication_year=2024&journal=Med.+Eng.+Phys.&volume=125&pages=104125&doi=10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104125" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104125" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B40-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Modarresi, S.; Lukacs, M.J.; Ghodrati, M.; Salim, S.; MacDermid, J.C.; Walton, D.M. A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Psychometric Properties of the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and the Visual Analog Scale for Use in People with Neck Pain. <span class='html-italic'>Clin. J. Pain</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>38</span>, 132–148. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Systematic+Review+and+Synthesis+of+Psychometric+Properties+of+the+Numeric+Pain+Rating+Scale+and+the+Visual+Analog+Scale+for+Use+in+People+with+Neck+Pain&author=Modarresi,+S.&author=Lukacs,+M.J.&author=Ghodrati,+M.&author=Salim,+S.&author=MacDermid,+J.C.&author=Walton,+D.M.&publication_year=2021&journal=Clin.+J.+Pain&volume=38&pages=132%E2%80%93148&doi=10.1097/AJP.0000000000000999" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000999" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B41-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Dimitriadis, Z.; Kapreli, E.; Strimpakos, N.; Oldham, J. Do psychological states associate with pain and disability in chronic neck pain patients? <span class='html-italic'>J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 797–802. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Do+psychological+states+associate+with+pain+and+disability+in+chronic+neck+pain+patients?&author=Dimitriadis,+Z.&author=Kapreli,+E.&author=Strimpakos,+N.&author=Oldham,+J.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Back.+Musculoskelet.+Rehabil.&volume=28&pages=797%E2%80%93802&doi=10.3233/BMR-150587&pmid=25736955" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-150587" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736955" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B42-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Vernon, H. The Neck Disability Index: State-of-the-art, 1991–2008. <span class='html-italic'>J. Manip. Physiol. Ther.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>31</span>, 491–502. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Neck+Disability+Index:+State-of-the-art,+1991%E2%80%932008&author=Vernon,+H.&publication_year=2008&journal=J.+Manip.+Physiol.+Ther.&volume=31&pages=491%E2%80%93502&doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.08.006&pmid=18803999" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.08.006" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803999" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B43-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>Trouli, M.N.; Vernon, H.T.; Kakavelakis, K.N.; Antonopoulou, M.D.; Paganas, A.N.; Lionis, C.D. Translation of the Neck Disability Index and validation of the Greek version in a sample of neck pain patients. <span class='html-italic'>BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 106. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Translation+of+the+Neck+Disability+Index+and+validation+of+the+Greek+version+in+a+sample+of+neck+pain+patients&author=Trouli,+M.N.&author=Vernon,+H.T.&author=Kakavelakis,+K.N.&author=Antonopoulou,+M.D.&author=Paganas,+A.N.&author=Lionis,+C.D.&publication_year=2008&journal=BMC+Musculoskelet.+Disord.&volume=9&pages=106&doi=10.1186/1471-2474-9-106&pmid=18647393" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-9-106" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647393" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B44-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Kori, S.H.; Miller, R.P.; Todd, D.D. Kinesiophobia: A new view of chronic pain behavior. <span class='html-italic'>Pain Manag.</span> <b>1990</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 35–43. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Kinesiophobia:+A+new+view+of+chronic+pain+behavior&author=Kori,+S.H.&author=Miller,+R.P.&author=Todd,+D.D.&publication_year=1990&journal=Pain+Manag.&volume=3&pages=35%E2%80%9343&doi=10.2478/v10078-011-0019-8" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0019-8" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B45-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>Georgoudis, G.; Raptis, K.; Koutserimpas, C. Cognitive Assessment of Musculoskeletal Pain: Validity and Reliability of the Greek Version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in Patients Suffering from Chronic Low Back Pain. <span class='html-italic'>Maedica</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 826–832. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cognitive+Assessment+of+Musculoskeletal+Pain:+Validity+and+Reliability+of+the+Greek+Version+of+the+Tampa+Scale+of+Kinesiophobia+in+Patients+Suffering+from+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain&author=Georgoudis,+G.&author=Raptis,+K.&author=Koutserimpas,+C.&publication_year=2022&journal=Maedica&volume=17&pages=826%E2%80%93832&doi=10.26574/maedica.2022.17.4.826" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.26574/maedica.2022.17.4.826" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B46-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Sullivan, M.J.L.; Bishop, S.R.; Pivik, J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. <span class='html-italic'>Psychol. Assess.</span> <b>1995</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 524–532. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Pain+Catastrophizing+Scale:+Development+and+validation&author=Sullivan,+M.J.L.&author=Bishop,+S.R.&author=Pivik,+J.&publication_year=1995&journal=Psychol.+Assess.&volume=7&pages=524%E2%80%93532&doi=10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.524" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.524" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B47-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Christakou, A. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in Greek clinical population. <span class='html-italic'>Hong Kong Physiother. J.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>41</span>, 89–98. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cross-cultural+adaptation+of+the+Pain+Catastrophizing+Scale+in+Greek+clinical+population&author=Christakou,+A.&publication_year=2021&journal=Hong+Kong+Physiother.+J.&volume=41&pages=89%E2%80%9398&doi=10.1142/S1013702521500086" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1013702521500086" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B48-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>Onan, D.; Gokmen, D.; Ulger, O. The Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire in Chronic Neck Pain Patients: Turkish Version, Validity and Reliability Study. <span class='html-italic'>Spine</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>45</span>, E163–E169. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Fremantle+Neck+Awareness+Questionnaire+in+Chronic+Neck+Pain+Patients:+Turkish+Version,+Validity+and+Reliability+Study&author=Onan,+D.&author=Gokmen,+D.&author=Ulger,+O.&publication_year=2020&journal=Spine&volume=45&pages=E163%E2%80%93E169&doi=10.1097/BRS.0000000000003207" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003207" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B49-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>Yamashita, Y.; Nishigami, T.; Mibu, A.; Tanaka, K.; Wand, B.M.; Catley, M.J.; Higashi, T. Development and Psychometric Testing of the Japanese Version of the Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire: A Cross-Sectional Study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pain Res.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 311–324. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Development+and+Psychometric+Testing+of+the+Japanese+Version+of+the+Fremantle+Neck+Awareness+Questionnaire:+A+Cross-Sectional+Study&author=Yamashita,+Y.&author=Nishigami,+T.&author=Mibu,+A.&author=Tanaka,+K.&author=Wand,+B.M.&author=Catley,+M.J.&author=Higashi,+T.&publication_year=2021&journal=J.+Pain+Res.&volume=14&pages=311%E2%80%93324&doi=10.2147/JPR.S267930" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S267930" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B50-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='50.'>Koumantakis, G.A.; Nikolaki, F.; Kefalaki, F.; Tatsios, P.I.; Paraskevopoulos, E.; Vrouva, S. Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Greek Version of the Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire (FreNAQ-GR) in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain. <span class='html-italic'>Healthcare</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 1985. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cross-Cultural+Adaptation,+Reliability,+and+Validity+of+the+Greek+Version+of+the+Fremantle+Neck+Awareness+Questionnaire+(FreNAQ-GR)+in+Patients+with+Chronic+Neck+Pain&author=Koumantakis,+G.A.&author=Nikolaki,+F.&author=Kefalaki,+F.&author=Tatsios,+P.I.&author=Paraskevopoulos,+E.&author=Vrouva,+S.&publication_year=2024&journal=Healthcare&volume=12&pages=1985&doi=10.3390/healthcare12191985" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191985" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B51-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='51.'>KINVENT. <span class='html-italic'>KFORCE User’s Manual</span>; KINVENT: Montpellier, France, 2020; Volume 25, Available online: <a href="https://k-invent.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/K-FORCE-manual.En21_04_20.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://k-invent.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/K-FORCE-manual.En21_04_20.pdf</a> (accessed on 18 November 2024).</li><li id='B52-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='52.'>Tekin, F.; Can-Akman, T.; Kitiş, A. Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> electrogoniometer in evaluation of wrist proprioception. <span class='html-italic'>Hand Surg. Rehabil.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>41</span>, 183–188. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+the+validity+and+reliability+of+the+KFORCE+Sens%C2%AE+electrogoniometer+in+evaluation+of+wrist+proprioception&author=Tekin,+F.&author=Can-Akman,+T.&author=Kiti%C5%9F,+A.&publication_year=2022&journal=Hand+Surg.+Rehabil.&volume=41&pages=183%E2%80%93188&doi=10.1016/j.hansur.2021.12.006" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2021.12.006" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B53-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='53.'>Portney, L.G.; Watkins, M.P. <span class='html-italic'>Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice</span>, 3rd International ed.; Pearson Education Ltd.: Harlow, UK, 2014. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Foundations+of+Clinical+Research:+Applications+to+Practice&author=Portney,+L.G.&author=Watkins,+M.P.&publication_year=2014" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B54-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='54.'>Schmidt, R.A. Methodology for studying motor performance. In <span class='html-italic'>Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis</span>, 6th ed.; Schmidt, R.A., Lee, T.D., Winstein, C.J., Wulf, G., Zelaznik, H.N., Eds.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2019; pp. 23–56. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Methodology+for+studying+motor+performance&author=Schmidt,+R.A.&publication_year=2019&pages=23%E2%80%9356" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B55-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='55.'>Koo, T.K.; Li, M.Y. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. <span class='html-italic'>J. Chiropr. Med.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>15</span>, 155–163. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Guideline+of+Selecting+and+Reporting+Intraclass+Correlation+Coefficients+for+Reliability+Research&author=Koo,+T.K.&author=Li,+M.Y.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Chiropr.+Med.&volume=15&pages=155%E2%80%93163&doi=10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012&pmid=27330520" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27330520" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B56-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='56.'>Weir, J.P. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. <span class='html-italic'>J. Strength Cond. Res.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 231–240. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quantifying+test-retest+reliability+using+the+intraclass+correlation+coefficient+and+the+SEM&author=Weir,+J.P.&publication_year=2005&journal=J.+Strength+Cond.+Res.&volume=19&pages=231%E2%80%93240&doi=10.1519/15184.1&pmid=15705040" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1519/15184.1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705040" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B57-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='57.'>Sim, J.; Wright, C. Validity, reliability and allied concepts. In <span class='html-italic'>Research in Health Care. Concepts, Designs and Methods</span>; Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham, UK, 2000; pp. 123–139. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Validity,+reliability+and+allied+concepts&author=Sim,+J.&author=Wright,+C.&publication_year=2000&pages=123%E2%80%93139" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B58-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='58.'>Holm, S. A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure. <span class='html-italic'>Scand. J. Stat.</span> <b>1979</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 65–70. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Simple+Sequentially+Rejective+Multiple+Test+Procedure&author=Holm,+S.&publication_year=1979&journal=Scand.+J.+Stat.&volume=6&pages=65%E2%80%9370" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B59-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='59.'>Hulley, S.B.; Cummings, S.R.; Browner, W.S.; Grady, D.; Newman, T.B. <span class='html-italic'>Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach</span>, 4th ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013; p. 79. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Designing+Clinical+Research:+An+Epidemiologic+Approach&author=Hulley,+S.B.&author=Cummings,+S.R.&author=Browner,+W.S.&author=Grady,+D.&author=Newman,+T.B.&publication_year=2013" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B60-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='60.'>Alahmari, K.; Reddy, R.S.; Silvian, P.; Ahmad, I.; Nagaraj, V.; Mahtab, M. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of neutral head position and target head position tests in patients with and without neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>Braz. J. Phys. Ther.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 259–267. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Intra-+and+inter-rater+reliability+of+neutral+head+position+and+target+head+position+tests+in+patients+with+and+without+neck+pain&author=Alahmari,+K.&author=Reddy,+R.S.&author=Silvian,+P.&author=Ahmad,+I.&author=Nagaraj,+V.&author=Mahtab,+M.&publication_year=2017&journal=Braz.+J.+Phys.+Ther.&volume=21&pages=259%E2%80%93267&doi=10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.003&pmid=28558952" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.003" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28558952" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B61-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='61.'>Sá, S.; Silva, A.G. Repositioning error, pressure pain threshold, catastrophizing and anxiety in adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>30</span>, 18–24. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Repositioning+error,+pressure+pain+threshold,+catastrophizing+and+anxiety+in+adolescents+with+chronic+idiopathic+neck+pain&author=S%C3%A1,+S.&author=Silva,+A.G.&publication_year=2017&journal=Musculoskelet.+Sci.+Pract.&volume=30&pages=18%E2%80%9324&doi=10.1016/j.msksp.2017.04.011" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.04.011" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B62-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='62.'>Nagai, T.; Abt, J.P.; Sell, T.C.; Clark, N.C.; Smalley, B.W.; Wirt, M.D.; Lephart, S.M. Neck proprioception, strength, flexibility, and posture in pilots with and without neck pain history. <span class='html-italic'>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>85</span>, 529–535. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neck+proprioception,+strength,+flexibility,+and+posture+in+pilots+with+and+without+neck+pain+history&author=Nagai,+T.&author=Abt,+J.P.&author=Sell,+T.C.&author=Clark,+N.C.&author=Smalley,+B.W.&author=Wirt,+M.D.&author=Lephart,+S.M.&publication_year=2014&journal=Aviat.+Space+Environ.+Med.&volume=85&pages=529%E2%80%93535&doi=10.3357/ASEM.3874.2014" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3357/ASEM.3874.2014" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B63-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='63.'>Portelli, A.; Reid, S.A. Cervical Proprioception in a Young Population Who Spend Long Periods on Mobile Devices: A 2-Group Comparative Observational Study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Manip. Physiol. Ther.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>41</span>, 123–128. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cervical+Proprioception+in+a+Young+Population+Who+Spend+Long+Periods+on+Mobile+Devices:+A+2-Group+Comparative+Observational+Study&author=Portelli,+A.&author=Reid,+S.A.&publication_year=2018&journal=J.+Manip.+Physiol.+Ther.&volume=41&pages=123%E2%80%93128&doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.10.004" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.10.004" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B64-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='64.'>Espí-López, G.V.; Aguilar-Rodríguez, M.; Zarzoso, M.; Serra-Añó, P.; Martínez, D.E.L.A.F.J.M.; Inglés, M.; Marques-Sule, E. Efficacy of a proprioceptive exercise program in patients with nonspecific neck pain: A randomized controlled trial. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>57</span>, 397–405. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Efficacy+of+a+proprioceptive+exercise+program+in+patients+with+nonspecific+neck+pain:+A+randomized+controlled+trial&author=Esp%C3%AD-L%C3%B3pez,+G.V.&author=Aguilar-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+M.&author=Zarzoso,+M.&author=Serra-A%C3%B1%C3%B3,+P.&author=Mart%C3%ADnez,+D.E.L.A.F.J.M.&author=Ingl%C3%A9s,+M.&author=Marques-Sule,+E.&publication_year=2021&journal=Eur.+J.+Phys.+Rehabil.+Med.&volume=57&pages=397%E2%80%93405&doi=10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06302-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06302-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B65-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='65.'>Swait, G.; Rushton, A.B.; Miall, R.C.; Newell, D. Evaluation of cervical proprioceptive function: Optimizing protocols and comparison between tests in normal subjects. <span class='html-italic'>Spine</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>32</span>, E692–E701. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+cervical+proprioceptive+function:+Optimizing+protocols+and+comparison+between+tests+in+normal+subjects&author=Swait,+G.&author=Rushton,+A.B.&author=Miall,+R.C.&author=Newell,+D.&publication_year=2007&journal=Spine&volume=32&pages=E692%E2%80%93E701&doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815a5a1b" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815a5a1b" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B66-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='66.'>Röijezon, U.; Jull, G.; Blandford, C.; Daniels, A.; Michaelson, P.; Karvelis, P.; Treleaven, J. Proprioceptive Disturbance in Chronic Neck Pain: Discriminate Validity and Reliability of Performance of the Clinical Cervical Movement Sense Test. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Pain Res.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 908414. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Proprioceptive+Disturbance+in+Chronic+Neck+Pain:+Discriminate+Validity+and+Reliability+of+Performance+of+the+Clinical+Cervical+Movement+Sense+Test&author=R%C3%B6ijezon,+U.&author=Jull,+G.&author=Blandford,+C.&author=Daniels,+A.&author=Michaelson,+P.&author=Karvelis,+P.&author=Treleaven,+J.&publication_year=2022&journal=Front.+Pain+Res.&volume=3&pages=908414&doi=10.3389/fpain.2022.908414&pmid=35875476" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2022.908414" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35875476" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B67-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='67.'>Burke, S.; Lynch, K.; Moghul, Z.; Young, C.; Saviola, K.; Schenk, R. The reliability of the cervical relocation test on people with and without a history of neck pain. <span class='html-italic'>J. Man. Manip. Ther.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 210–214. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+reliability+of+the+cervical+relocation+test+on+people+with+and+without+a+history+of+neck+pain&author=Burke,+S.&author=Lynch,+K.&author=Moghul,+Z.&author=Young,+C.&author=Saviola,+K.&author=Schenk,+R.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Man.+Manip.+Ther.&volume=24&pages=210%E2%80%93214&doi=10.1179/2042618615Y.0000000016&pmid=27582620" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618615Y.0000000016" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27582620" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B68-brainsci-14-01165' class='html-xx' data-content='68.'>Edwards, R.R.; Schreiber, K.L.; Dworkin, R.H.; Turk, D.C.; Baron, R.; Freeman, R.; Jensen, T.S.; Latremoliere, A.; Markman, J.D.; Rice, A.S.C.; et al. Optimizing and Accelerating the Development of Precision Pain Treatments for Chronic Pain: IMMPACT Review and Recommendations. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pain</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 204–225. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimizing+and+Accelerating+the+Development+of+Precision+Pain+Treatments+for+Chronic+Pain:+IMMPACT+Review+and+Recommendations&author=Edwards,+R.R.&author=Schreiber,+K.L.&author=Dworkin,+R.H.&author=Turk,+D.C.&author=Baron,+R.&author=Freeman,+R.&author=Jensen,+T.S.&author=Latremoliere,+A.&author=Markman,+J.D.&author=Rice,+A.S.C.&publication_year=2023&journal=J.+Pain&volume=24&pages=204%E2%80%93225&doi=10.1016/j.jpain.2022.08.010&pmid=36198371" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2022.08.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36198371" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#fig_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-f001"> <img data-large="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001.png" data-original="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001.png" alt="Brainsci 14 01165 g001" data-lsrc="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#fig_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Measurements of cervical spine ROM in flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Measurements of cervical spine ROM in flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001.png" data-original="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001.png" alt="Brainsci 14 01165 g001" data-lsrc="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#fig_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-f002"> <img data-large="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002.png" data-original="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002.png" alt="Brainsci 14 01165 g002" data-lsrc="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#fig_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Passive cervical spine placement in the ‘target angles’ (50% of cervical spine ROM) of flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>), with participant in a seated position wearing an eye mask.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Passive cervical spine placement in the ‘target angles’ (50% of cervical spine ROM) of flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>), with participant in a seated position wearing an eye mask.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002.png" data-original="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002.png" alt="Brainsci 14 01165 g002" data-lsrc="/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href='#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Descriptive statistics of participants’ demographic characteristics (n = 59). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Descriptive statistics of participants’ demographic characteristics (n = 59).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean (SD)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Min–Max</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Age (y)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >46.32 (11.93)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25–65</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Height (m)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.71 (0.09)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.55–1.90</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Body Mass (kg)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >74.66 (14.36)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50–112</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Body Mass Index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25.22 (3.64)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18.14–35.80</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pain Duration (months)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25.05 (29.71)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3–122</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>y: years, cm: centimeters, kg: kilograms, m: meters.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href='#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t002'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Descriptive statistics of questionnaires, CS-ROM, and proprioception for the six movement directions (n = 59). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t002"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 2.</b> Descriptive statistics of questionnaires, CS-ROM, and proprioception for the six movement directions (n = 59).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean (SD)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Min-Max</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Clinical Status Questionnaires</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PI-VAS mean (0–10)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.98 (1.92)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0–8</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PI-VAS max (0–10)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.63 (2.32)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1–10</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >NDI-GR (0–100)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26.74 (10.38)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10–52</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >TSK-GR (17–68)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >39.93 (7.06)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26–55</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PCS-GR (0–52)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22.91 (9.86)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6–48</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >FreNAQ-GR (0–36)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.24 (6.58)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3–30</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CS-ROM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Flexion (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45.39 (12.65)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >19.60–71.60</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Extension (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >58.03 (13.58)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26.40–86.60</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Side Flexion (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >39.10 (9.14)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.8–59.9</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Side Flexion (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >37.16 (7.86)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.0–60.2</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Rotation (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >66.96 (9.80)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30.8–94.2</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Rotation (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >64.95 (11.21)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18.2–80.6</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Proprioception acuity</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Flexion AE (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.20 (5.79)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.45–31.75</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Extension AE (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.63 (5.59)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.10–30.30</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Side Flexion AE (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.50 (4.21)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.40–20.30</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Side Flexion AE (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.52 (4.09)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.10–19.45</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Rotation AE (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.76 (7.10)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.50–27.85</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >L Rotation AE (°)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.41 (6.29)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.60–31.35</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>AE: absolute error, CS-ROM: cervical spine range of motion, FreNAQ: Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire, NDI: Neck Disability Index, PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale, TSK: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, VAS: visual analog scale, °: degrees, SD: standard deviation, min: minimum, max: maximum, R: right, L: left.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href='#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t003'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Descriptive statistics (mean, SDs) and και reliability indices (ICC<sub>2,1</sub>, SEM, MDC<sub>95%</sub>) for all three and the last two sequential proprioception acuity trials with the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> goniometer (n = 59). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t003"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 3.</b> Descriptive statistics (mean, SDs) and και reliability indices (ICC<sub>2,1</sub>, SEM, MDC<sub>95%</sub>) for all three and the last two sequential proprioception acuity trials with the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> goniometer (n = 59).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean (SD) 1</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean (SD) 2</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean (SD) 3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ICC<sub>2,1</sub> (95% CI)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SEM (°)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MDC<sub>95%</sub> (°)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Flexion AE</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.45 (5.48)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.32 (6.69)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.10 (5.61)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.76 (0.65–0.84)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.81</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.77</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >_</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.32 (6.69)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.10 (5.61)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.76 (0.63–0.85)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.38</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Extension AE</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.84 (4.56)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.89 (5.75)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.38 (5.80)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.77 (0.66–0.86)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.66</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >_</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.89 (5.75)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.38 (5.80)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.87 (0.79–0.92)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.72</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Side Flexion AE</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.52 (3.63)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.18 (4.18)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.82 (4.46)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.75 (0.65–0.84)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.97</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.45</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >_</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.18 (4.18)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.82 (4.46)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.89 (0.81–0.93)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.83</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Side Flexion AE</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.71 (3.68)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.19 (4.00)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.85 (4.50)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.79 (0.69–0.86)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.05</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >_</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.19 (4.00)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.85 (4.50)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.84 (0.74–0.90)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.65</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Rotation AE</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.28 (5.48)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.91 (6.53)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.60 (7.99)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.77 (0.61–0.86)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.14</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >_</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.91 (6.53)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.60 (7.99)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.87 (0.74–0.93)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.62</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Rotation AE</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.83 (5.10)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.57 (6.17)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.26 (6.82)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.79 (0.69–0.86)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.77</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >_</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.57 (6.17)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.26 (6.82)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.87 (0.79–0.92)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.54</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>AE: absolute error, SD: standard deviation, °: degrees, R: right, L: left.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-t004"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href='#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t004'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 4.</b> Correlations (Pearson’s) between CS proprioception acuity and measures of patient clinical status (n = 59). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t004"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 4.</b> Correlations (Pearson’s) between CS proprioception acuity and measures of patient clinical status (n = 59).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CS Proprioception</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PI-VAS Mean</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PI-VAS Max</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NDI-GR</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TSK-GR</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PCS-GR</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >FreNAQ-GR</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Flexion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.03</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.80</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Extension</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.23</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.08</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Side Flexion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.27</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.92</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.04</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Side Flexion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.04</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.232</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.77</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Rotation</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.133</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.22</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.315</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.47</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.10</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >L Rotation</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.04</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.81</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.74</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>CS: cervical spine, FreNAQ: Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire, NDI: Neck Disability Index, PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale, TSK: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, VAS: visual analog scale, R: right, L: left.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="brainsci-14-01165-t005"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href='#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t005'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/display" href="#table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 5.</b> Correlations (Pearson’s) between CS-ROM and measures of patient clinical status (n = 59). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_brainsci-14-01165-t005"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 5.</b> Correlations (Pearson’s) between CS-ROM and measures of patient clinical status (n = 59).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CS-ROM</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PI-VAS Mean</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PI-VAS Max</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NDI-GR</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TSK-GR</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PCS-GR</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >FreNAQ-GR</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Flexion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.074</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.003</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.211</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.104</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.221</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.133</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.578</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.981</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.108</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.432</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.093</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.314</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Extension</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.265</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.031</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.197</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.063</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.218</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.056</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.043</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.814</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.136</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.638</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.097</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.674</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Side Flexion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.176</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.010</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.040</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.167</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.185</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.254</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.182</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.943</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.761</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.205</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.160</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.052</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >L Side Flexion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.126</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.039</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.093</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.066</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.116</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.216</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.342</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.767</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.482</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.621</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.381</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.101</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R Rotation</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.272</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.197</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.189</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.054</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.271</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.013</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.037</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.135</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.152</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.684</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.038</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.924</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >L Rotation</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >R</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.066</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.029</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.035</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.010</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.082</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−0.006</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.617</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.827</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.792</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.943</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.539</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.966</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>CS-ROM: cervical spine range of motion, FreNAQ: Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire, NDI: Neck Disability Index, PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale, TSK: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, VAS: visual analog scale, R: right, L: left.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f7c8d1969a87cc8482959d929483cab185989ad2c5c7bab3a7bed2c4b6d2c5c7d2c5c5a5929b9e96959e9b9e838ed2c5c7969993d2c5c7a1969b9e939e838ed2c5c79891d2c5c7839f92d2c5c7bcb1b8a5b4b2d2c5c7a4929984d2c5c1859290d2c4b5d2c5c7be999285839e969bd2c5c7a49299849885d2c5c7919885d2c5c7ba92968482859e9990d2c5c7b49285819e94969bd2c5c7a4879e9992d2c5c7a7859887859e98949287839e9899d2c5c79e99d2c5c7a796839e92998384d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c7b99899daa48792949e919e94d2c5c7b49f8598999e94d2c5c7b992949cd2c5c7a7969e99d186829883ccd1969a87cc9598938eca9f83838784cdd8d8808080d99a93879ed994989ad8c4c7c2c4c4c0c5d2c4b6d2c7b6d2c7b6a5929b9e96959e9b9e838ed2c5c7969993d2c5c7a1969b9e939e838ed2c5c79891d2c5c7839f92d2c5c7bcb1b8a5b4b2d2c5c7a4929984d2c5c1859290d2c4b5d2c5c7be999285839e969bd2c5c7a49299849885d2c5c7919885d2c5c7ba92968482859e9990d2c5c7b49285819e94969bd2c5c7a4879e9992d2c5c7a7859887859e98949287839e9899d2c5c79e99d2c5c7a796839e92998384d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c7b99899daa48792949e919e94d2c5c7b49f8598999e94d2c5c7b992949cd2c5c7a7969e99d2c7b6d2c7b6b695848385969483d2c4b6d2c5c7b596949c908598829993d2c5b1b8959d9294839e819284d2c4b6d2c5c7a796839e92998384d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c7999899da848792949e919e94d2c5c7949f8598999e94d2c5c79992949cd2c5c787969e99d2c5c7d2c5cfb9a4b4b9a7d2c5ced2c5c7928f9f9e959e83d2c5c78492998498859e9a98839885d2c5c7939e84838285959699949284d2c5b4d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c787859887859e98949287839e9899d2c5c79e9a87969e859a929983d2c5c7949899849e9392859293d2c5c79699d2c5c79e9a87988583969983d2c5c7968487929483d9d2c5c7a39f92d2c5c7969e9ad2c5c79891d2c5c7839f9e84d2c5c7848382938ed2c5c7809684d2c5c78398d2c5c7968484928484d2c5c7839f92d2c5c785929b9e96959e9b9e838ed2c5c7969993d2c5c781969b9e939e838ed2c5c79891d2c5c796d2c5c7999881929bd2c5c79e999285839e969bd2c5c7849299849885da9596849293d2c5c7929b92948385989098999e989a92839285d2c5c7d2c5cfbcb1b8a5b4b2d2c5c7a4929984d2c5c1859290d2c4b5d2c5ced2c5c7919885d2c5c7949285819e94969bd2c5c784879e9992d2c5c7d2c5cfb4a4d2c5ced2c5c787859887859e98949287839e9899d2c5c79a9296848285929a929983d2c5c79e99d2c5c78796839e92998384d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c7b9a4b4b9a7d9d2c5c7ba92839f989384d2c4b6d2c5c7a39f92d2c5c7809e839f9e99da93968ed2c5c79e99838596da8596839285d2c5c785929b9e96959e9b9e838ed2c5c79891d2c5c7b4a4d2c5c787859887859e98949287839e9899d2c5c7969993d2c5c79e8384d2c5c796848498949e96839e9899d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c78796839e929983d2c5c793929a98908596879f9e9484d2c5c7969993d2c5c7949b9e999e94969bd2c5c7848396838284d2c5c780928592d2c5c7928f969a9e999293d2c5c79e99d2c5c7919e91838eda999e9992d2c5c78796839e92998384d2c5c7809e839fd2c5c7b9a4b4b9a7d2c5b4d2c5c796909293d2c5c795928380929299d2c5c7c5c2d2c5c1999396849fd2c4b5c1c2d2c5c78e92968584d2c5b4d2c5c785929485829e839293d2c5c79185989ad2c5c787859e9a96858ed2c5c794968592d9d2c5c7b4a4d2c5c787859887859e98949287839e9899d2c5c7809684d2c5c7928f969a9e999293d2c5c7819e96d2c5c79699909b92d2c5c78592878598938294839e9899d2c5b4d2c5c79e99d2c5c79699909b9284d2c5c7849283d2c5c79a9e93da8596999092d2c5c79e99d2c5c7839f92d2c5c79681969e9b96959b92d2c5c7b4a4d2c5c78596999092d2c5c79891d2c5c79a98839e9899d2c5c7d2c5cfa5b8bad2c5ced2c5c79e99d2c5c79296949fd2c5c79a98839e9899d2c5c7939e859294839e9899d9d2c5c7a39f92d2c5c7949b9e999e94969bd2c5c7848396838284d2c5c79281969b8296839e9899d2c5c794989a87859e849293d2c5c7839f92d2c5c79a968f9e9a829ad2c5c7969993d2c5c796819285969092d2c5c787969e99d2c5c79e99839299849e838ed2c5c79e99d2c5c7839f92d2c5c79b968483d2c5c78092929cd2c5b4d2c5c7939e8496959e9b9e838ed2c5b4d2c5c791929685d2c5c79891d2c5c79a9881929a929983d2c5b18592da9e999d82858ed2c5b4d2c5c79496839684838598879f9e8d9e9990d2c5b4d2c5c79992949cd2c5c7968096859299928484d2c5b4d2c5c7969993d2c5c7b4a4daa5b8bad9d2c5c7a5929b9e96959e9b9e838ed2c5c7809684d2c5c79684849284849293d2c5c782849e9990d2c5c7839f92d2c5c79e99838596949b968484d2c5c794988585929b96839e9899d2c5c794989291919e949e929983d2c5c7d2c5cfbeb4b4c5d2c5b4c6d2c5ced2c5b4d2c5c78483969993968593d2c5c79285859885d2c5c79891d2c5c7839f92d2c5c79a9296848285929a929983d2c5c7d2c5cfa4b2bad2c5ced2c5b4d2c5c7969993d2c5c79a9e999e9a829aacd9d9d9aa" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Reliability+and+Validity+of+the+KFORCE+Sens%C2%AE+Inertial+Sensor+for+Measuring+Cervical+Spine+Proprioception+in+Patients+with+Non-Specific+Chronic+Neck+Pain&hashtags=mdpibrainsci&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3053372&via=BrainSci_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3053372&title=Reliability%20and%20Validity%20of%20the%20KFORCE%20Sens%C2%AE%20Inertial%20Sensor%20for%20Measuring%20Cervical%20Spine%20Proprioception%20in%20Patients%20with%20Non-Specific%20Chronic%20Neck%20Pain%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DBackground%2FObjectives%3A%20Patients%20with%20non-specific%20chronic%20neck%20pain%20%28NSCNP%29%20exhibit%20sensorimotor%20disturbances%2C%20with%20proprioception%20impairment%20considered%20an%20important%20aspect.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20assess%20the%20reliability%20and%20validity%20of%20a%20novel%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Koumantakis, G.A.; Gkouma, S.; Floka, C.; Tatsios, P.I.; Moutzouri, M.; Sakellari, V. Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Koumantakis GA, Gkouma S, Floka C, Tatsios PI, Moutzouri M, Sakellari V. Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. <em>Brain Sciences</em>. 2024; 14(12):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Koumantakis, George A., Stamatina Gkouma, Christina Floka, Petros I. Tatsios, Maria Moutzouri, and Vasiliki Sakellari. 2024. "Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain" <em>Brain Sciences</em> 14, no. 12: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Koumantakis, G. A., Gkouma, S., Floka, C., Tatsios, P. I., Moutzouri, M., & Sakellari, V. (2024). Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. <em>Brain Sciences</em>, <em>14</em>(12), 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/brainsci/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526686"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526686"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526686"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Koumantakis, G.A.; Gkouma, S.; Floka, C.; Tatsios, P.I.; Moutzouri, M.; Sakellari, V. Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Koumantakis GA, Gkouma S, Floka C, Tatsios PI, Moutzouri M, Sakellari V. Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. <em>Brain Sciences</em>. 2024; 14(12):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Koumantakis, George A., Stamatina Gkouma, Christina Floka, Petros I. Tatsios, Maria Moutzouri, and Vasiliki Sakellari. 2024. "Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain" <em>Brain Sciences</em> 14, no. 12: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Koumantakis, G. A., Gkouma, S., Floka, C., Tatsios, P. I., Moutzouri, M., & Sakellari, V. (2024). Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. <em>Brain Sciences</em>, <em>14</em>(12), 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/brainsci">Brain Sci.</a></em>, EISSN 2076-3425, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/brainsci" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/brainsci/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Reliability+and+Validity+of+the+KFORCE+Sens%C2%AE+Inertial+Sensor+for+Measuring+Cervical+Spine+Proprioception+in+Patients+with+Non-Specific+Chronic+Neck+Pain&hashtags=mdpibrainsci&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3053372&via=BrainSci_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3053372&title=Reliability%20and%20Validity%20of%20the%20KFORCE%20Sens%C2%AE%20Inertial%20Sensor%20for%20Measuring%20Cervical%20Spine%20Proprioception%20in%20Patients%20with%20Non-Specific%20Chronic%20Neck%20Pain%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DBackground%2FObjectives%3A%20Patients%20with%20non-specific%20chronic%20neck%20pain%20%28NSCNP%29%20exhibit%20sensorimotor%20disturbances%2C%20with%20proprioception%20impairment%20considered%20an%20important%20aspect.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20assess%20the%20reliability%20and%20validity%20of%20a%20novel%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/3053372" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/3053372</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "brainsci"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732286508"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/1526686/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/brainsci14121165' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2076-3425/14/12/1165" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fbrainsci14121165/91"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fbrainsci14121165", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2076-3425/14/12/1165/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/1526686/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/1526686/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732286508"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732286508"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6e1c86ff2b9c45',t:'MTczMjMzMjk1MC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens&reg; Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain

Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain