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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of removing explosive naval mines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the removal of land mines, see <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg/220px-MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg/330px-MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg/440px-MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_towing_sled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2866" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/CH-53E_Super_Stallion" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-53E Super Stallion">MH-53E</a> from <a href="/wiki/HM-15" title="HM-15">HM-15</a> tows a minesweeping sled while conducting simulated mine clearing operations.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Tide_sinking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/USS_Tide_sinking.jpg/220px-USS_Tide_sinking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/USS_Tide_sinking.jpg/330px-USS_Tide_sinking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/USS_Tide_sinking.jpg/440px-USS_Tide_sinking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Tide_(AM-125)" title="USS Tide (AM-125)">USS <i>Tide</i></a> after striking a mine off <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a>, 7 June 1944. Note her broken back, with smoke pouring from amidships.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Minesweeping</b> is the practice of removing explosive <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>, usually by a specially designed ship called a <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweeper</a> using various measures to either capture or detonate the mines, but sometimes also with an aircraft made for that purpose. Minesweeping has been practiced since the advent of naval mining in 1855 during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. The first minesweepers date to that war and consisted of British rowboats trailing <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">grapnels</a> to snag the mines.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_ship">By ship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sweep is either a contact sweep, a wire dragged through the water by one or two ships to cut the mooring wire of floating mines, or a distance sweep that mimics a ship to detonate the mines. The sweeps are dragged by <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a>, either purpose-built military ships or converted <a href="/wiki/Commercial_trawler" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial trawler">trawlers</a>. Each run covers between 100 and 200 meters (330 and 660 ft), and the ships must move slowly in a straight line, making them vulnerable to enemy fire. This was exploited by the Turkish army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a> in 1915, when mobile <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> batteries prevented the British and French from clearing a path through minefields. </p><p>If a contact sweep hits a mine, the wire of the sweep rubs against the mooring wire until it is cut. Sometimes "cutters", explosive devices to cut the mine's wire, are used to lessen the strain on the sweeping wire. Mines cut free are recorded and collected for research or shot with a deck gun.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pavlovich_Kitkin" title="Pyotr Pavlovich Kitkin">Pyotr Kitkin</a> invented "mine protectors" to break a sweeping wire before it could cut the mine's mooring wire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minesweepers protect themselves with an <a href="/wiki/Oropesa_(minesweeping)" title="Oropesa (minesweeping)">oropesa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paravane_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravane (weapon)">paravane</a> instead of a second minesweeper. These are torpedo-shaped towed bodies, similar in shape to a <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Torpedo">Harvey Torpedo</a>, that are streamed from the sweeping vessel thus keeping the sweep at a determined depth and position. Some large warships were routinely equipped with paravane sweeps near the bows in case they inadvertently sailed into minefields—the mine would be deflected towards the paravane by the wire instead of towards the ship by its wake. More recently, heavy-lift helicopters have dragged minesweeping sleds, as in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The distance sweep mimics the sound and magnetism of a ship and is pulled behind the sweeper. It has floating coils and large underwater <i>drums</i>. It is the only sweep effective against bottom mines. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a> used <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a> bombers Wellington DW.Mk I fitted with degaussing coils to trigger magnetic mines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern influence mines are designed to discriminate against false inputs and are much more difficult to sweep. They often contain inherent anti-sweeping mechanisms. For example, they may be programmed to respond to the unique noise of a particular ship-type, its associated magnetic signature and the typical pressure displacement of such a vessel. As a result, a mine-sweeper must accurately guess and mimic the required target signature to trigger detonation. The task is complicated by the fact that an influence mine may have one or more of a hundred different potential target signatures programmed into it.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another anti-sweeping mechanism is a ship-counter in the mine fuze. When enabled, this allows detonation only after the mine <a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">fuze</a> has been triggered a pre-set number of times. To further complicate matters, influence mines may be programmed to arm themselves (or disarm automatically—known as <i>self-sterilization</i>) after a pre-set time. During the pre-set arming delay (which could be days or weeks) the mine would remain dormant and ignore any target stimulus, whether genuine or faked.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When influence mines are laid in an ocean minefield, they may have various combinations of fuze settings configured. For example, some mines (with the acoustic sensor enabled) may become active within three hours of being laid, others (with the acoustic and magnetic sensors enabled) may become active after two weeks but have the ship-counter mechanism set to ignore the first two trigger events, and still others in the same minefield (with the magnetic and pressure sensors enabled) may not become armed until three weeks have passed. Groups of mines within this mine-field may have different target signatures which may or may not overlap. The fuzes on influence mines allow many different permutations, which complicates the clearance process.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mines with ship-counters, arming delays, and highly specific target signatures in mine fuses can falsely convince a belligerent that a particular area is clear of mines or has been swept effectively because a succession of vessels have already passed through safely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_aircraft">By aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-53_minesweeping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CH-53_minesweeping.jpg/170px-CH-53_minesweeping.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CH-53_minesweeping.jpg/255px-CH-53_minesweeping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CH-53_minesweeping.jpg/340px-CH-53_minesweeping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/CH-53E_Super_Stallion" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-53E Super Stallion">MH-53E</a> of the United States Navy towing an MK105 mine sweeping sled</figcaption></figure> <p>Aircraft can also be used for minesweeping. During the Second World War, fifteen British <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> were modified to carry a large <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic induction</a> loop and an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>. The "Directional Wireless Installation" (DWI), a cover story for the true purpose of the magnetic loop, was used successfully on 10 May 1940, to sweep a path for the escape of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Dutch royal family</a> to the UK. The DWI was used most successfully in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theatre_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theatre (World War II)">Mediterranean Theatre</a>, particularly over the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria Harbour</a>. Their use revealed the limitations of the technique, in that it only works effectively in very shallow water (such as canals and harbours). From about 1943, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transports</a> were similarly converted. <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_138" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm & Voss BV 138">Blohm & Voss BV 138 MS</a> tri-motor flying boats were also used for this purpose. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/CH-53E_Super_Stallion" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-53E Super Stallion">MH-53E Sea Dragon</a> helicopter is used primarily by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> to tow several types of mine hunting or mine sweeping gear through the water. It replaced the earlier, RH-53A and RH-53D variants of the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion">Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion</a>. Other examples of minesweeping helicopters include the RH-3A variant of the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King" title="Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King">Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King</a>, as well as the Mi-14BT variant of the <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-14" title="Mil Mi-14">Mil Mi-14</a> and the MCH-101 variant of the <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">AgustaWestland AW101</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minehunter" title="Minehunter">Minehunter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard S. Levie, <i>Mine Warfare at Sea</i> (1992), p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402163450/http://www.ussimplicitmso-455.com/Minesweeping.html">"Mine Sweeping Operations"</a>. <i>Minesweeping</i>. Charles Lees. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussimplicitmso-455.com/Minesweeping.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minesweeping&rft.atitle=Mine+Sweeping+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussimplicitmso-455.com%2FMinesweeping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinesweeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/dictionary/details.htm?id=8132@morfDictionary">"Минный защитник"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.mil.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.mil.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.mil.ru%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdictionary%2Fdetails.htm%3Fid%3D8132%40morfDictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinesweeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paravane">"Paravane - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paravane+-+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fparavane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinesweeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118105920/http://www.wwiivehicles.com/unitedkingdom/aircraft/bomber/vickers-wellington.asp">"Britain's Vickers Wellington bomber, 'Wimpey'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>World War II Vehicles, Tanks, and Airplanes</i>. Wwiivehicles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiivehicles.com/unitedkingdom/aircraft/bomber/vickers-wellington.asp">the original</a> on 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Vehicles%2C+Tanks%2C+and+Airplanes&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Vickers+Wellington+bomber%2C+%27Wimpey%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiivehicles.com%2Funitedkingdom%2Faircraft%2Fbomber%2Fvickers-wellington.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinesweeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrold1998" class="citation web cs1">Garrold, Tim (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm">"Mine Counter-Counter Measures (MCCM)"</a>. <i>Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat</i>. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mine+Warfare+Introduction%3A+The+Threat&rft.atitle=Mine+Counter-Counter+Measures+%28MCCM%29&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Garrold&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fman%2Fdod-101%2Fnavy%2Fdocs%2Fswos%2Fcmd%2Fmiw%2FSp6-4-1%2Fsld034.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinesweeping" class="Z3988"></span> Slide 34 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewar1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dewar, Alfred (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Minesweeping and Minelaying"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Minesweeping_and_Minelaying">"Minesweeping and Minelaying" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">949–</span>995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minesweeping+and+Minelaying&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E949-%3C%2Fspan%3E995&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinesweeping" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&oldid=1239727077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minesweeping&oldid=1239727077</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mine_warfare" title="Category:Mine warfare">Mine warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mine_action" title="Category:Mine action">Mine action</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use British English from July 2022">Use British English from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from July 2018">Articles with failed verification from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1922_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 August 2024, at 04:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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