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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists'_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists'_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Artists' protest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists'_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inauguration_and_the_1889_exposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration_and_the_1889_exposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Inauguration and the 1889 exposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration_and_the_1889_exposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_and_weather_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_and_weather_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wind and weather considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_and_weather_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Floors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ground floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>1st floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>2nd floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3rd_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>3rd floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engraved_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engraved_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Engraved names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engraved_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FM_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FM_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>FM radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FM_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Digital television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dimensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Height_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Height changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taller_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taller_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Taller structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taller_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taller structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taller_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lattice_towers_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lattice_towers_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lattice_towers_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structures_in_France_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structures_in_France_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structures_in_France_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illumination_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illumination_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Illumination copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illumination_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Replicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eiffel Tower</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltoring" title="Eiffeltoring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eiffeltoring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelturm" title="Eiffelturm – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eiffelturm" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%88%E1%88%8D" title="ቱር ኤፈል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱር ኤፈል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Torr" title="Eiffel Torr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eiffel Torr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84" title="برج إيفل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج إيفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A8" title="Էյֆելի աշտարակը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էյֆելի աշտարակը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="আইফেল টাৱাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আইফেল টাৱাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_%C3%93ga_tuicha" title="Eiffel Óga tuicha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eiffel Óga tuicha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyfel_q%C3%BCll%C9%99si" title="Eyfel qülləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eyfel qülləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88" title="ایفل بورجو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایفل بورجو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Eiffel" title="Menara Eiffel – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Menara Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আইফেল টাওয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইফেল টাওয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Eiffel" title="Menara Eiffel – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Menara Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Thah" title="Eiffel Thah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eiffel Thah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Эйфель башняһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эйфель башняһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Эйфелева вежа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эйфелева вежа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Эйфэлева вежа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эйфэлева вежа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Айфелова кула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айфелова кула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelov_toranj" title="Eiffelov toranj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eiffelov toranj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Eiffel" title="Tour Eiffel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tour Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Эйфел турулĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эйфел турулĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eiffel Tower" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelova_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Eiffelova věž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eiffelova věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B5r_Eiffel" title="Tŵr Eiffel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŵr Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelt%C3%A5rnet" title="Eiffeltårnet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eiffeltårnet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel-toardna" title="Eiffel-toardna – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eiffel-toardna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelturm" title="Eiffelturm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eiffelturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8A%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%83" title="އެއިފެލް ޓަވަރ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެއިފެލް ޓަވަރ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelowy_torm" title="Eiffelowy torm – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eiffelowy torm" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeli_torn" title="Eiffeli torn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eiffeli torn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Πύργος του Άιφελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύργος του Άιφελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel-Turo" title="Eiffel-Turo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eiffel-Turo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_dorrea" title="Eiffel dorrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eiffel dorrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84" title="برج ایفل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج ایفل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Eiffel Tower" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltorni%C3%B0" title="Eiffeltornið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eiffeltornið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Eiffel" title="Tour Eiffel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltoer" title="Eiffeltoer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eiffeltoer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAr_Eiffel" title="Túr Eiffel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túr Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9r_Eiffel" title="Tùr Eiffel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tùr Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0" title="ઍફીલ ટાવર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઍફીલ ટાવર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%BB_%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌰𐌹𐌾𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌻 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐌾𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌻 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Eiffel Tower" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Thiet-thap" title="Eiffel Thiet-thap – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Eiffel Thiet-thap" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8E%A0%ED%83%91" title="에펠탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에펠탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Eiffel Tower" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Էյֆելյան աշտարակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էյֆելյան աշտարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="एफिल टॉवर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एफिल टॉवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelowa_w%C4%9B%C5%BEa" title="Eiffelowa wěža – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eiffelowa wěža" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelov_toranj" title="Eiffelov toranj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eiffelov toranj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmo_Eiffel" title="Turmo Eiffel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turmo Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Eiffel" title="Menara Eiffel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turre_Eiffel" title="Turre Eiffel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivaum_Igluqpa%C5%8Ba" title="Aivaum Igluqpaŋa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aivaum Igluqpaŋa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelturninn" title="Eiffelturninn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eiffelturninn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="מגדל אייפל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדל אייפל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Eiffel" title="Menara Eiffel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Menara Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tilimiye_S%C9%94s%C9%94%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Eiffel Tilimiye Sɔsɔɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eiffel Tilimiye Sɔsɔɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0" title="ಐಫೆಲ್ ಗೋಪುರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಫೆಲ್ ಗೋಪುರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ეიფელის კოშკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეიფელის კოშკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="اَیفل ٹاوَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَیفل ٹاوَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Эйфель мұнарасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эйфель мұнарасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Eiffel" title="Tour Eiffel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tour Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnara_wa_Eiffel" title="Mnara wa Eiffel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnara wa Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_rasek" title="Eiffel rasek – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Eiffel rasek" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tou_Eiffel" title="Tou Eiffel – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tou Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birca_Eiffel" title="Birca Eiffel – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Birca Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Эйфель мунарасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эйфель мунарасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AB%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%99" title="ຫໍແອບແຟນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຫໍແອບແຟນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_Eiffeliana" title="Turris Eiffeliana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turris Eiffeliana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eife%C4%BCa_tornis" title="Eifeļa tornis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eifeļa tornis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltuerm" title="Eiffeltuerm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eiffeltuerm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifelio_bok%C5%A1tas" title="Eifelio bokštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eifelio bokštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4re_Eiffel" title="Tôre Eiffel – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tôre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltaore" title="Eiffeltaore – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eiffeltaore" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_de_Eiffel" title="Tore de Eiffel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tore de Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Eif%C3%A8l" title="Tur Eifèl – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tur Eifèl" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel-torony" title="Eiffel-torony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eiffel-torony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="आइफिल टावर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आइफिल टावर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ајфелова кула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајфелова кула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഈഫൽ ഗോപുരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈഫൽ ഗോപുരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_Eiffel" title="Torri Eiffel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Torri Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="आयफेल टॉवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयफेल टॉवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ეიფელიშ ჸორში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეიფელიშ ჸორში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برج ايفيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برج ايفيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ایفل برج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایفل برج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Eiffel" title="Menara Eiffel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Эйфелийн цамхаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эйфелийн цамхаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အီဖယ်လ် မျှော်စင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဖယ်လ် မျှော်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltoren" title="Eiffeltoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiffeltoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltoorne" title="Eiffeltoorne – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eiffeltoorne" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="इफेल टावर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इफेल टावर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="आइफेल टावर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आइफेल टावर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E5%A1%94" title="エッフェル塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エッフェル塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Эйфелин бӀов – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эйфелин бӀов" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelt%C3%A5rnet" title="Eiffeltårnet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eiffeltårnet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelt%C3%A5rnet" title="Eiffeltårnet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eiffeltårnet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_minorasi" title="Eiffel minorasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eiffel minorasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਆਈਫ਼ਲ ਟਾਵਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਫ਼ਲ ਟਾਵਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آئیفل ٹاور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیفل ٹاور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84_%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایفل ټاور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایفل ټاور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B" title="ប៉មតួអេហ្វែល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៉មតួអេហ្វែល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Eiffel" title="Tour Eiffel – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tour Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Eiffel" title="Tor Eiffel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tor Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/vatjuljayan_a_papukakeljanganan" title="vatjuljayan a papukakeljanganan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="vatjuljayan a papukakeljanganan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltoorn" title="Eiffeltoorn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eiffeltoorn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie%C5%BCa_Eiffla" title="Wieża Eiffla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieża Eiffla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel" title="Torre Eiffel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyfel" title="Eyfel – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Eyfel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyfel_qullesi" title="Eyfel qullesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Eyfel qullesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnul_Eiffel" title="Turnul Eiffel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turnul Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_d%27Eiffel" title="Tur d'Eiffel – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tur d'Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Еффельова турня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еффельова турня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Эйфелева башня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйфелева башня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Эйфель талата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эйфель талата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Touer" title="Eiffel Touer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eiffel Touer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltouden" title="Eiffeltouden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Eiffeltouden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulla_Eiffel" title="Kulla Eiffel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kulla Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turri_Eiffel" title="Turri Eiffel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turri Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%86%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB" title="අයිෆල් කුළුණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයිෆල් කුළුණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eiffel Tower" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelova_ve%C5%BEa" title="Eiffelova veža – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eiffelova veža" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifflov_stolp" title="Eifflov stolp – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eifflov stolp" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie%C5%BCa_%C3%B4d_Eiffla" title="Wieża ôd Eiffla – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wieża ôd Eiffla" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8E%D9%84" title="بورجی ئیفێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بورجی ئیفێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ајфелова кула – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајфелова кула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffelov_toranj" title="Eiffelov toranj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eiffelov toranj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munara_Eiffel" title="Munara Eiffel – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Munara Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel-torni" title="Eiffel-torni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eiffel-torni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffeltornet" title="Eiffeltornet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eiffeltornet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toreng_Eiffel" title="Toreng Eiffel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Toreng Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈபெல் கோபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈபெல் கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrj_n_Yifil" title="Albrj n Yifil – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Albrj n Yifil" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lber%C7%A7_n_Eiffel" title="Lberǧ n Eiffel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lberǧ n Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Эйфель манарасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эйфель манарасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఈఫిల్ టవర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈఫిల్ టవర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5" title="หอไอเฟล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอไอเฟล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бурҷи Эйфел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бурҷи Эйфел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyfel_Kulesi" title="Eyfel Kulesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eyfel Kulesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tour_Eiffel" title="La Tour Eiffel – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="La Tour Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Ейфелева вежа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ейфелева вежа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایفل ٹاور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایفل ٹاور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Eiffel" title="Tor Eiffel – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tor Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifelin_%C4%8Duhunduz" title="Eifelin čuhunduz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Eifelin čuhunduz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_Eiffel" title="Tháp Eiffel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCm_hiela:_Eiffel" title="Tüm hiela: Eiffel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tüm hiela: Eiffel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieffelt%C3%B4orn" title="Ieffeltôorn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ieffeltôorn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eiffel_Tower&params=48_51_29.6_N_2_17_40.2_E_region:FR-75_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′29.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°17′40.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.858222°N 2.294500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.858222; 2.294500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the landmark in Paris, France. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eiffel Tower (disambiguation)">Eiffel Tower (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"300-metre tower" and "Tour Eiffel" redirect here. For other tall towers, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">List of tallest towers</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tour_Eiffel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tour Eiffel (disambiguation)">Tour Eiffel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Eiffel Tower</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:120%"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tour Eiffel</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="4830" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">Seen from the <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="16" data-overlays="["_42ef20d925165a1b038e20fa371d69e76ee4ab56"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,16,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Eiffel_Tower&revid=1259096918&groups=_42ef20d925165a1b038e20fa371d69e76ee4ab56" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,16,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Eiffel_Tower&revid=1259096918&groups=_42ef20d925165a1b038e20fa371d69e76ee4ab56 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Record height</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_talleststatus"><a href="#endnote_talleststatus">[I]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surpassed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Observation tower<br />Broadcasting tower</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="7th arrondissement of Paris">7th arrondissement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eiffel_Tower&params=48_51_29.6_N_2_17_40.2_E_region:FR-75_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′29.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°17′40.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.858222°N 2.294500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.858222; 2.294500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 1887<span class="noprint">; 137 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">28 January 1887</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1889<span class="noprint">; 135 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">31 March 1889</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Bachman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening</th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 1889<span class="noprint">; 135 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">15 May 1889</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Bachman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">City of Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel</i></span> (SETE)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Height</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural</th><td class="infobox-data">300 m (984 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-CTBUH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTBUH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tip</th><td class="infobox-data">330 m (1,083 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Top floor</th><td class="infobox-data">276 m (906 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-CTBUH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTBUH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor count</th><td class="infobox-data">4 (3 accessible, 1 residual)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lifts/elevators</th><td class="infobox-data">8<sup id="cite_ref-Emporis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emporis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sauvestre" title="Stephen Sauvestre">Stephen Sauvestre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Structural engineer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Koechlin" title="Maurice Koechlin">Maurice Koechlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Nouguier" title="Émile Nouguier">Émile Nouguier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toureiffel.paris/en">toureiffel<wbr />.paris<wbr />/en</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">References</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">I. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_talleststatus"><b><a href="#ref_talleststatus">^</a></b></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422170104/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508">"Eiffel Tower"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a></i>. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emporis&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuildings%2F110508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris,_Banks_of_the_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, Banks of the Seine">Paris, Banks of the Seine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600">600</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1991 (15th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eiffel Tower</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0b\/En-us-Eiffel.oga\/En-us-Eiffel.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Eiffel.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/En-us-Eiffel.oga/En-us-Eiffel.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Eiffel.oga" title="File:En-us-Eiffel.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EYE</span>-fəl</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Tour Eiffel</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tuʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛfɛl]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/eb\/Tour_Eiffel_Pronunciation.ogg\/Tour_Eiffel_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tour Eiffel Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Tour_Eiffel_Pronunciation.ogg/Tour_Eiffel_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Tour Eiffel Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Wrought-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrought-iron">wrought-iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Lattice_tower" title="Lattice tower">lattice tower</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France. It is named after the engineer <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a>, whose company designed and built the tower from 1887 to 1889. </p><p>Locally nicknamed "<i>La dame de fer</i>" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed as the centerpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">1889 World's Fair</a>, and to crown the centennial anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a> of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_figures_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_figures-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">monument historique</a></i></span> in 1964, and was named part of a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tower is 330 metres (1,083 ft) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region">tallest structure in Paris</a>. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_world#Timeline_of_world's_tallest_freestanding_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest freestanding structures in the world">tallest human-made structure</a> in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Aerial_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial (radio)">aerial</a> at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_France" title="List of tallest structures in France">second tallest free-standing structure in France</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a>. </p><p>The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground—the highest <a href="/wiki/Observation_deck" title="Observation deck">observation deck</a> accessible to the public in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">lift</a> to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second, making the entire ascent a 600 step climb. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift. On this top, third level is a private apartment built for Gustave Eiffel's personal use. He decorated it with furniture by Jean Lachaise and invited friends such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <p>The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Koechlin" title="Maurice Koechlin">Maurice Koechlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Nouguier" title="Émile Nouguier">Émile Nouguier</a>, two senior engineers working for the <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel</a>. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">1889 Exposition Universelle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a> to celebrate the centennial of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a> at regular intervals".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sauvestre" title="Stephen Sauvestre">Stephen Sauvestre</a>, the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg/170px-Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg/255px-Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg/340px-Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Cygnes#Statue_of_Liberty_replica" title="Île aux Cygnes">Statue of Liberty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendôme Column">Vendôme Column</a></figcaption></figure><p> The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société des Ingénieurs Civils</i></span>; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="text-align:justify"><p>[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<sup id="cite_ref-loyrette116_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loyrette116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Little progress was made until 1886, when <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a> was re-elected as president of France and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lockroy" title="Édouard Lockroy">Édouard Lockroy</a> was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-loyrette116_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loyrette116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a> toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A French bank, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Industriel_et_Commercial" title="Crédit Industriel et Commercial">Crédit Industriel et Commercial</a></i> (CIC), helped finance the construction of the Eiffel Tower. During the period of the tower's construction, the CIC was acquiring funds from <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">predatory loans</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Haiti" title="National Bank of Haiti">National Bank of Haiti</a>, some of which went towards the financing of the tower. These loans were connected to <a href="/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti indemnity controversy">an indemnity controversy</a> that saw France force Haiti's government to financially compensate French slaveowners for lost income as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, and required Haiti to pay the CIC and its partner nearly half of all taxes collected on exports, "effectively choking off the nation's primary source of income". According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, "[at] a time when the [CIC] was helping finance one of the world's best-known landmarks, the Eiffel Tower, as a monument to French liberty, it was choking Haiti's economy, taking much of the young nation's income back to Paris and impairing its ability to start schools, hospitals and the other building blocks of an independent country."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists'_protest"><span id="Artists.27_protest"></span>Artists' protest</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_Gustave_Eiffel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Caricature_Gustave_Eiffel.png/170px-Caricature_Gustave_Eiffel.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Caricature_Gustave_Eiffel.png 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" title="Le Temps (Paris)">Le Temps</a></i>, 14 February 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. Prior to the Eiffel Tower's construction, no structure had ever been constructed to a height of 300 m, or even 200 m for that matter,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many people believed it was impossible. These objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: a "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by the prominent architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a> and including some of the most important figures of the arts, such as <a href="/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau" title="William-Adolphe Bouguereau">William-Adolphe Bouguereau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>. A petition called "Artists against the Eiffel Tower" was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Alphand" title="Adolphe Alphand">Adolphe Alphand</a>, and it was published by <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" title="Le Temps (Paris)">Le Temps</a></i> on 14 February 1887: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="text-align:justify"><p>We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection<span class="nowrap"> </span>... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower<span class="nowrap"> </span>... To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years<span class="nowrap"> </span>... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Apollinaire_Calligramme.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guillaume_Apollinaire_Calligramme.JPG/170px-Guillaume_Apollinaire_Calligramme.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guillaume_Apollinaire_Calligramme.JPG/255px-Guillaume_Apollinaire_Calligramme.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Guillaume_Apollinaire_Calligramme.JPG 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>A 1918 <a href="/wiki/Calligram" title="Calligram">calligram</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Salut monde dont je suis la langue éloquente que sa bouche Ô Paris tire et tirera toujours aux allemands</i></span> ("Hello world, of which I am the eloquent tongue which your mouth, O Paris, will forever stick out at the Germans").</figcaption></figure> <p>Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"<sup id="cite_ref-Souriau_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Souriau-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, sardonically saying,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way. </p><p>Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel pointed out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: "Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony?"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built; others remained unconvinced.<sup id="cite_ref-times1_4_89_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times1_4_89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a> supposedly ate lunch in the tower's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonnes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonnes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower (a <a href="/wiki/Calligram" title="Calligram">calligram</a>) to express his feelings about the war against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Greet_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of <a href="/wiki/Structural_art" title="Structural art">structural art</a>, and is often featured in films and literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel,_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel%2C_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg/220px-Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel%2C_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel%2C_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg/330px-Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel%2C_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel%2C_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg/440px-Les_fondations_de_la_Tour_Eiffel%2C_ma%C3%A7onneries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a> of the Eiffel Tower, photographed in 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-origins_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, were more complicated: each slab needed two <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">piles</a> installed by using compressed-air <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissons</a> 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork. </p><p>Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">second of arc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of <a href="/wiki/Levallois-Perret" title="Levallois-Perret">Levallois-Perret</a> and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined using 2.5 million rivets.<sup id="cite_ref-origins_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, the legs were constructed as <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilevers</a>, but about halfway to the first level construction was paused to create a substantial timber <a href="/wiki/Scaffold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaffold">scaffold</a>. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple famous artists of that time, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils">Alexander Dumas</a>, thought poorly of the newly made tower. Charles Garnier thought it was a "truly tragic street lamp". Alexander Dumas said that it was like "Odius shadow of the odious column built of rivets and iron plates extending like a black blot". There were multiple protests over the style and the reasoning of placing it in the middle of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage, a small "creeper" <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-origins_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments to precisely align the legs; <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_(device)" title="Jack (device)">jacks</a> were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by <a href="/wiki/Sand_box_(civil_engineering)" title="Sand box (civil engineering)">sandboxes</a> on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on-site employees,<sup id="cite_ref-origins_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens, only one person died.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="18 July 1887: The start of the erection of the metalwork"><img alt="18 July 1887: The start of the erection of the metalwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG/231px-Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG/347px-Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG/462px-Construction_tour_eiffel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18 July 1887:<br />The start of the erection of the metalwork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="7 December 1887: Construction of the legs with scaffolding"><img alt="7 December 1887: Construction of the legs with scaffolding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG/234px-Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG/351px-Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG/467px-Construction_tour_eiffel2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">7 December 1887:<br />Construction of the legs with scaffolding</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="20 March 1888: Completion of the first level"><img alt="20 March 1888: Completion of the first level" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG/234px-Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG/351px-Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG/467px-Construction_tour_eiffel3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20 March 1888:<br />Completion of the first level</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="15 May 1888: Start of construction on the second stage"><img alt="15 May 1888: Start of construction on the second stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG/234px-Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG/352px-Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG/468px-Construction_tour_eiffel4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15 May 1888:<br />Start of construction on the second stage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="21 August 1888: Completion of the second level"><img alt="21 August 1888: Completion of the second level" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG/146px-Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG/219px-Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG/292px-Construction_tour_eiffel5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="nowrap">21 August 1888:</span><br />Completion of the second level</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="26 December 1888: Construction of the upper stage"><img alt="26 December 1888: Construction of the upper stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG/152px-Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG/229px-Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG/305px-Construction_tour_eiffel6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">26 December 1888:<br />Construction of the upper stage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="15 March 1889: Construction of the cupola"><img alt="15 March 1889: Construction of the cupola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG/141px-Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG/212px-Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG/282px-Construction_tour_eiffel7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="nowrap">15 March 1889:</span><br />Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration_and_the_1889_exposition">Inauguration and the 1889 exposition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg/220px-Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg/330px-Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg/440px-Exposition_Universelle_de_Paris_1889_-_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Darmstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6288" data-file-height="4432" /></a><figcaption>View of the 1889 World's Fair</figcaption></figure> <p>The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-times1_4_89_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times1_4_89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Illustré">Le Monde Illustré</a></i>, completed the ascent. At 2:35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Tricolour</a> to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired at the first level.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Exposition_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exposition-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_figures_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_figures-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg/170px-Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg/255px-Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg/340px-Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition; painted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Garen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Garen (page does not exist)">Georges Garen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Garen" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Garen">fr</a>]</span>, 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>On the second level, the French newspaper <i>Le Figaro</i> had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, <i>Le Figaro de la Tour</i>, was made.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffitists</a> were also catered for: sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described the collection of responses as "truly curious".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Famous visitors to the tower included the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cody" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cody">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a> (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Exposition_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exposition-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a>, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edison signed the <a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">guestbook</a> with this message: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="text-align:justify"><p>To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.</p></blockquote> <p>Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological observations</a>, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_events">Subsequent events</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/220px--Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Vue_Lumière_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l'ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_(1898).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_(1898).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">City of Paris</a>. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly <a href="/wiki/Radio_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio telegraphy">radio telegraphy</a>, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 <i>Exposition Universelle</i></a>, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_23-4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel_23-4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg/170px-Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg/255px-Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg/340px-Santos-Dumont_flight_around_the_Eiffel_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>Santos-Dumont No. 5; 13 July 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 October 1901, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a>, flying his <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_number_6" title="Santos-Dumont number 6">No.6</a> <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a>, won a 100,000-franc prize offered by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Deutsch_de_la_Meurthe" title="Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe">Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe</a> for the first person to make a flight from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">St. Cloud</a> to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Wulf" title="Theodor Wulf">Theodor Wulf</a> measured <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wulf_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulf-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichelt" title="Franz Reichelt">Franz Reichelt</a> died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> design.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a radio transmitter located in the tower <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jammed</a> German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman1994_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of <a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari" title="Mata Hari">Mata Hari</a>, the famous spy accused of working for Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg/170px-Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg/255px-Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg/340px-Delaunay_-_Tour_Eiffel.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>The Eiffel Tower has been a subject of art, as in this <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubist</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a> (1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Lustig" title="Victor Lustig">Victor Lustig</a> "sold" the tower for scrap metal.<sup id="cite_ref-Letcher2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letcher2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Gustave Eiffel by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bourdelle" title="Antoine Bourdelle">Antoine Bourdelle</a> was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, the tower lost the title of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_world#Timeline_of_world's_tallest_freestanding_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest freestanding structures in the world">world's tallest structure</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> in New York City was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_France_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Administration in France (Nazi Germany)">German occupation</a> of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">cut</a> by the French. The tower was restricted to German visitors during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Harriss_80_4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harriss_80_4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered <a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Choltitz" title="Dietrich von Choltitz">Dietrich von Choltitz</a>, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Este2003_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Este2003-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 August, before the Germans had been <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">driven out of Paris</a>, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine" title="Musée national de la Marine">French Naval Museum</a>, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Harriss_80_4_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harriss_80_4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top.<sup id="cite_ref-events_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-events-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.<sup id="cite_ref-official-website-lifts_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-website-lifts-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to interviews, in 1967, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Drapeau" title="Jean Drapeau">Jean Drapeau</a> negotiated a secret agreement with <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the <a href="/wiki/Le_Jules_Verne" title="Le Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">motive power</a> was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system.<sup id="cite_ref-official-website-lifts_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-website-lifts-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moriarty" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Moriarty">Robert Moriarty</a> flew a <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza" title="Beechcraft Bonanza">Beechcraft Bonanza</a> under the tower on 31 March 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/A._J._Hackett" title="A. J. Hackett">A. J. Hackett</a> made one of his first <a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">bungee jumps</a> from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg/220px-2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg/330px-2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg/440px-2013_Fireworks_on_Eiffel_Tower_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>The tower is the focal point for New Year's Eve and <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> (as in this image from 2013) celebrations.</figcaption></figure> <p>For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a> were installed on the tower. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome 2000 with a huge fireworks show. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.<sup id="cite_ref-allyouneed_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allyouneed-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors per year since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level.<sup id="cite_ref-PorterPrince2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PorterPrince2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Glass_floor" title="Glass floor">glass floor</a> was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg/220px-Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg/330px-Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg/440px-Sous_la_Tour_Eiffel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>The Eiffel Tower from below</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">puddle iron</a> (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hanser2006_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanser2006-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m × 125 m × 125 m) would contain 6,200 tonnes of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">ambient temperature</a>, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> of the metal on the side facing the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_and_weather_considerations">Wind and weather considerations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg/180px-Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg/270px-Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg/360px-Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Lightning striking the Eiffel Tower in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>When it was built, Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team were experienced bridge builders. In an interview with the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" title="Le Temps (Paris)">Le Temps</a></i> published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="text-align:justify"><p>Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony?<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be<span class="nowrap"> </span>... will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a> shape.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All parts of the tower were overdesigned to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was assumed to have no gaps in the latticework.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After it was completed, some have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. A one devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English described it as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily2005_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floors">Floors</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_floor">Ground floor</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG/220px-Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG/330px-Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG/440px-Paris_Eiffel_092.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Base of the Eiffel Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The four columns of the tower each house access stairs and elevators to the first two floors, while at the south column only the elevator to the second floor restaurant is publicly accessible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1st_floor">1st floor</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor,_Paris,_France,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_1900.jpg/220px-Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_1900.jpg/330px-Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_1900.jpg/440px-Paris_Exposition_Eiffel_Tower_restaurants_2nd_floor%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Original restaurants at the 1st floor, as viewed from inside the tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The first floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs. When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants—one French, one Russian and one <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish</a>—and an "Anglo-American Bar". After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. Today there is the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le 58 Tour Eiffel</i></span> restaurant and other facilities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg/220px-La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg/330px-La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg/440px-La_Tour_Eiffel_-_terrasse_de_la_premi%C3%A8re_plate-forme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption>A promenade 2.6-metre (8 ft 6 in) wide ran around the outside of the first level</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2nd_floor">2nd floor</h4></div> <p>The second floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs and has a restaurant called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Jules_Verne" title="Le Jules Verne">Le Jules Verne</a></i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a> restaurant with its own lift going up from the south column to the second level. This restaurant has one star in the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Red Guide</a>. It was run by the multi-<a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin star</a> chef <a href="/wiki/Alain_Ducasse" title="Alain Ducasse">Alain Ducasse</a> from 2007 to 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2019, it is managed by three-star chef <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Anton" title="Frédéric Anton">Frédéric Anton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3rd_floor">3rd floor</h4></div> <p>The third floor is the top floor, publicly accessible by elevator. </p><p>Originally there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequins</a> of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_(3384390462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_%283384390462%29.jpg/220px-Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_%283384390462%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_%283384390462%29.jpg/330px-Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_%283384390462%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_%283384390462%29.jpg/440px-Gustaves_Apartment_-_Eiffel_%283384390462%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Gustave Eiffel's apartment at the third floor</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1937 until 1981, there was a restaurant near the top of the tower. It was removed due to structural considerations; engineers had determined it was too heavy and was causing the tower to sag.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restaurant was sold to an American restaurateur and transported to New York and then New Orleans. It was rebuilt on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Garden District, New Orleans">New Orleans' Garden District</a> as a restaurant and later event hall.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there is a champagne bar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifts">Lifts</h3></div> <p>The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux,_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux%2C_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg/220px-Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux%2C_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux%2C_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg/330px-Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux%2C_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux%2C_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg/440px-Tour_Eiffel_Ascenseur_Roux%2C_Combaluzier_et_Lepape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>The Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction</figcaption></figure> <p>Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts had to be the main means of ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_20_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel_20-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constructing lifts to reach the first level was done by making the legs wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track. A contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_28_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel_28-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter <a href="/wiki/Sprocket" title="Sprocket">sprockets</a>. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_28_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel_28-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg/170px-Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg/255px-Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg/340px-Eiffel-Otis_lift-poyet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of <a href="/wiki/Otis_Elevator_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis Elevator Company">Otis Brothers & Company</a> submitted a proposal, but this was rejected: the fair's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended, but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_23-4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel_23-4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">Motive power</a> was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a <a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">block and tackle</a> but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car travelled only half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engraved_names">Engraved names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg/220px-Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg/330px-Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg/440px-Les_savants_de_la_Tour_Eiffel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Names engraved on the tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Gustave Eiffel engraved on the building of the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians as a recognition of their contributions. Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the artists' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986–87 by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel</i></span>, a company operating the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-lab&names_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lab&names-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg/220px-Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg/330px-Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg/440px-Eiffel_Tower_plans_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="3261" /></a><figcaption>Some original architectural details</figcaption></figure> <p>The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.<sup id="cite_ref-paintingcolor_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paintingcolor-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".<sup id="cite_ref-painting_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-painting-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower was painted <a href="/wiki/Olympic_gold_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic gold medal">gold</a> in commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> proposed keeping the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_symbols" title="Olympic symbols">Olympic rings</a> on the tower permanently. The rings, which measure 95 feet (29 m) wide and 43 feet (13 m) high, were initially installed for the Games and were scheduled for removal after the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a>. Hidalgo's decision faced criticism from the Eiffel family and some residents concerned about altering the protected monument. The original 30-ton rings would be replaced with lighter versions for long-term display.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pop-culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/220px--Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="307" data-mwtitle="Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm/Eiffel_Tower_Drone_4k-Qx_c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye view</a> of the Eiffel Tower</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3></div> <p>Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every 7 years to prevent it from <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rusting</a>. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built, with the most recent being in 2010. <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">Lead paint</a> was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-allyouneed_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allyouneed-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Tour_Eiffel_le_sommet_08-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="5080" /></a><figcaption>Top of the Eiffel Tower with antennas</figcaption></figure> <p>The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> to anchors on the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_Suffren" title="Avenue de Suffren">Avenue de Suffren</a> and Champ de Mars. These were connected to <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a>, which used an aerial in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FM_radio">FM radio</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Frequency </th> <th>kW </th> <th>Service </th></tr> <tr> <td>87.8 MHz </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France_Inter" title="France Inter">France Inter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>89.0 MHz </td> <td>10 </td> <td>RFI Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>89.9 MHz </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TSF_Jazz" title="TSF Jazz">TSF Jazz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90.4 MHz </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nostalgie" title="Nostalgie">Nostalgie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90.9 MHz </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chante_France" title="Chante France">Chante France</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_television">Digital television</h3></div> <p>A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17 ft), giving the current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-allyouneed_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allyouneed-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Frequency </th> <th>VHF </th> <th>UHF </th> <th>kW </th> <th>Service </th></tr> <tr> <td>182.25 MHz </td> <td>6 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>479.25 MHz </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>22 </td> <td>500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>503.25 MHz </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>25 </td> <td>500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>527.25 MHz </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>28 </td> <td>500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>543.25 MHz </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>30 </td> <td>100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France_5" title="France 5">France 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>567.25 MHz </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>33 </td> <td>100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tropole_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Métropole Télévision">M6</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg/220px-Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg/330px-Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg/440px-Dimensions_Eiffel_Tower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Current dimensions of the tower</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_changes">Height changes</h3></div> <p>The pinnacle height of the Eiffel Tower has changed multiple times over the years as described in the chart below.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>From </th> <th>To </th> <th>Height (m) </th> <th>Height (ft) </th> <th>Type of addition </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>1889 </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>312.27 </td> <td>1,025 </td> <td>Flagpole </td> <td>Architectural height of 300 m (980 ft) Tallest freestanding structure in the world until surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> in 1930. Tallest tower in the world until surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/KCTV_Broadcast_Tower" title="KCTV Broadcast Tower">KCTV Broadcast Tower</a> in 1956. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>320.75 </td> <td>1,052 </td> <td>Antenna </td> <td>Broadcast antenna added in 1957 which made it the tallest tower in the world until the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a> was completed the following year in 1958. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>317.96 </td> <td>1,043 </td> <td>Antenna change </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>318.7 </td> <td>1,046 </td> <td>Antenna change </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>324 </td> <td>1,063 </td> <td>Antenna change </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>Current </td> <td>330 </td> <td>1,083 </td> <td>Antenna change </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a> antenna hoisted on March 15, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2258px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower"><img alt="Panorama of Paris from the Tour Eiffel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/2250px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="2250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/3375px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/4500px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10500" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taller_structures">Taller structures</h2></div> <p>The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> in New York City was topped out. <sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower also lost its standing as the world's tallest tower to the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a> in 1958 but retains its status as the tallest freestanding (non-guyed) structure in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lattice_towers_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower">Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest towers in the world">List of tallest towers in the world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lattice_tower" title="Lattice tower">Lattice tower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Observation_deck" title="Observation deck">Observation deck</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Pinnacle height </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Town </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a></td> <td>634 m (2,080 ft)</td> <td>2011</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>Tokyo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_TV_Tower" title="Kyiv TV Tower">Kyiv TV Tower</a></td> <td>385 m (1,263 ft)</td> <td>1973</td> <td>Ukraine</td> <td>Kyiv</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Tower" title="Dragon Tower">Dragon Tower</a></td> <td>336 m (1,102 ft)</td> <td>2000</td> <td>China</td> <td>Harbin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a></td> <td>333 m (1,093 ft)</td> <td>1958</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>Tokyo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WITI_TV_Tower" title="WITI TV Tower">WITI TV Tower</a></td> <td>329.4 m (1,081 ft)</td> <td>1962</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Shorewood, Wisconsin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_TV_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg TV Tower">St. Petersburg TV Tower</a></td> <td>326 m (1,070 ft)</td> <td>1962</td> <td>Russia</td> <td>Saint Petersburg</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structures_in_France_taller_than_the_Eiffel_Tower">Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_France" title="List of tallest structures in France">List of tallest structures in France</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Pinnacle height </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Structure type </th> <th>Town </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Longwave_transmitter_Allouis" class="mw-redirect" title="Longwave transmitter Allouis">Longwave transmitter Allouis</a> </td> <td>350 m (1,150 ft) </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>Guyed mast </td> <td>Allouis </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HWU_transmitter" title="HWU transmitter">HWU transmitter</a> </td> <td>350 m (1,150 ft) </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>Guyed mast </td> <td>Rosnay </td> <td>Military VLF transmitter; multiple masts </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viaduc_de_Millau" class="mw-redirect" title="Viaduc de Millau">Viaduc de Millau</a> </td> <td>343 m (1,125 ft) </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Bridge pillar </td> <td>Millau </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TV_Mast_Niort-Maisonnay" title="TV Mast Niort-Maisonnay">TV Mast Niort-Maisonnay</a> </td> <td>330 m (1,080 ft) </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>Guyed mast </td> <td>Niort </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transmitter_Le_Mans-Mayet" title="Transmitter Le Mans-Mayet">Transmitter Le Mans-Mayet</a> </td> <td>342 m (1,122 ft) </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Guyed mast </td> <td>Mayet </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Regine transmitter </td> <td>330 m (1,080 ft) </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>Guyed mast </td> <td>Saissac </td> <td>Military VLF transmitter </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transmitter_Roumoules" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmitter Roumoules">Transmitter Roumoules</a> </td> <td>330 m (1,080 ft) </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>Guyed mast </td> <td>Roumoules </td> <td>Spare transmission mast for longwave; insulated against ground </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <p>The nearest <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> station is <a href="/wiki/Bir-Hakeim_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir-Hakeim (Paris Métro)">Bir-Hakeim</a> and the nearest <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a> station is <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars%E2%80%93Tour_Eiffel_station" title="Champ de Mars–Tour Eiffel station">Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the <a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Pont d'Iéna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity">Popularity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg/220px-Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg/330px-Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg/440px-Eiffel_Tower_Visitors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 300 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Key_figures_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_figures-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day (which can result in long queues).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illumination_copyright">Illumination copyright</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#France" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg/220px-Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg/330px-Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg/440px-Eiffel_Tower_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption>The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The tower and its image have been in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> since 1993, 70 years after Eiffel's death. <sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1990, a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel</i></span> (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, it is often rare to find images or videos of the lit tower at night on stock image sites,<sup id="cite_ref-petapixeleiffel_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petapixeleiffel-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and media outlets rarely broadcast images or videos of it.<sup id="cite_ref-thecultureeiffel_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecultureeiffel-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel</i></span> (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve".<sup id="cite_ref-fastco_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastco-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SNTE made over €1 million from copyright fees in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.<sup id="cite_ref-artjournal_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artjournal-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The copyright claim itself has never been tested in courts to date, according to a 2014 article in the <i>Art Law Journal</i>, and there has never been an attempt to track down millions of people who have posted and shared their images of the illuminated tower on the Internet worldwide. However, the article adds that commercial uses of such images, like in a magazine, on a film poster, or on product packaging, may require prior permission.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reasoning akin to the <i><a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis</a></i> rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replicas">Replicas</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Eiffel_Tower_replicas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Eiffel Tower replicas">List of Eiffel Tower replicas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_hotel_(Las_Vegas)1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Paris_hotel_%28Las_Vegas%291.JPG/220px-Paris_hotel_%28Las_Vegas%291.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Paris_hotel_%28Las_Vegas%291.JPG/330px-Paris_hotel_%28Las_Vegas%291.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Paris_hotel_%28Las_Vegas%291.JPG/440px-Paris_hotel_%28Las_Vegas%291.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Replica at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Las_Vegas" title="Paris Las Vegas">Paris Las Vegas</a> Hotel, Nevada, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Tower" title="Blackpool Tower">Blackpool Tower</a> in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 m (519 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a> in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well known is the <a href="/wiki/Pet%C5%99%C3%ADn_Lookout_Tower" title="Petřín Lookout Tower">Petřín Lookout Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> too. <sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Las_Vegas" title="Paris Las Vegas">Paris Las Vegas</a>, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Island" title="Kings Island">Kings Island</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Mason,_Ohio" title="Mason, Ohio">Mason, Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Dominion" title="Kings Dominion">Kings Dominion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in <a href="/wiki/Durango,_Durango" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango, Durango">Durango, Mexico</a> that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the TV show <i>Pricing the Priceless</i> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a> speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be more than ten times the cost of the original (nearly 8 million in 1890 francs; around US$40 million in 2018 dollars). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region">List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">List of tallest towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">List of tallest freestanding structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_steel_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding steel structures">List of tallest freestanding steel structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transmission_sites" title="List of transmission sites">List of transmission sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_tower" title="Lattice tower">Lattice tower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_(Delaunay_series)" title="Eiffel Tower (Delaunay series)">Eiffel Tower</a></i>,1909–1928 painting series by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bachman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bachman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bachman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bachman, Leonard R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eGEDwAAQBAJ"><i>Constructing the Architect: An Introduction to Design, Research, Planning, and Education</i></a>. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351665421" title="Special:BookSources/9781351665421"><bdi>9781351665421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Architect%3A+An+Introduction+to+Design%2C+Research%2C+Planning%2C+and+Education&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351665421&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=Leonard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eGEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTBUH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTBUH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTBUH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/9410">"Eiffel Tower"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat"><abbr title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">CTBUH</abbr> Skyscraper Center</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%3Cabbr+title%3D%22Council+on+Tall+Buildings+and+Urban+Habitat%22%3ECTBUH%3C%2Fabbr%3E+Skyscraper+Center&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Fbuilding%2Fwd%2F9410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Intermediate-floor.php">"Intermediate floor of the Eiffel tower"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intermediate+floor+of+the+Eiffel+tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonders-of-the-world.net%2FEiffel-Tower%2FIntermediate-floor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emporis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emporis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422170104/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508">"Eiffel Tower"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a></i>. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emporis&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuildings%2F110508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key_figures-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Key_figures_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Key_figures_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Key_figures_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSETE" class="citation web cs1">SETE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414130600/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html">"The Eiffel Tower at a glance"</a>. <i>Official Eiffel Tower website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=The+Eiffel+Tower+at+a+glance&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Feverything-about-the-tower%2Fthe-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tourism Statistics, "Visit Paris Region" site of the Paris Ile de France Visitors Bureau, retrieved 22 March 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Michel_Normand2007" class="citation news cs1">Jean-Michel Normand (23 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2007/07/23/tour-eiffel-et-souvenirs-de-paris-par-jean-michel-normand_938349_3232.html">"Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Tour+Eiffel+et+souvenirs+de+Paris&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.au=Jean-Michel+Normand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fidees%2Farticle%2F2007%2F07%2F23%2Ftour-eiffel-et-souvenirs-de-paris-par-jean-michel-normand_938349_3232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayson2020" class="citation cs2">Clayson, S. Hollis (26 February 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190922467/obo-9780190922467-0014.xml">"Eiffel Tower"</a>, <i>Architecture, Planning, and Preservation</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780190922467-0014">10.1093/obo/9780190922467-0014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092246-7"><bdi>978-0-19-092246-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architecture%2C+Planning%2C+and+Preservation&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780190922467-0014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092246-7&rft.aulast=Clayson&rft.aufirst=S.+Hollis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780190922467%2Fobo-9780190922467-0014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eiffel-tower-grows-six-metres-after-new-antenna-attached-2022-03-15/">"Eiffel Tower grows six metres after new antenna attached"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower+grows+six+metres+after+new+antenna+attached&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feiffel-tower-grows-six-metres-after-new-antenna-attached-2022-03-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loyrette116-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loyrette116_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loyrette116_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyrette, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApuzzoMéheutGebrekidanPorter2022" class="citation news cs1">Apuzzo, Matt; Méheut, Constant; Gebrekidan, Selam; Porter, Catherine (20 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/french-banks-haiti-cic.html">"How a French Bank Captured Haiti"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+French+Bank+Captured+Haiti&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Apuzzo&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=M%C3%A9heut%2C+Constant&rft.au=Gebrekidan%2C+Selam&rft.au=Porter%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F05%2F20%2Fworld%2Ffrench-banks-haiti-cic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?searchID=91724959">"Diagrams - SkyscraperPage.com"</a>. <i>skyscraperpage.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skyscraperpage.com&rft.atitle=Diagrams+-+SkyscraperPage.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyscraperpage.com%2Fdiagrams%2F%3FsearchID%3D91724959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyrette, 1985 p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2021" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Greg (18 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futilitycloset.com/2021/05/18/plea-3/">"Plea"</a>. <i>Futility Closet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Futility+Closet&rft.atitle=Plea&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futilitycloset.com%2F2021%2F05%2F18%2Fplea-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souriau-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Souriau_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_SouriauManon_Souriau1983" class="citation book cs1">Paul Souriau; Manon Souriau (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CzUTXhzDb8C&pg=PR7"><i>The Aesthetics of Movement</i></a>. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-412-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-412-9"><bdi>0-87023-412-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Movement&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87023-412-9&rft.au=Paul+Souriau&rft.au=Manon+Souriau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CzUTXhzDb8C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvie, 2006 p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyrette, 1985 p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times1_4_89-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times1_4_89_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times1_4_89_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=&docId=CS84463745&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Eiffel Tower"</a></span>. News. <i>The Times</i>. No. 32661. London. 1 April 1889. col B, p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Eiffel+Tower&rft.issue=32661&rft.pages=col+B%2C+p.-5&rft.date=1889-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fttda%2Finfomark.do%3F%26prodId%3DTTDA%26userGroupName%3Dwes_ttda%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26searchType%3D%26docId%3DCS84463745%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonnes-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jonnes_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Jonnes2009" class="citation book cs1">Jill Jonnes (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eiffelstowerworl00jonn"><i>Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count</i></a></span>. Viking. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eiffelstowerworl00jonn/page/163">163</a>–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02060-7"><bdi>978-0-670-02060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eiffel%27s+Tower%3A+And+the+World%27s+Fair+where+Buffalo+Bill+Beguiled+Paris%2C+the+Artists+Quarreled%2C+and+Thomas+Edison+Became+a+Count&rft.pages=163-64&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02060-7&rft.au=Jill+Jonnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feiffelstowerworl00jonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greet-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greet_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume_Apollinaire1980" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume Apollinaire (1980). Anne Hyde Greet (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FviP1Cl3jcC"><i>Calligrammes: Poems of Peace and War (1913–1916)</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 411–414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01968-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01968-3"><bdi>978-0-520-01968-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calligrammes%3A+Poems+of+Peace+and+War+%281913%E2%80%931916%29&rft.pages=411-414&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01968-3&rft.au=Guillaume+Apollinaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FviP1Cl3jcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origins-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-origins_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origins_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origins_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origins_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSETE" class="citation web cs1">SETE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731073057/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/69.html">"Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower"</a>. <i>Official Eiffel Tower website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/69.html">the original</a> on 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=Origins+and+construction+of+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Feverything-about-the-tower%2Fthemed-files%2F69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyrette, 1985 p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyrette, 1985 p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiffel, G; The Eiffel TowerPlate X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvie, 2006 p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/history">"Eiffel Tower history, architecture, design & construction"</a>. <i>www.toureiffel.paris</i>. 30 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toureiffel.paris&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower+history%2C+architecture%2C+design+%26+construction&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Fthe-monument%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Construction-of-the-Eiffel-tower.php">"Construction of the Eiffel Tower"</a>. <i>wonders-of-the-world.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wonders-of-the-world.net&rft.atitle=Construction+of+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonders-of-the-world.net%2FEiffel-Tower%2FConstruction-of-the-Eiffel-tower.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvie, 2006 pp. 122–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exposition-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exposition_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exposition_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSETE" class="citation web cs1">SETE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425081036/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/70.html">"The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle"</a>. <i>Official Eiffel Tower website</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=The+Eiffel+Tower+during+the+1889+Exposition+Universelle&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Feverything-about-the-tower%2Fthemed-files%2F70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvie, 2006 pp. 144–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriss, 1975 p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriss 1975, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiffel,_Gustave1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eiffel, Gustave (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k106381w/f335.image"><i>La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres</i></a> (in French). Paris: Lemercier. p. 335. <q>On avait disposé sur certains points des parois des feuilles de papier qui étaient enlevées chaque jour, après avoir été complètement recouvertes d'inscriptions de toute nature. La collection en était vraiment curieuse.</q> [Paper sheets had been set up on the walls on various points. Those sheets were removed each day, after having been covored by inscriptions of all nature. It made for a very curious collection.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Tour+de+Trois+Cents+M%C3%A8tres&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Lemercier&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Eiffel%2C+Gustave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k106381w%2Ff335.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Jonnes2009" class="citation web cs1">Jill Jonnes (23 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2009/05/thomas-edison-at-eiffel-tower.html">"Thomas Edison at the Eiffel Tower"</a>. Wonders and Marvels<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Edison+at+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.pub=Wonders+and+Marvels&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft.au=Jill+Jonnes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondersandmarvels.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fthomas-edison-at-eiffel-tower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, 1992 p. 829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Michelin Paris: Tourist Guide</i> (5 ed.). Michelin Tyre Public Limited. 1985. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782060135427" title="Special:BookSources/9782060135427"><bdi>9782060135427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelin+Paris%3A+Tourist+Guide&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Michelin+Tyre+Public+Limited&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9782060135427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogel_23-4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vogel_23-4_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vogel_23-4_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"M. Santos Dumont's Balloon". News. <i>The Times</i>. No. 36591. London. 21 October 1901. col A, p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=M.+Santos+Dumont%27s+Balloon&rft.issue=36591&rft.pages=col+A%2C+p.-4&rft.date=1901-10-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wulf-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wulf_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor Wulf. <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr">"L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol"</a>. <i>Le Petit Parisien</i> (in French). 5 February 1912. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Petit+Parisien&rft.atitle=L%27inventeur+d%27un+parachute+se+lance+de+le+tour+Eiffel+et+s%27%C3%A9crase+sur+le+sol&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1912-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k564237v.r%3D.langfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman1994-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman1994_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Wertheim_Tuchman1994" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ"><i>August 1914</i></a>. Papermac. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-30516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-30516-4"><bdi>978-0-333-30516-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=August+1914&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-333-30516-4&rft.au=Barbara+Wertheim+Tuchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuU9sQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower">"10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=10+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+the+Eiffel+Tower+-+HISTORY&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Oliver (31 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/">"40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=40+fascinating+facts+about+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.date=2018-03-31&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2Fparis%2Farticles%2FEiffel-Tower-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>, (free trial)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert2004_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Herbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Herbert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40"><i>A History of Early Television</i></a>. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32667-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32667-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Television&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32667-4&rft.au=Stephen+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBlZF20ggFhsC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letcher2003-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letcher2003_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiers_Letcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Piers Letcher (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_7IRHZGyzMC"><i>Eccentric France: The Bradt Guide to Mad, Magical and Marvellous France</i></a>. 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Perth, WA. 28 February 1926<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=An+air+tragedy&rft.date=1926-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article58237145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriss, 1976 p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_Roth_Pierpont2002" class="citation news cs1">Claudia Roth Pierpont (18 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227015047/http://www.jayebee.com/discoveries/criticism/silver_spire.htm">"The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jayebee.com/discoveries/criticism/silver_spire.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Silver+Spire%3A+How+two+men%27s+dreams+changed+the+skyline+of+New+York&rft.date=2002-11-18&rft.au=Claudia+Roth+Pierpont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jayebee.com%2Fdiscoveries%2Fcriticism%2Fsilver_spire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriss, 1976 p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harriss_80_4-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harriss_80_4_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harriss_80_4_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriss, 1976 pp. 180–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675021843_Battle-of-France_unfurl-Nazi-flag_Palace-of-Versailles_Eiffel-Tower_Place-de-la-Concorde">"HD Stock Video Footage – The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France"</a>. <i>www.criticalpast.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.criticalpast.com&rft.atitle=HD+Stock+Video+Footage+%E2%80%93+The+Germans+unfurl+Nazi+flags+at+the+captured+Palace+of+Versailles+and+Eiffel+Tower+during+the+Battle+of+France.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticalpast.com%2Fvideo%2F65675021843_Battle-of-France_unfurl-Nazi-flag_Palace-of-Versailles_Eiffel-Tower_Place-de-la-Concorde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Oliver (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/">"Eiffel Tower: 40 fascinating facts"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower%3A+40+fascinating+facts&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2Fparis%2Farticles%2FEiffel-Tower-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Este2003-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'Este2003_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_D'Este2003" class="citation book cs1">Carlo D'Este (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCeteK7LEiYC&pg=PA574"><i>Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=How+this+city+nearly+got+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.date=1980-09-15&rft.au=Nick+Auf+der+Maur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DeJckAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1682%252C2718377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvie, 2006 p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Moriarty" class="citation web cs1">Robert J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=The+Eiffel+Tower%27s+illuminations&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Feverything-about-the-tower%2Fthe-illuminations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allyouneed-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allyouneed_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyouneed_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyouneed_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSETE" class="citation web cs1">SETE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiffel-tower.com/images/PDF/about_the_Eiffel_Tower.pdf">"All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Official Eiffel Tower website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=All+you+need+to+know+about+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiffel-tower.com%2Fimages%2FPDF%2Fabout_the_Eiffel_Tower.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france.com/editorials/eiffel_tower/">"The Eiffel Tower"</a>. France.com. 23 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Eiffel+Tower&rft.pub=France.com&rft.date=2003-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france.com%2Feditorials%2Feiffel_tower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosnard,_Denis2014" class="citation news cs1">Cosnard, Denis (21 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/21/paris-eiffel-tower-renovation-profits-higher">"Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower+renovation+work+aims+to+take+profits+to+new+heights&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.au=Cosnard%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fapr%2F21%2Fparis-eiffel-tower-renovation-profits-higher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PorterPrince2006-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PorterPrince2006_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_DarwinDanforth_PrinceG._McDonaldH._Mastrini2006" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince; G. McDonald; H. Mastrini; S. Marker; A. Princz; C. Bánfalvy; A. Kutor; N. Lakos; S. Rowan Kelleher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNuTMgEACAAJ"><i>Frommer's Europe</i></a> (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92265-0"><bdi>978-0-471-92265-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Europe&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-92265-0&rft.au=Porter%2C+Darwin&rft.au=Danforth+Prince&rft.au=G.+McDonald&rft.au=H.+Mastrini&rft.au=S.+Marker&rft.au=A.+Princz&rft.au=C.+B%C3%A1nfalvy&rft.au=A.+Kutor&rft.au=N.+Lakos&rft.au=S.+Rowan+Kelleher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNuTMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29512762">"Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Eiffel+Tower+gets+glass+floor+in+refurbishment+project&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-29512762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanser2006-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanser2006_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Hanser2006" class="citation book cs1">David A. Hanser (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zojzUU976h0C&pg=PA66"><i>Architecture of France</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31902-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31902-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+France&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31902-0&rft.au=David+A.+Hanser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzojzUU976h0C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AiYCSa4U6UYC&pg=PA163"><i>DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Europe</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/71.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=Debate+and+controversy+surrounding+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Feverything-about-the-tower%2Fthemed-files%2F71.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedaily2005-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily2005_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily2005_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/01/050106111209.htm">"Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. 7 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Elegant+shape+of+Eiffel+Tower+solved+mathematically+by+University+of+Colorado+professor&rft.date=2005-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2005%2F01%2F050106111209.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, 1992 p. 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSETE" class="citation web cs1">SETE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408210156/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/faq/115.html">"FAQ: History/Technical"</a>. <i>Official Eiffel Tower website</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Eiffel+Tower+website&rft.atitle=FAQ%3A+History%2FTechnical&rft.au=SETE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toureiffel.paris%2Fen%2Ffaq%2F115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDali_Wiederhoft" class="citation web cs1">Dali Wiederhoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040320/http://www.bonjourparis.com/story/eiffel-tower-sightseeing-restaurants-links-transit/">"Eiffel Tower: Sightseeing, restaurants, links, transit"</a>. Bonjour Paris. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Are+things+looking+up+for+the+Eiffel+Tower%3F&rft.date=2003-05-16&rft.au=James+Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3029993.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artjournal-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artjournal_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Schlackman2014" class="citation web cs1">Steve Schlackman (16 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alj.artrepreneur.com/night-photos-eiffel-tower-violate-copyright/">"Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+night+photos+of+the+Eiffel+Tower+violate+copyright%3F&rft.pub=Artrepreneur+Art+Law+Journal&rft.date=2014-11-16&rft.au=Steve+Schlackman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falj.artrepreneur.com%2Fnight-photos-eiffel-tower-violate-copyright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2017" class="citation web cs1">Larsen, Stephanie (13 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/photographs-of-eiffel-tower-at-night/">"Is it Illegal to Take Photographs of the Eiffel Tower at Night?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Is+it+Illegal+to+Take+Photographs+of+the+Eiffel+Tower+at+Night%3F&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fphotographs-of-eiffel-tower-at-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6w3991thgsC&pg=PA277"><i>Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur</i></a> (in French). World Intellectual Property Organization. 2002. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-1013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-1013-3"><bdi>978-92-805-1013-3</bdi></a>. <q>La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notions+Fondamentales+Du+Droit+D%27auteur&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-92-805-1013-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6w3991thgsC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyextra.com/blackpool">"The Blackpool Tower"</a>. History Extra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Blackpool+Tower&rft.pub=History+Extra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fblackpool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klm.com/destinations/pl/pl/article/the-red-and-white-eiffel-tower-of-tokyo">"The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo"</a>. KLM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+red+and+white+Eiffel+Tower+of+Tokyo&rft.pub=KLM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.klm.com%2Fdestinations%2Fpl%2Fpl%2Farticle%2Fthe-red-and-white-eiffel-tower-of-tokyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.radio.cz/petrin-tower-open-visitors-again-8060021">"Petrin tower open for visitors again"</a>. 25 March 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petrin+tower+open+for+visitors+again&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.radio.cz%2Fpetrin-tower-open-visitors-again-8060021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_van_Luling2013" class="citation news cs1">Todd van Luling (19 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/replicas-eiffel-tower_n_3721294.html">"The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed"</a>. Huffpost Travel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+most+legit+Eiffel+Tower+replicas+you+didn%27t+know+existed&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.au=Todd+van+Luling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2Freplicas-eiffel-tower_n_3721294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Eiffel Tower". <i>Pricing the Priceless</i>. Season 1. Episode 3. 9 May 2011. National Geographic Channel (Australia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pricing+the+Priceless&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+3&rft.date=2011-05-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanson2009" class="citation book cs1">Chanson, Hubert (2009). "Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower". In Jerry R. Rogers (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnPj2qB2aW4C"><i>Great Rivers History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium</i></a>. American Society of Civil Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1032-5"><bdi>978-0-7844-1032-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydraulic+engineering+legends+Listed+on+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft.btitle=Great+Rivers+History%3A+Proceedings+and+Invited+Papers+for+the+EWRI+Congress+and+Great+Rivers+History+Symposium&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-1032-5&rft.aulast=Chanson&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnPj2qB2aW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrémy1989" class="citation book cs1">Frémy, Dominique (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WI7TGwAACAAJ"><i>Quid de la tour Eiffel</i></a>. 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Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Ministère de la Culture, de la Communication, des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7118-2244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7118-2244-7"><bdi>978-2-7118-2244-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1889%3A+la+Tour+Eiffel+et+l%27Exposition+Universelle&rft.pub=Editions+de+la+R%C3%A9union+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux%2C+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Culture%2C+de+la+Communication%2C+des+Grands+Travaux+et+du+Bicentenaire&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-7118-2244-7&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFrXOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1961" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel, Robert M. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificlib.com/en/Technology/Literature/RobertMVogel/ElevatorSystemsEiffelTower.html">"Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889"</a>. <i>United States National Museum Bulletin</i>. <b>228</b>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution: 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+National+Museum+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Elevator+Systems+of+the+Eiffel+Tower%2C+1889&rft.volume=228&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificlib.com%2Fen%2FTechnology%2FLiterature%2FRobertMVogel%2FElevatorSystemsEiffelTower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1892" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilengineering00wats"><i>Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Universal+Exposition%3A+Civil+Engineering%2C+Public+Works%2C+and+Architecture&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilengineering00wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEiffel+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Eiffel Tower</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eiffel_Tower" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Eiffel Tower">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eiffel_Tower" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Eiffel Tower">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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class="extiw" title="d:Q243">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toureiffel.paris/en">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000021">Eiffel Tower</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infraviewer.net/mapObject/bf7ce4d5-1f20-4d26-a163-9ded97e42c59">List of radio services using today Eiffel Tower</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194659/https://infraviewer.net/mapObject/bf7ce4d5-1f20-4d26-a163-9ded97e42c59">Archived</a> 5 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="World's tallest structure">World's tallest structure</a> </b><br />1889–1931<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">312 m (1,024 ft)</span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">World's tallest tower</a> </b><br />1889–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/KCTV_Broadcast_Tower" title="KCTV Broadcast Tower">KCTV Broadcast Tower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/KCTV_Broadcast_Tower" title="KCTV Broadcast Tower">KCTV Broadcast Tower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">World's tallest tower</a> </b><br />1957–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_et_coll%C3%A8ge_Victor_Duruy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée et collège Victor Duruy">Lycée et collège Victor Duruy</a></li> <li>Établissement La Rochefoucauld</li> <li>Institut de l'Alma</li> <li>Lycée-collège Paul-Claudel</li> <li>Lycée d'Hulst</li> <li>Lycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth</li> <li>Lycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin</li> <li>Lycée Thérèse-Chappuis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Statale_Italiano_Leonardo_Da_Vinci" title="Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci">Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Paris" title="American University of Paris">American University of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Church_in_Paris" title="American Church in Paris">American Church in Paris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Boisgelin_(Rue_de_Varenne,_Paris)" title="Hôtel de Boisgelin (Rue de Varenne, Paris)">Hôtel de Boisgelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Plans-Reliefs" title="Musée des Plans-Reliefs">Musée des Plans-Reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Histoire_Contemporaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine">Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Maillol" title="Musée Maillol">Musée Maillol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" title="Musée de la Légion d'honneur">Musée de la Légion d'honneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Ordre_de_la_Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération">Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du quai Branly">Musée du quai Branly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Musée Valentin Haüy">Musée Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_l%27Alma" title="Pont de l'Alma">Pont de l'Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Invalides" title="Pont des Invalides">Pont des Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Representative_Office_in_France" title="Taipei Representative Office in France">Taipei Representative Office in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paris Métro stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblée Nationale (Paris Métro)">Assemblée Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champ de Mars (Paris Métro)">Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duroc_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duroc (Paris Métro)">Duroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Militaire_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="École Militaire (Paris Métro)">École Militaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalides_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro_and_RER)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invalides (Paris Métro and RER)">Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Tour-Maubourg_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tour-Maubourg (Paris Métro)">La Tour-Maubourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Bac_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue du Bac (Paris Métro)">Rue du Bac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-François-Xavier (Paris Métro)">Saint-François-Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gur_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ségur (Paris Métro)">Ségur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Babylone_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèvres – Babylone (Paris Métro)">Sèvres – Babylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A9rino_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solférino (Paris Métro)">Solférino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaneau_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaneau (Paris Métro)">Vaneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenne_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenne (Paris Métro)">Varenne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paris RER stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invalides_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro_and_RER)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invalides (Paris Métro and RER)">Invalides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template talk:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paris" title="Tourism in Paris">Tourism in Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_in_Paris" title="Landmarks in Paris">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A8nes_de_Lut%C3%A8ce" title="Arènes de Lutèce">Arènes de Lutèce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Brongniart" title="Palais Brongniart">Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Gare d'Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Montparnasse" title="Gare Montparnasse">Gare Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare" title="Gare Saint-Lazare">Gare Saint-Lazare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(Fr%C3%A9miet)" title="Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet)">Jeanne d'Arc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisks" title="Luxor Obelisks">Luxor Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty" title="Flame of Liberty">Flame of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Denis" title="Porte Saint-Denis">Porte Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Porte Saint-Martin">Porte Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Paris" title="Museums in Paris">Museums</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Carnavalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_des_Sciences_et_de_l%27Industrie" title="Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie">Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume">Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation" title="Louis Vuitton Foundation">Louis Vuitton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts décoratifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_Paris" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac" title="Maison de Balzac">Maison de Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bourdelle" title="Musée Bourdelle">Musée Bourdelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que" title="Musée de la Cinémathèque">Musée de la Cinémathèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cognacq-Jay" title="Musée Cognacq-Jay">Musée Cognacq-Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin" title="Musée Grévin">Musée Grévin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Musée Guimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9" title="Musée Jacquemart-André">Musée Jacquemart-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Marmottan_Monet" title="Musée Marmottan Monet">Musée Marmottan Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Montmartre" title="Musée de Montmartre">Musée de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Gustave_Moreau" title="Musée national Gustave Moreau">Musée national Gustave Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Monuments_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Musée national des Monuments Français">Musée national des Monuments Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur" title="Musée Pasteur">Musée Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" title="Musée de la Légion d'honneur">Musée de la Légion d'honneur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Vie_romantique" title="Musée de la Vie romantique">Musée de la Vie romantique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_buildings_in_Paris" title="List of religious buildings in Paris">Religious buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Paris" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cathedral_in_Paris" title="American Cathedral in Paris">American Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Church_in_Paris" title="American Church in Paris">American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist">Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Chapelle expiatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Paris" title="Grand Synagogue of Paris">Grand Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_de_Nazareth" title="Synagogue de Nazareth">Synagogue de Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle" title="Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle">Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Lorette,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris">Notre-Dame-de-Lorette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Notre-Dame-des-Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ambroise,_Paris" title="Saint-Ambroise, Paris">Saint Ambroise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Augustin,_Paris" title="Saint-Augustin, Paris">Saint-Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Mont" title="Saint-Étienne-du-Mont">Saint-Étienne-du-Mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier,_Paris" title="Saint-François-Xavier, Paris">Saint-François-Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_(abbey)" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais" title="Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais">Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Jean de Montmartre">Saint-Jean de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis" title="Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis">Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Roch,_Paris" title="Saint-Roch, Paris">Saint-Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" title="Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Saint-Sulpice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul,_Paris" title="Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris">Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Sainte-Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9,_Paris" title="Sainte-Trinité, Paris">Sainte-Trinité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_du_Marais" title="Temple du Marais">Temple du Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grâce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hôtels particuliers<br />and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Beauvais" title="Hôtel de Beauvais">Hôtel de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Charost" title="Hôtel de Charost">Hôtel de Charost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon" title="Hôtel de Crillon">Hôtel de Crillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Hôtel d'Estrées">Hôtel d'Estrées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva" title="Hôtel de la Païva">Hôtel de la Païva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully" title="Hôtel de Sully">Hôtel de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg" title="Petit Luxembourg">Petit Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges, streets,<br />areas, squares<br />and waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Avenue de l'Opéra">Avenue de l'Opéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_George_V" title="Avenue George V">Avenue George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_la_Madeleine" title="Boulevard de la Madeleine">Boulevard de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_S%C3%A9bastopol" title="Boulevard de Sébastopol">Boulevard de Sébastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Ourcq" title="Canal de l'Ourcq">Canal de l'Ourcq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_passages_of_Paris" title="Covered passages of Paris">Covered passages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_V%C3%A9ro-Dodat" title="Galerie Véro-Dodat">Galerie Véro-Dodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Choiseul" title="Passage Choiseul">Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_des_Panoramas" title="Passage des Panoramas">Panoramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Vivienne" title="Galerie Vivienne">Galerie Vivienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_du_Havre" title="Passage du Havre">Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Jouffroy" title="Passage Jouffroy">Jouffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Brady" title="Passage Brady">Brady</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">Le Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Dauphine" title="Place Dauphine">Place Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Nation" title="Place de la Nation">Place de la Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place de la République</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89meutes-de-Stonewall" title="Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall">Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Place des États-Unis">Place des États-Unis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Pyramides" title="Place des Pyramides">Place des Pyramides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Place du Châtelet">Place du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Tertre" title="Place du Tertre">Place du Tertre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Saint-Michel" title="Place Saint-Michel">Place Saint-Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Pont d'Iéna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Bir-Hakeim" title="Pont de Bir-Hakeim">Pont de Bir-Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont des Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Neuf" title="Pont Neuf">Pont Neuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_du_Louvre" title="Port du Louvre">Port du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Basse" title="Rue Basse">Rue Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Bonaparte" title="Rue Bonaparte">Rue Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Charlemagne" title="Rue Charlemagne">Rue Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_d%27Argenteuil" title="Rue d'Argenteuil">Rue d'Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Ferronnerie" title="Rue de la Ferronnerie">Rue de la Ferronnerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris">Rue de la Paix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Sourdi%C3%A8re" title="Rue de la Sourdière">Rue de la Sourdière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Montmorency" title="Rue de Montmorency">Rue de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">Rue de Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">Rue de Vaugirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Francs-Bourgeois" title="Rue des Francs-Bourgeois">Rue des Francs-Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Lombards" title="Rue des Lombards">Rue des Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré">Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Elz%C3%A9vir" title="Rue Elzévir">Rue Elzévir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Foyatier" title="Rue Foyatier">Rue Foyatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Rue Molière">Rue Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Montorgueil" title="Rue Montorgueil">Rue Montorgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Radziwill" title="Rue Radziwill">Rue Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Rambuteau" title="Rue Rambuteau">Rue Rambuteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Mond%C3%A9tour" title="Rue Mondétour">Rue Mondétour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Pastourelle" title="Rue Pastourelle">Rue Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Rosiers" title="Rue des Rosiers">Rue des Rosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">Rue Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Denis_(Paris)" title="Rue Saint-Denis (Paris)">Rue Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Anne" title="Rue Sainte-Anne">Rue Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaduc_d%27Austerlitz" title="Viaduc d'Austerlitz">Viaduc d'Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_parks_and_gardens_of_Paris" title="History of parks and gardens of Paris">Parks and gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_d%27Acclimatation" title="Jardin d'Acclimatation">Jardin d'Acclimatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parc_floral_de_Paris" title="Parc floral de Paris">Parc floral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg" title="Jardin du Luxembourg">Jardin du Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" title="Parc André-Citroën">Parc André-Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Parc Clichy-Batignolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Belleville" title="Parc de Belleville">Parc de Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bercy" title="Parc de Bercy">Parc de Bercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge" title="Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge">Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes_Chaumont" title="Parc des Buttes Chaumont">Parc des Buttes Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Georges-Brassens" title="Parc Georges-Brassens">Parc Georges-Brassens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Monceau" title="Parc Monceau">Parc Monceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coul%C3%A9e_verte_Ren%C3%A9-Dumont" title="Coulée verte René-Dumont">Coulée verte René-Dumont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accor_Arena" title="Accor Arena">Accor Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteuil_Hippodrome" title="Auteuil Hippodrome">Auteuil Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Georges_Carpentier" title="Halle Georges Carpentier">Halle Georges Carpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse" title="Longchamp Racecourse">Longchamp Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Princes" title="Parc des Princes">Parc des Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscine_Molitor" title="Piscine Molitor">Piscine Molitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_de_La_Chapelle_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte de La Chapelle Arena">Porte de La Chapelle Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)" title="Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)">Stade Jean Bouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pershing" title="Stade Pershing">Stade Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pierre_de_Coubertin_(Paris)" title="Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)">Stade Pierre de Coubertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland Garros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_S%C3%A9bastien_Charl%C3%A9ty" title="Stade Sébastien Charléty">Stade Sébastien Charléty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Hippodrome de Vincennes">Vincennes Hippodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery" title="Montmartre Cemetery">Montmartre Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">Oscar Wilde's tomb</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Région parisienne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen" title="Château d'Écouen">Château d'Écouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly" title="Château de Chantilly">Château de Chantilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sceaux" title="Château de Sceaux">Château de Sceaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Château</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_pavilion" title="Fresh pavilion">Fresh pavilion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_La_D%C3%A9fense_Arena" title="Paris La Défense Arena">Paris La Défense Arena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Park_(Paris)" title="Disneyland Park (Paris)">Disneyland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park" title="Walt Disney Studios Park">Walt Disney Studios Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorad%C3%B4me" title="Exploradôme">Exploradôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_France_combattante" title="Mémorial de la France combattante">Mémorial de la France combattante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Miniature" title="France Miniature">France Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace" title="Musée de l'air et de l'espace">Musée de l'air et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fragonard_d%27Alfort" title="Musée Fragonard d'Alfort">Musée Fragonard d'Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Ast%C3%A9rix" title="Parc Astérix">Parc Astérix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Parc de Saint-Cloud">Parc de Saint-Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon" title="La Roche-Guyon">La Roche-Guyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paris" title="Culture of Paris">Culture and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AEner_en_Blanc" title="Dîner en Blanc">Dîner en Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuit_Blanche" title="Nuit Blanche">Nuit Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Plages" title="Paris-Plages">Paris-Plages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_historique" title="Axe historique">Axe historique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateau-Lavoir" title="Bateau-Lavoir">Bateau-Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateaux_Mouches" title="Bateaux Mouches">Bateaux Mouches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_des_2_Moulins" title="Café des 2 Moulins">Café des 2 Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_in_Paris" title="Fountains in Paris">Fountains in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots" title="Les Deux Magots">Les Deux Magots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s" title="Maxim's">Maxim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_de_la_Galette" title="Moulin de la Galette">Moulin de la Galette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_entrances_by_Hector_Guimard" title="Paris Métro entrances by Hector Guimard">entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Funicular" title="Montmartre Funicular">Montmartre Funicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Mus%C3%A9es" title="Paris Musées">Paris Musées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Zoological_Park" title="Paris Zoological Park">Paris Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">Pyramide inversée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Paris" title="Art in Paris">Art in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supertall_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supertall" title="Template:Supertall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supertall" title="Template talk:Supertall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supertall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supertall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supertall_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Supertall structures</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate structures under construction</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">Towers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty_Tower" title="Almaty Tower">Almaty Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspire_Tower" title="Aspire Tower">Aspire Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailong_Elevator" title="Bailong Elevator">Bailong Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_TV_Tower" title="Baku TV Tower">Baku TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernsehturm_Berlin" title="Fernsehturm Berlin">Berliner Fernsehturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Tower" title="Canton Tower">Canton Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Radio_%26_TV_Tower" title="Central Radio & TV Tower">China Central Radio & TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Tower" title="Dragon Tower">Dragon Tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emley_Moor_transmitting_station" title="Emley Moor transmitting station">Emley Moor transmitting station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europaturm" title="Europaturm">Europaturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_TV_Tower" title="Fazilka TV Tower">Fazilka TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerbrandy_Tower" title="Gerbrandy Tower">Gerbrandy Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosiar_Television_Tower" title="Indosiar Television Tower">Indosiar Television Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_TV_Tower" title="Jaisalmer TV Tower">Jaisalmer TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_Nanjing_Broadcast_Television_Tower" title="Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower">Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCTV_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="KCTV Tower">KCTV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_TV_Tower" title="Kyiv TV Tower">Kyiv TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Tower" title="Kuala Lumpur Tower">Kuala Lumpur Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Broadcast_and_TV_Tower" title="Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower">Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tower_(Kuwait)" title="Liberation Tower (Kuwait)">Liberation Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Tower" title="Lotus Tower">Lotus Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Tower" title="Macau Tower">Macau Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Television_Tower" title="Mumbai Television Tower">Mumbai Television Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_Seoul_Tower" title="N Seoul Tower">N Seoul Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Pearl_Tower" title="Oriental Pearl Tower">Oriental Pearl Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Tower" title="Ostankino Tower">Ostankino Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitampura_TV_Tower" title="Pitampura TV Tower">Pitampura TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameswaram_TV_Tower" title="Rameswaram TV Tower">Rameswaram TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Radio_and_TV_Tower" title="Riga Radio and TV Tower">Riga Radio and TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_TV_Tower" title="Saint Petersburg TV Tower">Saint Petersburg TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatra_TV_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatra TV Tower">Samatra TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint-Pieters-Leeuw_Tower" title="Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower">Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Tower_(Auckland)" title="Sky Tower (Auckland)">Sky Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strat" title="The Strat">Strat Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Tower" title="Sydney Tower">Sydney Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_101" title="Taipei 101">Taipei 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_TV_Tower" title="Tallinn TV Tower">Tallinn TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Tower" title="Tashkent Tower">Tashkent Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_TV_Broadcasting_Tower" title="Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower">Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Radio_and_Television_Tower" title="Tianjin Radio and Television Tower">Tianjin Radio and Television Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torreta_de_Guardamar" title="Torreta de Guardamar">Torreta de Guardamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoise_Mountain_TV_Tower" title="Tortoise Mountain TV Tower">Tortoise Mountain TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_tower" title="Turner Broadcasting tower">Turner Broadcasting tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVRI_Tower" title="TVRI Tower">TVRI Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_TV_Tower" title="Vilnius TV Tower">Vilnius TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_TV_Mast" title="Vinnytsia TV Mast">Vinnytsia TV Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pearl_Tower" title="West Pearl Tower">West Pearl Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHDH-TV_tower" title="WHDH-TV tower">WHDH-TV tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WITI_TV_Tower" title="WITI TV Tower">WITI TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSB-TV_tower" title="WSB-TV tower">WSB-TV tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan_TV_Tower" title="Yerevan TV Tower">Yerevan TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Tower" title="Zhongyuan Tower">Zhongyuan Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a> (343 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_%C3%87anakkale_Bridge" title="1915 Çanakkale Bridge">1915 Çanakkale Bridge</a> (334 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a> (322 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russky_Bridge" title="Russky Bridge">Russky Bridge</a> (321 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutong_Yangtze_River_Bridge" title="Sutong Yangtze River Bridge">Sutong Yangtze River Bridge</a> (306 m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams" title="List of tallest dams">Dams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangjiangkou_Dam" title="Shuangjiangkou Dam">Shuangjiangkou Dam</a> (312 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinping-I_Dam" title="Jinping-I Dam">Jinping-I Dam</a> (305 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurek_Dam" title="Nurek Dam">Nurek Dam</a> (300 m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity pylons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jintang-Cezi_Overhead_Powerline_Link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link (page does not exist)">Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link</a> (380 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan_Island_Overhead_Powerline_Tie" title="Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie">Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie</a> (370 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_power_line_crossings" title="Yangtze River power line crossings">Yangtze River power line crossings</a> (346.5 m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind turbines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schipkau_GICON_Wind_Turbine" title="Schipkau GICON Wind Turbine">Schipkau GICON Wind Turbine</a> (under construction) (363 m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_oil_platforms" title="List of tallest oil platforms">Oil platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_(oil_platform)" title="Petronius (oil platform)">Petronius</a> (640 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldpate_(oil_platform)" title="Baldpate (oil platform)">Baldpate Platform</a> (579.7 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullwinkle_(oil_platform)" title="Bullwinkle (oil platform)">Bullwinkle</a> (529.1 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Platform" title="Pompano Platform">Pompano</a> (477 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_A_platform" title="Troll A platform">Troll A platform</a> (472 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela-Belize_Lobito-Tomboco_Platform" title="Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform">BBLT</a> (512m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaks_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullfaks C">Gullfaks C</a> (380 m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">Tallest structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">Tallest freestanding structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1889_Paris_Universal_Exposition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1889_Paris_Universal_Exposition" title="Template:1889 Paris Universal Exposition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1889_Paris_Universal_Exposition" title="Template talk:1889 Paris Universal Exposition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1889_Paris_Universal_Exposition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1889 Paris Universal Exposition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1889_Paris_Universal_Exposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">1889 Paris Universal Exposition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Site</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a> and esplanade des <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Invalides</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pavilions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_des_machines" title="Galerie des machines">Palace of Machines</a></li> <li>Palace of Various Industries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fontaine_Bartholdi" title="Fontaine Bartholdi">Fontaine Bartholdi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Diamond" title="Jacob Diamond">Imperial Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Fierro" title="Casa de Fierro">Iron House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_(Santa_Rosal%C3%ADa)" title="Iglesia de Santa Bárbara (Santa Rosalía)">Iron Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro_Palace" title="Trocadéro Palace">Trocadéro Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decauville_railway_at_Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Decauville railway at Exposition Universelle (1889)">Decauville railway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esclarmonde" title="Esclarmonde">Esclarmonde</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1900_Paris_Exposition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1900_Paris_Exposition" title="Template:1900 Paris Exposition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1900_Paris_Exposition" title="Template talk:1900 Paris Exposition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1900_Paris_Exposition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1900 Paris Exposition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1900_Paris_Exposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Paris Exposition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Site</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a>, esplanade des <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Invalides</a>, banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pavilions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Denmark section">DK</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Meeting_in_the_Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="A Meeting in the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">A Meeting in the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spain section">ES</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sad_Inheritance!" title="Sad Inheritance!">Sad Inheritance!</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Great Britain section">GB</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(painting)" title="Spring (painting)">Spring</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Serbia section">RS</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proclamation_of_Du%C5%A1an%27s_Law_Codex" title="The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex">The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex</a></i> first version - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Takovo_Uprising" title="The Takovo Uprising">The Takovo Uprising</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Russia section">RU</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Out_into_the_World" title="Out into the World">Out into the World</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States section">US</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Cass" title="Statue of Thomas Cass">Colonel Thomas Cass</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_God_Pan_(sculpture)" title="The Great God Pan (sculpture)">The Great God Pan</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_White,_No._2:_The_Little_White_Girl" title="Symphony in White, No. 2: The Little White Girl">The Little White Girl</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Medicine_Man_(Dallin)" title="The Medicine Man (Dallin)">The Medicine Man</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Struggle_of_the_Two_Natures_in_Man" title="Struggle of the Two Natures in Man">Struggle of the Two Natures in Man</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="International section">INT</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9" title="Gioventù">Melancolie</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Centennial Exhibition of French Art from 1800 to 1889">C.FR</span>:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Cotton_Office_in_New_Orleans" title="A Cotton Office in New Orleans">A Cotton Office in New Orleans</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe" title="Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe">Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi" title="Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi">Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Haymaking_in_the_Auvergne" title="Haymaking in the Auvergne">Haymaking in the Auvergne</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/La_Loge" title="La Loge">La Loge</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Alphonse_Leroy" title="Portrait of Alphonse Leroy">Portrait of Alphonse Leroy</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seine_at_Port-Marly,_Piles_of_Sand" title="The Seine at Port-Marly, Piles of Sand">The Seine at Port-Marly, Piles of Sand</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_des_machines" title="Galerie des machines">Palace of Agriculture and Food</a></li> <li>Palace of Diverse Industries <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States section">US</span>:</span> The <a href="/wiki/Star_of_India_(gem)" title="Star of India (gem)">Star of India</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palace of Optics <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Paris_Exhibition_Telescope_of_1900" title="Great Paris Exhibition Telescope of 1900">Great Telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palace of Social Economy <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States section">US</span>:</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Exhibit_of_American_Negroes" title="The Exhibit of American Negroes">The Exhibit of American Negroes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro_Palace" title="Trocadéro Palace">Trocadéro Palace</a></li> <li>Pavilion of Finland <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defense_of_the_Sampo" title="The Defense of the Sampo">The Defense of the Sampo</a></i> fresco</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_of_Spain_(1900)" title="Pavilion of Spain (1900)">Royal Pavilion of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_1900_chess_tournament" title="Paris 1900 chess tournament">Paris 1900 chess tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9orama" title="Cinéorama">Cinéorama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_C%C3%A9leste" title="Globe Céleste">Globe Céleste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Roue_de_Paris" title="Grande Roue de Paris">Grande Roue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mareorama" title="Mareorama">Mareorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerelle_Debilly" title="Passerelle Debilly">Passerelle Debilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_l%27Avenir" title="Rue de l'Avenir">Rue de l'Avenir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_fer_de_Petite_Ceinture" title="Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture">Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Train_Bleu_(restaurant)" title="Le Train Bleu (restaurant)">Le Train Bleu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Orsay" title="Gare d'Orsay">Gare d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars%E2%80%93Tour_Eiffel_station" title="Champ de Mars–Tour Eiffel station">Gare du Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javel_station" title="Javel station">Gare de Javel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_R%C3%A9gina" title="Hôtel Régina">Hôtel Régina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_1" title="Paris Métro Line 1">Métro Line 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_entrances_by_Hector_Guimard" title="Paris Métro entrances by Hector Guimard">entrances</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Exposition,_1900_(film_series)" title="Paris Exposition, 1900 (film series)">Paris Exposition, 1900</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verset_la%C3%AFque_et_somptueux" title="Verset laïque et somptueux">Verset laïque et somptueux</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" title="Template:1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" title="Template talk:1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Site</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a>, esplanade des <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Invalides</a> and banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pavilions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot" title="Palais de Chaillot">Palais de Chaillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Tokyo" title="Palais de Tokyo">Palace of the Museums of Modern Art</a></li> <li>Pavilion of Spain <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">Guernica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_fountain" title="Mercury fountain">Mercury fountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reaper_(Mir%C3%B3_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reaper (Miró painting)">The Reaper</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Pavilion of the USSR <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman" title="Worker and Kolkhoz Woman">Worker and Kolkhoz Woman</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naissance_d%27une_cit%C3%A9" title="Naissance d'une cité">Naissance d'une cité</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerelle_Debilly" title="Passerelle Debilly">Passerelle Debilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Métro <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_8" title="Paris Métro Line 8">Line 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_10" title="Paris Métro Line 10">Line 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14_(1937%E2%80%9376)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Métro Line 14 (1937–76)">Line 14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_des_belles_eaux" title="Fête des belles eaux">Fête des belles eaux</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phare_du_Monde" title="Phare du Monde">Phare du Monde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Venues_of_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_(Paris)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Summer_Olympic_Venues" title="Template:2024 Summer Olympic Venues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2024_Summer_Olympic_Venues" title="Template talk:2024 Summer Olympic Venues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2024_Summer_Olympic_Venues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2024 Summer Olympic Venues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Venues_of_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_(Paris)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Venues_of_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics">Venues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Paris Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Expositions_de_Villepinte" title="Parc des Expositions de Villepinte">Arena Paris Nord and Villepinte PMC Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Bourget" title="Le Bourget">Le Bourget Urban Sports Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Aquatic_Centre" title="Paris Aquatic Centre">Paris Aquatic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_La_D%C3%A9fense_Arena" title="Paris La Défense Arena">Paris La Défense Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adidas_Arena" title="Adidas Arena">Porte de La Chapelle Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Yves-du-Manoir" title="Stade Yves-du-Manoir">Stade Yves-du-Manoir</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_(FR93)_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_%28FR93%29_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg/120px-%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_%28FR93%29_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_%28FR93%29_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg/180px-%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_%28FR93%29_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_%28FR93%29_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg/240px-%C3%89preuve_Athl%C3%A9tisme_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Stade_France_-_Saint-Denis_%28FR93%29_-_2024-08-02_-_138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paris Centre Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accor_Arena" title="Accor Arena">Bercy Arena</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eiffel Tower</a> Stadium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais_%C3%89ph%C3%A9m%C3%A8re" title="Grand Palais Éphémère">Éphémère</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Expo_Porte_de_Versailles" title="Paris Expo Porte de Versailles">Paris Expo Porte de Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland Garros</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_Philippe_Chatrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Philippe Chatrier">Court Philippe Chatrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Suzanne_Lenglen" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Suzanne Lenglen">Court Suzanne Lenglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Simonne_Mathieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Simonne Mathieu">Court Simonne-Mathieu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Trocadéro (Pont d'Iéna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versailles Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colline_d%27%C3%89lancourt" title="Colline d'Élancourt">Élancourt Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Golf_National" title="Le Golf National">Le Golf National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_National" title="Vélodrome National">Vélodrome National</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stand-alone venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Shooting_Centre_(France)" title="National Shooting Centre (France)">National Shooting Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Châteauroux">Châteauroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaires-sur-Marne_Nautical_Stadium" title="Vaires-sur-Marne Nautical Stadium">National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaires-sur-Marne" title="Vaires-sur-Marne">Vaires-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roucas_Blanc_Olympic_Marina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roucas Blanc Olympic Marina (page does not exist)">Roucas Blanc Olympic Marina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pierre-Mauroy" title="Stade Pierre-Mauroy">Stade Pierre-Mauroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahupo%CA%BBo" title="Teahupoʻo">Teahupoʻo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Football stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allianz_Riviera" title="Allianz Riviera">Allianz Riviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_Stade_de_Bordeaux" title="Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux">Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Princes" title="Parc des Princes">Parc des Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Olympique_Lyonnais" title="Parc Olympique Lyonnais">Parc Olympique Lyonnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>–<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cines-Charpieu" title="Décines-Charpieu">Décines-Charpieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_la_Beaujoire" title="Stade de la Beaujoire">Stade de la Beaujoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Geoffroy-Guichard" title="Stade Geoffroy-Guichard">Stade Geoffroy-Guichard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome" title="Stade Vélodrome">Stade Vélodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-competitive venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardins_du_Trocad%C3%A9ro" title="Jardins du Trocadéro">Jardins du Trocadéro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_congr%C3%A8s_de_Paris" title="Palais des congrès de Paris">Paris Congress Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_des_expositions_de_Paris-Le_Bourget&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc des expositions de Paris-Le Bourget (page does not exist)">Le Bourget Exhibition Centre and Media Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygone_de_Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polygone de Vincennes (page does not exist)">Polygone de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_venues_in_volleyball" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_venues_volleyball" title="Template:Olympic venues volleyball"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_venues_volleyball" title="Template talk:Olympic venues volleyball"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_venues_volleyball" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic venues volleyball"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_venues_in_volleyball" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_volleyball" title="List of Olympic venues in volleyball">Olympic venues in volleyball</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Komazawa_Volleyball_Courts" title="Komazawa Volleyball Courts">Komazawa Volleyball Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Cultural_Gymnasium" title="Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium">Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium</a> (final)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gimnasio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Juan_de_la_Barrera" title="Gimnasio Olímpico Juan de la Barrera">Juan de la Barrera Olympic Gymnasium</a> (final), <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_los_Deportes" title="Palacio de los Deportes">Juan Escutia Sports Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Ice_Rink" title="Revolution Ice Rink">Revolution Ice Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volleyballhalle" title="Volleyballhalle">Volleyballhalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Forum" title="Montreal Forum">Montreal Forum</a> (final), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sauv%C3%A9_Arena" title="Paul Sauvé Arena">Paul Sauvé Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Druzhba_Multipurpose_Arena" title="Druzhba Multipurpose Arena">Druzhba Multipurpose Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Small_Sports_Arena" title="Luzhniki Small Sports Arena">Minor Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium</a> (final)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Convention_and_Entertainment_Center" title="Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center">Long Beach Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_University_Gymnasium" title="Hanyang University Gymnasium">Hanyang University Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamsil_Arena" title="Jamsil Arena">Jamsil Gymnasium</a> (final), <a href="/wiki/Saemaul_Sports_Hall" title="Saemaul Sports Hall">Saemaul Sports Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palau_dels_Esports_de_Barcelona" title="Palau dels Esports de Barcelona">Palau dels Esports de Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau_Sant_Jordi" title="Palau Sant Jordi">Palau Sant Jordi</a> (final), <a href="/wiki/Pavell%C3%B3_de_la_Vall_d%27Hebron" title="Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron">Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clayton_County_International_Park" title="Clayton County International Park">Clayton County International Park</a> (beach), <a href="/wiki/Omni_Coliseum" title="Omni Coliseum">Omni Coliseum</a> (indoor final), <a href="/wiki/Stegeman_Coliseum" title="Stegeman Coliseum">Stegeman Coliseum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volleyball_(indoor)_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/50px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/75px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/100px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bondi_Beach" title="Bondi Beach">Bondi Beach</a> (beach), <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Entertainment_Centre" title="Sydney Entertainment Centre">Sydney Entertainment Centre</a> (indoor final), <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Showground_(Olympic_Park)#The_Dome" title="Sydney Showground (Olympic Park)">Sydney Showground Pavilion 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Faliro_Olympic_Beach_Volleyball_Centre" title="Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre">Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre</a> (beach), <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Stadium" title="Peace and Friendship Stadium">Peace and Friendship Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Technology_Gymnasium" title="Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium">Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Indoor_Stadium" title="Capital Indoor Stadium">Capital Indoor Stadium</a> (indoor final), <a href="/wiki/Chaoyang_Park_Beach_Volleyball_Ground" title="Chaoyang Park Beach Volleyball Ground">Chaoyang Park Beach Volleyball Ground</a> (beach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre" title="Earls Court Exhibition Centre">Earls Court Exhibition Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade" title="Horse Guards Parade">Horse Guards Parade</a> (beach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Copacabana_Stadium" title="Copacabana Stadium">Copacabana Beach</a> (beach), <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A1sio_do_Maracan%C3%A3zinho" title="Ginásio do Maracanãzinho">Maracanãzinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ariake_Arena" title="Ariake Arena">Ariake Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiokaze_Park" title="Shiokaze Park">Shiokaze Park</a> (beach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the 2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Expo_Porte_de_Versailles" title="Paris Expo Porte de Versailles">Paris Expo Porte de Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a> (beach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2028_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball at the 2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>: <a href="/wiki/Honda_Center" title="Honda Center">Honda Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_State_Beach" title="Santa Monica State Beach">Santa Monica State Beach</a> (beach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coomera_Indoor_Sports_Centre" title="Coomera Indoor Sports Centre">Coomera Indoor Sports Centre</a> (indoor final), <a href="/wiki/Broadbeach,_Queensland" title="Broadbeach, Queensland">Broadbeach Park Stadium </a> (beach), <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre" title="Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre">Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236835198">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1153112/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4102872-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tour Eiffel (Paris, France)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136247">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941003z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941003z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01193444">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eiffelova věž (Paříž, Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1124102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4850635">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000240933&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012440949505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00088801">Mérimée</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000021">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/cc0159fc-2a4d-4f11-8438-1aad8e1ae188">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027348857">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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