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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quest_tourism_alternative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Quest tourism alternative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quest_tourism_alternative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_Jewish_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_Jewish_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Virtual Jewish communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_Jewish_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tourism around destinations associated with The Holocaust</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg/260px-Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg/390px-Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg/520px-Auschwitz-birkenau-main_track.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Main track of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Permanent exhibit at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Holocaust tourism</b> is <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> to destinations connected with the extermination of Jews during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in World War II, including visits to sites of Jewish martyrology such as former <a href="/wiki/Nazi_death_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi death camps">Nazi death camps</a> and concentration camps turned into state museums.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwabe2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwabe2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to a category of the so-called 'roots tourism' usually across parts of Central Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Qureshi2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qureshi2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, more generally, the Western-style <a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">dark tourism</a> to sites of death and disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Rami_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rami-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, first used in the late 1950s, was derived from the Greek word <i>holokauston</i> meaning a completely burnt offering to God. It has come to symbolize the systematic extermination of approximately six million European Jews by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied territories</a> from 1933 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-hmh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also be applied to mean the estimated five to seven million non-Jewish victims who were murdered by the Nazis in the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedlander_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedlander-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dark_tourism_spectrum">Dark tourism spectrum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dark tourism spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'dark tourism' was first coined in 1996. According to P. R. Stone, there is a <i>dark tourism spectrum</i>, which differentiates between the shades of the dark tourism:<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table style="width:50%; margin-right:auto; border:none; border-spacing:7px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#000000"><div style="color:#ffffff">darkest</div> </td> <td style="background:#696969"><div style="color:#f6f6f6">darker</div> </td> <td style="background:#808080"><div style="color:#f3f3f3">dark</div> </td> <td style="background:#A9A9A9">light </td> <td style="background:#C0C0C0">lighter </td> <td style="background:#D3D3D3">lightest </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The spectrum aids in identifying the intensity of both the framework of supply and the consumption. The darkest tourism is characterized by the following elements: education orientation, historic background, location authenticity in terms of relics (non-purposefulness), and limited tourism <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. The objects of lightest tourism have mostly opposite features: entertainment orientation, commercial centralization, inauthenticity, commercial purposefulness, and higher level of tourism infrastructure. Professor William F. S. Miles stipulates that death and violent events – transmitted between generations through survivors and witnesses – are darker than other events. Miles also notes that the level of darkness of a tourist destination may partially depend on the family background of the prospective tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stone distinguishes seven dark suppliers, which create the dark tourism product and experience. The model of seven dark suppliers demonstrate dark tourism as multi-faceted phenomenon, with the extermination camp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> conceivably the darkest in terms of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dark Camps of Genocide are sites where genocide and violence were actually perpetrated. All such sites belong to this category. Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi death camps in World War II, and is at the top of this list. Holocaust sites usually depend on government's sponsorship. Among the seven dark suppliers are also war sites and battlefields (Dark Conflict Sites), places of remembrances (Dark Shrines), cemeteries of famous people (Dark Resting Places), prisons and courthouses (Dark Dungeons), exhibits associated with death and suffering (Dark Exhibitions), and finally, the tourist sites which emphasize entertainment (Dark Fun Factories).<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postmemory_and_Jewish_identity">Postmemory and Jewish identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Postmemory and Jewish identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">Heritage tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witnesses_in_Uniform" title="Witnesses in Uniform">Witnesses in Uniform</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg/170px-March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg/255px-March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg/340px-March_of_the_living-from-auschwitz-to-birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>March of the living from Auschwitz to Birkenau</figcaption></figure> <p>Holocaust tourism sites are related to 'postmemory' as well as cultural identity, with postmemory being an important element in the motivations of Holocaust tourists. Marianne Hirsch defines it in the following way. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Postmemory characterizes the experience of those who grow up dominated by narratives that preceded their birth, whose own belated stories are evacuated by the stories of the previous generation shaped by traumatic events that can be neither understood nor recreated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Postmemory is an interrelation between survivors, and post-Holocaust generations of Jews, to save and transmit the Holocaust experience. The first studies regarding the second generation began to appear in the 1970s. For example, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Epstein" title="Helen Epstein">Helen Epstein</a>'s 1979 book <i>Children of the Holocaust: Conversations with Sons and Daughters of Survivors</i> consists of interviews with survivors' children from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some survivors' children's identities are dependent on their parents' Holocaust experience. The Jewish visits to Holocaust sites are often efforts to explore the origins of their identity. <a href="/wiki/Erica_Lehrer" title="Erica Lehrer">Erica Lehrer</a> considers this <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a> quest as "a way to step into the flow of family, community, and history from which one feels displaced".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jewish tours are made to establish a connection of survivors and second generation with an unknown place and or identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Central_Europe">In Central Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/300px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/450px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/600px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Holocaust map of Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Communist rule in Poland</a>, the country had become a popular destination for Jewish heritage travels.<sup id="cite_ref-Qureshi2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qureshi2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though many of the tourists have no direct experience of the Holocaust, many Holocaust tours visit authentic Holocaust sites, such as cemeteries and crematoria. Two principal destinations of Holocaust tourism are Poland and Israel. The relationship between those two countries in Holocaust tourism was best illustrated by the anthropologist Jack Kugelmass who employed a 'performance approach' to the Shoa group missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman20_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The trip is orchestrated so as to minimize contact with modern Poland and instil a negative sense of place. The death camps serve as condensation symbols for the entire Jewish past. By identifying with the Shoa dead, the participants seek to reaffirm their own vulnerability ... as opposed to their privileged position as Jews in American society, while pledging to resist assimilation. The trips inevitably end in Israel, mythicized as 'the Jewish future.'</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J. Feldman, <i>Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Feldman20_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Israel, the <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a> (MOTL) was established in 1988, which organizes Holocaust tours for teenagers. Annually, MOTL sends thousands of young people from more than fifty countries to Poland and Israel. Poland is one of the countries most visited by Holocaust tourists due to the number of <a href="/wiki/Death_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camp">death camps</a> in Poland. Prior to World War II, Poland had the largest Jewish community in Europe, of which <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">over three million (90%) were murdered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death and labor camps were built in Central Europe by the German occupational authorities in the late 1930s and early 1940s, many of them in Poland, of which <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> was the first and largest. In the period between 1941 and 1944 other death camps were established by the Reich in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> including <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>); <a href="/wiki/Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkenau">Birkenau</a> (in Brzezinka); <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> (near the village of Treblinka); <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a> (south-east of Lublin); <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a> (near the village of Sobibor); <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno">Chełmno</a> (near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem).<sup id="cite_ref-Cherry_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_view">Critical view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holocaust tourism, despite its short existence, has come under criticism. Polish journalist and Jewish activist <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Gebert" title="Konstanty Gebert">Konstanty Gebert</a> noted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People tend to forget that the important thing about Polish Jews is not that they waited 900 years for the Germans to come and kill them, but that they actually did something for those 900 years.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Konstanty Gebert, <i>Living in the Land of Ashes</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Museum_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Anthropologist Jack Kugelmass wrote that the American trips to Poland, sponsored by the Israeli Ministry of Education, promote death rather than life, because the Holocaust sites allow for a strong emotional appeal to a mythologised identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman20_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the same token, the propagandist messages imposed by the organizers upon students participating in the Shoah voyages are nationalistic rather than universalistic, and inevitably, impact on their empathy toward the Palestinians as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman20_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criticism of the Shoah group missions by the <i>Israeli News and Opinion</i> had focused on its economic aspect, with individual members calling for a generalized boycott of Poland's Holocaust-related sites. In order to stop the infusion of tourism monies,<sup id="cite_ref-TM32_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prominent Rabbis advocated that Jews refrain from going to Poland even if they wished to participate only in the official March of the Living.<sup id="cite_ref-TM32_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These types of [forum] posts indicate that many Jews are willing to sacrifice the benefits of touring historic sites in order to restore lost equity and potentially retaliate against entire nations and their citizens, sixty years after a particular event ... Further, these attempts were often found to be undertaken by people who were not directly involved in the inequitable event, but who experienced the effects of victimization indirectly.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J. S. Podoshen, J. M. Hunt <sup id="cite_ref-TM32_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quest_tourism_alternative">Quest tourism alternative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quest tourism alternative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quest tourism, or the 'roots tourism',<sup id="cite_ref-Qureshi2011_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qureshi2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of cultural and ethnographic tourism focused on Jewish heritage and their extermination as a historical tragedy. This term was first used by E. Lehrer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is different from Holocaust tourism because of its orientation to the tragic aspect of Jewish Heritage. Quest tourists have specific motivations and may be characterized by the following features: </p> <ol><li>they are, as a rule, descendants of Holocaust survivors;</li> <li>they travel individually or with close friends and family;</li> <li>they are highly interested in travel;</li> <li>they possess strong postmemory;</li> <li>their goal is to reveal the story and overcome the communal ideology.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtual_Jewish_communities">Virtual Jewish communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Virtual Jewish communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three communities on the internet in which Jewish-related concerns and news are disseminated, particularly regarding Holocaust tourism in Germany and across Central Europe. As described by J. S. Podoshen and J. M. Hunt they are: </p> <ol><li>Jewish Current Events. A primarily North American and Israeli forum with thousands of postings concerning world events, as well as Jewish-related news from global Jewish periodicals.</li> <li>Religious Judaism. A community of over four thousands American orthodox and conservative Jews, whose main interest is Judaism and its spread throughout the world. The community is subdivided into groups based on geographic areas. The group has published over one million posts, and according to the community's archive, the Holocaust in relation to tourism is one of the most discussed topics.</li> <li>Israeli News and Opinion. A site made up of Jews living in and near Israel, which discusses news from popular Israeli and Jewish press sources.<sup id="cite_ref-TM32_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schwabe2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwabe2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwabe2005" class="citation news cs1">Schwabe, Alexander (January 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/holocaust-tourism-visiting-auschwitz-the-factory-of-death-a-338815.html">"Holocaust Tourism: Visiting Auschwitz, the Factory of Death"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. Hamburg, Germany<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>The tourist hotels of Krakow lie just one hour away from the world's most horrid place: Auschwitz. Close to 600,000 visitors come to the death camp every year. Among them are former prisoners, religious Jews and descendants of the dead. For everyone, it is a trip laced with pain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Tourism%3A+Visiting+Auschwitz%2C+the+Factory+of+Death&rft.date=2005-01-27&rft.aulast=Schwabe&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fholocaust-tourism-visiting-auschwitz-the-factory-of-death-a-338815.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qureshi2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qureshi2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qureshi2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qureshi2011_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshi2011" class="citation web cs1">Qureshi, Yasmin (July 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondoweiss.net/2011/07/holocaust-memories-and-roots-tourism-in-eastern-europe">"Holocaust memories and 'roots tourism' in Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>Mondoweiss</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mondoweiss&rft.atitle=Holocaust+memories+and+%27roots+tourism%27+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondoweiss.net%2F2011%2F07%2Fholocaust-memories-and-roots-tourism-in-eastern-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rami-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rami_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacÇakmak2013" class="citation journal cs1">Isaac, Rami Khalil; Çakmak, Erdinç (2013). "Understanding visitor's motivation at sites of death and disaster: the case of former transit camp Westerbork, the Netherlands". <i>Current Issues in Tourism</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13683500.2013.776021">10.1080/13683500.2013.776021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55027449">55027449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Tourism&rft.atitle=Understanding+visitor%27s+motivation+at+sites+of+death+and+disaster%3A+the+case+of+former+transit+camp+Westerbork%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13683500.2013.776021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55027449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Rami+Khalil&rft.au=%C3%87akmak%2C+Erdin%C3%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hmh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hmh_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holocaust museum Houston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmh.org/ed_glossary.shtml#h">Terms Related to the Holocaust.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701130045/http://www.hmh.org/ed_glossary.shtml#h">Archived</a> 2017-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved August 11, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedlander-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedlander_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander1995" class="citation book cs1">Friedlander, Henry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC&q=million"><i>The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4675-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Nazi+Genocide%3A+From+Euthanasia+to+the+Final+Solution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4675-9&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqLDEKVk2nMC%26q%3Dmillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.R. Stone. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=philip_stone">A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibition.</a></i> (PDF file, direct download 252 KB), Vol. 54, No. 2, 2006, pp. 148, 151 (5-8/17 in PDF). From: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/philip_stone/doctype.html">Selected Works of Dr. Philip Stone</a>. University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved 12 August 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirsch, Marianne. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRt3E0nfuo4C">Family Frames: Photography, Narrative and Postmemory</a></i>. New York: CreateSpace, 2012, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2008_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Epstein (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6w7PgAACAAJ">Children of the Holocaust: Conversations With Sons and Daughters of Survivors.</a> Paw Prints, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1439512388" title="Special:BookSources/1439512388">1439512388</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehrer, Erica T. <i>Jewish Poland Revisited: Heritage Tourism in Unquiet Places</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman20-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman20_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman20_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman20_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman20_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackie_Feldman2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackie Feldman (2010) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvY1TPRbAboC&q=%22symbols+for+the+entire+Jewish+past%22"><i>Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag: Youth Voyages to Poland and the Performance of the Israeli National Identity</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-387-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-387-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Above+the+Death+Pits%2C+Beneath+the+Flag%3A+Youth+Voyages+to+Poland+and+the+Performance+of+the+Israeli+National+Identity&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-387-7&rft.au=Jackie+Feldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvY1TPRbAboC%26q%3D%2522symbols%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bentire%2BJewish%2Bpast%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&dq=Trawniki&pg=PA217"><i>Poland's Holocaust</i></a>. McFarland. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2913-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2913-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2913-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBbnrEMswbUC%26dq%3DTrawniki%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cherry-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cherry_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Cherry" title="Robert D. Cherry">Robert D. Cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annamaria_Orla-Bukowska" title="Annamaria Orla-Bukowska">Annamaria Orla-Bukowska</a>, <i>Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4666-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4666-7">0-7425-4666-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&pg=PA5">Google Print, p. 5.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Museum_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksandra Jankowska, Simone Müller-Pohl, Ella Street, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/116-a-kosher-shrimp-the-new-museum-in-the-context-of-holocaust-tourism-in-poland">A Kosher Shrimp? The New Museum in the Context of Holocaust Tourism in Poland.</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanity_in_Action" title="Humanity in Action">Humanity in Action</a>, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM32-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TM32_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM32_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM32_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM32_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_S._PodoshenJames_M._Hunt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffrey S. Podoshen; James M. Hunt (15 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hist1150-w12.wikispaces.com/file/detail/Tourism%20Article.pdf">"Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Methodology (3). Tourism Management 32/2011. 1335 (4-5/11 in PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517711000100">OA access article feed</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>Hunt and Kernan (1991) mention that those who have been the victims of distressing events are likely to cognitively restructure inputs, or outcomes, associated with specific activities surrounding the event itself. Therefore, the perceptions of victims in terms of antecedents and or consequences of particular events may not reflect reality. Consequently, retaliatory consumption practices that look to restore lost equity may indeed be misdirected, thereby punishing a harm doer that doesn't exist in physical reality, based on the accessibility of some factors and the discounting of others.<sup>[p. 7 in PDF]</sup></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Equity+restoration%2C+the+Holocaust+and+tourism+of+sacred+sites&rft.pages=1335+%284-5%2F11+in+PDF%29&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft.au=Jeffrey+S.+Podoshen&rft.au=James+M.+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhist1150-w12.wikispaces.com%2Ffile%2Fdetail%2FTourism%2520Article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+tourism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish Poland Revisited: Heritage Tourism in Unquiet Places</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Erica Lehrer. <i>The Quest: Scratching the Heart // Poland Revisited.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013; pp. 91–122.</li> <li>E. Jilovsky. <i>Recreating Postmemory? Children of Holocaust Survivors and the Journey to Auschwitz.</i> Monash University, 2008; pp. 145–162.</li> <li>P. R. Stone. <i>A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibition.</i> Vol. 54, No. 2, 2006; pp. 145–160.</li> <li>A. Jankowska, S. Müller-Pohl, E. Street. "A Kosher Shrimp? The New Museum in the Context of Holocaust Tourism in Poland." <i>Humanity in Action</i>, Poland, 2008.</li> <li>C. Aviv, D. Shneer. <i>New Jews: The end of the Jewish Diaspora.</i> New York University, 2005; pp. 215.</li> <li>J.S. Podoshen, J.M. Hunt. <i>Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites.</i> Elsevier, 2011; pp. 1332– 1342.</li> <li>W.Miles. <i>Auschwitz: Museum Interpretation and Darker Tourism.</i> USA, 2002; pp. 1175–1178.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311151414/http://www.krakow.tourism.pl/jewish-heritage/index.html">Jewish Heritage Tours</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandjewishheritagetours.com/krakow_media.php">Poland Jewish Heritage Tours</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006127">Quest for family</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishcurrents.org">Jewish currents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovercracow.eu/tours/details/id/795766/back/all_tours">Auschwitz Birkenau and Memorial Museum Guided Tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org">Orthodox Judaism - The Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/opinion">Israeli News and Opinion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/27/the-word-holocaust-history-and-meaning_n_1229043.html">History and meaning of the world "Holocaust"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmh.org/la_holocaust_terms.shtml">Vocabulary terms related to the Holocaust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701124009/http://www.hmh.org/la_holocaust_terms.shtml">Archived</a> 2017-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_tourism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>T. Richmond, <i>Konin: One Man's Quest for a Vanished Jewish Community.</i> Vintage, 1996; 572 pp.</li> <li>H. Epstein, <i>Children of the Holocaust: conversations with sons and daughters of survivors.</i> Putnam, 1979; 348 pp.</li> <li>J. Benstock, Film documentary "The Holocaust Tourism". UK, 2005.</li> <li>T.P. Thurnell-Read, "Engaging Auschwitz: an analysis of young travellers' experiences of Holocaust Tourism." <i>Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice</i>, 2009. V.1. No.1; pp. 26–52. ISSN 1757-031X.</li> <li>J.Feldman, <i>Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag.</i> Britain, 2008; 95 pp.</li> <li>Werdler, K. (2013), "Dark tourism and place identity: managing and interpreting dark places." <i>Journal of Heritage Tourism</i>, (ahead-of-print), 1–3.</li> <li>Gnoth, J., & Matteucci, X. (2014), "A phenomenological view of the behavioural tourism research literature." <i>International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research</i>, 8(1), 3-21.</li> <li>Potts, T. J. (2012), "Dark tourism'and the 'kitschification'of 9/11." <i>Tourist Studies</i>, 12(3), 232–249.</li> <li>Wilson, J. Z. (2008), <i>Prison: Cultural memory and dark tourism.</i> Peter Lang.</li> <li>Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2011), <i>Heritage that hurts: Tourists in the memoryscapes of september 11</i> (Vol. 4). Left Coast Press.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism" title="Template:Tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism" title="Template talk:Tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_tourism" title="Category:Types of tourism">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agritourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_tourism" title="Alternative tourism">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_tourism" title="Atomic tourism">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">Beachgoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_tourism" title="Business tourism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_tourism" title="Culinary tourism">Culinary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enotourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotourism">Enotourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_tourism" title="Archaeological tourism">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_tourism" title="Film tourism">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_tourism" title="Literary tourism">Literary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookstore_tourism" title="Bookstore tourism">Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_tourism" title="Tolkien tourism">Tolkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tourism" title="Music tourism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_tourism" title="Disaster tourism">Disaster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_tourism" title="War tourism">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_travel" title="Experiential travel">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_tourism" title="Extreme tourism">Extreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_tourism" title="Fashion tourism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_tourism" title="Genealogy tourism">Genealogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_tourism" title="Identity tourism">Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotourism" title="Geotourism">Geotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_tourism" title="Industrial tourism">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_tourism" title="International tourism">International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_volunteering" title="International volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_tourism" title="Justice tourism">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT tourism">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MICE_tourism" title="MICE tourism">MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_tourism" title="Nautical tourism">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage_tourism" title="Orphanage tourism">Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Recreational drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tourism" title="Red tourism">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tourism" title="Christian tourism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_tourism" title="Halal tourism">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_tourism" title="Science tourism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_tourism" title="Sensory tourism">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tourism" title="Smart tourism">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Lunar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_tourism" title="Sports tourism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_tourism" title="Urban tourism">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_friends_and_relatives" title="Visiting friends and relatives">Visiting friends and relatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_tourism" title="Wellness tourism">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">Bed and breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutique_hotel" title="Boutique hotel">Boutique hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">Convention center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_spa" title="Destination spa">Destination spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">Front desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_house" title="Guest house">Guest house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuhotel" title="Heuhotel">Heuhotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_management_studies" title="Hospitality management studies">Hospitality management studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">Hostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_manager" title="Hotel manager">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_(lodging)" title="Pension (lodging)">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referral_chain" title="Referral chain">Referral chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">Resort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resort_hotel" title="Resort hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_island" title="Resort island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_tour" title="College tour">College tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Convention (meeting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_marketing_organization" title="Destination marketing organization">Destination marketing organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorted_tour" title="Escorted tour">Escorted tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursion" title="Excursion">Excursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_tour" title="Factory tour">Factory tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">Gift shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_planner" title="Journey planner">Journey planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tour" title="Package tour">Package tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_traveler" title="Perpetual traveler">Perpetual traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_trip" title="Road trip">Road trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_attraction" title="Roadside attraction">Roadside attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">Souvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staycation" title="Staycation">Staycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_bus_service" title="Tour bus service">Tour bus service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_guide" title="Tour guide">Tour guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_operator" title="Tour operator">Tour operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_region" title="Tourism region">Tourism region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">Tourist attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_gateway" title="Tourist gateway">Tourist gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_trap" title="Tourist trap">Tourist trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touron" title="Touron">Touron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_behavior" title="Travel behavior">Travel behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_survey" title="Travel survey">Travel survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_technology" title="Travel technology">Travel technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_warning" title="Travel warning">Travel warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation" title="Vacation">Vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">Visitor center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_book" title="Guide book">Guide book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_journals" title="List of tourism journals">Tourism journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_travel_magazines" title="List of travel magazines">Travel magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bus_Association" title="American Bus Association">American Bus Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_and_Lodging_Association" title="American Hotel and Lodging Association">American Hotel and Lodging Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_%26_Lodging_Educational_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute">American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST_Education_Network" title="BEST Education Network">BEST Education Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Tourism_Organization" title="Caribbean Tourism Organization">Caribbean Tourism Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Travel_Commission" title="European Travel Commission">European Travel Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Archive_on_Tourism" title="Historical Archive on Tourism">Historical Archive on Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Beyond_Tourism" title="Life Beyond Tourism">Life Beyond Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musement" title="Musement">Musement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia_Travel_Association" title="Pacific Asia Travel Association">Pacific Asia Travel Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Tourism_Organisation" title="South-East Asian Tourism Organisation">South-East Asian Tourism Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_Radio" title="Tourism Radio">Tourism Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIJET" title="FIJET">World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">World Tourism rankings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_Monitor" title="World Travel Monitor">World Travel Monitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">Trade fairs</a> and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwaaba_African_Travel_Market" title="Akwaaba African Travel Market">Akwaaba African Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Travel_Market" title="Arabian Travel Market">Arabian Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_of_the_Kings" title="Cruise of the Kings">Cruise of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_del_Viaggio" title="Festival del Viaggio">Festival del Viaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFEMA" title="IFEMA">FITUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITB_Berlin" title="ITB Berlin">ITB Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Day" title="World Tourism Day">World Tourism Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Impacts of tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakage_effect" title="Leakage effect">Leakage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">Overtourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_improvement_district" title="Tourism improvement district">Tourism improvement district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_tourisms" title="List of adjectival tourisms">Adjectival tourisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tourist_attractions" title="Lists of tourist attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_tourism" title="Bibliography of tourism">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casino_hotels" title="List of casino hotels">Casino hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos" title="List of casinos">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">Cities by international visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convention_and_exhibition_centers" title="List of convention and exhibition centers">Convention and exhibition centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruise_lines" title="List of cruise lines">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_hotels" title="List of lists of hotels">Hotels</a> <ul><li><a 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