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mathematician (1868–1944)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mathematician. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Grace_Young_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Grace Young (disambiguation)">Grace Young</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Grace Chisholm Young</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Chisholm_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Grace_Chisholm_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Grace Emily Chisholm</div><br />15 March 1868<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-03-29)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, Surrey, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Young" title="William Henry Young">William Henry Young</a> (died 1942)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische Untersuchungen zur sphärischen Trigonometrie (Algebraic Groups of Spherical Trigonometry) </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1895)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Grace Chisholm Young</b> (née Chisholm, 15 March 1868 – 29 March 1944) was an English mathematician. She was educated at <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a>, England and continued her studies at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Göttingen University">Göttingen University</a> in Germany, where in 1895 she received a doctorate.<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her early writings were published under the name of her husband, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Young" title="William Henry Young">William Henry Young</a>, and they collaborated on mathematical work throughout their lives. For her work on <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> (1914–16), she was awarded the Gamble Prize for Mathematics by Girton College.<sup id="cite_ref-Riddle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She was the youngest of three surviving children. Her father was a senior civil servant, with the title Warden of the Standards in charge of the Weights and Measures Department.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two girls were taught at home by their mother, father and a governess which was the custom for upper-class family during that time. Her family encouraged her to become involved in social work, helping the poor in London. She had aspirations of studying medicine, but her family would not allow this. However, Chisholm wanted to continue her studies. She passed the senior examination for entrance into Cambridge University at the age of 17.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chisholm entered Girton College in 1889 aged 22, four years after she passed the senior entrance examination having been awarded the Sir Francis Goldsmid Scholarship by the college. At this time the college was only associated with the University of Cambridge with men and women graded on separate but related lists. Although she wanted to study medicine, her mother would not permit this, so, supported by her father, she decided to study mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of her first year, when the Mays list came out, she was top of the Second class immediately below <a href="/wiki/Ada_Maddison" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada Maddison">Isabel Maddison</a>. In 1893, Grace passed her final examinations with the equivalent of a first-class degree, ranked between 23 and 24 relative to 112 men.<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She also took (unofficially, on a challenge, with Isabel Maddison) the exam for the Final Honours School in mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1892 in which she out-performed all the Oxford students. As a result, she became the first person to obtain a First class degree at both Oxford and Cambridge Universities in any subject (although they were not awarded formally).<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chisholm remained at Cambridge for an additional year to complete Part II of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Mathematical_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Mathematical Tripos">Mathematical Tripos</a>, in the hope of being able to follow an academic career.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She wanted to continue her studies and since women were not yet admitted to graduate schools in England she went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> in Germany to study with <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a>. This was one of the major mathematical centres in the world. She had fortunately already learnt the German language. The decision to admit her had to be approved by the Berlin Ministry of Culture and was part of an experiment in admitting women to university studies.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, at the age of 27, Chisholm was awarded a doctorate in mathematics. Again government approval had to be obtained to allow her to take the examination, which consisted of probing questions by several professors on sections such as geometry, differential equations, physics, astronomy, and the area of her dissertation, all in German. Along with her test she was required to take courses showing broader knowledge as well as prepare a thesis which was entitled <i>Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische Untersuchungen zur sphärischen Trigonometrie</i> (<i>Algebraic Groups of Spherical Trigonometry</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Riddle_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After returning to England in 1896 to marry, she resumed research she had initiated at Gӧttingen into an equation to determine the orbit of a comet. Her husband continued his work coaching in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1897 they both returned to Gӧttingen, encouraged by Felix Klein. Both attended advanced lectures and while she continued her mathematical research her husband started to work creatively for the first time. They visited Turin in Italy to study modern geometry and under Klein's guidance they began to work in the new area of set theory.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 1901, the Youngs began to publish papers together. These concerned the theory of functions of a real variable and were heavily influenced by new ideas with which she had come into contact with in Gӧttingen. In 1908 they moved to Geneva in Switzerland where she continued to be based while her husband held a series of academic posts in India and the UK. </p><p>Although most of their work was published jointly it is believed that Grace did a large amount of the actual writing, and she also produced some independent work which, according to expert opinion, was deeper and more important than her husband's.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, they published about 214 papers together,<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with four books.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began to publish in her own name in 1914, and was awarded the Gamble Prize for Mathematics by Girton College for an essay <i>On infinite derivates</i> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was stimulated by developments in microscopy that allowed real molecular motion to be viewed. Her work between 1914 and 1916 on relationships between derivatives of an arbitrary function contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Denjoy-Young-Saks_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Denjoy-Young-Saks theorem">Denjoy-Young-Saks theorem</a>. </p><p>They also wrote an elementary geometry book (<i>The First Book of Geometry</i>, 1905) which was translated into 4 languages. In 1906 the Youngs published <i>The Theory of Sets of Points</i>, the first textbook on set theory.<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chisholm married <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Young" title="William Henry Young">William Henry Young</a> in 1896, the year after she received her PhD from Göttingen. He had been her tutor for one term at Cambridge and they had become friends after he was one of the people that she sent a copy of her doctoral thesis. He suggested collaboration in a publication about astronomy but they did not pursue this.<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had six children within nine years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg/220px-Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg/330px-Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg/440px-Chisholm-Bimbo_and_the_frogs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Book Bimbo and the frogs, designed by <a href="/wiki/Alice_B._Woodward" title="Alice B. Woodward">Alice B. Woodward</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to her career as a pioneering woman in what was then a discipline with significant <a href="/wiki/Barrier_to_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier to entry">barriers to entry</a>, she completed all the requirements for a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">medical degree</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a>. She also learned six languages and taught each of her children a musical instrument. In addition, she published two books for children (<i>Bimbo: A Little Real Story for Jill and Molly</i> (1905) and <i>Bimbo and the Frogs: Another Real Story</i> (1907)). The former was aimed to explain where babies came from to children while the latter was about cells.<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Young's elementary geometry book (<i>The First Book of Geometry</i>, 1905) was inspired by the education of their son.<sup id="cite_ref-Fara2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fara2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929 she started a historical novel <i>The Crown of England</i> set in the sixteenth century. She worked on this for five years but it was never published.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the approach of World War II, she left Switzerland in 1940 to take two of her grandchildren to England. She planned to return immediately, but because of the fall of France, she could not. This left William alone, and he died two years later in 1942. Two years after that, Grace Young died of a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of their six children, three continued on to study mathematics (including <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Chisholm_Young" title="Laurence Chisholm Young">Laurence Chisholm Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Tanner" title="Rosalind Tanner">Cecilia Rosalind Tanner</a>), one daughter (Janet) became a physician, and one son (Patrick) became a chemist and pursued a career in finance and business. Their eldest son (Frank) was killed in World War I, when his plane was shot down in 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-Fara2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fara2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his death had a profound effect on his parents, reducing their mathematical creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Grace's fourteen grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Wiegand" title="Sylvia Wiegand">Sylvia Wiegand</a> (daughter of Laurence), is a mathematician at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a> and is a past president of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Mathematics" title="Association for Women in Mathematics">Association for Women in Mathematics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996 <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Wiegand" title="Sylvia Wiegand">Sylvia Wiegand</a> and her husband Roger established a fellowship for graduate student research at the University of Nebraska in honor of Grace Chisholm Young and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Young" title="William Henry Young">William Henry Young</a>, called the Grace Chisholm Young and William Henry Young Award.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvia is one of Grace's fourteen grandchildren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denjoy%E2%80%93Young%E2%80%93Saks_theorem" title="Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem">Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IntWomenSci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntWomenSci_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaines2001" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Catherine M. C. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain"><i>International Women in Science: a biographical dictionary to 1950</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain/page/340">340–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-090-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-090-5"><bdi>1-57607-090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Women+in+Science%3A+a+biographical+dictionary+to+1950&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=340-41&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57607-090-5&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalwom00hain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riddle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riddle_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riddle_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle2022" class="citation web cs1">Riddle, Larry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/young.htm">"Grace Chisholm Young"</a>. <i>Biographies of Women Mathematicians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Scott_College" title="Agnes Scott College">Agnes Scott College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographies+of+Women+Mathematicians&rft.atitle=Grace+Chisholm+Young&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agnesscott.edu%2Flriddle%2Fwomen%2Fyoung.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoySoc1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoySoc1996_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rothman, Patricia (1996). "Grace Chisholm Young and the Division of Laurels". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1996.0008">10.1098/rsnr.1996.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/531843">531843</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145586061">145586061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Grace+Chisholm+Young+and+the+Division+of+Laurels&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145586061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F531843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1996.0008&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chisholm_Young.html">"Grace Chisholm Young"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grace+Chisholm+Young&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FChisholm_Young.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1895" class="citation thesis cs1">Chisholm, Grace (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZUUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische Untersuchungen zur sphärischen Trigonometrie</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische+Untersuchungen+zur+sph%C3%A4rischen+Trigonometrie&rft.inst=University+of+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZUUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Series1995" class="citation book cs1">Caroline Series (1995). <i>British women mathematicians 200 years of history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+women+mathematicians+200+years+of+history&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Caroline+Series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fara2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fara2018_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fara2018_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFara2018" class="citation book cs1">Fara, Patricia (2018). <i>A lab of one's own</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198794981" title="Special:BookSources/9780198794981"><bdi>9780198794981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+lab+of+one%27s+own&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198794981&rft.aulast=Fara&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPO_BOX_8801302010" class="citation web cs1">PO BOX 880130 (18 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.unl.edu/department/awards/graduate/#young">"UNL | Arts & Sciences | Math | Department | Awards | Graduate Student Awards"</a>. Math.unl.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNL+%26%23124%3B+Arts+%26+Sciences+%26%23124%3B+Math+%26%23124%3B+Department+%26%23124%3B+Awards+%26%23124%3B+Graduate+Student+Awards&rft.pub=Math.unl.edu&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.au=PO+BOX+880130&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.unl.edu%2Fdepartment%2Fawards%2Fgraduate%2F%23young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Chisholm+Young" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Chisholm_Young&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215093739/http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/archive/young.htm">University of Liverpool: Papers of Professor William Henry Young and Grace Chisholm Young</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117599441">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41984910">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkHrH8TdGbdtWjHmW6tKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116945877">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004014896">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133198449">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133198449">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p16331375X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90185801">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007327350005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09142208?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=18555">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16548299900">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:young.grace-chisholm">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/284794">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/116945877.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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