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(1934-1936)" href="/encyclopedie/front-populaire/"> 1. Origines et formation du Front populaire (1934-1936) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRONT POPULAIRE, L'exp茅rience Blum (juin 1936-juin 1937)" href="/encyclopedie/front-populaire/2-l-experience-blum-juin-1936-juin-1937/"> 2. L'exp茅rience Blum (juin 1936-juin 1937) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRONT POPULAIRE, L'agonie du Front populaire (juin 1937-novembre 1938)" href="/encyclopedie/front-populaire/3-l-agonie-du-front-populaire-juin-1937-novembre-1938/"> 3. L'agonie du Front populaire (juin 1937-novembre 1938) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRONT POPULAIRE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/front-populaire/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>FRONT POPULAIRE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071302_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071302_0"></i><p>Depuis le d茅but des ann茅es 1930, la France est confront茅e 脿 une crise multiforme, 脿 la fois 茅conomique, politique, sociale et morale, marqu茅e par une profonde d茅pression, une pouss茅e du ch么mage, une chute des revenus, une perte de confiance dans la d茅mocratie parlementaire et une impuissance des gouvernements successifs, de gauche et de droite, 脿 redresser la situation. C'est pour faire face 脿 cette crise que na卯t le Front populaire, alliance conclue, en 1935, entre les partis politiques et les organisations de gauche pour r茅soudre la crise 茅conomique, vaincre le ch么mage, faire 茅chec au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pris dans son sens litt茅ral, le terme de fascisme d茅signe le mouvement fond茅 en Italie en 1919 et le syst猫me politique 茅rig茅 en 1922 apr猫s la prise du pouvoir par le chef de ce mouvement, Benito Mussolini . Il s'applique par extension 脿 divers partis, mouvements et organisations dont l'action s'est d茅velopp茅e dans la quasi-totalit茅 des pays europ茅ens entre la fin de la Premi猫re..." title="Article : FASCISME" href="/encyclopedie/fascisme/">fascisme</a> et remporter les 茅lections l茅gislatives de 1936. La victoire 茅lectorale du Front populaire entra卯ne la formation d'un gouvernement dirig茅 par le socialiste <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de L脡ON BLUM (1872-1950). Ha茂 et injuri茅 de son vivant par ses adversaires politiques comme rarement ce fut le cas dans la vie politique fran莽aise, L茅on Blum appara卯t aujourd'hui, avec le recul du temps , comme un des acteurs principaux de l'茅volution de la France vers la modernit茅 et la justice sociale聽; il est aussi 脿 placer parmi les penseurs du socialisme fran莽ais au ..." title="Article : L脡ON BLUM (1872-1950)" href="/encyclopedie/leon-blum/">L茅on Blum</a> qui pratique, d猫s lors, une politique de progr猫s social, demeur茅e dans les m茅moires. Il va, toutefois, conna卯tre un triple 茅chec 茅conomique, social et politique, qui conduira le Front populaire 脿 l'agonie, puis 脿 l'茅clatement 脿 l'automne de 1938.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071302_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071302_1"></i><h2>Origines et formation du Front populaire (1934-1936)</h2><p>Le Front populaire appara卯t comme la r茅ponse 脿 une triple crise. Tout d'abord, une crise 茅conomique qui, partie des 脡tats-Unis en 1929, atteint la France en 1931 et se caract茅rise par une chute de la production et des exportations 脿 laquelle les gouvernements tentent de rem茅dier par la d茅flation, c'est-脿-dire par la diminution des d茅penses publiques destin茅e 脿 faire baisser les prix. Or celle-ci aboutit 脿 une compression du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'expression 芦聽pouvoir d'achat聽禄 est fr茅quemment utilis茅e dans la vie courante. Les m茅dias, les responsables politiques, les repr茅sentants syndicaux et d'autres acteurs de la vie publique commentent ses 茅volutions, souvent en insistant sur les baisses. Les individus eux-m锚mes font 茅tat de leur sentiment sur le sujet, 脿 nouveau en pointant plus volontiers les reculs que les augmentation..." title="Article : POUVOIR D' ACHAT" href="/encyclopedie/pouvoir-d-achat/">pouvoir d'achat</a> des ouvriers touch茅s par le ch么mage et des classes moyennes urbaines ou rurales qui constituent l'assise de la III<sup>e</sup>聽R茅publique (petits exploitants agricoles, commer莽ants, artisans, petits industriels, etc.) et dont les revenus chutent.</p><p>Ensuite, le Front populaire est n茅 en r茅action 脿 la pouss茅e fasciste et autoritaire en Europe avec l'arriv茅e au pouvoir de Hitler en Allemagne (1933), le rapprochement entre ce dernier et Mussolini et l'av猫nement de dictatures en Europe centrale, orientale et balkanique. Cette situation trouve son 茅quivalent en France avec la r茅surgence des ligues nationalistes (les Jeunesses patriotes, les Croix-de-Feu), 茅tay茅es par des groupuscules fascisants (comme le Francisme ou la Solidarit茅 fran莽aise), qui adoptent un programme populiste suppos茅 r茅pondre aux difficult茅s sociales de la population. Ce sont ces groupes qui constituent l'infanterie de l'茅meute du 6聽f茅vrier 1934, au cours de laquelle les ligues, appuy茅es par des associations d'anciens combattants et les 茅lus de la droite parisienne, tentent de s'emparer du Palais-Bourbon pour contraindre 脿 la d茅mission le gouvernement du radical <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'脡DOUARD DALADIER (1884-1970). Rest茅 dans l'histoire comme l'芦聽homme de Munich聽禄脡douard Daladier a 茅t茅 m锚l茅脿 d'autres graves 茅v茅nements. Maire de Carpentras en 1911, puis d茅put茅 en 1919, il le reste jusqu'en 1940 et le redevient de 1946 脿 1958. En 1924, il r茅dige la partie consacr茅e 脿 la D茅fense nationale du programme du Cartel des gauches . Ministre des Colonie..." title="Article : 脡DOUARD DALADIER (1884-1970)" href="/encyclopedie/edouard-daladier/">脡douard Daladier</a>. Analys茅e par la gauche fran莽aise comme une tentative de coup d'脡tat fasciste, cette <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="D茅finie comme une d茅monstration collective d'une opinion dans l'espace public, la manifestation devient une modalit茅 d'action sp茅cifique quand se tourne la page des r茅voltes et des r茅volutions. D茅ploy茅e sur le m锚me terrain que les cort猫ges processionnels, religieux ou corporatifs, et les attroupements, 茅meutes ou insurrections, constitutifs du r茅pertoire traditionnel de la mobili..." title="Article : MANIFESTATION" href="/encyclopedie/manifestation/">manifestation</a> va provoquer une r茅action populaire, encadr茅e par les syndicats et les partis de gauche, afin de promouvoir une action commune contre le danger manifest茅.</p><p>Enfin, le Front populaire na卯t de l'impasse politique dans laquelle se trouve la gauche fran莽aise et qui r茅sulte de profondes divisions. Le Parti communiste pratique, depuis 1927, la tactique 芦聽classe contre classe聽禄, une lutte sans concession contre la r茅publique bourgeoise. Il minore le danger fasciste, consid茅rant que son principal adversaire est le socialisme qui conduit la classe ouvri猫re dans les orni猫res du r茅formisme. Pris entre les surench猫res communistes et les offres de participation gouvernementale du Parti radical, parti de la gauche r茅publicaine alli茅, lors des consultations 茅lectorales de 1924 et de 1932, aux socialistes de la Section fran莽aise de l'internationale ouvri猫re (S.F.I.O.), ces derniers, qui redoutent de perdre leur identit茅 de parti r茅volutionnaire, refusent de se compromettre au pouvoir. Ils condamnent ainsi 脿 l'茅chec tous les gouvernements de gauche conduits par les radicaux,<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" 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me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> 脡largissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071302_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/"> Sciences politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire politique"> <a title="Classification : Histoire politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/histoire-politique/"> Histoire politique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li 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class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA084640" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Usine occup茅e en 1936" href="/media/usine-occupee-en-1936-pa084640/"> <img id="PA084640" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/f/csm_pa084640_9a87b2929d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Usine occup茅e en 1936 - cr茅dits : AKG-images" data-description="Les espoirs suscit茅s par la victoire du Front populaire aux 茅lections d'avril-mai 1936 entra卯nent de nombreuses gr猫ves, suivies par deux millions de salari茅s, et des occupations d'usines, d'ateliers, de magasins, de fermes." data-copyright="AKG-images" width="1024" height="754" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Usine occup茅e en 1936 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071302_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres r茅f茅rences</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/leon-blum/#c1926"> <span class="rg">BLUM </span><span class="pc">LÉON </span><span class="rm">(1872-1950)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Ren茅 GIRAULT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 250 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Dix ans plus tard, voici Blum passant de la th茅orie 脿 la pratique. Ayant obtenu le plus grand nombre de voix au sein de la coalition de<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Depuis le d茅but des ann茅es 1930, la France est confront茅e 脿 une crise multiforme, 脿 la fois 茅conomique, politique, sociale et morale, marqu茅e par une profonde d茅pression, une pouss茅e du ch么mage, une chute des revenus, une perte de confiance dans la d茅mocratie parlementaire et une impuissance des gouvernements successifs, de gauche et de droite, 脿 redresser la situation. C'est pou..." title="Article : FRONT POPULAIRE" href="/encyclopedie/front-populaire/">Front populaire</a> victorieuse, lors des 茅lections d'avril-mai 1936, la SFIO doit mener le gouvernement nouveau. Depuis plusieurs ann茅es, la France, influenc茅e par la... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/la-cagoule/"> <span class="rg">CAGOULE </span><span class="pc">LA</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Arnaud JACOMET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">968 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le complot dit de la Cagoule a 茅t茅 l'expression, sous le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Depuis le d茅but des ann茅es 1930, la France est confront茅e 脿 une crise multiforme, 脿 la fois 茅conomique, politique, sociale et morale, marqu茅e par une profonde d茅pression, une pouss茅e du ch么mage, une chute des revenus, une perte de confiance dans la d茅mocratie parlementaire et une impuissance des gouvernements successifs, de gauche et de droite, 脿 redresser la situation. C'est pou..." title="Article : FRONT POPULAIRE" href="/encyclopedie/front-populaire/">Front populaire</a>, de l'opposition irr茅ductible au communisme de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L鈥檈xpression 芦聽 extr锚me droite聽禄 hante commentaires et analyses de l'actualit茅 politique fran莽aise depuis la fin des ann茅es聽1970. Elle permet de rapprocher des 茅v茅nements aussi dissemblables que l'attentat d'Oklahoma City commis en 1995 aux 脡tats-Unis, l'entr茅e en 2000 et en 2017 dans le gouvernement autrichien du parti FP脰 (Freiheitliche Partei 脰sterreichs ou Parti lib茅ra..." title="Article : EXTR脢ME DROITE" href="/encyclopedie/extreme-droite/">extr锚me droite</a> activiste. Il y a eu, en fait, plusieurs complots de la Cagoule, cette d茅nomination ayant 茅t茅 forg茅e par la grande presse de l'茅poque, avide...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/camelots-du-roi/"> <span class="rg">CAMELOTS DU ROI</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Germaine LECLERC</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">274 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> D猫s 1905, pour protester contre la 芦聽panth茅onisation聽禄 de Zola, un groupe d'茅tudiants d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Au sens le plus 茅troit du terme, L'Action fran莽aise est le titre d'un journal quotidien qui a paru en France de 1908 脿 1944 et dont le principal animateur 茅tait Charles聽Maurras (1868-1952).. Mais l'Action fran莽aise d茅signe aussi un mouvement qui est n茅 plusieurs ann茅es avant 1908 et qui n'a pas disparu en 1944聽; l'histoire de ce mouvement, qui a exerc茅 pendant pr猫s d'un demi-si猫..." title="Article : ACTION FRAN脟AISE" href="/encyclopedie/action-francaise/">Action fran莽aise</a> conduit par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MAURICE PUJO (1872-1955). 脌 vingt ans, Maurice Pujo fonde une revue d'art, L'Art et la Vie . L' affaire Dreyfus le jette dans la vie politique et, en 1898, il cr茅e avec Henri Vaugeois un Comit茅 d' action fran莽aise , qui n'est d'abord qu'un banal comit茅脿 fins 茅lectorales. L'ann茅e suivante, rencontrant Maurras, ils lancent 脿 eux trois l'Action fran莽aise. D猫s lors, sous l'..." title="Article : MAURICE PUJO (1872-1955)" href="/encyclopedie/maurice-pujo/">Maurice Pujo</a> s'organise afin de r茅veiller l'opinion 芦聽m锚me en la scandalisant聽禄聽; mais c'est en 1908, lors d'une rencontre entre Maxime R茅al del Sarte, Henry...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/conges-payes-en-bref/"> <span class="rg">CONGÉS PAYÉS, en bref</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Jean-Marie PERNOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">245 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Innovation sociale majeure, les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="C'est la loi du 20 juin 1936 qui a g茅n茅ralis茅 en France l'institution des cong茅s pay茅s. 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