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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="هاواي إيكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاواي إيكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Гаваікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаваікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гаваики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаваики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hawaiki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гаваїки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаваїки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawayiki" title="Hawayiki – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hawayiki" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Folklore of Polynesian island</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancestral Polynesia homeland. For the U.S. state, see <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.</div> <p><b><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Hawaiki</i></span></b> (also rendered as <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">ʻAvaiki</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <b>Hawaiki</b> in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">Savaiʻi</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <span title="Tahitian-language text"><i lang="ty">Havaiʻi</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>) is, in <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian folklore">Polynesian folklore</a>, the original home of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>, before dispersal across <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also features as the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> in many <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> stories. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anne_Salmond_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Salmond (historian)">Anne Salmond</a> states <i>Havaiʻi</i> is the old name for <a href="/wiki/Raiatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiatea">Raiatea</a>, the homeland of the Māori. When British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> first sighted New Zealand in 1769, he had on board <a href="/wiki/Tupaia_(navigator)" title="Tupaia (navigator)">Tupaia</a>, a Raiatean navigator and priest. Cook's arrival seemed to be a confirmation of a prophecy by Toiroa, a priest from <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81hia_Peninsula" title="Māhia Peninsula">Māhia</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Tolaga_Bay" title="Tolaga Bay">Tolaga Bay</a>, Tupaia conversed with the <i><a href="/wiki/Tohunga" title="Tohunga">tohunga</a></i> associated with the school of learning located there, called Te Rawheoro. The priest asked about the Māori homelands, 'Rangiatea' (Ra'iatea), 'Hawaiki' (Havai'i, the ancient name for Ra'iatea), and 'Tawhiti' (Tahiti).<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists have reconstructed the term to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear Polynesian</a> <i>*sawaiki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pollex_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollex-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> word <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Hawaiki</i></span> figures in traditions about the arrival of the Māori in <a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a>, present day <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The same concept appears in other Polynesian cultures, the name appearing variously as <i>Havaiki</i>, <i>Havaiʻi</i>, or <i>ʻAvaiki</i> in other <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>. <i>Hawaiki</i> or the misspelling "Hawaiiki" appear to have become the most common variants used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoans</a> have preserved no traditions of having originated elsewhere, the name of the largest Samoan island <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm"><a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savaiʻi</a></i></span> preserves a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the word <i>Hawaiki</i>, as does the name of the Polynesian islands of <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></i></span> (the <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a></i></span> denoting a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> that replaces the "k" in some Polynesian languages). </p><p>On several island groups, including New Zealand and the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas</a>, the term has been recorded as associated with the mythical <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> and death.<sup id="cite_ref-pollex_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollex-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Wyatt_Gill" title="William Wyatt Gill">William Wyatt Gill</a> wrote at length in the nineteenth century recounting the legends about ʻAvaiki as the underworld or <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mangaia" title="Mangaia">Mangaia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gill (1876:155) records a proverb: <i>Ua po Avaiki, ua ao nunga nei</i> – 'Tis night now in spirit-land, for 'tis light in this upper world." Tregear (1891:392) also records the term Avaiki as meaning "<a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>" at Mangaia, probably sourced from Gill.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed origin of Hawaiki being both the ancestral homeland and the underworld is that both are the dwelling places of ancestors and the spirits. </p><p>Other possible cognates of the word <i>Hawaiki</i> include <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">saualiʻi</i></span> ("spirits" in <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>) and <span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">houʻeiki</i></span> ("chiefs" in <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>). This has led some scholars to hypothesize that the word <i>Hawaiki</i>, and, by extension, <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm"><a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savaiʻi</a></i></span> and <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Hawaiʻi</i></span>, may not, in fact, have originally referred to a geographical place, but rather to <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefly</a> ancestors and the chief-based social structure that pre-colonial Polynesia typically exhibited.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, the name of the home country in oral tradition appears as <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Hiva</i></span>. According to <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a>, <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Hiva</i></span> was said to lie east of the island. <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Englert" title="Sebastian Englert">Sebastian Englert</a> records: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">He-kî Hau Maka: "He kaiga iroto i te raá, iruga! Ka-oho korua, ka-û'i i te kaiga mo noho o te <a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">Ariki</a> O'Hotu Matu'a!</i></span></dd> <dd>Translation: "The island towards the sun, above! Go, see the island where King <a href="/wiki/Hotu_Matu%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotu Matu'a">Hotu Matuʻa</a> will go and live!"</dd></dl> <p>Englert puts forward the claim that <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Hiva</i></span> lies to the West of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <span title="North Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mrq">Hiva</i></span> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, in the names of several islands: <span title="North Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mrq"><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></i></span>, <span title="South Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mqm"><a href="/wiki/Hiva_Oa" title="Hiva Oa">Hiva Oa</a></i></span> and <span title="South Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mqm"><a href="/wiki/Fatu_Hiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatu Hiva">Fatu Hiva</a></i></span> (although in <span title="South Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mqm">Fatu Hiva</i></span> the <span title="South Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mqm">hiva</i></span> element may be a different word, <span title="South Marquesan-language text"><i lang="mqm">ʻiva</i></span>). It is also notable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, the ancestral homeland is called <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Kahiki</i></span>, a cognate of <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, where at least part of the Hawaiian population came from. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to various <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">oral traditions</a>, the Polynesians migrated from Hawaiki to the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in open canoes, little different from the traditional craft found in Polynesia today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> of New Zealand trace their ancestry to groups of people who reportedly travelled from Hawaiki in about 40 named <a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a> (compare the discredited <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Great Fleet</a> theory of the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Polynesian oral traditions say that the spirits of Polynesian people return to Hawaiki after death. In the New Zealand context, such return-journeys take place via <a href="/wiki/Spirits_Bay" title="Spirits Bay">Spirits Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Reinga" title="Cape Reinga">Cape Reinga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings Islands">Three Kings Islands</a> at the extreme north of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> of New Zealand. This may indicate the direction in which Hawaiki may lie.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_science_and_practical_testing_of_theories">Modern science and practical testing of theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern science and practical testing of theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/250px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/500px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Migration routes of the Polynesians</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the early 21st century, many <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> had doubts that the canoe-legends described a deliberate migration. They tended to believe that the migration occurred accidentally when seafarers became lost and drifted to uninhabited shores.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1947 <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> sailed the <i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon-Tiki">Kon-Tiki</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa</a>-wood <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">raft</a>, from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> into the Pacific in an attempt to show that humans could have settled Polynesia from the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean, with sailors using the prevailing winds and simple construction techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-heyerdahl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heyerdahl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/DNA_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA testing">DNA</a>, linguistic, botanical, and archaeological evidence all indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian-speaking_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian-speaking peoples">Austronesian-speaking peoples</a> (including the Polynesians) probably originated from islands in eastern Asia, possibly from present-day <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there they gradually migrated southwards and eastwards through the South <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, which is of South American origin, is widely cultivated in Polynesia. This suggests that some interaction between the Polynesians and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous peoples of South America</a> may have taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Polynesian crops were introduced into the Americas, and there is possible evidence of Polynesian contact only in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austronesian and Polynesian navigators may have deduced the existence of uninhabited islands by observing migratory patterns of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, boatbuilders (see <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Voyaging_Society" title="Polynesian Voyaging Society">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>) have constructed ocean-going craft using traditional materials and techniques. They have sailed them over presumed traditional routes using ancient navigation methods, showing the feasibility of such deliberate migration that make use of prevailing winds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Smith_(ethnologist)" title="Percy Smith (ethnologist)">Percy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroa, Te Rangi (1964). <i>Vikings of the Sunrise</i>. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 69. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24522-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24522-3">0-313-24522-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anne-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anne_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalmond2010" class="citation book cs1">Salmond, Anne (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/227"><i>Aphrodite's Island</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/227">227–228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520261143" title="Special:BookSources/9780520261143"><bdi>9780520261143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite%27s+Island&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520261143&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faphroditesisland00salm%2Fpage%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollex-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pollex_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollex_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pollex.eva.mpg.de/entry/sawaiki/">Polynesian Lexicon Project Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, William Wyatt, 1876. <i>Myths and Songs from the South Pacific.</i> Henry S. King, London, pp 152–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This meaning may be archaic or forgotten in the Cook Islands today. Buse (1996:90) in his dictionary <i>Cook Islands Maori Dictionary with English Finderlist</i> (edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moekaʻ) has this entry: <b>Avaiki</b>, prop. n. <i>Hawaiki</i>, the legendary homeland of the Polynesians. <i>I tere tū mai rātou mei 'Avaiki.</i> They voyaged direct from <i>Hawaiki</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Taumoefolau, "From *Sau 'Ariki to Hawaiki". <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society,</i> 105(4), (1996), 385–410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englert notes that the phrase "The island towards the sun, above" seems to mean that, seen from <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Hiva</i></span>, it lay toward the rising sun. Sourced from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rongorongo.org/leyendas/008.htm">http://www.rongorongo.org/leyendas/008.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heyerdahl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heyerdahl_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThor_Heyerdahl1948" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kon-Tiki_Expedition" title="The Kon-Tiki Expedition">Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen</a></i> (in Norwegian), <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal_Norsk_Forlag" title="Gyldendal Norsk Forlag">Gyldendal Norsk Forlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3203414" class="extiw" title="d:Q3203414">Q3203414</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kon-Tiki+ekspedisjonen&rft.pub=Gyldendal+Norsk+Forlag&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Thor+Heyerdahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134541/http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281">synopsis</a>. <i>Public Library of Science</i>, July 5, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=E1_QTQJQRQ">"The origin of the Polynesians"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>, July 7, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimmer2013" class="citation web cs1">Timmer, John (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/polynesians-reached-south-america-picked-up-sweet-potatoes-went-home">"Polynesians reached South America, picked up sweet potatoes, went home"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Polynesians+reached+South+America%2C+picked+up+sweet+potatoes%2C+went+home&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.aulast=Timmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2F01%2Fpolynesians-reached-south-america-picked-up-sweet-potatoes-went-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatisoo-SmithRamirez2010" class="citation journal cs1">Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Ramirez, Jose-Miguel (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267331144">"Human Skeletal Evidence of Polynesian Presence in South America? Metric Analyses of Six Crania from Mocha Island, Chile"</a>. <i>Journal of Pacific Archaeology</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Human+Skeletal+Evidence+of+Polynesian+Presence+in+South+America%3F+Metric+Analyses+of+Six+Crania+from+Mocha+Island%2C+Chile&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Matisoo-Smith&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Jose-Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267331144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1955-8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1955-8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1955" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up">"Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"</a>. <i>XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XXVI%281%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Island+Migrations+%282%29%3A+Birds+and+Sea+Currents+Aided+Canoe+Navigators&rft.date=1955-08-01&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Lowell+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-318911458%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-318923632%23page%2Fn90%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hawaiki_The_Original_Home_of_the_Maori" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Hawaiki The Original Home of the Maori">Hawaiki The Original Home of the Maori</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Buse, J., Taringa, R., <i>Cook Islands Maori Dictionary With English Finderlist</i>, edited by Biggs, B. and Moeka'a R. (1996), 90. Canberra: <a href="/wiki/The_Australian_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australian National University">The Australian National University</a>.</li> <li>M. Taumoefolau, "From *Sau 'Ariki to Hawaiki". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_the_Polynesian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of the Polynesian Society">The Journal of the Polynesian Society</a></i>, 105(4), (1996), 385–410.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._R._Tregear" class="mw-redirect" title="E. R. Tregear">E. R. Tregear</a>, <i>Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon_and_Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon and Blair">Lyon and Blair</a>: Lambton Quay), 1891.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032249/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Hawaiki/en"><i>Hawaiki</i></a> in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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