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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prussian_advance_into_the_Swiepwald" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussian_advance_into_the_Swiepwald"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prussian advance into the Swiepwald</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussian_advance_into_the_Swiepwald-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_counterattack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_counterattack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Austrian counterattack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_counterattack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Prussian_Second_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Prussian_Second_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arrival of the Prussian Second Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Prussian_Second_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Königgrätz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="معركة كونيغراتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة كونيغراتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Sadowa" title="Batalla de Sadowa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Sadowa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Hradce_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Bitva u Hradce Králové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Hradce Králové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Slaget ved Königgrätz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Schlacht bei Königgrätz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Sadowa" title="Batalla de Sadowa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Sadowa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_%C4%89e_Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Batalo ĉe Hradec Králové – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo ĉe Hradec Králové" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Sadowa" title="Bataille de Sadowa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Sadowa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BE%A8%EB%8B%88%ED%9E%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%B8%A0_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="쾨니히그레츠 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쾨니히그레츠 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Սադովայի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սադովայի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Pertempuran Königgrätz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Orrustan við Königgrätz – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan við Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Sadowa" title="Battaglia di Sadowa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Sadowa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="קרב קניגרץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב קניגרץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სადოვის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სადოვის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugna_apud_Reginogradecium" title="Pugna apud Reginogradecium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugna apud Reginogradecium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93niggrecas_kauja" title="Kēniggrecas kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kēniggrecas kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tzi_csata" title="Königgrätzi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Königgrätzi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Битка кај Каниграц – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Каниграц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көниггрецийн дэргэдэх тулалдаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Көниггрецийн дэргэдэх тулалдаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Slag bij Königgrätz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%92%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ケーニヒグレーツの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケーニヒグレーツの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Slaget ved Königgrätz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Sadow%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Sadową – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Sadową" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Batalha de Königgrätz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Bătălia de la Königgrätz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Битва при Садове – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Садове" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Hradci_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Bitka pri Hradci Králové – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Hradci Králové" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Битка код Садове – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Садове" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Sadove" title="Bitka kod Sadove – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Sadove" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tzin_taistelu" title="Königgrätzin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Königgrätzin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Slaget vid Königgrätz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Königgrätz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_Muharebesi" title="Königgrätz Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Königgrätz Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E" title="Битва під Садовою – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва під Садовою" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&params=50.27_N_15.75_E_region:CZ_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">15°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.27°N 15.75°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.27; 15.75</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Austro-Prussian War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&params=50.27_N_15.75_E_region:CZ_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">15°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.27°N 15.75°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.27; 15.75</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Königgrätz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/300px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/450px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/600px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="1642" /></a></span><br /><i>The Battle of Königgrätz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bleibtreu" title="Georg Bleibtreu">Georg Bleibtreu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3 July 1866</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Königgrätz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Prussian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Prussia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Saxony"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1828%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–85)">Prince Friedrich Karl</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Crown Prince Frederick William</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Herwarth_von_Bittenfeld" title="Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld">Karl Bittenfeld</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek" title="Ludwig von Benedek">Ludwig Benedek</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony"><img alt="Kingdom of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Saxony" title="Albert, King of Saxony">Prince Albert</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 220,984<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872187_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872187-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>206,000–215,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>184,000 Austrians<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>22,000 Saxons<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 9,172 killed, dead, wounded, and/or missing<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 31,000<sup id="cite_ref-AGS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 43,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killed, wounded, and/or missing Austrians, including up to 22,170 prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />1,501 killed, dead, wounded, and/or missing Saxon<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Náchod">Náchod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trautenau" title="Battle of Trautenau">Trautenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burkersdorf_(1866)" title="Battle of Burkersdorf (1866)">Burkersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skalitz" title="Battle of Skalitz">Skalitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BCnchengr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Münchengrätz">Münchengrätz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schweinsch%C3%A4del" title="Battle of Schweinschädel">Schweinschädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gitschin" title="Battle of Gitschin">Gitschin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Königgrätz</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blumenau" title="Battle of Blumenau">Blumenau</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1866)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1866)">Langensalza</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Main" title="Campaign of the Main">Main River</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_H%C3%BCnfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hünfeld (page does not exist)">Hünfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dermbach" title="Battle of Dermbach">Dermbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kissingen" title="Battle of Kissingen">Kissingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frohnhofen" title="Battle of Frohnhofen">Frohnhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aschaffenburg_(1866)" title="Battle of Aschaffenburg (1866)">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hundheim" title="Battle of Hundheim">Hundheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tauberbischofsheim" title="Battle of Tauberbischofsheim">Tauberbischofsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werbach" title="Battle of Werbach">Werbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gerchsheim" title="Battle of Gerchsheim">Gerchsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helmstadt" title="Battle of Helmstadt">Helmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ro%C3%9Fbrunn" title="Battle of Roßbrunn">Roßbrunn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Italy and the Adriatic Sea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1866)" title="Battle of Custoza (1866)">Custoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trentino_(1866)" title="Invasion of Trentino (1866)">Trentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_on_Lake_Garda_(1866)" title="Naval operations on Lake Garda (1866)">Lake Garda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_Valtellina_(1866)" title="Operations in Valtellina (1866)">Valtellina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vezza_d%27Oglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vezza d'Oglio (page does not exist)">Vezza d'Oglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bezzecca" title="Battle of Bezzecca">Bezzecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Versa" title="Battle of Versa">Versa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Königgrätz</b> (or <b>Sadowa</b>) was the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. It took place on 3 July 1866, near the <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a> (German: Königgrätz) and village of <a href="/wiki/Sadov%C3%A1" title="Sadová">Sadová</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. It was the single largest battle of the war, and the largest battle in the world since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prussian forces, totaling around 285,000 troops,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used their superior training and tactical doctrine and the <a href="/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun" title="Dreyse needle gun">Dreyse needle gun</a> to win the battle and the entire war at Königgrätz on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber200898_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber200898-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussian artillery was ineffective and almost all of the fighting on the Prussian side was done by the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Austro-Prussian_War)" title="First Army (Austro-Prussian War)">First Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1828%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–85)">Prince Friedrich Karl</a> and one division from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Austro-Prussian_War)" title="Second Army (Austro-Prussian War)">Second Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber2008146–148,_160_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber2008146–148,_160-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prussian <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(German_Empire)" title="7th Division (German Empire)">7th Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)" title="1st Guards Infantry Division (German Empire)">1st Guards Infantry Division</a> attacked and destroyed 38 out of 49 infantry battalions of four Austrian corps at the Swiepwald and Chlum at the centre of the battlefield, deciding the outcome of the struggle and forcing an Austrian retreat at 15:00, before any Prussian reinforcements could even seriously engage the Austrian flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber2008142–146_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber2008142–146-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ludwig_von_Benedek_Litho_E._Kaiser_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek" title="Ludwig von Benedek">Ludwig von Benedek</a>, commander of the Austrian forces (lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kaiser" title="Eduard Kaiser">Eduard Kaiser</a>, 1857)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outset of the war in June, the Prussian armies were gathered along the Prussian border: the Army of the Elbe under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Herwarth_von_Bittenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Herwarth von Bittenfeld">Karl Herwarth von Bittenfeld</a> at <a href="/wiki/Torgau" title="Torgau">Torgau</a>, the First Army under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1828-1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828-1885)">Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Senftenberg" title="Senftenberg">Senftenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, and the Second Army under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Crown Prince Frederick William</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Nysa,_Poland" title="Nysa, Poland">Neiße (Nysa)</a>. The Austrian army under <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek" title="Ludwig von Benedek">Ludwig von Benedek</a> was concentrated at <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olmütz (Olomouc)</a>. The campaign began with Herwarth von Bittenfeld's advance to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, where he easily defeated the Saxon army of 23,000 and joined with the First Army. </p><p>The Austrian commander Benedek had only reluctantly moved his troops out of their staging point at Olmütz on 18 June, moving north in three parallel columns with the I Corps protecting the right flank. The Austrians took up positions at the fortress <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Josefov" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Josefov">Josefstadt</a> and the mountain passes from Saxony and Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 June, Prussia's Chief of the General Staff, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Karl_Bernhard_von_Moltke" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke">Helmuth von Moltke</a>, ordered both armies under his command to <a href="/wiki/Ji%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Jičín">Jitschin (Jičín)</a> near the Austrian positions, a daring maneuver undertaken to limit the war's duration despite the risk of one army being overtaken en route. </p><p>However, Benedek was indecisive and failed to use his superior numbers to eliminate the Prussian armies individually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the Austrians were pressed back everywhere except at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trautenau" title="Battle of Trautenau">Trautenau (Trutnov)</a>, where they bested the Prussians despite great losses to their own forces. By 29 June, Prince Friedrich Karl had reached Jitschin and inflicted a severe defeat on the Austrian I Corps under General <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Clam-Gallas" title="Eduard Clam-Gallas">Clam-Gallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown Prince had reached <a href="/wiki/Dv%C5%AFr_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_nad_Labem" title="Dvůr Králové nad Labem">Königinhof (Dvůr Králové)</a> despite stiff resistance. </p><p>On 30 June, Friedrich Karl's First Army advanced to within one day's march of the Second Army. However, for the next two days the Prussian cavalry lost sight of the Austrians entirely, although Moltke's guess as to their actions—a retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe River">Elbe River</a>—proved correct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Koniggratz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_of_Koniggratz.png/220px-Battle_of_Koniggratz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_of_Koniggratz.png/330px-Battle_of_Koniggratz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_of_Koniggratz.png/440px-Battle_of_Koniggratz.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the battle</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Königgrätz order of battle">Königgrätz order of battle</a></div> <p>Dismayed by his losses, Benedek had ordered a withdrawal and urgently requested that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Josef</a> make peace as the only way to save the army from a "catastrophe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this was refused, and an ambiguous last sentence of the imperial telegram was interpreted as ordering a final stand, Benedek drew his Austrians up against the Elbe between Sadowa and Königgrätz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prussians finally sighted the Austrians on the eve of 2 July near Sadowa, and Friedrich Karl planned to attack the next morning. Moltke ordered the Crown Prince Frederick William to join forces with the other two armies at the point where the Austrians were assembled, but the telegraph lines to the Second Army's positions were out, necessitating the dispatch of two mounted officers at midnight to ride the twenty miles' distance in time. They arrived at 4 a.m. The Crown Prince's Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_von_Blumenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonhard von Blumenthal">Leonhard von Blumenthal</a>, an able logistician, immediately reorganised Second Army's route plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_(11088796723).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_%2811088796723%29.jpg/220px-Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_%2811088796723%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_%2811088796723%29.jpg/330px-Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_%2811088796723%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_%2811088796723%29.jpg/440px-Image_taken_from_page_237_of_%27La_Guerre_de_1866%27_%2811088796723%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5434" data-file-height="4867" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_(3._Juli_1866).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg/220px-Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg/330px-Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg/440px-Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Historical map of the battle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiepwald.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Swiepwald.JPG/220px-Swiepwald.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Swiepwald.JPG/330px-Swiepwald.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Swiepwald.JPG/440px-Swiepwald.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Swiepwald</figcaption></figure> <p>The Austrian army of 215,000 faced the Prussian Army of the Elbe (39,000) and First Army (85,000) on 3 July. The Austrian infantry was partially fortified and supported by cavalry in the rear and artillery units with firing range across hilly, wooded terrain. The battle began at dawn in subsiding rain and mist as Prussia took its position west of the <a href="/wiki/Byst%C5%99ice_(Cidlina)" title="Bystřice (Cidlina)">Bystřice River</a>. Shortly before 8 a.m., the Austrian artillery opened fire, pinning down the Prussian right flank under Herwarth von Bittenfeld. The Saxons on the Austrian left fell back in good order, and proceeded to rain down fire on the advancing Prussian right from higher ground. Herwarth von Bittenfeld ordered the advance guard of seven battalions, under Brig. General von Schöler pulled back to the river around 10:00 and take a defensive stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussian_advance_into_the_Swiepwald">Prussian advance into the Swiepwald</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prussian advance into the Swiepwald"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prussian center, with the Prussian 7th Division under General <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Fransecky" title="Eduard von Fransecky">Edward Frederick Charles von Fransecky</a>, having secured the Prussian rear earlier, led the advance into the Swiepwald (Swiep Forest), where it was met by two Austrian corps. The 7th Division had to both clear out the forest, and cover the Prussian left until the Second Army, under the crown prince, arrived. The Prussians methodically cleared the villages of Austrian defenders. King <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I of Prussia</a> ordered the First Army across the river to support Fransecky. Sadowa was captured, but a fierce battle ensued in a nearby forest. The Austrian artillery held off the Prussians by firing into the smoke of the Prussian advance. The Prussians were slowed, and although the river was easy to wade, transporting artillery across it was extremely difficult. The Prussian attack was halted as the advancing Prussian 8th and 4th Divisions were cut down by the Austrian artillery as soon as they emerged from the smoke. However, the Austrian leader, Benedek, refused to call for a cavalry charge which later commentators have argued might have won the battle. Reserve units were deployed at noon, but the outcome of the battle was still uncertain and Prussian commanders anxiously waited for the crown prince. </p><p>To this point, the Austrian superiority in numbers and position had held the day. Their weapons had longer range, which meant that the outnumbered Prussians could neither advance against the artillery barrage, nor effectively engage the Austrian infantry. The Prussians had attempted to bring three armies together for the battle, but problems with sending orders by <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> and moving men by <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> had meant that only two of the three armies had arrived in time. The Prussian center, in the cover of the forest, was able to hold its position, and discourage a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry charge">mounted charge</a> by the Austrians, who were thought to have superior cavalry. However the close contact of the fight in the forest began to negate the Austrian advantages, the Austrians could not train their artillery on the close fighting, the damp weather made a cavalry charge risky, and the Austrian IV Corps was committed piecemeal to the fighting. At this point the relative strengths of the two armies were beginning to reverse. The shorter range of the Prussian artillery as compared to the Austrian was moot, while the vastly higher <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun" title="Dreyse needle gun">Prussian breechloading needle gun</a>, compared to the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloading</a> small arms and cannon, was paramount. In addition the needle gun could be operated while prone in defense, and while moving quickly on the advance, while the Austrians had to stand up after each shot to reload their <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_rifle" title="Lorenz rifle">Lorenz rifles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_counterattack">Austrian counterattack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austrian counterattack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_(A._Bensa_1866).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_%28A._Bensa_1866%29.jpg/220px-Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_%28A._Bensa_1866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_%28A._Bensa_1866%29.jpg/330px-Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_%28A._Bensa_1866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_%28A._Bensa_1866%29.jpg/440px-Gefecht_zwischen_k.k._Husaren_und_preu%C3%9Fischen_K%C3%BCrassieren_in_der_Schlacht_von_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz_%28A._Bensa_1866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry engagement at the battle of Königgrätz (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_von_Bensa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander von Bensa (page does not exist)">Alexander von Bensa</a>, 1866).</figcaption></figure> <p>At 11:00 came the deciding moment of the battle; the Austrian centre began a manoeuvre to flank the Prussian 7th Division, which had pushed back and held off nearly a quarter of the Austrian army. Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_von_P%C3%B6ckh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl von Pöckh (page does not exist)">Carl von Pöckh</a> was sent to drive the Prussians back, and with a fierce infantry charge managed to force the 7th Division back to the outskirts of the forest. Flanking fire raked Pöckh's battalion, annihilating it as a fighting force and killing its commander. The fire came from the 8th Division which stiffened the Prussian center to hold off the Austrian thrusts. </p><p>While divisions from the Austrian II and IV Corps were committed to the fighting, there was no decisive infantry charge, nor did the Prussians present a flank that could be attacked with cavalry. The Austrians ultimately were caught having moved from their defensive position to attack, and their right flank was <a href="/wiki/Hanging_in_the_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging in the air">exposed</a> to the arriving Prussian infantry. </p><p>However, neither cavalry nor artillery gave direct help to the Prussian Infantry. Around 12:30 two rifled batteries of <a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(German_Empire)" title="2nd Division (German Empire)">2nd Division</a> arrived, and around 13:00, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow_(general)" title="Hans von Bülow (general)">Oberst von Bülow</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Elbe" title="Army of the Elbe">Army of the Elbe</a>, brought the corps artillery, two regiments, to the battlefield. After 1 o'clock, Oberst von Rozynski commanded 66 guns in this area. However they were too far to the rear to be used effectively. This kept <a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Herwarth_von_Bittenfeld" title="Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld">Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld</a> from ordering a major attack against the Austrian left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872249_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872249-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Prussian_Second_Army">Arrival of the Prussian Second Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Prussian Second Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg/220px-Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg/330px-Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg/440px-Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, 1867, by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Begas" title="Oskar Begas">Oskar Begas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At 14:30 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Crown Prince Frederick William</a> finally arrived with the main bulk of his almost 100,000 men, having marched with all possible haste all morning, and hit the Austrian right flank retiring from the Swiepwald while the Prussian artillery pounded the Austrian center. By 16:00 the last individual counter-attacks by the Austrian I and VI Corps were broken, even as Benedek ordered a withdrawal. Lt. General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hiller_von_Gaertringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Hiller von Gaertringen (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Hiller von Gaertringen's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hiller_von_Gaertringen" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Hiller von Gaertringen">de</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)" title="1st Guards Infantry Division (German Empire)">1st Prussian Guard</a> reached the Austrian artillery, forcing them to stop reforming an artillery line and pull back. He had attacked because he saw the artillery as holding together the Austrian position, and his attack destroyed the lone cavalry battery that stayed to fight, and forced the others to flee, along with their reserves. </p><p>At this point, having taken severe casualties, lacking artillery and cavalry cover, the high ground in enemy hands and the center being rolled up, the position for the Austrians deteriorated rapidly. The Second Prussian Army completely broke through the Austrian lines and took <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlum,_V%C5%A1estary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlum, Všestary (page does not exist)">Chlum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlum_(V%C5%A1estary)" class="extiw" title="de:Chlum (Všestary)">de</a>]</span> behind the center. The Army of the Elbe, which had merely held position after the early morning bloodying by the Austrian artillery and the Saxon infantry, attacked and broke through the Austrian left flank. It seized <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probluz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probluz (page does not exist)">Probluz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probluz" class="extiw" title="cs:Probluz">cs</a>]</span>, and proceeded to destroy the Austrian flank. The Prussian king ordered all remaining forces into the attack all along the line, which had been slowed by the final counter-attack from the battalions of Brigadier General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Rosenzweig_von_Dreuwehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Rosenzweig von Dreuwehr (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Rosenzweig von Dreuwehr</a>'s Austrian brigade. The arriving reinforcements joined the fight just as the Austrians had forced the 1st Prussian Guard back to Chlum. The result was a decisive shock of firepower which collapsed the Austrian line. The Prussian advance was so rapid that Benedek ordered a series of cavalry countercharges to back up his artillery and cover the general retreat he ordered at 15:00. These were successful at covering the Austrian rear, keeping the bridges over the Elbe open for retreating Austrian soldiers, and preventing pursuit by the Prussians, but at a terrible cost: 2,000 men and almost as many horses were killed, wounded or captured in the action. Benedek himself crossed the Elbe near 18:00 and several hours later informed the emperor that the catastrophe of which he had warned had indeed occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle ended with heavy casualties for both sides. The Prussians had nearly 9,000 men killed, wounded or missing. The Austrians and allies had roughly 31,000 men killed, wounded or missing, with 9,291 of these being prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-AGS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounding the Austrians' losses was Austria's earlier refusal to sign the <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First Geneva Convention</a>. As a result, Austrian medical personnel were regarded as combatants, and withdrew from the field with the main bulk of the forces, leaving the wounded to die on the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"> <caption>Prussian casualties at Königgrätz </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit </th> <th>Total<br />casualties </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">KIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Died_of_wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Died of wounds">DOW</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">WIA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">MIA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st Army</td> <td align="right">5,260</td> <td align="right">1,065</td> <td align="right">4,075</td> <td align="right">120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd Army</td> <td align="right">2,265</td> <td align="right">514</td> <td align="right">1,650</td> <td align="right">101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Army of the Elbe</td> <td align="right">1,647</td> <td align="right">356</td> <td align="right">1,234</td> <td align="right">57 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eeeeee"> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black">Total Prussian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872606_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872606-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">9,172 </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">1,935 </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">6,959 </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">278 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlum,_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chlum%2C_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg/220px-Chlum%2C_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chlum%2C_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg/330px-Chlum%2C_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chlum%2C_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg/440px-Chlum%2C_V%C5%A1estary_2022-04_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at Chlum hill (near <a href="/wiki/V%C5%A1estary_(Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_District)" title="Všestary (Hradec Králové District)">Všestary</a>, Czech Republic), commemorating the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Königgrätz was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War. The Prussians then continued to pursue the defeated Austrian Nord-Armee and fought a series of minor clashes, with the last skirmish being fought at distant Blumenau (today's Lamač, district of <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) on 22 July, just as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a> to put a halt to the fighting was being signed. It provided a great opportunity for Prussian statesmen, by clearing a path toward <a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unification</a>, in particular with the <a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland">Little Germany</a> (Germany without Austria) solution, with the subsequent foundation of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>. The outcome also ensured that Prussia would have a free hand when a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">war with France</a> came to pass in 1870. </p><p>After this Prussian victory, France attempted to extract territorial concessions in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Palatinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. In his speech to the Reichstag on 2 May 1871, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is known that even on 6 August 1866, I was in the position to observe the French ambassador make his appearance to see me in order, to put it succinctly, to present an ultimatum: to relinquish <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, or to expect an immediate <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>. Naturally I was not doubtful of the answer for a second. I answered him: "Good, then it's war!" He traveled to Paris with this answer. A few days after one in Paris thought differently, and I was given to understand that this instruction had been torn from Emperor Napoleon during an illness. The further attempts in relation to Luxemburg are known. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollyday197036_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollyday197036-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tzer_Marsch" title="Königgrätzer Marsch">Königgrätzer Marsch</a> was written to commemorate the battle. </p><p>The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded "Revanche pour Sadova" or "Revenge for Sadowa",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which formed part of the background to the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870. </p><p>After the battle, over 900 soldiers were left wounded on the field without medical care. Arriving several days later with a large stock of supplies, Saxon nurse <a href="/wiki/Marie_Simon" title="Marie Simon">Marie Simon</a> tended to the wounded for 17 weeks. This experience led her and <a href="/wiki/Carola_of_Vasa" title="Carola of Vasa">Carola of Vasa</a> to establish the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Association (page does not exist)">Albert Association</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertverein" class="extiw" title="de:Albertverein">de</a>]</span>, a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 475 different memorials scattered on the battlefield and in its surroundings. Some of them are located on the sites where individuals, mostly officers, were killed. Other memorials are located on the sites of graves of Austrian, Prussian or Saxon soldiers, who often rest together in mass ones. The memorials were erected with funds from the families of the fallen, regiments, officers, the Order of St. John, and especially the Central Committee for the Preservation of Monuments from the War of 1866. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannoneer_Jab%C5%AFrek" title="Cannoneer Jabůrek">Cannoneer Jabůrek</a>, a satirical song about a fictional Czech participant in the battle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Paukenhund" title="Königsberger Paukenhund">Königsberger Paukenhund</a>, traditional kettle drum dog of the Prussian infantry, originating from this battle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tzer_Marsch" title="Königgrätzer Marsch">Königgrätzer Marsch</a>, a German military march commemorating the battle</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerrett1992">Perrett (1992)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerrett1992">Perrett (1992)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872187-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872187_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrussian_General_Staff1872">Prussian General Staff 1872</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson2023" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2023). <i>Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500</i> (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3"><bdi>978-0-674-98762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Blood%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+German-Speaking+Peoples+since+1500&rft.pages=391&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98762-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a>, <i>Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i>, pp. 351–353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aftermath">§ Aftermath</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian General Staff. "Verluste der Kiegsfuhrenden im Feldzuge 1866." KA, AFA. Kt. 2274, 1866-13-69. Vienna, June 10, 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon A. Craig: <i>Königgrätz. 1866 – eine Schlacht macht Weltgeschichte</i>. Zsolnay, Wien 1997, ISBN 3-552-04824-3, pp. 262–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon A. Craig writes, the Austrians lost 1,313 officers, 41,499 men and 6,010 cavalry, including 5,658 killed, 7,574 wounded, 7,410 missing and 22,170 prisoners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Saxon Corps lost 55 officers and 1,446 men, including 135 dead, 940 wounded and 426 missing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWawro1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro" title="Geoffrey Wawro">Wawro, Geoffrey</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/austroprussianwa0000wawr"><i>The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8, 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56059-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56059-4"><bdi>0-521-56059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austro-Prussian+War%3A+Austria%27s+War+with+Prussia+and+Italy+in+1866&rft.pages=8%2C+218&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56059-4&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustroprussianwa0000wawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Wilson" title="Peter H. Wilson">Wilson, Peter H.</a> (2023). <i>Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500</i> (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 390–391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3"><bdi>978-0-674-98762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Blood%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+German-Speaking+Peoples+since+1500&rft.pages=390-391&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98762-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Koniggratz">"Battle of Königgrätz | Austrian history | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz+%26%23124%3B+Austrian+history+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Koniggratz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber200898-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber200898_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuber2008">Zuber 2008</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber2008146–148,_160-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber2008146–148,_160_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuber2008">Zuber 2008</a>, pp. 146–148, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber2008142–146-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber2008142–146_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuber2008">Zuber 2008</a>, pp. 142–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197669_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenberg1976">Rothenberg 1976</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg197670_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenberg1976">Rothenberg 1976</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872249-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872249_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrussian_General_Staff1872">Prussian General Staff 1872</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872606-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrussian_General_Staff1872606_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrussian_General_Staff1872">Prussian General Staff 1872</a>, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollyday197036-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollyday197036_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollyday1970">Hollyday 1970</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgeBullen2005" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, F. R.; Bullen, Roger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U9_wW-AC-sC&pg=PA164"><i>The great powers and the European states system 1814–1914</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78458-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78458-1"><bdi>978-0-582-78458-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+powers+and+the+European+states+system+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-582-78458-1&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft.au=Bullen%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U9_wW-AC-sC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittneben2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wittneben, Karen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117394068.html#ndbcontent">"Simon, Marie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Biographie" title="Deutsche Biographie">Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Biographie&rft.atitle=Simon%2C+Marie&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wittneben&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fgnd117394068.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaufe2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haufe, Kay (14 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saechsische.de/dresden/lokales/die-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html">"Die vergessene Dresdner Heldin: Marie-Simon-Grab erneuert"</a> [The Forgotten Dresden Heroine: Marie Simon Grave Renewed]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A4chsische+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+vergessene+Dresdner+Heldin%3A+Marie-Simon-Grab+erneuert&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft.aulast=Haufe&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saechsische.de%2Fdresden%2Flokales%2Fdie-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollyday1970" class="citation cs2">Hollyday, FBM (1970), <i>Bismarck</i>, Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.series=Great+Lives+Observed&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hollyday&rft.aufirst=FBM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrussian_General_Staff1872" class="citation book cs1">Prussian General Staff (1872). <i>The Campaign of 1866 in Germany</i>. Translated by Colonel von Wright; Henry M. Hozier. London: Clowes & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaign+of+1866+in+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clowes+%26+Sons&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Prussian+General+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, G.</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyoffrancisjos00gunt"><i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i></a></span>. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911198-41-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-911198-41-5"><bdi>0-911198-41-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Francis+Joseph&rft.place=West+Lafayette&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-911198-41-5&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyoffrancisjos00gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuber2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Zuber" title="Terence Zuber">Zuber, Terence</a> (2008). <i>The Moltke Myth: Prussian War Planning, 1857–1871</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761841616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761841616"><bdi>978-0761841616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moltke+Myth%3A+Prussian+War+Planning%2C+1857%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0761841616&rft.aulast=Zuber&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2009" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Q. (2009). <i>The Road to Königgrätz: Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro-Prussian War 1866</i>. Solihull: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-37-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-37-8"><bdi>978-1-906033-37-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz%3A+Helmuth+von+Moltke+and+the+Austro-Prussian+War+1866&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906033-37-8&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucholz2001" class="citation book cs1">Bucholz, Arden (2001). <i>Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871</i>. European History in Perspective. New York: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-68758-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-68758-2"><bdi>0-333-68758-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moltke+and+the+German+Wars%2C+1864%E2%80%931871&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=European+History+in+Perspective&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-68758-2&rft.aulast=Bucholz&rft.aufirst=Arden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig, Gordon A.</a> (2003) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9EyXIfExKoC&q=The+Battle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz+:+Prussia%27s+Victory+Over+Austria,+1866"><i>The Battle of Königgrätz : Prussia's Victory Over Austria, 1866</i></a> (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1844-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz+%3A+Prussia%27s+Victory+Over+Austria%2C+1866&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1844-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9EyXIfExKoC%26q%3DThe%2BBattle%2Bof%2BK%25C3%25B6niggr%25C3%25A4tz%2B%3A%2BPrussia%2527s%2BVictory%2BOver%2BAustria%2C%2B1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreasyMitchell1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Creasy, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Mitchell" title="Joseph B. Mitchell">Mitchell, Joseph B.</a> (1964). "17 (The Battle of Sadowa, A.D. 1866)". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentydecisiveba00mitc"><i>Twenty Decisive Battles of the World</i></a></span>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17+%28The+Battle+of+Sadowa%2C+A.D.+1866%29&rft.btitle=Twenty+Decisive+Battles+of+the+World&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Creasy&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Joseph+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentydecisiveba00mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevriesMartin_J._DoughertyChrister_JorgensunChris_Mann2008" class="citation book cs1">Devries, Kelly; Martin J. Dougherty; Christer Jorgensun; Chris Mann; Chris McNab (2008). "Sadowa (Königgrätz), 1866". <i>Battles that Changed Warfare</i>. London: Amber Books. pp. 128–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-67-5"><bdi>978-1-905704-67-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sadowa+%28K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz%29%2C+1866&rft.btitle=Battles+that+Changed+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pages=128-137&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905704-67-5&rft.aulast=Devries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Martin+J.+Dougherty&rft.au=Christer+Jorgensun&rft.au=Chris+Mann&rft.au=Chris+McNab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGore-Brown2009" class="citation book cs1">Gore-Brown, S (2009). <i>The Prussian Artillery in the Campaign of 1866</i>. Wokingham, Berkshire, UK: Helion & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-05-7"><bdi>978-1-906033-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prussian+Artillery+in+the+Campaign+of+1866&rft.place=Wokingham%2C+Berkshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906033-05-7&rft.aulast=Gore-Brown&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHozier1867" class="citation book cs1">Hozier, Henry (1867). <i>The Seven Weeks' War</i>. Vol. II. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-548-16480-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-548-16480-0"><bdi>0-548-16480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Weeks%27+War&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.pub=Kessinger+Pub.+LLC&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=0-548-16480-0&rft.aulast=Hozier&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett1992" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (1992). <i>The Battle Book</i>. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-328-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-328-2"><bdi>1-85409-328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85409-328-2&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter2004" class="citation book cs1">Showalter, Dennis (2004). <i>The Wars of German Unification</i>. Modern Wars Series. London: Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-58017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-58017-2"><bdi>978-0-340-58017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+German+Unification&rft.place=London&rft.series=Modern+Wars+Series&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-340-58017-2&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_tag=Battle%20of%20Sadov%C3%A1&_maptype=0">A map and timeline</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> of the Battle of Königgrätz</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellum.cz/en/battle-of-koniggratz.html">Bellum.cz – Battle of Königgrätz 3rd July 1866</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unification_of_Germany" title="Template:Unification of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unification_of_Germany" title="Template 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title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire (1848–1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Union" title="Erfurt Union">Erfurt Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1814–1815</span> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1815–1848</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a></i> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1817</span> <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_Festival" title="Wartburg Festival">Wartburg Festival</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1819</span> <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1832</span> <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1833</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Wachensturm" title="Frankfurter Wachensturm">Frankfurter Wachensturm</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849"><span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span> Revolutions</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1848–1849</span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1850</span> <a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">Punctation of Olmütz</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1850-1851</span> <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Conference_(1851)" title="Dresden Conference (1851)">Dresden Conference</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1862</span> <a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Iron_(speech)" title="Blood and Iron (speech)">"Blood and Iron" speech</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1864</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1866</span> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1870–1871</span> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1871</span> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Baron von Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Simson" title="Eduard von Simson">Eduard von Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Franz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Bassermann" title="Friedrich Daniel Bassermann">Friedrich Daniel Bassermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_Beust" title="Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust">Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Gagern" title="Heinrich von Gagern">Heinrich von Gagern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John, King of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blum" title="Robert Blum">Robert Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_rivalry" title="Austro-Prussian rivalry">Austro-Prussian rivalry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein" title="Die Wacht am Rhein">Die Wacht am Rhein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Germany" title="Lesser Germany">Lesser Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Austria_proposal" title="Greater Austria proposal">Greater Austria proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question" title="Schleswig–Holstein question">Schleswig–Holstein question</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bitva u Hradce Králové (1866 : Hradec Králové, Česko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117614&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545971105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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