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Ayin - Wikipedia

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<span>Arabic ʿayn</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arabic_ʿayn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arabic ʿayn subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arabic_ʿayn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asian_nga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asian_nga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Southeast Asian <i>nga</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asian_nga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolof_ngōn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolof_ngōn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wolof <i>ngōn</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolof_ngōn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_nga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_nga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tamil <i>nga</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_nga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Related characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_ayin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_ayin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hebrew ayin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hebrew_ayin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hebrew ayin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_ayin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phonetic representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_e" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_e"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syriac e</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_e-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transliteration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transliteration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Character encodings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAyn" title="ʿAyn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ʿAyn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9" title="ع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajin" title="Ajin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ajin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyn_(t%C3%AEp)" title="Eyn (tîp) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eyn (tîp)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Ајин (буква) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајин (буква)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajin" title="Ajin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ajin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aine_(letra)" title="Aine (letra) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aine (letra)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajin" title="Ajin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ajin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ayin" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11862723#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ayin_(letter)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11862723" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sixteenth letter of many Semitic alphabets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Semitic letter. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ayin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ayin (disambiguation)">Ayin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a> or <a href="/wiki/0" title="0">0</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;"><div style="float: left;"><small><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">← Samekh</a></small></div> Ayin <div style="float: right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe →</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤏</span>&#8206;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>&#8206;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385528">.mw-parser-output .script-aramaic{font-family:"Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡏</span>&#8206;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1265712417">.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac Western","Noto Sans Syriac"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac Western","Noto Sans Syriac","FreeSans","Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Segoe UI Historic","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy",Code2000}</style><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܥ</span>&#8206;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>&#8206;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Phonemic representation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/%CA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ʔ">ʔ</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position in alphabet</th><td class="infobox-data">16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Numerical value</th><td class="infobox-data">70</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѡ">Ѡ</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Ayin</b></i> (also <i><b>ayn</b></i> or <i><b>ain</b></i>; transliterated <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;<big><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿ">ʿ</a></i></span></big>&#x27e9;</span>) is the sixteenth <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic scripts">Semitic scripts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <i>ʿayin</i> 𐤏, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <i>ʿayin</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>&#8206;, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <i>ʿē</i> 𐡏, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <i>ʿē</i> ܥ, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> <i>ʿayn</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>&#8206; (where it is sixteenth in <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">abjadi order</a> only).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span>) or a similarly articulated consonant. In some Semitic languages and dialects, the phonetic value of the letter has changed, or the phoneme has been lost altogether. In the revived <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> it is reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> or is omitted entirely, in part due to Ashkenazi European influence and their difficulty in pronouncing the consonant. </p><p>The Phoenician letter is the origin of the Greek, Latin and Cyrillic letters <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> and <a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">O</a>. </p><p>The Arabic character is the origin of the Latin-script letter <a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹ</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Semitic_*%CA%BFayn-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Semitic *ʿayn-">*ʿayn-</a></i></span> "eye", and the Phoenician letter had the shape of a circle or oval, clearly representing an eye, perhaps ultimately (via <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a>) derived from the <i>ı͗r</i> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyph</a> <big><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><span lang="egy">𓁹</span></span></big> (<a href="/wiki/Gardiner%27s_sign_list#D._Parts_of_the_human_body" title="Gardiner&#39;s sign list">Gardiner D4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Phoenician letter gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">О</a>, all representing vowels. It is also gave rise to the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic counterpart</a>. </p><p>The sound represented by ayin is common to much of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_ʿayn"><span id="Arabic_.CA.BFayn"></span>Arabic ʿayn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Arabic ʿayn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a></span></span> (hamzah) looking similar to, and derived from, initial <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عـ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:palegreen; color:black;;">ʿayn عين</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;">ع</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28" alt="V28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghayn.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Sinaitic Ghayin"><img alt="Proto-Sinaitic Ghayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ghayn.svg/20px-Ghayn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ghayn.svg/30px-Ghayn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ghayn.svg/40px-Ghayn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoghayn.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Caananite Ghayin"><img alt="Proto-Caananite Ghayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protoghayn.svg/20px-Protoghayn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protoghayn.svg/30px-Protoghayn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protoghayn.svg/40px-Protoghayn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Ayin"><img alt="Phoenician Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aramaic ayn"><img alt="Aramaic ayn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/20px-Ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/30px-Ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/40px-Ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16_ein.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nabatean ein"><img alt="Nabatean ein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/16_ein.svg/20px-16_ein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/16_ein.svg/30px-16_ein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/16_ein.svg/40px-16_ein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="91" /></a></span><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><b>ع</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Right-to-left</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>.&#32;For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.&#32;For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[&#160;]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/&#160;/</span> and &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#160;</span>&#x27e9;, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA §&#160;Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Arabic letter <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﻉ</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﻋَﻴْﻦْ</span></span> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿayn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕajn/</span> is the eighteenth letter of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">alphabet</a>. It is written in one of several ways depending on its position in the word: </p><table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـع</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـعـ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عـ</span>&#8206; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arabic ʿayn is one of the most common letters in Arabic. Depending on the region, it ranges from a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<s></s><a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a>]</span> to an <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">epiglottal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<s></s><a href="/wiki/%CA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ʢ">ʢ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, its voiceless counterpart being <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a></span></span>. Due to its position as the innermost letter to emerge from the throat, <a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi</a>, who wrote the first Arabic dictionary, actually started writing his <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-%27Ayn" title="Kitab al-&#39;Ayn">Kitab al-'Ayn</a></i> ('The Book of ʿAyn') with <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿayn</i></span> as the first letter instead of the eighteenth; he viewed its origins deep down in the throat as a sign that it was the first sound, the essential sound, the voice and a representation of the self.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Persian language and other languages using the Persian alphabet, this letter has a different function and is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> (glottal stop), and rarely as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> in some languages. </p><p>As in Hebrew, the letter originally stood for two sounds, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span>. When pointing was developed, the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> was distinguished with a dot on top (<big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a></span></span></big>), to give the letter <i>ghayn</i>. In Maltese, which is written with the Latin alphabet, the digraph <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Għ">għ</a>, called <i>għajn</i>, is used to write what was originally the same sound. </p><p>Because the sound is difficult for most non-Arabs to pronounce, it is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleth</a> by Arabic speakers; other sounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥā</i></span></a> and <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḍād</i></span></a> are also used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> It is typically represented with a <a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian_nga">Southeast Asian <i>nga</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Southeast Asian nga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some languages of Southeast Asia, the letter <i>nga</i> is used. The letter is derived from the letter <i>ʿayn</i>, which latter is derived from the letter <i><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ghayn</a></i>, and it is thus written as: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڠ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڠ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڠـ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڠـ</span>&#8206; </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This letter, derived from <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayn</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>&#8206;), is used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> in: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausūg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li></ul></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a>, for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Arabic Afrikaans</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> historically, called <i>ngīn</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="af-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">&#91;ŋiːn&#93;</a></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolof_ngōn"><span id="Wolof_ng.C5.8Dn"></span>Wolof <i>ngōn</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Wolof ngōn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolofal alphabet</a>, for writing <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> in Arabic script, the letter <i>ngōn</i> is used, and it is thus written as: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݝ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـݝ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـݝـ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݝـ</span>&#8206; </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This letter also derived from the letter <i>ʿayn</i>, which latter is derived from the letter <i><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ghayn</a></i>. This leter is to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> in the Wolof language, a <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo language">Niger-Congo language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_nga">Tamil <i>nga</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Tamil nga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢳ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـࢳ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـࢳـ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢳـ</span>&#8206; </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This letter also derived from the letter <i>ʿayn</i>, which latter is derived from the letter <i><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ghayn</a></i>, with three dots inside the descender, to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a> script used for <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_characters">Related characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Related characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the related characters, see <a href="/wiki/Ng_(Arabic_letter)#Other_characters_used_to_represent_/ŋ/" title="Ng (Arabic letter)"><i>ng</i> (Arabic letter)</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ghayn</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_ayin">Hebrew ayin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Hebrew ayin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographic</a> variants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><small>Various print fonts</small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive<br />Hebrew</a></small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi<br />script</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Serif</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Monospaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospaced">Monospaced</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><span style="font:30pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, &#39;SBL Hebrew&#39;, David, Narkisim, &#39;New Peninim MT&#39;, &#39;Taamey Frank CLM&#39;, serif;">ע</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span style="font:28pt Arial, &#39;DejaVu Sans Condensed&#39;, &#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;, Tahoma, &#39;Noto Sans Hebrew&#39;, Alef, sans-serif;">ע</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span style="font:30pt &#39;Courier New&#39;, &#39;Miriam Fixed&#39;, &#39;Miriam Mono CLM&#39;, FreeMono, monospace;">ע</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/39px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/52px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayin_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/40px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/60px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/80px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hebrew spelling: <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עַיִן</span>&#8206;</big> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_representation">Phonetic representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Phonetic representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Setham_Ayin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Setham_Ayin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>ʿayin has traditionally been described as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span>). However, this may be imprecise. Although a pharyngeal fricative has occasionally been observed for ʿayin in Arabic and so may occur in Hebrew as well, the sound is more commonly <a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced epiglottal fricative">epiglottal</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a>&#93;</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and may also be a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> glottal stop (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔˤ]</span>). </p><p>In some historical Sephardi and Ashkenazi pronunciations, ʿayin represented a <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Remnants can be found in the Yiddish pronunciations of some words such as /ˈjaŋkəv/ and /ˈmansə/ from Hebrew <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יַעֲקֹב</span>&#8206; (<i>yaʿăqōḇ</i>, "Jacob") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מַעֲשֶׂה</span>&#8206; (<i>maʿăse</i>, "story"), but in other cases, the nasal has disappeared and been replaced by /j/, such as /ˈmajsə/ and /ˈmajrəv/ from Hebrew <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מַעֲשֶׂה</span>&#8206; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מַעֲרָב</span>&#8206; (<i>maʿărāḇ</i>, "west"). In Israeli Hebrew (except for Mizrahi pronunciations), it represents a glottal stop in certain cases but is usually silent (it behaves the same as <a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Hebrew)">aleph</a>). However, changes in adjoining vowels often testify to the former presence of a pharyngeal or epiglottal articulation. Additionally, it may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleth</a> to identify the <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> background of a Hebrew-speaker, as most <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arab">Israeli Arab</a> and some of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>) use the more traditional pronunciation, while other Hebrew-speakers pronounce it similar to Aleph. </p><p>Ayin is also one of the three letters that can take a furtive <a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">patach</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">patach ganuv</i></span>). </p><p>In Hebrew loanwords in Greek and Latin, ʿayin is sometimes reflected as /g/, since the biblical phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span> (or "<b>ʿ</b>") and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> (represented by "g") were both represented in Hebrew writing by the letter ʿayin (see <a href="/wiki/Ghain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghain">Ġain</a>). <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Gomorrah</a> is from the original <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁamora/</span> (modern <i><b>ʿ</b>Amora</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> from the original <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁazza/</span> (<i><b>ʿ</b>aza</i>) (cf. Arabic غزة Ġazzah, IPA: [ˈɣazza].) </p><p>In Yiddish, the ʿayin is used to write the vowel e when it is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <i>ey</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance">Significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>, ʿayin represents the number 70. </p><p>ʿayin is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called <i><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">tagin</a></i>) when written in a <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">sefer Torah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syriac_e">Syriac e</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Syriac e"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ܥ‎</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـܥ‎</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـܥ‎ـ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ܥ‎ـ</span>&#8206; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Semitic_romanization" title="Semitic romanization">Semitic romanization</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Semitic_studies" title="Semitic studies">Semitic philology</a>, there is a long-standing tradition of rendering Semitic ayin with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a> mark <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;῾&#x27e9;</span> (e.g. <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">῾arab</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَرَب</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>). Depending on typography, this could look similar to either an articulate single opening <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʻ&#x27e9;</span> (e.g. <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʻarab</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَرَب</span></span>). or as a raised semi-circle open to the right <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʿ&#x27e9;</span> (e.g. <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿarab</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَرَب</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is by analogy to the transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Alef" class="mw-redirect" title="Alef">alef</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>) by the Greek <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a> mark <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;᾽&#x27e9;</span>, rendered as single closing quotation mark or as raised semi-circle open to the left. This convention has been adopted by DIN in 1982 and by ISO in 1984 for Arabic (<a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a>) and Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/DIN_31636" title="DIN 31636">DIN 31636</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">ISO 259</a>). </p><p>The shape of the "raised semi-circle" for ayin <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʿ&#x27e9;</span> and alef <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʾ&#x27e9;</span> was adopted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i> (edited 1913–1938, 1954–2005, and from 2007), and from there by the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This convention has since also been followed by ISO (<a href="/wiki/ISO_233-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 233-2">ISO 233-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_259-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 259-2">ISO 259-2</a>, 1993/4) and by DIN<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (November 2017)">year&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>. A notable exception remains, <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a> (1991), the system used by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, continues to recommend modifier letter turned comma <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʻ&#x27e9;</span> (for Hebrew) or left single quotation mark <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;‘&#x27e9;</span> (for Arabic).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbols for the corresponding phonemes in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʕ&#x27e9;</span> for <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal fricative">pharyngeal fricative</a> (ayin) and <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʔ&#x27e9;</span> for <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (alef) were adopted in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1928_revisions" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">1928 revision</a>. </p><p>In anglicized Arabic or Hebrew names or in loanwords, ayin is often omitted entirely: <a href="/wiki/Iraq#Name" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><b>ʿ</b>irāq</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عراق</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (etymology)">Arab</a> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><b>ʿ</b>arab</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عرب</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi</a> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">su<b>ʿ</b>ūdī</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سعودي</span></span> , etc.; <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a> <span title="DIN transliteration"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>ʿ</b>ăfūlā</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֲפוּלָה</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a> <span title="DIN transliteration"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>ʿ</b>ărād</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֲרָד</span></span>, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, which uses a Latin alphabet, the only Semitic language to do so in its <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard form</a>, writes the ayin as <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;<a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Għ">għ</a>&#x27e9;</span>. It is usually unvocalized in speech. The <a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali Latin alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> alphabet represents the ayin with the letter <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;<a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>&#x27e9;</span>. The informal way to represent it in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a> uses the digit <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;3&#x27e9;</span> as transliteration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#Unicode" title="Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian">Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian §&#160;Unicode</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the recommended character for the transliteration of ayin is <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+02BF</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2bf;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_left_half_ring" title="Modifier letter left half ring">MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING</a></span> (a character in the <a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">Spacing Modifier Letters</a> range, even though it is here not used as a modifier letter but as a full grapheme).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This sentence could be misconstrued as claiming that the Unicode recommends the use of one transcription scheme or another rather than just supporting those that use a half-circle with the character given. (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> This convention has been adopted by <a href="/wiki/ISO_233-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 233-2">ISO 233-2</a> (1993) for Arabic and <a href="/wiki/ISO_259-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 259-2">ISO 259-2</a> (1994) for Hebrew. </p><p>There are a number of alternative Unicode characters in use, some of which are easily confused or even considered equivalent in practice:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1FFE</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x1ffe;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK DASIA</span>, the character used to represent Greek <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>,</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BD</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2bd;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA</span>,</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2018</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2018;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BB</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2bb;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA</span>,</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0060</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x60;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">GRAVE ACCENT</a></span>, from its use as single opening quotation mark in <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> environments, used for ayin in <a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a>.</li></ul> <p>Letters used to represent ayin: </p> <ul><li>a superscript "c" (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D9C</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x1d9c;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C</span>),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol for <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02C1</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#x2c1;</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP</span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02E4</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2e4;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <sup>ʕ</sup>, a superscript <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0295</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#x295;</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE</span>, the IPA symbol for <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a>,</li></ul> <p>The phonemes corresponding to alef and ayin in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a> are by convention <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian" title="Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian">transliterated</a> by more distinctive signs: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_alef" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian alef">Egyptian alef</a> is rendered by <i>two</i> semi-circles open to the left, stacked vertically, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_ayin" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian ayin">Egyptian ayin</a> is rendered by a single full-width semi-circle open to the right. These characters were introduced in Unicode in version 5.1 (2008, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-D" title="Latin Extended-D">Latin Extended-D</a> range), <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A723</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#xa723;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A725</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#xa725;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_encodings">Character encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Character encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x5e2;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#xfb20;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x725;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x80f; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273787049">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;font-family:monospace;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;font-family:monospace;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">HEBREW LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">HEBREW LETTER<br />ALTERNATIVE AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SYRIAC LETTER E </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SAMARITAN LETTER IN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>1506</td> <td>U+05E2</td> <td>64288</td> <td>U+FB20</td> <td>1829</td> <td>U+0725</td> <td>2063</td> <td>U+080F </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>215 162</td> <td>D7 A2</td> <td>239 172 160</td> <td>EF AC A0</td> <td>220 165</td> <td>DC A5</td> <td>224 160 143</td> <td>E0 A0 8F </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#1506;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x5E2;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#64288;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#xFB20;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#1829;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x725;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#2063;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x80F;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x639;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x8d6;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x75d;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x75f;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x6a0;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x75e;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x8b3; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC SMALL HIGH AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AIN<br />WITH TWO DOTS<br />ABOVE </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AIN<br />WITH TWO DOTS<br />VERTICALLY ABOVE </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AIN<br />WITH THREE DOTS<br />ABOVE </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AIN<br />WITH THREE DOTS<br />POINTING DOWNWARDS ABOVE </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AIN<br />WITH THREE DOTS<br />BELOW </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>1593</td> <td>U+0639</td> <td>2262</td> <td>U+08D6</td> <td>1885</td> <td>U+075D</td> <td>1887</td> <td>U+075F</td> <td>1696</td> <td>U+06A0</td> <td>1886</td> <td>U+075E</td> <td>2227</td> <td>U+08B3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>216 185</td> <td>D8 B9</td> <td>224 163 150</td> <td>E0 A3 96</td> <td>221 157</td> <td>DD 9D</td> <td>221 159</td> <td>DD 9F</td> <td>218 160</td> <td>DA A0</td> <td>221 158</td> <td>DD 9E</td> <td>224 162 179</td> <td>E0 A2 B3 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#1593;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x639;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#2262;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x8D6;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#1885;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x75D;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#1887;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x75F;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#1696;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x6A0;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#1886;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x75E;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#2227;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x8B3;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x1d25;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x1d5c;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#xa724;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#xa725; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER<br />EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER<br />EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>7461</td> <td>U+1D25</td> <td>7516</td> <td>U+1D5C</td> <td>42788</td> <td>U+A724</td> <td>42789</td> <td>U+A725 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>225 180 165</td> <td>E1 B4 A5</td> <td>225 181 156</td> <td>E1 B5 9C</td> <td>234 156 164</td> <td>EA 9C A4</td> <td>234 156 165</td> <td>EA 9C A5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#7461;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x1D25;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#7516;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x1D5C;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#42788;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#xA724;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#42789;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#xA725;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10393;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x1084f;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x1090f;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x2cb4;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x2cb5; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">UGARITIC<br />LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">IMPERIAL ARAMAIC<br />LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">PHOENICIAN<br />LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER<br />OLD COPTIC AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">COPTIC SMALL LETTER<br />OLD COPTIC AIN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>66451</td> <td>U+10393</td> <td>67663</td> <td>U+1084F</td> <td>67855</td> <td>U+1090F</td> <td>11444</td> <td>U+2CB4</td> <td>11445</td> <td>U+2CB5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 144 142 147</td> <td>F0 90 8E 93</td> <td>240 144 161 143</td> <td>F0 90 A1 8F</td> <td>240 144 164 143</td> <td>F0 90 A4 8F</td> <td>226 178 180</td> <td>E2 B2 B4</td> <td>226 178 181</td> <td>E2 B2 B5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55296 57235</td> <td>D800 DF93</td> <td>55298 56399</td> <td>D802 DC4F</td> <td>55298 56591</td> <td>D802 DD0F</td> <td>11444</td> <td>2CB4</td> <td>11445</td> <td>2CB5 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#66451;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10393;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#67663;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x1084F;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#67855;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x1090F;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#11444;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x2CB4;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#11445;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x2CB5;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10b4f;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10b65;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10b85;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10fa;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x1cba; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN<br />LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI<br />LETTER WAW-AYIN-RESH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER<br />WAW-AYIN-RESH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">GEORGIAN LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">GEORGIAN MTAVRULI<br />CAPITAL LETTER AIN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>68431</td> <td>U+10B4F</td> <td>68453</td> <td>U+10B65</td> <td>68485</td> <td>U+10B85</td> <td>4346</td> <td>U+10FA</td> <td>7354</td> <td>U+1CBA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 144 173 143</td> <td>F0 90 AD 8F</td> <td>240 144 173 165</td> <td>F0 90 AD A5</td> <td>240 144 174 133</td> <td>F0 90 AE 85</td> <td>225 131 186</td> <td>E1 83 BA</td> <td>225 178 186</td> <td>E1 B2 BA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55298 57167</td> <td>D802 DF4F</td> <td>55298 57189</td> <td>D802 DF65</td> <td>55298 57221</td> <td>D802 DF85</td> <td>4346</td> <td>10FA</td> <td>7354</td> <td>1CBA </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#68431;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10B4F;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#68453;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10B65;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#68485;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10B85;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#4346;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10FA;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#7354;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x1CBA;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10ad9;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x858;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10897;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10a92;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10870; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MANICHAEAN LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MANDAIC LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">NABATAEAN LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">OLD NORTH ARABIAN LETTER AIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">PALMYRENE LETTER AYIN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>68313</td> <td>U+10AD9</td> <td>2136</td> <td>U+0858</td> <td>67735</td> <td>U+10897</td> <td>68242</td> <td>U+10A92</td> <td>67696</td> <td>U+10870 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 144 171 153</td> <td>F0 90 AB 99</td> <td>224 161 152</td> <td>E0 A1 98</td> <td>240 144 162 151</td> <td>F0 90 A2 97</td> <td>240 144 170 146</td> <td>F0 90 AA 92</td> <td>240 144 161 176</td> <td>F0 90 A1 B0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55298 57049</td> <td>D802 DED9</td> <td>2136</td> <td>0858</td> <td>55298 56471</td> <td>D802 DC97</td> <td>55298 56978</td> <td>D802 DE92</td> <td>55298 56432</td> <td>D802 DC70 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#68313;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10AD9;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#2136;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x858;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#67735;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10897;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#68242;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10A92;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#67696;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10870;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10f12;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10f13;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10f18;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10f3d;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10f40; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">OLD SOGDIAN LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">OLD SOGDIAN LETTER<br />ALTERNATE AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">OLD SOGDIAN LETTER<br />RESH-AYIN-DALETH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SOGDIAN LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SOGDIAN LETTER RESH-AYIN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>69394</td> <td>U+10F12</td> <td>69395</td> <td>U+10F13</td> <td>69400</td> <td>U+10F18</td> <td>69437</td> <td>U+10F3D</td> <td>69440</td> <td>U+10F40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 144 188 146</td> <td>F0 90 BC 92</td> <td>240 144 188 147</td> <td>F0 90 BC 93</td> <td>240 144 188 152</td> <td>F0 90 BC 98</td> <td>240 144 188 189</td> <td>F0 90 BC BD</td> <td>240 144 189 128</td> <td>F0 90 BD 80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55299 57106</td> <td>D803 DF12</td> <td>55299 57107</td> <td>D803 DF13</td> <td>55299 57112</td> <td>D803 DF18</td> <td>55299 57149</td> <td>D803 DF3D</td> <td>55299 57152</td> <td>D803 DF40 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#69394;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10F12;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#69395;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10F13;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#69400;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10F18;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#69437;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10F3D;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#69440;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10F40;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10fef;</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">&#x10fc0; </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273787049">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ELYMAIC LETTER AYIN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">CHORASMIAN LETTER AYIN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>69615</td> <td>U+10FEF</td> <td>69568</td> <td>U+10FC0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 144 191 175</td> <td>F0 90 BF AF</td> <td>240 144 191 128</td> <td>F0 90 BF 80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55299 57327</td> <td>D803 DFEF</td> <td>55299 57280</td> <td>D803 DFC0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&amp;#69615;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10FEF;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#69568;<wbr /></td> <td>&amp;#x10FC0;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian" title="Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian">Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_(Arabic_letter)" title="Ng (Arabic letter)">Ng (Arabic letter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ghayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Għ">Għ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghayn (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic Ghayn</a>, used for several Central Asian languages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﻉ</span></span> comes eighteenth in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet#Alphabetical_order" title="Arabic alphabet">hijaʾi order</a> of Arabic and twenty-first in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes rendered as the Greek diacritic in a <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> font (as <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8; &#x314; &#x27e9;</span>), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann" title="Carl Brockelmann">Carl Brockelmann</a>'s <i>Grundriss Der Vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen</i>, 1908; Friedrich Delitzsch, Paul Haupt (eds.), <i>Beiträge zur assyriologie und semitischen sprachwissenschaft</i> (1890) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beitrgezurassyr02univgoog">1968 reprint</a>); sometimes rendered as a semi-circle open to the right with constant line thickness (as <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ʿ&#x27e9;</span>), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a>, <i>Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft</i> (1904).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both characters <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BE</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2be;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BF</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2bf;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING</span> have been present since Unicode version 1.0.0 (1991). The relevant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U02B0.pdf">code chart</a> specifies the purpose of U+02BF as "transliteration of Arabic ain (voiced pharyngeal fricative); transliteration of Hebrew ayin".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf">loc.gov</a>); deprecated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eromm.org/project/doku.php?id=transliteration:arabisch:listea">The European Register of Microform Masters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deprecated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eromm.org/project/doku.php?id=transliteration:arabisch:listea">The European Register of Microform Masters</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf">Simons, F., "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" <i>Rosetta</i> 9 (2011), 16–40 (here: 38&#8211;40)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709070804/http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See also: Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. 36 (1), following William F. Albright, <i>The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment</i> (1966), "Schematic Table of Proto-Sinaitic Characters" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apocalypse2008-2015.com/images/Proto-Sinaitic_Table.gif">fig. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703163923/http://apocalypse2008-2015.com/images/Proto-Sinaitic_Table.gif">Archived</a> 2016-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladefoged, Peter &amp; Ian Maddieson (1996). <i>The sounds of the world's languages</i>. Oxford: Blackwells. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19814-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19814-8">0-631-19814-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, <i>The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual</i>, pg. 178. Cornell Studies in Political Economy. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801427640" title="Special:BookSources/9780801427640">9780801427640</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabath1973" class="citation thesis cs1">Shabath, Heskel (1973). <i>Romanization of the Hebrew alphabet</i> (Thesis). p.&#160;179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20381%2Fruor-17884">10.20381/ruor-17884</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10393%2F22146">10393/22146</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/873832382">873832382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Romanization+of+the+Hebrew+alphabet&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10393%2F22146&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20381%2Fruor-17884&amp;rft.aulast=Shabath&amp;rft.aufirst=Heskel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208180440/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/information/author-resources/ijmes-translation-and-transliteration-guide">"IJMES Translation and Transliteration guide"</a>. <i>Cambridge University Press</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/information/author-resources/ijmes-translation-and-transliteration-guide">the original</a> on 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.atitle=IJMES+Translation+and+Transliteration+guide&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Finformation%2Fauthor-resources%2Fijmes-translation-and-transliteration-guide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">"ALA-LC Romanization Tables"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232607/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&amp;rft.atitle=ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Froman.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Various small, raised hook- or comma-shaped characters are often substituted for a <i>glottal stop</i>—for instance, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BC</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2bc;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE</span>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BB</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2bb;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA</span>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02C0</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2c0;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</span>, or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BE</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2be;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING</span>. U+02BB, in particular, is used in Hawaiian orthography as the <i>ʻokina</i>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185015/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ec3a/f5a195ca71cd24761e9f486f3de0c79c60a8.pdf">The Unicode Standard Version 7.0: chapter 7.1 "Latin", p. 294</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic 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alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Arabic_ʿAyn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihami_Arabic" title="Tihami Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Madam" title="Pidgin Madam">Pidgin Madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_page_708&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Code page 708 (page does not exist)">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_page_720&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Code page 720 (page does not exist)">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_in_Islam" title="Arabic in Islam">Islam and Arabic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi&#39;s law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong&#39;s Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template talk:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Northwest Semitic abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 125%;"> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʿ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">q</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a></i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet#Semitic_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐b766959bd‐5sn88 Cached time: 20250214192829 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.191 seconds Real time usage: 1.697 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 18689/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 286084/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17740/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 27/100 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