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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون إيتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون إيتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان ایتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان ایتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Ітан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Ітан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Eaton" title="John Henry Eaton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Henry Eaton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton" title="John Eaton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Eaton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان ایتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان ایتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton_(homme_politique)" title="John Eaton (homme politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Eaton (homme politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton" title="John Eaton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Eaton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ון איטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון איטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton" title="John Eaton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Eaton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون ايتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ايتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・ヘンリー・イートン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ヘンリー・イートン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton" title="John Eaton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Eaton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Итон, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итон, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton" title="John Eaton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Eaton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and diplomat (1790–1856)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 19th century American politician. For others with a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Eaton (disambiguation)">John Eaton</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Eaton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Eaton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Eaton.jpg/220px-John_Eaton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Eaton.jpg/330px-John_Eaton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Eaton.jpg/440px-John_Eaton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 16, 1836 – May 1, 1840</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Cornelius P. Van Ness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Aaron Vail</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor of Florida Territory</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 24, 1834 – March 16, 1836</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pope_Duval" title="William Pope Duval">William Pope Duval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Richard K. Call</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 9, 1829 – June 18, 1831</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter Buell Porter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 16, 1818 – March 9, 1829</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Felix Grundy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Henry Eaton</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1790-06-18</span>)</span>June 18, 1790<br /><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Neck,_North_Carolina" title="Scotland Neck, North Carolina">Scotland Neck, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">November 17, 1856<span style="display:none">(1856-11-17)</span> (aged 66)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)">Oak Hill Cemetery</a><br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (before 1828)<br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1828–1840)<br /><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (1840–1856)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Myra Lewis</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1813; died 1815)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy O'Neill</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1829)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Army_National_Guard" title="Tennessee Army National Guard">Tennessee Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Henry Eaton</b> (June 18, 1790 – November 17, 1856) was an American politician and <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> and as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a> in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. He was 28 years, 4 months, and 29 days old when he entered the Senate, making him <a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">the youngest U.S. Senator in history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-youngest_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngest-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson. He also served in the militia as a <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> became an aide to Jackson; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>. After serving in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a> in 1815 and 1816, in 1818 Eaton was elected to the U.S. Senate, though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30. </p><p>Following Jackson's election to the presidency in 1828, Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jackson's cabinet as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. Eaton and his wife <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy</a> became the focus of controversy during Jackson's first term; in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a>, Washington's society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons. The wives of the vice president, cabinet members, and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband, without waiting for the usual mourning period, giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death. Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy; he later received appointments as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida Territory">Governor of Florida Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Minister_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Minister to Spain">U.S. Minister to Spain</a>. </p><p>Upon returning to the United States in 1840, Eaton refused to endorse incumbent <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> for reelection to the presidency, angering Jackson. In retirement, Eaton resided in Washington. He died there in 1856, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)">Oak Hill Cemetery</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Eaton was born on June 18, 1790, near <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotland Neck">Scotland Neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_North_Carolina" title="Halifax County, North Carolina">Halifax County</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942147_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942147-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to John and Elizabeth Eaton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942130_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942130-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="North Carolina House of Representatives">North Carolina House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton's uncle, Major <a href="/wiki/Pinketham_Eaton" title="Pinketham Eaton">Pinketham Eaton</a> (sometimes spelled Pinkerton), was a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> officer who died in combat during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. The first Eaton forebear in America was Andrew Eaton, a watchmaker from <a href="/wiki/Godalming" title="Godalming">Godalming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> born in 1678 who emigrated to <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in 1699.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton's father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee, and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The younger Eaton attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> from 1802 to 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942147_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942147-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eaton,_John_Henry_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton,_John_Henry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then studied law, attained admission to the bar, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin, Tennessee</a>, where he established a law practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia, and attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831163–164_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831163–164-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, and served as an aide to Jackson during the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Eaton took part in all Jackson's major campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheathem200817_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200817-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported Jackson's controversial decision in November 1814 to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">attack</a> Pensacola in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling183165_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling183165-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheathem200817_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200817-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Jackson took command of the Southern U.S. Army District with his headquarters at his home, <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a>. Eaton served on his staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977321_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977321-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton later became a major proponent of Jackson's presidential candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheathem200817_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200817-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote the epitaph on <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Jackson</a>'s grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Reid, another Jackson aide, began a biography of Jackson in 1816, but died after writing only four chapters. Eaton finished the book, which was published as <i>The Life of Andrew Jackson</i> in 1817. This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828. It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977323–324_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977323–324-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_career">Senate career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Senate career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1815 to 1816, Eaton was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a>. In 1818, he was elected to serve as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and he served until 1829. His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable; it violated the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>'s requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old. Eaton's age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-youngest_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngest-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942147_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942147-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_H_Eaton_sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/John_H_Eaton_sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Eaton as a senator</figcaption></figure> <p>Eaton was a slaveowner,<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_slaveowners_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_slaveowners-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, unlike many Southerners, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820. On March 11, 1820, in a letter to Jackson, he claimed that "it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings, and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained a close friend of Jackson, and while in the Senate supported the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a> movement. He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired <a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a> in 1821, which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977400_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977400-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1827 to 1829, Eaton served as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia">Senate Committee on the District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1822, Eaton and <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_Lewis" title="William Berkeley Lewis">William Berkeley Lewis</a> attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a>, who was openly against Jackson's candidacy for president in <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>. After being unable to find a viable candidate, they nominated Jackson himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategy was successful, and Jackson won.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198152–54_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198152–54-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton also helped advance Jackson's campaign for president through the <i>Letters of Wyoming,</i> which were printed in newspapers. In them, Eaton praised Jackson's record. He celebrated even some of Jackson's most controversial actions, such as the suspension of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i> in New Orleans in 1815. "<a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a> would have done the same," he asserted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini198176–78_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198176–78-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1825, Eaton received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a>) from the University of North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton supported the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a>, or the "Tariff of Abominations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981243_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981243-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages">Marriages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1813, Eaton married his first wife, Myra Lewis (1788–1815), the daughter of William Terrell Lewis, a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of their father, Jackson and his wife became Myra's and her sister Mary's guardians, and Eaton's marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton married his second wife <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy O'Neill Timberlake</a> (1799–1879) in 1829, while serving in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942148_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the mother of three children; a son William, who died as an infant, and daughters Virginia and Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942149_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942149-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1971546–548_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1971546–548-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband <a href="/wiki/John_B._Timberlake" title="John B. Timberlake">John B. Timberlake</a>, and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her, telling him "Why yes, Major. If you love the woman, and she will have you, marry her by all means."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham200868_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200868-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981162_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981162-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton had no children with either wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1971546–548_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1971546–548-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_War">Secretary of War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary of War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petticoat_affair">Petticoat affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Petticoat affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></div> <p>Jackson, leading the new <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, won the 1828 presidential election, and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jackson's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment was seemingly made because of Jackson's desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831164_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831164-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women in Washington social circles led by <a href="/wiki/Floride_Calhoun" title="Floride Calhoun">Floride Calhoun</a>, the wife of Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlake's death, rather than waiting for the usual mourning period; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors held that Peggy, as a barmaid in her father's tavern, had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200084-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members, led by Mrs. Calhoun, refused to socialize with the Eatons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942149–151_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942149–151-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They refused to attend social events at which she would be present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942152_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942152-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a>, Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008101_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008101-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs. Eaton's past conduct, telling his Cabinet that "She is as chaste as a virgin!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008115_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, the dishonorable people were the rumormongers, in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 election</a>, against his wife over the circumstances of their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates2015315_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates2015315-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duff_Green" title="Duff Green">Duff Green</a>, a Calhoun protégé and editor of the <i>United States Telegraph,</i> accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a> (Treasury) and <a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> (Navy) removed from their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831194_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831194-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson biographers Richard B. Latner and <a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Robert V. Remini</a> believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics. Eaton had been in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of Abominations</a>, which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a>. He was also close to Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, another supporter of the tariff and Calhoun's main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president. Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party. Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly, especially Ingham, a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981243_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981243-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In the spring of 1830, reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These infuriated Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheathem200829_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200829-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>, Monroe's Secretary of the Treasury, in which Crawford stated that, contrary to Jackson's former suspicions, it was Calhoun, not himself, who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroe's cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981241–243_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981241–243-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons unclear, Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun published them in the <i>Telegraph.</i><sup id="cite_ref-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825–1832)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him, and further enraged the President.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306–307-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Van Buren, a widower, took Jackson's side and defended the Eatons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942151-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raised Van Buren in Jackson's esteem, and, in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>, marked him as Calhoun's likely vice presidential successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007337–339_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007337–339-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1831, Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State. This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations, and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton secretaries; only Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a> remained. Eaton, being the source of the controversy, also agreed to resign his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942153_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942153-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a text appeared in the <i>Telegraph</i> stating that it had been "proved" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199–200_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199–200-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second, his brother-in-law Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831200_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831200-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It described Eaton's situation as one of "pity and contempt." Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860366_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860366-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard, and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city, and returned safely to his home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831200_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831200-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge. Eaton admitted that he "passed by" the place where Ingham had been staying, "but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981320_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981320-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would "...kill him, sir, kill dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatner2002108_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002108-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008171–175_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008171–175-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was nominated for vice president, and was elected as Jackson's running mate when Jackson won a second term in <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affair had a hand in the replacement of the <i>Telegraph</i> as the main propaganda instrument for the administration. Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a>, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as <i>The Washington Globe,</i> which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party. It also contributed to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981291–299_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981291–299-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_affairs">Indian affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1830, following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, allowing for the transportation of the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>" from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>), Jackson, Eaton, and General <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a> negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Franklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Franklin">Treaty of Franklin</a> in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981271_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981271-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>. Lacking Jackson's skills at negotiation, they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to gain their submission. Their tactics typically worked, and the chiefs signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a>, agreeing to move west. The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832, and was wrought with misery and suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981272–273_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981272–273-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Secretary of War, Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably. He made the <a href="/wiki/Topographical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical Engineers">Topographical Engineers</a> a separate bureau within the War Department.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Eaton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/3_Eaton.jpg/220px-3_Eaton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/3_Eaton.jpg/330px-3_Eaton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/3_Eaton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Eaton as governor of Florida</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his resignation as Secretary of War, Eaton returned to Tennessee. His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving.<sup id="cite_ref-to_Jackson_1832_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to_Jackson_1832-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a>. This would vacate White's senate seat, which Eaton would presumably fill. However, White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson. Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent <a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Felix Grundy</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981318_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981318-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson officially remained neutral during the election, as Grundy was also a Democrat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatner199789_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatner199789-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Eaton was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981318_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981318-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a>. In a letter to Jackson before the convention, Eaton declared his strong support for Jackson's choice of Van Buren for vice president. He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-to_Jackson_1832_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to_Jackson_1832-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton later received appointments that took him away from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He served first as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor</a> of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, violence began to escalate between the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> Indians and white settlers. Members of the Seminole had signed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Payne%27s_Landing" title="Treaty of Payne's Landing">Treaty of Payne's Landing</a> in which they agreed to move westward. However, many began to resist. Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force, fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further. Jackson heeded his advice at first, but continuing to do so proved impossible, as Seminole attacks continued. The violence eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984307_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984307-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1836,<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton was replaced as governor by <a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Richard K. Call</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984309_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984309-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">Ambassador to Spain</a>, and he served until April 1840. His tenure was undistinguished;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a predecessor in the post, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Cornelius P. Van Ness</a>, strongly castigated Eaton, reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eaton's abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000220_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000220-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed Eaton to be "not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one," and contended that Eaton's work habits could best be described as "indolent."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000220_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000220-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also indicated that Mrs. Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren, and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the "real" minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000220_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000220-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively, writing that "he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days; this is, four glasses each and every day, besides wine: and while they are taking it and he chewing, she smokes her cigars."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon returning from Spain, Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Buren's campaign for reelection to the presidency in <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984466–467_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984466–467-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He endorsed Van Buren's opponent, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>. Supposedly, this action was rooted in Eaton's displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain. "My friend Maj. Eaton comes home not in good humor. He says he has been dismissed," Jackson wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration deeply upset Jackson, who in a letter to Blair went so far as to accuse Eaton of having "apostatised and taken the field with the <a href="/wiki/Piebald" title="Piebald">piebald</a> opposition of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">antimasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_light_federalists" title="Blue light federalists">blue light federalists</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton officially joined the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesConway1996187_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesConway1996187-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but for the remainder of his life was not politically active.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren. According to Remini, "both men behaved properly."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984469,_592_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984469,_592-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson biographer <a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">James Parton</a> wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParton1860368_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860368-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 21st century historian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">John F. Marszalek</a> claims that the two men did reconcile with each other just before Jackson's death in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He resumed his law practice, and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton chose not to join any church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but figured prominently in Washington social circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942148_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellar1942148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was president of the Washington Bar Association. Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess, and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against <a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a>, a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons' conduct during the Petticoat affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008349-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton died in Washington on November 17, 1856, at age 66. His funeral was conducted at his residence. Eaton was buried at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)">Oak Hill Cemetery</a> in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Snelling" title="William Joseph Snelling">William Joseph Snelling</a>, in his 1831 biography of Jackson, strongly criticizes Eaton. Of Eaton's Jackson biography, he writes, "it is hard to say which is more disgraced, the hero [Jackson] or the historian. The book contains scarcely a period of good English, but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation, by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831164_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831164-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1831, Snelling says, he had become "the laughing-stock of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remini says that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981320_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981320-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of this, an obituary published in Washington's <i>Daily National Intelligencer</i> spoke favorably of Eaton. It noted that after his death Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> had adjourned a session of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> early in order that those present could attend the funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1986130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eaton's biography of Jackson has remained an important source for historians, particularly with regard to Jackson's military career. An edition of the work, edited by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lawrence_Owsley" title="Frank Lawrence Owsley">Frank Lawrence Owsley</a>, was published in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1984324,_613_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984324,_613-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owlsey's edition includes the original work with later changes noted in the appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidEaton1974xiii–xiv_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidEaton1974xiii–xiv-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He says in the introduction that the original work, published in 1817, is "by far the superior historical account,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidEaton1974xiv_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidEaton1974xiv-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on account of the later editions being published for partisan purposes as campaign literature. According to Owsley, the later editions excised anything that could be seen as critical of Jackson, anything that gave credit to others over or with him, and any criticism of people that was seen as politically damaging, while adding praise for Jackson. Owsley attributes many of the unfavorable reviews of Eaton's work to people using the later editions and not realizing the extent to which they were revised from the original.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidEaton1974x–xiv_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidEaton1974x–xiv-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eaton_County,_Michigan" title="Eaton County, Michigan">Eaton County, Michigan</a>, is named in Eaton's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannett1905113_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannett1905113-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_sex_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political sex scandals in the United States">List of federal political sex scandals in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">List of youngest members of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-youngest-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youngest_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youngest_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Youngest_Senator.htm">"Youngest Senator"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+of+1832&rft.pub=American+Presidency+Project&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fshowelection.php%3Fyear%3D1832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981291–299-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981291–299_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, pp. 291–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981271-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981271_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981272–273-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1981272–273_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1981">Remini 1981</a>, pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/Eaton.htm">"John Henry Eaton"</a>. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315"><i>The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317457404" title="Special:BookSources/9781317457404"><bdi>9781317457404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Republic+and+Antebellum+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Political%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317457404&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWLxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2008" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark Renfred (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA17"><i>Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacksonian+and+Antebellum+Age%3A+People+and+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-017-9&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+Renfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wjCVfr4oxUC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n112">113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Howe, Daniel Walker</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a></span>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01997-4379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-01997-4379-7"><bdi>978-01997-4379-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+the+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-01997-4379-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1971" class="citation book cs1">James, Edward T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVLOhGt1BX0C&pg=PA547"><i>Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62734-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62734-5"><bdi>978-0-674-62734-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+American+Women%2C+1607%E2%80%931950%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62734-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVLOhGt1BX0C%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatner2002" class="citation book cs1">Latner, Richard B. (2002). "Andrew Jackson". In Graff, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Jackson-Andrew.html"><i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i></a> (7th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.edition=7th&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Latner&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentprofiles.com%2FWashington-Johnson%2FJackson-Andrew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">Marszalek, John F.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euL5ZJPW-4kC"><i>The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2634-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2634-9"><bdi>0-8071-2634-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petticoat+Affair%3A+Manners%2C+Mutiny%2C+and+Sex+in+Andrew+Jackson%27s+White+House&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8071-2634-9&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuL5ZJPW-4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Marszalek" class="citation web cs1">Marszalek, John F. (December 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=422">"Biography, John Henry Eaton"</a>. <i>Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture</i>. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia+of+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Biography%2C+John+Henry+Eaton&rft.date=2009-12-25&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKellar1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar, Kenneth</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070205680;view=1up;seq=9;size=125"><i>Tennessee Senators as Seen by One of their Successors</i></a>. Kingsport, TN: Southern Publishers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Senators+as+Seen+by+One+of+their+Successors&rft.place=Kingsport%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=McKellar&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015070205680%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D9%3Bsize%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Meacham" title="Jon Meacham">Meacham, Jon</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0"><i>American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House</i></a></span>. New York: Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7346-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-7346-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Lion%3A+Andrew+Jackson+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7346-4&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanlionandr00meac_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParton1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">Parton, James</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog"><i>Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3</i></a>. New York, NY: Mason Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog/page/n739">648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Andrew+Jackson%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=648&rft.pub=Mason+Brothers&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Parton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandrewjacks00partgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1986" class="citation book cs1">Powell, William S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdAGnn0SZX0C&pg=PA130"><i>Dictionary of North Carolina Biography</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1329-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1329-4"><bdi>978-0-8078-1329-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+North+Carolina+Biography&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1329-4&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdAGnn0SZX0C%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatner1997" class="citation book cs1">Ratner, Lorman A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95MtTtPfaAwC&pg=PA89"><i>Andrew Jackson and His Tennessee Lieutenants: A Study in Political Culture</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29958-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29958-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29958-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+His+Tennessee+Lieutenants%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Culture&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29958-2&rft.aulast=Ratner&rft.aufirst=Lorman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95MtTtPfaAwC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidEaton1974" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John; Eaton, John Henry (1974) [1817]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sflCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Life of Andrew Jackson</i></a>. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-5164-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-5164-7"><bdi>0-8173-5164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+AL&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8173-5164-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Eaton%2C+John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sflCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonco00remi"><i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5911-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-5911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Empire%2C+1767%E2%80%931821&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5911-3&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksonco00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1981" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksoncou0002remi"><i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Freedom%2C+1822%E2%80%931832&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksoncou0002remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1984" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1984). <i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845</i>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015279-6"><bdi>978-0-06-015279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Democracy%2C+1833%E2%80%931845&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-06-015279-6&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelling1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Snelling" title="William Joseph Snelling">Snelling, William Joseph</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog"><i>A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson</i></a>. Boston, MA: Stimpson & Clapp. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog/page/n172">164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+and+Impartial+History+of+the+Life+and+Actions+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Stimpson+%26+Clapp&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=William+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabriefandimpart00snelgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesConway1996" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Melvyn; Conway, Stephen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUEWdIMtwsC&pg=PA187"><i>The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political and Religious Expressions, 1800–1880</i></a>. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1649-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1649-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-1649-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Market+Revolution+in+America%3A+Social%2C+Political+and+Religious+Expressions%2C+1800%E2%80%931880&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1649-1&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rft.au=Conway%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0EUEWdIMtwsC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eaton_(politician)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Henry_Eaton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Henry Eaton">John Henry Eaton</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Eaton, John Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Eaton,_John_Henry">"Eaton, John Henry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eaton%2C+John+Henry&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Eaton, John Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Eaton,_John_Henry">"Eaton, John Henry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eaton%2C+John+Henry&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6653987">John Eaton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1824" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, John Henry (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00reidgoog"><i>The Life of Andrew Jackson</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Samuel F. Bradford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Samuel+F.+Bradford&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandrewjacks00reidgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Eaton+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee"> U.S. senator (Class 1) from Tennessee</a> </b><br />1818–1829 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Felix Grundy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter Buell Porter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a><br /><small>Served under: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></small> </b><br />1829–1831 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Duval" class="mw-redirect" title="William P. Duval">William P. Duval</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Florida">Territorial Governor of Florida</a> </b><br />1834–1836 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Richard K. Call</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Cornelius P. Van Ness</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">U.S. Minister to Spain</a> </b><br />1836–1840 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Aaron Vail</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_L._Turney" title="Hopkins L. Turney">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson_Brownlow" title="Parson Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Bailey" title="James E. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Lea_(American_politician,_born_1879)" title="Luke Lea (American politician, born 1879)">Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Gore Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkin_Whiteside" title="Jenkin Whiteside">Whiteside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wharton" title="Jesse Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">A. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_O._Anderson" title="Alexander O. Anderson">A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Jarnagin" title="Spencer Jarnagin">Jarnagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Fowler" title="Joseph S. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Henry Cooper (Tennessee politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Turley" title="Thomas B. Turley">Turley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack" title="Edward W. Carmack">Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Sanders" title="Newell Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Webb" title="William R. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Shields" title="John K. Shields">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tyson" title="Lawrence Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Brock" title="William E. Brock">Brock I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Bachman" title="Nathan L. Bachman">Bachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Berry" title="George L. Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stewart_(politician)" title="Tom Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Walters" title="Herbert S. Walters">Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Bass" title="Ross Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Mathews" title="Harlan Mathews">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Hagerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecArm" title="Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecArm" title="Template talk:USSecArm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States secretaries of war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department<br />of War</a><br />(1789–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tucker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tucker (politician) (page does not exist)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Doe" title="Joseph Doe">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br />of the Army</a><br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Beal" title="Thaddeus Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_M._Ford" title="Nelson M. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">John Forsyth</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/100px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/150px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/200px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="739" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">William J. Duane</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Eaton</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (1831–1836)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> (1833–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a> (1829–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> (1835–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1831–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Florida" title="Template:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Florida" title="Template talk:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Governors of Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military <span class="nobold"><small>(1821)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/75px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/113px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/150px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Territorial <span class="nobold"><small>(1822–1845)</small></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pope_Duval" title="William Pope Duval">Duval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reid" title="Robert R. Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <span class="nobold"><small>(since 1845)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunn_Moseley" title="William Dunn Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(Florida_politician)" title="Thomas Brown (Florida politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Broome" title="James E. Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_S._Perry" title="Madison S. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(Florida_politician)" title="John Milton (Florida politician)">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_K._Allison" title="Abraham K. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marvin" title="William Marvin">Marvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walker" title="David S. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Reed_(politician)" title="Harrison Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian_B._Hart" title="Ossian B. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Stearns" title="Marcellus Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Franklin_Drew" title="George Franklin Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Perry" title="Edward A. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Fleming" title="Francis P. Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Mitchell" title="Henry L. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_Jennings" title="William Sherman Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_B._Broward" title="Napoleon B. Broward">Broward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Gilchrist" title="Albert W. Gilchrist">Gilchrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_A._Hardee" title="Cary A. Hardee">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Martin" title="John W. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_E._Carlton" title="Doyle E. Carlton">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sholtz" title="David Sholtz">Sholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Warren" title="Fuller Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._McCarty" title="Daniel T. McCarty">McCarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Farris_Bryant" title="C. Farris Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Haydon_Burns" title="W. Haydon Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Mixson" title="Wayne Mixson">Mixson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Crist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">United States Ambassadors to Spain</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1779–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carmichael_(diplomat)" title="William Carmichael (diplomat)">Carmichael</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Nelson (American politician)">Nelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary <br />to Spain<br />(1825–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Van Ness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moreau_Barringer" title="Daniel Moreau Barringer">Barringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Soulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Koerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fairchild" title="Lucius Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Lamar_Monroe_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Belmont" title="Perry Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burd_Grubb_Jr." title="Edward Burd Grubb Jr.">Grubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Loudon_Snowden" title="A. Loudon Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannis_Taylor" title="Hannis Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellamy_Storer_(politician,_born_1847)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellamy Storer (politician, born 1847)">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sherburne_Hardy" title="Arthur Sherburne Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_Collier" title="William Miller Collier">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Ide" title="Henry Clay Ide">Ide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1913–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Willard" title="Joseph Edward Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Woods" title="Cyrus Woods">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pollock_Moore" title="Alexander Pollock Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_H._Hammond" title="Ogden H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_B._Laughlin" title="Irwin B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Freeman_Matthews" title="H. Freeman Matthews">Matthews</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Weddell" title="Alexander W. Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Armour" title="Norman Armour">Armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bonsal" title="Philip Bonsal">Bonsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Culbertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul T. Culbertson">Culbertson</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Griffis" title="Stanton Griffis">Griffis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_MacVeagh" title="Lincoln MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Woodward" title="Robert F. Woodward">Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Biddle_Duke" title="Angier Biddle Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hill" title="Robert C. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero_Jr." title="Horacio Rivero Jr.">Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Penn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Penn (page does not exist)">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Stabler" title="Wells Stabler">Stabler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Todman" title="Terence Todman">Todman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Enders" title="Thomas O. Enders">Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bartholomew" title="Reginald Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zappala" title="Joseph Zappala">Zappala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_Capen_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Goodwin Capen Jr.">Capen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Gardner" title="Richard N. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Romero" title="Edward L. Romero">Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Argyros" title="George Argyros">Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Aguirre_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Aguirre (diplomat)">Aguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Solomont" title="Alan Solomont">Solomont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Costos" title="James Costos">Costos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Buchan" title="Duke Buchan">Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julissa_Reynoso_Pantale%C3%B3n" title="Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón">Pantaleón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878759#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063222509">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007435406105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000024">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/813283">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570818">NARA</a></span></li><li><span 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