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class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Core content policies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মূল বিষয়বস্তু নীতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মূল বিষয়বস্তু নীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD" title="विकिपीडिया:मूल सामग्री नीति सभ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विकिपीडिया:मूल सामग्री नीति सभ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Centrale_indholdspolitikker" title="Wikipedia:Centrale indholdspolitikker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Centrale indholdspolitikker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:سیاست‌های اصلی محتوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:سیاست‌های اصلی محتوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="વિકિપીડિયા:નીતિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયા:નીતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%95%B5%EC%8B%AC_%EC%BD%98%ED%85%90%EC%B8%A0_%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85" title="위키백과:핵심 콘텐츠 정책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:핵심 콘텐츠 정책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ويكيبيديا:سياسات المحتوى الاساسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:سياسات المحتوى الاساسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%93%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:အဓိက အကြောင်းအရာ မူဝါဒများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:အဓိက အကြောင်းအရာ မူဝါဒများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Innholdspolitikk" title="Wikipedia:Innholdspolitikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Innholdspolitikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Kontent_bo%CA%BByicha_asosiy_tamoyillar" title="Vikipediya:Kontent boʻyicha asosiy tamoyillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Kontent boʻyicha asosiy tamoyillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontent_boy%C4%B1nsha_tiykar%C7%B5%C4%B1_principler" title="Wikipedia:Kontent boyınsha tiykarǵı principler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Wikipedia:Kontent boyınsha tiykarǵı principler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:Core_content_policies" title="විකිපීඩියා:Core content policies – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:Core content policies" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویکیپیدیا:کلیلی ناوەڕۆکی سیاسەتەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:کلیلی ناوەڕۆکی سیاسەتەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83" title="Википедија:Основна правила о садржају – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Основна правила о садржају" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Quy_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_c%E1%BB%91t_l%C3%B5i_v%E1%BB%81_n%E1%BB%99i_dung" title="Wikipedia:Quy định cốt lõi về nội dung – Vietnamese" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#How-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">explanatory essay</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a> policies</b>. <br/><div style="font-size:90%;"> This page provides additional information about concepts in the page(s) it supplements. This page is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a> as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:COPO"></span><span id="WP:CCPOL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:COPO&redirect=no">WP:COPO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CCPOL&redirect=no">WP:CCPOL</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explanatory essay</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232484023">.mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#f5faff;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title{background:#cee0f2;font-size:130%;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;margin-bottom:6px}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#cee0f2;padding:0.1em 0.7em 0.15em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content,.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding-top:0.15em}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .help-box{width:auto;max-width:22em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945185">.mw-parser-output .content-policy-list{width:200px;clear:right}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint content-policy-list plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content policies">Content policies</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Template:Content policy list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Content_policy_list" title="Template talk:Content policy list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Content policy list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>'s content is governed by three principal core <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content policies">content policies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifiability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">no original research</a>. Editors should familiarize themselves with all three, jointly interpreted: </p> <ol><li><b>Neutral point of view</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">WP:NPOV</a>) – All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a <em>neutral point of view</em>, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias.</li> <li><b>Verifiability</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">WP:V</a>) – Material challenged or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LIKELY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LIKELY">likely to be challenged</a>, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source. In Wikipedia, verifiability means that people reading and editing the encyclopedia can check that information comes from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#What_counts_as_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable source</a>.</li> <li><b>No original research</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">WP:NOR</a>) – Wikipedia does <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOT">not</a> publish original thought: all material in Wikipedia must be attributable to a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">reliable, published source</a>. Articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not clearly advanced by the sources.</li></ol> <p>These policies determine the type and <a href="/wiki/Information_quality" title="Information quality">quality</a> of material that is acceptable in Wikipedia articles. Because they complement each other, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">The principles</a> upon which these policy statements are based are not superseded by other policies or guidelines, or by editors' consensus. These three policy pages may be edited only to improve the application and explanation of the principles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="History" data-mw-thread-id="h-History"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-History"></span>History<span data-mw-comment-end="h-History"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Notability/Historical">Wikipedia:Notability/Historical</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 180px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia">Jimmy Wales: The birth of Wikipedia</a>, 2005 TED (conference), 20 mins.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">No original research</a>" (NOR) has its origins in the "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a>" (NPOV) policy and the problem of dealing with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">undue weight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">fringe theories</a>. The core policy of Wikipedia, NPOV, is meant to provide a framework whereby editors with diverse, often conflicting, even opposing points of view can collaborate on the creation of an encyclopedia. It does so through the principle that while it is often hard for people to agree as to what is the truth, it is much easier for people to agree as to what they and others <em>believe</em> to be the truth. Therefore, Wikipedia does not use "truth" as a criterion for inclusion. Instead, it aims to account for different, notable views of the truth. First codified in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160418185834/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/~reagle/wp-redux/NeutralPointOfView/982358834.html">February 2001</a>, the objective of the NPOV policy is to produce an unbiased encyclopedia. </p><p>In the two years that followed, a good deal of conflict on article talk pages involved accusations that editors were violating NPOV, and it became clear that this policy, which provided a philosophical foundation for Wikipedia, needed to be supplemented. Wikipedians developed the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifiability</a>" (V) as a way of ensuring the accuracy of articles by encouraging editors to cite sources; this concept was <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Verifiability&oldid=1339095">established as a policy in August 2003</a>. Verifiability was also promoted as a way to ensure that <em>notable</em> views would be represented, under the assumption that the most notable views were easiest to document with sources. Notability is especially important because while NPOV encourages editors to add alternate and multiple points of view to an article, it does not claim that all views are equal. Although NPOV does not claim that some views are more truthful than others, it does acknowledge that some views are held by more people than others. Accurately representing a view therefore also means explaining who holds the view and whether it is a majority or minority view. </p><p>Soon it became evident that editors who rejected a majority view would often marshal sources to argue that a minority view was superior to a majority view—or would even add sources in order to promote the editor's own view. Therefore, the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=2014449">NOR policy was established in 2003</a> to address problematic uses of sources. The original motivation for NOR was to prevent editors from introducing fringe views in science, especially physics—or from excluding verifiable views that, in the judgement of editors, were incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon became clear that the policy should apply to any editor trying to introduce their own views into an article. This also led to the refinement and creation of sub sections dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">balance of coverage</a>. </p><p>In its earliest form, the policy singled out edits for exclusion that: </p> <ul><li>Introduce a theory or method of solution;</li> <li>Introduce original ideas;</li> <li>Define existing terms in different ways; or introduce <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>;</li></ul> <p>and established as criteria for inclusion edits that present: </p> <ul><li>Ideas that have been accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal; or</li> <li>Ideas that have become newsworthy: they have been repeatedly and independently reported in newspapers or news stories (such as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">cold fusion</a> story).</li></ul> <p>As a more diverse community of editors were drawn to Wikipedia, it became clear that other topics besides physics, such as politics, religion, and history, were attracting original research. The need arose to seek a more systematic approach to define original research and guide editors to avoid it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principles of "verifiability" and "no original research" overlap, and an attempt was made in 2007 to combine the two pages into one (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution" title="Wikipedia:Attribution">Wikipedia:Attribution</a>), but it failed to gain consensus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline" data-mw-thread-id="h-Timeline-History"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Timeline-History"></span>Timeline<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Timeline-History"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a>'s "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001205000200/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml#III">Non-bias policy</a>" was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> in spring or summer of 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is launched.<sup id="cite_ref-KockJungSyn2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wikipedia's first NPOV policy dates back to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/~reagle/wp-redux/NeutralPointOfView/982358834.html">16 February 2001</a>.</li> <li>"Avoid bias" was one of the first of Wikipedia's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider">"rules to consider"</a> proposed by Sanger.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> elaborated the "avoid bias" rule with a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035757/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/NeutralPointOfView">statement</a> about "neutral point of view" in the early months of Wikipedia (within dialogue with other Wikipedians up to 12 April 2001); in subsequent versions of the NPOV policy, Jimbo's statement was known as its "original formulation".</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines&oldid=294531">Original overview Wikipedia policy</a>, as edited by Larry Sanger, on November 1, 2001.</li> <li>A more elaborate version of the NPOV policy was written by Larry Sanger, at <a href="/wiki/Meta-Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-Wiki">Meta-Wiki</a>: see <a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutral_point_of_view--draft&oldid=729">"Neutral point of view—draft"</a>, Larry Sanger's version of 20 December 2001.</li> <li>After several comments (see <a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutral_point_of_view/draft&limit=100&action=history">edit history of Sanger's draft at Meta</a>) the version by Larry Sanger et al. was incorporated into the Wikipedia policy <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&diff=270452&oldid=334854037">some time within the next few days</a> (some edits from around that time are lost). The policy was further edited (see <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&limit=500&action=history">edit history of the NPOV policy</a>), resulting in the current version.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=270453">Original NPOV policy statement</a> on Wikipedia as edited by Larry Sanger on December 26, 2001.</li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Governance" class="extiw" title="m:Wikipedia Governance">m:Wikipedia Governance</a>, an essay written in 2002 by Jimmy Wales</li> <li>Another short formulation was introduced by Brion Vibber in Meta: see <a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=31163">Meta's "Neutral point of view"</a>, introductory version of 17 March 2003.</li> <li>Development of the <a href="#Due_and_undue_weight">undue-weight</a> section started in 2003, for which a <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html">mailing-list post</a> by Jimmy Wales on 29 September 2003 was instrumental.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Verifiability&oldid=1339095">Verifiability established on Wikipedia as a policy in 2003</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=2014449">NOR policy established in 2003</a></li> <li>Jimbo Wales qualifies NPOV as "non-negotiable", consistently, throughout various discussions: <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-November/008096.html">November 2003</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-April/044386.html">April 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/foundation/123928#123928">March 2008</a> (compare also <a href="/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales/Statement_of_principles" title="User:Jimbo Wales/Statement of principles">Wales's first statement of principles</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Community_consensus" data-mw-thread-id="h-Community_consensus"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Community_consensus"></span>Community consensus<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Community_consensus"></span></h2></div> <p>In order to determine <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CON">community consensus</a> and resolve ongoing disputes, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SUBSTANTIATE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SUBSTANTIATE">conflict resolution procedures have been established</a> with topic specific <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PNBD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PNBD">discussion venues</a> related to the core content policies. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard</a>: about maintaining Wikipedia's high standards for statements about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">living people</a> in any kind of article.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard</a>: about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">fringe theories</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard</a>: about achieving and maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a> in articles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard</a>: about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">synthesis</a> and other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Original research">original research</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard</a>: about identifying and correctly using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify article content</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ</a> </p><p><b>Articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Neutral_point_of_view_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia#Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">Ideological bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Protocols</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines#Content_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines § Content policies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons</a> – about how editors must take particular care when adding information about living persons to any Wikipedia page.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Wikipedia:Five pillars</a> – the fundamental principles of Wikipedia summarized in five "pillars".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not</a> – the page outlines certain things that Wikipedia is not.</li></ul> <p><b>Essays and information pages</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#Wikipedia's_content_protocols" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Wikipedia:Essay directory § Wikipedia's content protocols</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Wikipedia:Administration</a> – discusses both the human administrative structure of Wikipedia, as well as its non-human components.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advocacy" title="Wikipedia:Advocacy">Wikipedia:Advocacy</a> – discusses how Wikipedia is not a venue for raising the visibility of an issue or agenda.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">Wikipedia:Criticism</a> – discusses how articles should include both positive and negative viewpoints from reliable sources, without giving undue weight to particular viewpoints, either negative or positive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Here_to_build_an_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Here to build an encyclopedia">Wikipedia:Here to build an encyclopedia</a> – about how Wikipedians are here to build an encyclopedia, i.e., a neutral public reference work on certain topics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Wikipedia:Purpose</a> – describes Wikipedia's motive for being by its founders.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_and_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_and_references"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_and_references"></span>Notes and references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_and_references"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia's co-founder, Jimmy Wales, has described the original research policy as originating "primarily as a practical means to deal with physics cranks, of which of course there are a number on the web. The basic concept is as follows: it can be quite difficult for us to make any valid judgment as to whether a particular thing is <em>true</em> or not. It isn't appropriate for us to try to determine whether someone's novel theory of physics is valid, we aren't really equipped to do that. But what we <em>can</em> do is check whether or not it actually has been published in reputable journals or by reputable publishers. So it's quite convenient to avoid judging the credibility of things by simply sticking to things that have been judged credible by people much better equipped to decide. The exact same principle will hold true for history, though I suppose the application will in some cases be a bit different and more subtle." <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Wales, Jimmy</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html">"Original research"</a>, 2004-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Wales, Jimmy</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html">"Original research"</a>, 2004-12-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KockJungSyn2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kock, N., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf">Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf">Archived</a> September 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Outside_views" data-mw-thread-id="h-Outside_views"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Outside_views"></span>Outside views<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Outside_views"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Academic_studies_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Academic studies of Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Academic studies of Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_books" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in books">Wikipedia:Wikipedia in books</a></div> <p>Wikipedia's content policies have been the subject of academic studies and have garnered many books which have discussed the topic. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenriette_Roued-CunliffeAndrea_Copeland2017" class="citation book cs1">Henriette Roued-Cunliffe; Andrea Copeland (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwkUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>Participatory Heritage</i></a>. Facet Publishing. pp. 69–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-123-2"><bdi>978-1-78330-123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Participatory+Heritage&rft.pages=69-75&rft.pub=Facet+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78330-123-2&rft.au=Henriette+Roued-Cunliffe&rft.au=Andrea+Copeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwkUDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhoebe_AyersCharles_MatthewsBen_Yates2008" class="citation book cs1">Phoebe Ayers; Charles Matthews; Ben Yates (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lHdi1CEPLb4C&pg=PA17"><i>How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it</i></a>. No Starch Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-176-3"><bdi>978-1-59327-176-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Wikipedia+Works%3A+And+how+You+Can+be+a+Part+of+it&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-176-3&rft.au=Phoebe+Ayers&rft.au=Charles+Matthews&rft.au=Ben+Yates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHdi1CEPLb4C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlec_Fisher2011" class="citation book cs1">Alec Fisher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wMhBQ0WdjF4C&pg=PA200"><i>Critical Thinking: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40198-3"><bdi>978-1-107-40198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Thinking%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=200-215&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-40198-3&rft.au=Alec+Fisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMhBQ0WdjF4C%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Jemielniak2014" class="citation book cs1">Dariusz Jemielniak (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hBpuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8944-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8944-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-8944-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Knowledge%3F%3A+An+Ethnography+of+Wikipedia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8&rft.au=Dariusz+Jemielniak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBpuAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRikke_Frank_Jorgensen2013" class="citation book cs1">Rikke Frank Jorgensen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vTYCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>Framing the Net</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78254-080-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78254-080-9"><bdi>978-1-78254-080-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Net&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78254-080-9&rft.au=Rikke+Frank+Jorgensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTYCAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_Jamrich_ParsonsDan_Oja2013" class="citation book cs1">June Jamrich Parsons; Dan Oja (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Je0WAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290"><i>New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2014: Comprehensive</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-285-66342-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-285-66342-X"><bdi>1-285-66342-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Computer+Concepts+2014%3A+Comprehensive&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=1-285-66342-X&rft.au=June+Jamrich+Parsons&rft.au=Dan+Oja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJe0WAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Leitch2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Leitch (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SEtjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Wikipedia U: Knowledge, Authority, and Liberal Education in the Digital Age</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 38–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1535-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-1535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+U%3A+Knowledge%2C+Authority%2C+and+Liberal+Education+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=38-45&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1535-2&rft.au=Thomas+Leitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEtjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Lih2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Lih (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AWuZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153"><i>The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia</i></a>. Hachette Books. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-9585-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-9585-8"><bdi>978-1-4013-9585-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Revolution%3A+How+a+Bunch+of+Nobodies+Created+the+World%27s+Greatest+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-9585-8&rft.au=Andrew+Lih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWuZAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathaniel_Tkacz2014" class="citation book cs1">Nathaniel Tkacz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uzAjBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness</i></a>. University of Chicago Press - MIT Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-19244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-19244-4"><bdi>978-0-226-19244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+and+the+Politics+of+Openness&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press+-+MIT+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-226-19244-4&rft.au=Nathaniel+Tkacz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzAjBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACore+content+policies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unofficial_summaries_of_Wikipedia_rules" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rule_summaries" title="Template:Rule summaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rule_summaries" title="Template talk:Rule summaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rule_summaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rule summaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unofficial_summaries_of_Wikipedia_rules" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Unofficial summaries of Wikipedia rules</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_brief" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in brief">Wikipedia in brief</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Core content policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">All policies, in brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plain_and_simple_conflict_of_interest_guide" title="Wikipedia:Plain and simple conflict of interest guide">Conflict of interest tips</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales/Paid_Advocacy_FAQ#Jimmy_Wales'_position_on_paid_advocacy" title="User:Jimbo Wales/Paid Advocacy FAQ">Jimbo on paid advocacy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plain_and_simple_guide_for_medical_editors" title="Wikipedia:Plain and simple guide for medical editors">Medical editors' guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">New editors' guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Everything_you_need_to_know#No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:Everything you need to know">No personal attacks (attack the edit, not the user)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_answer_to_life,_the_universe,_and_everything" title="Wikipedia:The answer to life, the universe, and everything">Notability, reliable sources, and independent sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:MER-C/ENC" title="User:MER-C/ENC">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rule_summaries" title="Template talk:Rule summaries"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carl_Spitzweg_-_%22The_Bookworm%22.jpg/80px-Carl_Spitzweg_-_%22The_Bookworm%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carl_Spitzweg_-_%22The_Bookworm%22.jpg/120px-Carl_Spitzweg_-_%22The_Bookworm%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carl_Spitzweg_-_%22The_Bookworm%22.jpg/160px-Carl_Spitzweg_-_%22The_Bookworm%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2355"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_information_on_Wikipedia_-_(Search)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_information" title="Template:Basic information"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_information" title="Template talk:Basic information"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_information" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic information"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_information_on_Wikipedia_-_(Search)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_basic_information" title="Category:Wikipedia basic information">Basic information on Wikipedia</a> - (<a href="/wiki/Help:Searching#Custom_search_boxes" title="Help:Searching">Search</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Menu" title="Help:Menu">menu</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></b> (interactive help for new editors)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Readers' index to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics" title="Wikipedia:Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Formal_organization" title="Wikipedia:Formal organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Censorship" title="Help:Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_brief" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in brief">In brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">General disclaimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">Readers' FAQ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Student help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">Parental advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">Researching with Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Introductions<br/>to contributing </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Main introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">List of tutorials and introductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_answer_to_life,_the_universe,_and_everything" title="Wikipedia:The answer to life, the universe, and everything">The answer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Learning_the_ropes" title="Wikipedia:Learning the ropes">Learning the ropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_primer_for_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:A primer for newcomers">Newcomer primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified ruleset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">The "Missing Manual"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">Wizard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Young Wikipedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Adventure" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure">The Wikipedia Adventure</a></li> <li>Accounts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">Toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">Conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">User guide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Pillars, policies<br/> and guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Expectations_and_norms_of_the_Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia:Expectations and norms of the Wikipedia community">Expectations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editorial_oversight_and_control" title="Wikipedia:Editorial oversight and control">Oversight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">The rules are principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Core content policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Questions" title="Wikipedia:Questions">Getting help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Menu" title="Help:Menu">Help menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_Desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reference Desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Requests for help</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_requests" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution requests">Disputes resolution requests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC live chat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="Wikipedia:Contact us">Contact us</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup" title="Wikipedia:Meetup">Meetups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProjects" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProjects">WikiProjects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#What_is_a_WikiProject?" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2013-04-01/WikiProject_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2013-04-01/WikiProject report">FAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)">policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)">proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(idea_lab)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab)">idea lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(WMF)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF)">wikimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(miscellaneous)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous)">misc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Newsletters</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost">Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter" class="extiw" title="metawiki:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter">Library Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter" class="extiw" title="meta:GLAM/Newsletter"> GLAM Newsletter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Informational: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dashboard" title="Wikipedia:Dashboard">Dashboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Task_Center" title="Wikipedia:Task Center">Task Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays" title="Wikipedia:Essays">Essays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_letters" title="Wikipedia:Open letters">Open letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Sourcing</a> <br/>and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">referencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Research_desk" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Research desk">Research desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Request Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Free_resources" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Free resources">Free resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">Request access to major databases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange">WikiProject Resource Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Shared_Resources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources">Shared resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Finding sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Article_writing" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Article writing">Writing articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Better writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Media files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Deletion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contribution pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">Requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Vandalism cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Wiki markup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words_for_beginners" title="Help:Magic words for beginners">For beginners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Special Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Substitution" title="Wikipedia:Substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Image and video markup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> and glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_directories" title="Category:Wikipedia directories">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_summary_legend" title="Wikipedia:Edit summary legend">Edit summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut_index" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut index">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Core_content_policies&oldid=1251203834">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Core_content_policies&oldid=1251203834</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_supplemental_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia supplemental pages">Wikipedia supplemental pages</a></li><li><a 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