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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977–1979:_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977–1979:_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 1977–1979: early years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1977–1979:_early_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1977–1979: early years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1977–1979:_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_scene_and_commercial_ambitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 UK scene and commercial ambitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_scene_and_commercial_ambitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downtown_Manhattan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downtown_Manhattan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Downtown Manhattan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downtown_Manhattan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-1980s–1990s:_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1980s–1990s:_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mid-1980s–1990s: decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1980s–1990s:_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later developments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later developments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000s:_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s:_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 2000s: revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s:_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s–2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s–2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2010s–2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s–2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_in_the_UK_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_in_the_UK_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Revival in the UK and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_in_the_UK_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 List of bands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Post-punk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="بوست بانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوست بانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpank" title="Postpank – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Postpank" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Пост-панк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пост-панк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Пост-панк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пост-панк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Постпънк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Постпънк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_punk" title="Post punk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Post punk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Punk" title="Post-Punk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Post-Punk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpunko" title="Postpunko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Postpunko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="پست-پانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پست-پانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%ED%8E%91%ED%81%AC" title="포스트펑크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포스트펑크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Պոստ փանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոստ փանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0p%C3%B6nk" title="Síðpönk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síðpönk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98-%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7_(Punk)" title="פוסט-פאנק (Punk) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוסט-פאנק (Punk)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პოსტ-პანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოსტ-პანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpankroks" title="Postpankroks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Postpankroks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Постпанк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Постпанк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpunk" title="Postpunk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Postpunk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="ポストパンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポストパンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpank" title="Postpank – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Postpank" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3s-punk" title="Pós-punk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pós-punk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Постпанк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постпанк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpunk" title="Postpunk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Postpunk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-pank" title="Post-pank – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Post-pank" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpunk" title="Postpunk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Postpunk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Post-punk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="โพสต์พังก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพสต์พังก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_punk" title="Post punk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Post punk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Post-punk</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">Refers to certain developments after <a href="/wiki/Punk_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk movement">punk</a>, although some groups predate the movement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">New musick</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1977; United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pop" title="Noise pop">noise pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">indie pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_wave" title="Minimal wave">minimal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">neo-psychedelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">new pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twee_pop" title="Twee pop">twee pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoegazing">shoegazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">post-punk revival</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="#United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="#United_States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Netherlands (Ultra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Germany (Neue Deutsche Welle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">France (Cold Wave)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Leeds#Punk_rock" title="Music in Leeds">Leeds</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-punk_bands" title="List of post-punk bands">list of post-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Romanticism">New Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">recording studio as an instrument</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Post-punk (originally called new musick)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECateforis201126–27-2">[2]</a> is a broad genre of music that emerged in 1977 in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>. Post-punk musicians departed from punk's fundamental elements and raw simplicity, instead adopting a broader, more experimental approach that encompassed a variety of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> sensibilities and non-rock influences. Inspired by punk's energy and <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Do it yourself ethic">do it yourself ethic</a> but determined to break from rock <a href="/wiki/Cliche" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliche">cliches</a>, artists experimented with styles like <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Music_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Music production">production techniques</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>; and ideas from art and politics, including <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist art">modernist art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xxxi-4">[4]</a> These communities produced <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent record labels">independent record labels</a>, visual art, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> performances and <a href="/wiki/Fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanzines">fanzines</a>. The early post-punk vanguard was represented by groups including <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wire_(band)" title="Wire (band)">Wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd" title="Public Image Ltd">Public Image Ltd</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pop_Group" title="The Pop Group">the Pop Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(band)" title="Magazine (band)">Magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">the Raincoats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)" title="Gang of Four (band)">Gang of Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(band)" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The movement was closely related to the development of ancillary genres such as <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">neo-psychedelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a>. By the mid-1980s, post-punk had dissipated, but it provided a foundation for the <a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">new pop</a> movement and the later <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">independent</a> genres. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave music</a></div> Post-punk is a diverse genre<a href="#cite_note-guardian-6">[6]</a> that emerged from the cultural milieu of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-8">[8]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECieślakRasmus2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-9">[9]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[nb 1]</a> Originally called "new musick", the terms were first used by various writers in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk's <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> template and into disparate areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECateforis201126–27-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)" title="Sounds (magazine)">Sounds</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Jon Savage</a> already used "post-punk" in early 1978.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morley" title="Paul Morley">Paul Morley</a> also stated that he had "possibly" invented the term himself.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> At the time, there was a feeling of renewed excitement regarding what the word would entail, with Sounds publishing numerous preemptive editorials on new musick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20161-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[nb 2]</a> Towards the end of the decade, some journalists used "<a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">art punk</a>" as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> for garage rock-derived acts deemed too sophisticated and out of step with <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">punk's dogma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittins20045-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[nb 3]</a> Before the early 1980s, many groups now categorised as "post-punk" were subsumed under the broad umbrella of "<a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>", with the terms being deployed interchangeably. "Post-punk" became differentiated from "new wave" after their styles perceptibly narrowed.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The writer <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lezard" title="Nicholas Lezard">Nicholas Lezard</a> described the term "post-punk" as "so multifarious that only the broadest use ... is possible".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-6">[6]</a> Subsequent discourse has failed to clarify whether contemporary music journals and fanzines conventionally understood "post-punk" the way that it was discussed in later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20168-21">[18]</a> Music historian <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Heylin" title="Clinton Heylin">Clinton Heylin</a> places the "true starting-point for English post-punk" somewhere between August 1977 and May 1978, with the arrival of guitarist <a href="/wiki/John_McKay_(musician)" title="John McKay (musician)">John McKay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a> in July 1977, <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(band)" title="Magazine (band)">Magazine</a>'s first album, <a href="/wiki/Wire_(band)" title="Wire (band)">Wire</a>'s new musical direction in 1978 and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd" title="Public Image Ltd">Public Image Ltd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylin2008460-22">[19]</a> Music historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Goddard" title="Simon Goddard">Simon Goddard</a> wrote that the debut albums of those bands layered the foundations of post-punk.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a>' 2005 book <a href="/wiki/Rip_It_Up_and_Start_Again" title="Rip It Up and Start Again">Rip It Up and Start Again</a> is widely referenced as post-punk doctrine, although he has stated that the book only covers aspects of post-punk that he had a personal inclination toward.<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a> Wilkinson characterised Reynolds' readings as "apparent revisionism and 'rebranding'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20168-21">[18]</a> Author/musician Alex Ogg criticised: "The problem is not with what Reynolds left out of Rip It Up ..., but, paradoxically, that too much was left in".<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 4]</a> Ogg suggested that post-punk pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style, and disputed the accuracy of the term's chronological prefix "post", as various groups commonly labelled "post-punk" predate the punk rock movement.<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a> Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring roughly between 1978 and 1984.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-26">[22]</a> He advocated that post-punk be conceived as "less a genre of music than a space of possibility",<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a> suggesting that "what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives: innovation; willful oddness; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or 'rock'n'roll'".&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-26">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> employs "post-punk" to denote "a more adventurous and arty form of punk".<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-8">[8]</a> Reynolds asserted that the post-punk period produced significant innovations and music on its own.<a href="#cite_note-guard-27">[23]</a> Reynolds described the period as "a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created, the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it, and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1996xi-28">[24]</a> Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period "was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Many post-punk artists were initially inspired by punk's <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a> and energy,<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-8">[8]</a> but ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement, feeling that it had fallen into a commercial formula, rock convention, and self-parody.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20051-29">[25]</a> They repudiated its <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> claims to accessibility and raw simplicity, instead of seeing an opportunity to break with musical tradition, subvert commonplaces and challenge audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005On_one_side_were_the_populist_'real_punks'_..._who_believed_that_the_music_needed_to_stay_accessible_and_unpretentious,_to_continue_to_fill_its_role_as_the_angry_voice_of_the_streets.On_the_other_side_was_the_vanguard_that_came_to_be_known_as_postpunk,_who_saw_1977_not_as_a_return_to_raw_rock_'n'_roll_but_as_a_chance_to_make_a_break_with_tradition._30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005On_one_side_were_the_populist_'real_punks'_..._who_believed_that_the_music_needed_to_stay_accessible_and_unpretentious,_to_continue_to_fill_its_role_as_the_angry_voice_of_the_streets.On_the_other_side_was_the_vanguard_that_came_to_be_known_as_postpunk,_who_saw_1977_not_as_a_return_to_raw_rock_'n'_roll_but_as_a_chance_to_make_a_break_with_tradition.-30">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-8">[8]</a> Artists moved beyond punk's focus on the concerns of a largely white, male, working-class population<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojek201328-31">[27]</a> and abandoned its continued reliance on established <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> tropes, such as three-chord progressions and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Guitar_riff" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar riff">guitar riffs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-32">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] These artists instead defined punk as "an imperative to constant change", believing that "radical content demands radical form".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20051,_3-33">[29]</a> Though the music varied widely between regions and artists, the post-punk movement has been characterised by its "conceptual assault" on rock conventions<a href="#cite_note-guard-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-6">[6]</a> and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_tradition" title="Appeal to tradition">traditionalist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemonic">hegemonic</a><a href="#cite_note-guard-27">[23]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rockism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockism">rockist</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> in favour of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECieślakRasmus2012-35">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053,_261-36">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECieślakRasmus2012-35">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECieślakRasmus2012-35">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-8">[8]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojek201328-31">[27]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;"They_dedicated_themselves_to_fulfilling_punk's_uncompleted_musical_revolution,_exploring_new_possibilities_by_embracing_electronics,_noise,_jazz,_and_the_classical_avant-garde."_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;"They_dedicated_themselves_to_fulfilling_punk's_uncompleted_musical_revolution,_exploring_new_possibilities_by_embracing_electronics,_noise,_jazz,_and_the_classical_avant-garde."-37">[33]</a> Some previous musical styles also served as touchstones for the movement, including particular brands of <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xi-xii-39">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">art pop</a><a href="#cite_note-FisherGold-40">[36]</a> and other music from the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalacios2010418-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[nb 5]</a> Artists once again <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">approached the studio as an instrument</a>, using new recording methods and pursuing novel sonic territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20057-44">[39]</a> Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> as well as paradigms that defined "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">rock as progressive</a>, as art, as 'sterile' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBannister200736–37-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[nb 6]</a> According to musicologist Pete Dale, while groups wanted to "rip up history and start again", the music was still "inevitably tied to traces they could never fully escape".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale2016153-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[nb 7]</a> Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as "a fusion of art and music". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, politics and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> into musical and pop cultural contexts.<a href="#cite_note-guard-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Those_postpunk_years_from_1978_to_1984_saw_the_systematic_ransacking_of_twentieth_century_modernist_art_and_literature_..."-51">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> and returned to the art school tradition found in the work of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053≠-53">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojek201328-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FisherGold-40">[36]</a> Reynolds noted a preoccupation among some post-punk artists with issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Social repression">repression</a>, and technocracy of Western <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new-54">[47]</a> Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">avant-garde political scenes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Situationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationism">Situationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>, and intellectual movements such as <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xxxi-4">[4]</a> Many artists viewed their work in explicitly political terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xi-55">[48]</a> Additionally, in some locations, the creation of post-punk music was closely linked to the development of efficacious <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a>, which played important roles in the production of art, multimedia performances, <a href="/wiki/Fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanzines">fanzines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent label">independent labels</a> related to the music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Beyond_the_musicians,_there_was_a_whole_cadre_of_catalysts_and_culture_warriors,_enablers_and_ideologues_who_started_labels,_managed_bands,_became_innovative_producers,_published_fanzines,_ran_hipster_record_stores,_promoted_gigs_and_organised_festivals."_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Beyond_the_musicians,_there_was_a_whole_cadre_of_catalysts_and_culture_warriors,_enablers_and_ideologues_who_started_labels,_managed_bands,_became_innovative_producers,_published_fanzines,_ran_hipster_record_stores,_promoted_gigs_and_organised_festivals."-56">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Many post-punk artists maintained an <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporatism">anti-corporatist</a> approach to recording and instead seized on alternate means of producing and releasing music.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-6">[6]</a> Journalists also became an important element of the culture, and popular music magazines and critics became immersed in the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200519-57">[50]</a> In the mid-1970s, various American groups (some with ties to <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Manhattan">Downtown Manhattan</a>'s punk scene, including <a href="/wiki/Television_(band)" title="Television (band)">Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(band)" title="Suicide (band)">Suicide</a>) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005140,_142–43-58">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1977–1979:_early_years">1977–1979: early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1977–1979: early years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock#1979–1984:_Schism_and_diversification" title="Punk rock">Punk rock § 1979–1984: Schism and diversification</a></div> During the punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including <a href="/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records" title="Rough Trade Records">Rough Trade</a> (founded by record shop owner <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Travis" title="Geoff Travis">Geoff Travis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Factory_Records" title="Factory Records">Factory</a> (founded by <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>-based television personality <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wilson" title="Tony Wilson">Tony Wilson</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200527,_30-59">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fast_Product" title="Fast Product">Fast Product</a> (co-founded by Bob Last and Hilary Morrison).<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> By 1977, groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently, an idea disseminated in particular by <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a>' release of their <a href="/wiki/Spiral_Scratch_(EP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral Scratch (EP)">Spiral Scratch</a> EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of <a href="/wiki/Desperate_Bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Desperate Bicycles">Desperate Bicycles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200526,_31-62">[55]</a> These <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> imperatives would help form the production and distribution infrastructure of post-punk and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">indie music</a> scene that later blossomed in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200527–28,_34-63">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siouxsie_and_the_banshees_1979_with_robert_smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Siouxsie_and_the_banshees_1979_with_robert_smith.jpg/220px-Siouxsie_and_the_banshees_1979_with_robert_smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Siouxsie_and_the_banshees_1979_with_robert_smith.jpg/330px-Siouxsie_and_the_banshees_1979_with_robert_smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Siouxsie_and_the_banshees_1979_with_robert_smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a>. The two groups frequently collaborated.</figcaption></figure> As the initial punk movement dwindled, vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053-64">[57]</a> By late 1977, British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire were experimenting with sounds, lyrics, and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries. Savage described some of these early developments as exploring "harsh urban scrapings", "controlled <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a>" and "massively accented drumming".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECateforis201126-65">[58]</a> In November 1977 Siouxsie and the Banshees' first <a href="/wiki/John_Peel_Session" class="mw-redirect" title="John Peel Session">John Peel Session</a> for <a href="/wiki/BBC_radio_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC radio 1">BBC radio 1</a> marked the transition to post-punk when they premiered "Metal Postcard" with space in the sound and serrated guitars,<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> creating a music being "cold, machine-like and passionate at the same time".<a href="#cite_note-Sounds-67">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a> editor Pat Gilbert said, "The first truly post-punk band were Siouxsie and the Banshees", noting the influence of the band's use of repetition on <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Robb_(musician)" title="John Robb (musician)">John Robb</a> similarly argued that the first Banshees gig was "proto post-punk", comparing the rhythm section Public Image Ltd's <a href="/wiki/Metal_Box" title="Metal Box">Metal Box</a>, which would be released three years later.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> In January 1978, singer <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">John Lydon</a> (then known as Johnny Rotten) announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, citing his disillusionment with punk's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests, as well as his desire to explore more diverse territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200511-70">[63]</a> In May, Lydon formed the group <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd" title="Public Image Ltd">Public Image Ltd</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> with guitarist <a href="/wiki/Keith_Levene" title="Keith Levene">Keith Levene</a> and bassist <a href="/wiki/Jah_Wobble" title="Jah Wobble">Jah Wobble</a>, the latter who declared "rock is obsolete" after citing <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> as a "natural influence".<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> However, Lydon described his new sound as "total pop with deep meanings. But I don't want to be categorised in any other term but punk! That's where I come from and that's where I'm staying."<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> Around this time, acts such as Public Image Ltd, <a href="/wiki/The_Pop_Group" title="The Pop Group">the Pop Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">the Slits</a> had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200541–54-74">[67]</a> while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(band)" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Durutti_Column" title="The Durutti Column">the Durutti Column</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Certain_Ratio" title="A Certain Ratio">A Certain Ratio</a> developed unique styles that drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005103–109-75">[68]</a> Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Scritti_Politti" title="Scritti Politti">Scritti Politti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)" title="Gang of Four (band)">Gang of Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essential_Logic" title="Essential Logic">Essential Logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/This_Heat" title="This Heat">This Heat</a> incorporated <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> political philosophy and their own <a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">art school</a> studies in their work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200554,_180–182-76">[69]</a> The unorthodox studio production techniques devised by producers such as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lillywhite" title="Steve Lillywhite">Steve Lillywhite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-producer-77">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hannett" title="Martin Hannett">Martin Hannett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bovell" title="Dennis Bovell">Dennis Bovell</a> became important element of the emerging music. Labels such as Rough Trade and Factory would become important hubs for these groups and help facilitate releases, artwork, performances, and promotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2006-78">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Credit for the first post-punk record is disputed, but strong contenders include the debuts of Magazine ("<a href="/wiki/Shot_by_Both_Sides" title="Shot by Both Sides">Shot by Both Sides</a>", January 1978), Siouxsie and the Banshees ("<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garden_(song)" title="Hong Kong Garden (song)">Hong Kong Garden</a>", August 1978), Public Image Ltd ("<a href="/wiki/Public_Image_(song)" title="Public Image (song)">Public Image</a>", October 1978), Cabaret Voltaire (<a href="/wiki/Extended_Play_(Cabaret_Voltaire_EP)" title="Extended Play (Cabaret Voltaire EP)">Extended Play</a>, November 1978) and Gang of Four ("<a href="/wiki/Damaged_Goods_(song)" title="Damaged Goods (song)">Damaged Goods</a>", December 1978).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester200983–85-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[nb 8]</a> A variety of groups that predated punk, such as <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(band)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (band)">Cabaret Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Throbbing_Gristle" title="Throbbing Gristle">Throbbing Gristle</a>, experimented with <a href="/wiki/Tape_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape machine">tape machines</a> and electronic instruments in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a> methods and influence from <a href="/wiki/Transgressive_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgressive literature">transgressive literature</a>, ultimately helping to pioneer <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200586,_124–130-81">[73]</a> Throbbing Gristle's independent label <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Records" title="Industrial Records">Industrial Records</a> would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake. A pioneering <a href="/wiki/Australian_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian punk">punk scene in Australia</a> during the mid-1970s also fostered influential post-punk acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Birthday_Party_(band)" title="The Birthday Party (band)">The Birthday Party</a>, who eventually relocated to the UK to join its burgeoning music scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20059–10-82">[74]</a> As these scenes began to develop, British music publications such as <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> and Sounds developed an influential part in the nascent post-punk culture, with writers like Savage, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morley" title="Paul Morley">Paul Morley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Penman" title="Ian Penman">Ian Penman</a> developing a dense (and often playful) style of criticism that drew on philosophy, radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources. In 1978, UK magazine Sounds celebrated albums such as Siouxsie and the Banshees' <a href="/wiki/The_Scream_(album)" title="The Scream (album)">The Scream</a>, Wire's <a href="/wiki/Chairs_Missing" title="Chairs Missing">Chairs Missing</a>, and American band <a href="/wiki/Pere_Ubu" title="Pere Ubu">Pere Ubu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dub_Housing" title="Dub Housing">Dub Housing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sounds-83">[75]</a> In 1979, NME championed records such as PiL's <a href="/wiki/Metal_Box" title="Metal Box">Metal Box</a>, Joy Division's <a href="/wiki/Unknown_Pleasures" title="Unknown Pleasures">Unknown Pleasures</a>, Gang of Four's <a href="/wiki/Entertainment!" title="Entertainment!">Entertainment!</a>, Wire's <a href="/wiki/154_(album)" title="154 (album)">154</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">the Raincoats</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats_(album)" title="The Raincoats (album)">self-titled debut</a>, and American group <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>' album <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_Music" title="Fear of Music">Fear of Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rocklist-84">[76]</a> Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a> were examples of post-punk bands who shifted to dark overtones in their music, which would later spawn the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a> scene in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005427-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitchfork-86">[78]</a> Members of Siouxsie and the Banshees and the Cure worked on records and toured together regularly until 1984. <a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> grew out of the British post-punk scene in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> The genre later flourished into a more widespread and international movement of artists who applied the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> to new sounds and techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Treble2015-88">[80]</a> Other styles such as <a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">avant-funk</a> and industrial dub also emerged around 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Time-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-new-54">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Devo,_Atlanta,_Ga.,_Dec._27,_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Devo%2C_Atlanta%2C_Ga.%2C_Dec._27%2C_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg/200px-Devo%2C_Atlanta%2C_Ga.%2C_Dec._27%2C_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Devo%2C_Atlanta%2C_Ga.%2C_Dec._27%2C_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg/300px-Devo%2C_Atlanta%2C_Ga.%2C_Dec._27%2C_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Devo%2C_Atlanta%2C_Ga.%2C_Dec._27%2C_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg/400px-Devo%2C_Atlanta%2C_Ga.%2C_Dec._27%2C_1978_Agora_Ballroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="376" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a> performing in 1978</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Talking_Heads_band1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Talking_Heads_band1.jpg/200px-Talking_Heads_band1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Talking_Heads_band1.jpg/300px-Talking_Heads_band1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Talking_Heads_band1.jpg/400px-Talking_Heads_band1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="266" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> were one of the few American post-punk bands to reach both a large cult audience and the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021337-89">[81]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Pere_Ubu" title="Pere Ubu">Pere Ubu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a> drew inspiration from the region's derelict <a href="/wiki/Industrial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial region">industrial environments</a>, employing conceptual art techniques, <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a> and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200570-90">[82]</a> A variety of subsequent groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Mission_of_Burma" title="Mission of Burma">Mission of Burma</a> and the New York-based Talking Heads, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005158-91">[83]</a> In 1978, the latter band began <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads#1978–1980:_Collaborations_with_Brian_Eno" title="Talking Heads">a series of collaborations</a> with British <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a> pioneer and ex-<a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a> member <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a>, experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaist</a> lyrical techniques, electronic sounds, and <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythms#Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyrhythms">African polyrhythms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005158-91">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s vibrant post-punk scene was centered on such groups as <a href="/wiki/Chrome_(band)" title="Chrome (band)">Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Residents" title="The Residents">the Residents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuxedomoon" title="Tuxedomoon">Tuxedomoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/MX-80" title="MX-80">MX-80</a>, whose influences extended to multimedia experimentation, <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramatic theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater of Cruelty">Theater of Cruelty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005197–204-92">[84]</a> Also emerging during this period was downtown New York's <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a> movement, as well as a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant-garde art">art</a> and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes, often reflecting an abrasive and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> worldview.<a href="#cite_note-pitchfork.com-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> No wave musicians such as <a href="/wiki/The_Contortions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Contortions">The Contortions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Jesus_and_the_Jerks" title="Teenage Jesus and the Jerks">Teenage Jesus and the Jerks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(band)" title="Mars (band)">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_(American_band)" title="DNA (American band)">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Girls" title="Theoretical Girls">Theoretical Girls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Chatham" title="Rhys Chatham">Rhys Chatham</a> instead experimented with noise, <a href="/wiki/Dissonance_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissonance (music)">dissonance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> in addition to non-rock styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005140-95">[87]</a> The former four groups were included on the Eno-produced <a href="/wiki/No_New_York" title="No New York">No New York</a> compilation (1978), often considered the quintessential testament to the scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasters20089-96">[88]</a> The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as <a href="/wiki/Club_57_(nightclub)" title="Club 57 (nightclub)">Club 57</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mudd_Club" title="Mudd Club">Mudd Club</a> would become cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat" title="Jean-Michel Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Holman_(filmmaker)" title="Michael Holman (filmmaker)">Michael Holman</a> frequenting the scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005264,_266-97">[89]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Village_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Voice">Village Voice</a> writer Steve Anderson, the scene pursued an abrasive reductionism that "undermined the power and mystique of a rock vanguard by depriving it of a tradition to react against".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoege199468–69-98">[90]</a> Anderson claimed that the no wave scene represented "New York's last stylistically cohesive avant-rock movement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoege199468–69-98">[90]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980–1984:_further_developments">1980–1984: further developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1980–1984: further developments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_scene_and_commercial_ambitions">UK scene and commercial ambitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UK scene and commercial ambitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">new pop</a></div> British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—American critic <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a> characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present-day pop music"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1994109-99">[91]</a>—as well as media figures such as <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> DJ <a href="/wiki/John_Peel" title="John Peel">John Peel</a>, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> The network of supportive <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record labels</a> that included <a href="/wiki/Y_Records" title="Y Records">Y Records</a>, Industrial, Fast, <a href="/wiki/E.G._Records" title="E.G. Records">E.G.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mute_Records" title="Mute Records">Mute</a>, <a href="/wiki/4AD" title="4AD">Axis/4AD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glass_Records" title="Glass Records">Glass</a> continued to facilitate a large output of music. By 1980–1981, many British acts, including <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Joy" title="Maximum Joy">Maximum Joy</a>, Magazine, Essential Logic, <a href="/wiki/Killing_Joke" title="Killing Joke">Killing Joke</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_(band)" title="The Sound (band)">the Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/23_Skidoo_(band)" title="23 Skidoo (band)">23 Skidoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_TV" title="Alternative TV">Alternative TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Teardrop_Explodes" title="The Teardrop Explodes">the Teardrop Explodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Psychedelic_Furs" title="The Psychedelic Furs">the Psychedelic Furs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen" title="Echo & the Bunnymen">Echo & the Bunnymen</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Membranes" title="The Membranes">the Membranes</a> also became part of these fledgling post-punk scenes, which centered on cities such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-32">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating "overground brightness" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in the early years.<a href="#cite_note-Now_That's_What_I_Call_New_Pop!-101">[93]</a> Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer <a href="/wiki/Gary_Langan" title="Gary Langan">Gary Langan</a> and programmer <a href="/wiki/J._J._Jeczalik" title="J. J. Jeczalik">J. J. Jeczalik</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Noise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of Noise">the Art of Noise</a>, would attempt to bring <a href="/wiki/Musical_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical sample">sampled</a> and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005374-102">[94]</a> Post-punk artists such as Scritti Politti's <a href="/wiki/Green_Gartside" title="Green Gartside">Green Gartside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_K_(band)" title="Josef K (band)">Josef K</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paul_Haig" title="Paul Haig">Paul Haig</a>, previously engaged in avant-garde practices, turned away from these approaches and pursued mainstream styles and commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005315,_294-103">[95]</a> These new developments, in which post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream, began to be categorised under the marketing term <a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">new pop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guard-27">[23]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg/137px-Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg/206px-Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg/274px-Bow_Wow_Wow_1982_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="6115" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_Numan_playing_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gary_Numan_playing_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Gary_Numan_playing_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gary_Numan_playing_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Gary_Numan_playing_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gary_Numan_playing_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Gary_Numan_playing_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> acts like <a href="/wiki/Bow_Wow_Wow" title="Bow Wow Wow">Bow Wow Wow</a> (left) dealt heavily in outlandish fashion, while <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a> (right) made use of electronics and visual stylisation.</div></div></div></div> Several more pop-oriented groups, including <a href="/wiki/ABC_(band)" title="ABC (band)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Associates_(band)" title="The Associates (band)">the Associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants" title="Adam and the Ants">Adam and the Ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bow_Wow_Wow" title="Bow Wow Wow">Bow Wow Wow</a> (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren" title="Malcolm McLaren">Malcolm McLaren</a>) emerged in tandem with the development of the <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> subcultural scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005289,_294-104">[96]</a> Emphasizing glamour, fashion and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement but also achieved commercial success. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">the Human League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_Cell" title="Soft Cell">Soft Cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Foxx" title="John Foxx">John Foxx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visage_(band)" title="Visage (band)">Visage</a> helped pioneer a new <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005296–308-105">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downtown_Manhattan">Downtown Manhattan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Downtown Manhattan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn_Branca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Glenn_Branca.jpg/220px-Glenn_Branca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Glenn_Branca.jpg/330px-Glenn_Branca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Glenn_Branca.jpg/440px-Glenn_Branca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branca" title="Glenn Branca">Glenn Branca</a> performing in New York in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> In the early 1980s, Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound, with compilations such as <a href="/wiki/ZE_Records" title="ZE Records">ZE Records</a>' <a href="/wiki/Mutant_Disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutant Disco">Mutant Disco</a> (1981) highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city's clash of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, disco and punk styles, as well as dub reggae and world music influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005269-106">[98]</a> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/ESG_(band)" title="ESG (band)">ESG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Liquid" title="Liquid Liquid">Liquid Liquid</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_B-52s" title="The B-52s">The B-52s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_(singer)" title="Cristina (singer)">Cristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Russell_(musician)" title="Arthur Russell (musician)">Arthur Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_White_and_the_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="James White and the Blacks">James White and the Blacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Mercier_Descloux" title="Lizzy Mercier Descloux">Lizzy Mercier Descloux</a> pursued a formula described by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Sante" title="Lucy Sante">Lucy Sante</a> as "anything at all + disco bottom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005268-107">[99]</a> Other no wave-indebted artists such as <a href="/wiki/Swans_(band)" title="Swans (band)">Swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Chatham" title="Rhys Chatham">Rhys Chatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branca" title="Glenn Branca">Glenn Branca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Lunch" title="Lydia Lunch">Lydia Lunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lounge_Lizards" title="The Lounge Lizards">the Lounge Lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_Tetras" title="Bush Tetras">Bush Tetras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a> instead continued exploring the early scene's forays into <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise music</a>'s abrasive territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005139–150-108">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-1980s–1990s:_decline">Mid-1980s–1990s: decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mid-1980s–1990s: decline">edit</a>]</div> The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favour of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">new pop</a> movement, with <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">entryism</a> becoming a popular concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-32">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In the United States, driven by <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Invasion" title="Second British Invasion">Second British Invasion</a> of "<a href="/wiki/New_Music_(music_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Music (music industry)">New Music</a>" there.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-32">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four),<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> while others were fixtures on American <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">college radio</a> and became early examples of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a> One band to emerge from post-punk was <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanFerstler20041135-112">[104]</a> which infused elements of religious imagery and political commentary into its often anthemic music. Online database <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> noted that late '80s bands such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(band)" title="Big Flame (band)">Big Flame</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Domination_Enterprises" title="World Domination Enterprises">World Domination Enterprises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minimal_Compact" title="Minimal Compact">Minimal Compact</a> appeared to be extensions of post-punk.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[105]</a> Some notable bands that recalled the original era during the 1990s included <a href="/wiki/Six_Finger_Satellite" title="Six Finger Satellite">Six Finger Satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainiac_(band)" title="Brainiac (band)">Brainiac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elastica" title="Elastica">Elastica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later developments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s:_revival">2000s: revival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2000s: revival">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage rock revival">Garage rock revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave revival">New Wave revival</a></div> In the early 2000s, a new group of bands that played a stripped down and back-to-basics version of guitar rock emerged into the mainstream, led by <a href="/wiki/Interpol_(band)" title="Interpol (band)">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)" title="Franz Ferdinand (band)">Franz Ferdinand</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Strokes" title="The Strokes">The Strokes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Rapture_(band)" title="The Rapture (band)">The Rapture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[105]</a> These bands were variously characterised as part of a <a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">post-punk revival</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> revival and a <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> revival.<a href="#cite_note-AMPostpunkrevival2-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeRogatis2003p373-4-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> Their music ranged from the atonal tracks of bands like <a href="/wiki/Liars_(band)" title="Liars (band)">Liars</a> to the melodic pop songs of groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds" title="The Sounds">The Sounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMPostpunkrevival2-114">[106]</a> They shared an emphasis on energetic live performance and used aesthetics (in hair and clothes) closely aligned with their fans,<a href="#cite_note-Borthwick&Moy2004-118">[110]</a> often drawing on fashion of the 1950s and 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-Abbey2006pp105-12-119">[111]</a> with "skinny ties, white belts [and] shag haircuts".<a href="#cite_note-Spitz2010-120">[112]</a> There was an emphasis on "rock authenticity" that was seen as a reaction to the commercialism of MTV-oriented <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a><a href="#cite_note-Borthwick&Moy2004-118">[110]</a> and "bland" <a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">post-Britpop</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> Because the bands came from countries around the world, cited diverse influences and adopted differing styles of dress, their unity as a genre has been disputed. By the end of the decade, many of the bands of the movement had broken up, were on hiatus, or had moved on to other musical areas, and very few were making significant impact on the charts.<a href="#cite_note-Lipshutz2011-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s–2020s">2010s–2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2010s–2020s">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Far_Out_(website)" title="Far Out (website)">Far Out magazine</a> claimed a 2010s revival of the genre as having "claws firmly in the past, with many of the original post-punk bands such as The Fall and Bauhaus hailed as gods".<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[117]</a> Referring to bands such as Denmark's <a href="/wiki/Iceage" title="Iceage">Iceage</a>, England's <a href="/wiki/Eagulls" title="Eagulls">Eagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savages_(band)" title="Savages (band)">Savages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleaford_Mods" title="Sleaford Mods">Sleaford Mods</a>, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Ought_(band)" title="Ought (band)">Ought</a>, America's <a href="/wiki/Preoccupations" title="Preoccupations">Preoccupations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protomartyr_(band)" title="Protomartyr (band)">Protomartyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parquet_Courts" title="Parquet Courts">Parquet Courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[117]</a> Further stating "This was the perfect time for post-punk to return, against a backdrop of hideous geopolitical happenings such as the financial crash of 2008, the ascendence of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> vote."<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revival_in_the_UK_and_Ireland">Revival in the UK and Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Revival in the UK and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> During the late 2010s and early 2020s, a new wave of UK and Irish post-punk bands gained popularity. Terms such as "crank wave" and "post-Brexit new wave" have been used to describe these bands.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> The bands <a href="/wiki/Black_Country,_New_Road" title="Black Country, New Road">Black Country, New Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid_(band)" title="Squid (band)">Squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_Cleaning_(band)" title="Dry Cleaning (band)">Dry Cleaning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shame_(band)" title="Shame (band)">Shame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleaford_Mods" title="Sleaford Mods">Sleaford Mods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yard_Act" title="Yard Act">Yard Act</a> all had albums that charted in the top ten in the UK, while <a href="/wiki/Idles" title="Idles">Idles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Mono" title="Ultra Mono">Ultra Mono</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fontaines_D.C." title="Fontaines D.C.">Fontaines D.C.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Skinty_Fia" title="Skinty Fia">Skinty Fia</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wet_Leg" title="Wet Leg">Wet Leg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wet_Leg_(album)" title="Wet Leg (album)">self-titled debut</a> all reached number one on the UK album charts.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> This scene is rooted in experimental post-punk and often features vocalists who "tend to talk more than they sing, reciting lyrics in an alternately disaffected or tightly wound voice", and "sometimes it's more like <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> Several of these bands, including Black Country, New Road, <a href="/wiki/Black_Midi" title="Black Midi">Black Midi</a> and Squid, began their careers by playing at <a href="/wiki/The_Windmill,_Brixton" title="The Windmill, Brixton">The Windmill</a>, an all-ages music venue in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a> neighbourhood. Many of them have also worked with producer <a href="/wiki/Dan_Carey_(record_producer)" title="Dan Carey (record producer)">Dan Carey</a> and have released music on his DIY label Speedy Wunderground.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_bands">List of bands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of bands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_post-punk_bands" title="List of post-punk bands">List of post-punk bands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Punk rock, whose criteria and categorisation fluctuated throughout the early 1970s, was a crystallised genre by 1976 or 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200314,_16-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> According to critic <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a>, Savage introduced "new musick", which may refer to the more science-fiction and industrial sides of post-punk.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> In rock music of the era, "art" carried connotations that meant "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive".<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Additionally, there were concerns over the <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Authenticity (art)">authenticity</a> of such bands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittins20045-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Ogg expressed concern regarding the attribution of "post-punk" to groups who came before the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a> themselves credited as the principal catalysts of punk.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> He also noted several underheralded post-punk influences, including <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(band)" title="Discharge (band)">Discharge</a>, <a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cow-punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow-punk">cow-punk</a> scene, tape trading circles and the "unfashionable" portions of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">goth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheQuietus-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Biographer Julián Palacios specifically pointed to the era's "dark undercurrent", citing examples such as <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Syd_Barrett" title="Syd Barrett">Syd Barrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nico_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nico (singer)">Nico</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Monks" title="The Monks">The Monks</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Godz_(New_York_band)" title="The Godz (New York band)">The Godz</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators" title="The 13th Floor Elevators">The 13th Floor Elevators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love_(band)" title="Love (band)">Love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalacios2010418-41">[37]</a> Music critic <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilson_(critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Wilson (critic)">Carl Wilson</a> added <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>' leader <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> (no relation), writing that elements of his music and legends "became a touchstone ... for the artier branches of post-punk".<a href="#cite_note-BBCMozart-42">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> Music journalist <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Hagan_(journalist)" title="Sean O'Hagan (journalist)">Sean O'Hagan</a> described post-punk as a "rebuttal" to the optimism of the 1960s personified by the Beatles,<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> while author Doyle Green viewed it as an emergence of a kind of "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">progressive punk</a>" music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2014173-47">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> An example he gave was <a href="/wiki/Orange_Juice_(band)" title="Orange Juice (band)">Orange Juice</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rip_It_Up_(Orange_Juice_song)" title="Rip It Up (Orange Juice song)">Rip It Up</a>" (1983), "a fairly basic pastiche of light-funk and r'n'b crooning; with a slightly different production style, it could certainly have fitted comfortably into the charts a decade before it was actually written and recorded".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale2016153-49">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Gang of Four producer Bob Last said that "Damaged Goods" was post-punk's turning point, saying, "Not to take anything way from PiL – that was a very powerful gesture for John Lydon to go in that direction – but the die had already been cast. The postmodern idea of toying with convention in rock music: we claim that."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester200983–85-79">[72]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/broadcast-to-the-world-mw0000443417">"Broadcast to the World Review"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511025618/https://www.allmusic.com/album/broadcast-to-the-world-mw0000443417">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023. <q>there was such a thing as rock-rap fusion -- but it sounded very different from the rap-inflected nu metal of the late '90s. It was more like hardcore punk or artsy post-punk with breakbeats</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Broadcast+to+the+World+Review&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fbroadcast-to-the-world-mw0000443417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECateforis201126–27-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECateforis201126–27_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECateforis201126–27_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCateforis2011">Cateforis 2011</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Simon (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furious.com/perfect/simonreynolds32.html">"It Came From London: A Virtual Tour of Post-Punk's Roots"</a>. Time Out London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029131640/http://www.furious.com/perfect/simonreynolds32.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+London&rft.atitle=It+Came+From+London%3A+A+Virtual+Tour+of+Post-Punk%27s+Roots&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furious.com%2Fperfect%2Fsimonreynolds32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xxxi-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xxxi_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xxxi_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. xxxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> For verification of these groups as part of the original post-punk vanguard see <a href="#CITEREFHeylin2008">Heylin 2008</a>, Siouxsie & the Banshees, Magazine and PiL, Wire; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2013">Reynolds 2013</a>, p. 210, "... the 'post-punk vanguard'—overtly political groups like Gang of Four, Au Pairs, Pop Group ..."; <a href="#CITEREFKootnikoff2010">Kootnikoff 2010</a>, p. 30, "[Post-punk] bands like Joy Division, Gang of Four, and the Fall were hugely influential"; <a href="#CITEREFCavanagh2015">Cavanagh 2015</a>, pp. 192–193, Gang of Four, Cabaret Voltaire, The Cure, PiL, Throbbing Gristle, Joy Division; <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002</a>, p. 1337, Pere Ubu, Talking Heads; <a href="#CITEREFCateforis2011">Cateforis 2011</a>, p. 26, Devo, Throbbing Gristle, Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Slits, Wire </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLezard2005" class="citation web cs1">Lezard, Nicholas (22 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/23/highereducation.news">"Fans for the memory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (Book review: Simon Reynolds, Rip it Up and Start Again: Post-Pink 1978–1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126045840/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/23/highereducation.news">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fans+for+the+memory&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft.aulast=Lezard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2005%2Fapr%2F23%2Fhighereducation.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheQuietus-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheQuietus_7-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgg2009" class="citation web cs1">Ogg, Alex (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thequietus.com/articles/02854-looking-beyond-simon-reynolds-rip-it-up-towards-a-new-definition-of-post-punk">"Beyond Rip It Up: Towards A New Definition of Post Punk?"</a>. The Quietus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030002/https://thequietus.com/articles/02854-looking-beyond-simon-reynolds-rip-it-up-towards-a-new-definition-of-post-punk">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=Beyond+Rip+It+Up%3A+Towards+A+New+Definition+of+Post+Punk%3F&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F02854-looking-beyond-simon-reynolds-rip-it-up-towards-a-new-definition-of-post-punk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlewine-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erlewine_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlewine_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlewine_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlewine_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlewine_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlewine_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/post-punk-ma0000004450">"Post-Punk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220175217/http://www.allmusic.com/style/post-punk-ma0000004450">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Post-Punk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fpost-punk-ma0000004450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECieślakRasmus2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECieślakRasmus2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCieślakRasmus2012">Cieślak & Rasmus 2012</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200314,_16-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200314,_16_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2003">Taylor 2003</a>, pp. 14, 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage,_Jon1978" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Savage, Jon</a> (18 February 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/power-pop-part-2-the-ca-generation-in-the-land-of-the-bland">"Power Pop part 2: The C&A Generation in the Land of the Bland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)" title="Sounds (magazine)">Sounds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rock%27s_Backpages" title="Rock's Backpages">Rock's Backpages</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082300/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/power-pop-part-2-the-ca-generation-in-the-land-of-the-bland">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sounds&rft.atitle=Power+Pop+part+2%3A+The+C%26A+Generation+in+the+Land+of+the+Bland&rft.date=1978-02-18&rft.au=Savage%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocksbackpages.com%2FLibrary%2FArticle%2Fpower-pop-part-2-the-ca-generation-in-the-land-of-the-bland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/273086417">"Big Gold Dream - Music Outside of London"</a>. Vimeo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806114007/https://vimeo.com/273086417">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vimeo&rft.atitle=Big+Gold+Dream+-+Music+Outside+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F273086417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20161-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20161_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2016">Wilkinson 2016</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittins20045-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittins20045_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittins20045_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGittins2004">Gittins 2004</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2015" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Noel (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/article/60-minutes-music-sum-art-punk-pioneers-wire-219113">"60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. 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Retrieved 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paste&rft.atitle=The+50+Best+New+Wave+Albums&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F09%2Fthe-best-new-wave-albums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20168-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20168_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20168_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2016">Wilkinson 2016</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylin2008460-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylin2008460_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeylin2008">Heylin 2008</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoddard2010">Goddard 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mozipediaencyclo00godd_0/page/393">393</a>: "Produced by Steve Lillywhite, [The Scream] arrived between Magazine's Real Life and Public Image Ltd's Public Image as the second in that year's triptych of albums layering the foundations of post-punk." </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Billie_Joe2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Armstrong, Billie Joe (15 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619012115/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7235474/58_the_sex_pistols">"The Sex Pistols"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7235474/58_the_sex_pistols">the original</a> on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Sex+Pistols&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Billie+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F7235474%2F58_the_sex_pistols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2009">Reynolds 2009</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guard_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_27-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitty_Empire2005" class="citation web cs1">Kitty Empire (17 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2005/apr/17/music">"Never mind the Sex Pistols"</a>. The Guardian (Book review: Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up And Start Again: Post-Punk 1978–1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055054/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2005/apr/17/music">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Never+mind+the+Sex+Pistols&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft.au=Kitty+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2005%2Fapr%2F17%2Fmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1996xi-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1996xi_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1996">Reynolds 1996</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20051-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20051_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005On_one_side_were_the_populist_'real_punks'_..._who_believed_that_the_music_needed_to_stay_accessible_and_unpretentious,_to_continue_to_fill_its_role_as_the_angry_voice_of_the_streets.On_the_other_side_was_the_vanguard_that_came_to_be_known_as_postpunk,_who_saw_1977_not_as_a_return_to_raw_rock_'n'_roll_but_as_a_chance_to_make_a_break_with_tradition.-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005On_one_side_were_the_populist_'real_punks'_..._who_believed_that_the_music_needed_to_stay_accessible_and_unpretentious,_to_continue_to_fill_its_role_as_the_angry_voice_of_the_streets.On_the_other_side_was_the_vanguard_that_came_to_be_known_as_postpunk,_who_saw_1977_not_as_a_return_to_raw_rock_'n'_roll_but_as_a_chance_to_make_a_break_with_tradition._30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, On one side were the populist 'real punks' ... who believed that the music needed to stay accessible and unpretentious, to continue to fill its role as the angry voice of the streets.On the other side was the vanguard that came to be known as postpunk, who saw 1977 not as a return to raw rock 'n' roll but as a chance to make a break with tradition.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERojek201328-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojek201328_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojek201328_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojek201328_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRojek2013">Rojek 2013</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_32-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20051,_3-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20051,_3_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 1, 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Stanley, Bob (14 July 2014). 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Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Was+1966+pop+music%27s+greatest+year%3F&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft.aulast=O%27Hagan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Vulliamy%2C+Ed&rft.au=Ellen%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fjan%2F31%2Fthree-albums-1966-beatles-revolver-bob-dylan-blonde-on-blonde-beach-boys-pet-sounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2014173-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2014173_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreene2014">Greene 2014</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale2016153-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDale2016153_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDale2016153_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDale2016">Dale 2016</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Those_postpunk_years_from_1978_to_1984_saw_the_systematic_ransacking_of_twentieth_century_modernist_art_and_literature_..."-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Those_postpunk_years_from_1978_to_1984_saw_the_systematic_ransacking_of_twentieth_century_modernist_art_and_literature_..."_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, "Those postpunk years from 1978 to 1984 saw the systematic ransacking of twentieth century modernist art and literature ...". </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Anindya Bhattacharyya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/11487/Simon+Reynolds+interview%3A+Pop,+politics,+hip-hop+and+postpunk">"Simon Reynolds interview: Pop, politics, hip-hop and postpunk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914115631/https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/11487/Simon+Reynolds+interview:+Pop,+politics,+hip-hop+and+postpunk">Archived</a> 14 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a>. Issue 2053, May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053≠-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053≠_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. 3≠. </li> <li id="cite_note-new-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-new_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1987" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Simon (13 February 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2013/05/end-of-track-albums-round-up-column-new.html">"End of the Track"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025001028/http://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2013/05/end-of-track-albums-round-up-column-new.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Track&rft.date=1987-02-13&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freynoldsretro.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fend-of-track-albums-round-up-column-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xi-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005xi_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Beyond_the_musicians,_there_was_a_whole_cadre_of_catalysts_and_culture_warriors,_enablers_and_ideologues_who_started_labels,_managed_bands,_became_innovative_producers,_published_fanzines,_ran_hipster_record_stores,_promoted_gigs_and_organised_festivals."-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005"Beyond_the_musicians,_there_was_a_whole_cadre_of_catalysts_and_culture_warriors,_enablers_and_ideologues_who_started_labels,_managed_bands,_became_innovative_producers,_published_fanzines,_ran_hipster_record_stores,_promoted_gigs_and_organised_festivals."_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, "Beyond the musicians, there was a whole cadre of catalysts and culture warriors, enablers and ideologues who started labels, managed bands, became innovative producers, published fanzines, ran hipster record stores, promoted gigs and organised festivals.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200519-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200519_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005140,_142–43-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005140,_142–43_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 140, 142–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200527,_30-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200527,_30_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 27, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2016" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Dave (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/feb/09/cult-heroes-bob-last-subversive-scottish-post-punk-label-creator">"Cult heroes: Bob Last – subversive Scottish post-punk label creator"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080431/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/feb/09/cult-heroes-bob-last-subversive-scottish-post-punk-label-creator">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cult+heroes%3A+Bob+Last+%E2%80%93+subversive+Scottish+post-punk+label+creator&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F09%2Fcult-heroes-bob-last-subversive-scottish-post-punk-label-creator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingwall2015" class="citation news cs1">Dingwall, John (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/how-tiny-scots-label-fast-5866643">"How tiny Scots label Fast blazed a trail for celebrated Indies such as Postcard"</a>. Daily Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502154039/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/how-tiny-scots-label-fast-5866643">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Record&rft.atitle=How+tiny+Scots+label+Fast+blazed+a+trail+for+celebrated+Indies+such+as+Postcard&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Dingwall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrity-interviews%2Fhow-tiny-scots-label-fast-5866643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200526,_31-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200526,_31_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 26, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200527–28,_34-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200527–28,_34_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 27–28, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20053_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECateforis201126-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECateforis201126_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCateforis2011">Cateforis 2011</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stubbs, David (July 2009). "Siouxsie and the Banshees At the BBC [review]". <a href="/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)" title="Uncut (magazine)">Uncut</a>. <q>the very first group to make the transition from punk's stage invasion to the more developed theatre of post-punk. You can hear it in the 1977 Peel sessions here, on "Metal Postcard (Mittageisen)" - the space in the sound, the serrated guitars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uncut&rft.atitle=Siouxsie+and+the+Banshees+At+the+BBC+%5Breview%5D&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sounds-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Sounds_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman, Vivien (3 December 1977). "New Music – Siouxsie Sioux Who R U?". <a href="/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)" title="Sounds (magazine)">Sounds</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sounds&rft.atitle=New+Music+%E2%80%93+Siouxsie+Sioux+Who+R+U%3F&rft.date=1977-12-03&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSEsMMO0KL8&t=363s">"Joy Division – Under Review TV documentary"</a>. Chrome Dreams. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/bSEsMMO0KL8">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joy+Division+%E2%80%93+Under+Review+TV+documentary&rft.pub=Chrome+Dreams&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbSEsMMO0KL8%26t%3D363s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb,_John2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robb_(musician)" title="John Robb (musician)">Robb, John</a> (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://louderthanwar.com/listen-siouxsie-banshees-first-gig-1976-playing-lords-prayer-pos/">"Siouxsie and the Banshees first gig in 1976 playing Lords Prayer – was this where post punk starts?"</a>. Louder Than War. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071046/http://louderthanwar.com/listen-siouxsie-banshees-first-gig-1976-playing-lords-prayer-pos/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017. 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"Introducing Johnny Rotten's Lonely Hearts Club Band". NME. <q>We talk about the differences between the rock culture and the reggae culture, which I suggest has a good deal more dignity than most rock bands or acts can muster. Both Levene and Wobble agree. 'Rock is obsolete,' says Wobble. 'But it's our music, our basic culture. People thought we were gonna play reggae, but we ain't gonna be no GT Moore and the Reggae Guitars or nothing. It's just a natural influence – like I play heavy on the bass.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Introducing+Johnny+Rotten%27s+Lonely+Hearts+Club+Band&rft.date=1978-05-27&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoon1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Coon" title="Caroline Coon">Coon, Caroline</a> (22 July 1978). 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Rock list music. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002034427/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/sounds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+list+music&rft.atitle=Sounds+End+of+Year+Lists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocklistmusic.co.uk%2Fsounds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocklist-84"><a href="#cite_ref-rocklist_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/1979.html">"1979 NME Albums"</a>. Rock List Music. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711042016/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/1979.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+List+Music&rft.atitle=1979+NME+Albums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocklistmusic.co.uk%2F1979.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005427-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005427_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitchfork-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitchfork_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbebe2007" class="citation web cs1">Abebe, Nitsuh (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9814-a-life-less-lived-the-gothic-box/">"Various Artists: A Life Less Lived: The Gothic Box"</a>. Pitchfork. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621192238/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9814-a-life-less-lived-the-gothic-box/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Various+Artists%3A+A+Life+Less+Lived%3A+The+Gothic+Box&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.aulast=Abebe&rft.aufirst=Nitsuh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2F9814-a-life-less-lived-the-gothic-box%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/neo-psychedelia-ma0000012252">"Neo-Psychedelia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829093334/https://www.allmusic.com/style/neo-psychedelia-ma0000012252">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Neo-Psychedelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fneo-psychedelia-ma0000012252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treble2015-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Treble2015_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerich" class="citation magazine cs1">Terich, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treblezine.com/24002-10-best-neo-psychedelic-albums/">"10 Essential Neo-Psychedelia Albums"</a>. Treblezine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231132209/http://www.treblezine.com/24002-10-best-neo-psychedelic-albums/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Treblezine&rft.atitle=10+Essential+Neo-Psychedelia+Albums&rft.aulast=Terich&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treblezine.com%2F24002-10-best-neo-psychedelic-albums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021337-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021337_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002</a>, p. 1337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200570-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200570_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005158-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005158_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005158_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005197–204-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005197–204_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 197–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-pitchfork.com-93"><a href="#cite_ref-pitchfork.com_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6764-no-the-origins-of-no-wave/">"NO!: The Origins of No Wave"</a>. Pitchfork. 15 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920112037/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6764-no-the-origins-of-no-wave/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=NO%21%3A+The+Origins+of+No+Wave&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ffeatures%2Farticle%2F6764-no-the-origins-of-no-wave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/no-wave-ma0000005018">"No Wave Music Genre Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806143808/https://www.allmusic.com/style/no-wave-ma0000005018">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=No+Wave+Music+Genre+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fno-wave-ma0000005018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005140-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005140_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasters20089-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasters20089_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasters2008">Masters 2008</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005264,_266-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005264,_266_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 264, 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoege199468–69-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoege199468–69_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoege199468–69_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoege1994">Foege 1994</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1994109-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus1994109_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1994">Marcus 1994</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/305294/joy-division/biography">"Joy Division - Biography"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101201910/https://www.billboard.com/artist/305294/joy-division/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Joy+Division+-+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2F305294%2Fjoy-division%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Now_That's_What_I_Call_New_Pop!-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Now_That's_What_I_Call_New_Pop!_101-0">^</a> Harvel, Jess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6139-now-thats-what-i-call-new-pop/">"Now That's What I Call New Pop!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034536/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6139-now-thats-what-i-call-new-pop/">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a>. 12 September 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005374-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005374_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005315,_294-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005315,_294_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 315, 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005289,_294-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005289,_294_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 289, 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005296–308-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005296–308_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 296–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005269-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005269_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005268-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005268_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005139–150-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005139–150_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>, pp. 139–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1984" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Jim (2 March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qQhKAAAAIBAJ&pg=2933,2175658&dq=new-music+new-wave&hl=en">"Triumph of the 'New'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628090232/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qQhKAAAAIBAJ&pg=2933,2175658&dq=new-music+new-wave&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Daily&rft.atitle=Triumph+of+the+%27New%27&rft.date=1984-03-02&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DqQhKAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2933%2C2175658%26dq%3Dnew-music%2Bnew-wave%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellman" class="citation web cs1">Kellman, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-of-the-free-bonus-tracks-mw0000179874">"Songs of the Free – Gang of Four"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113104737/http://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-of-the-free-bonus-tracks-mw0000179874">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Songs+of+the+Free+%E2%80%93+Gang+of+Four&rft.aulast=Kellman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fsongs-of-the-free-bonus-tracks-mw0000179874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson" class="citation web cs1">Hanson, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/hard-mw0000849532">"Hard – Gang of Four"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228201253/http://www.allmusic.com/album/hard-mw0000849532">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Hard+%E2%80%93+Gang+of+Four&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fhard-mw0000849532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanFerstler20041135-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmanFerstler20041135_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffmanFerstler2004">Hoffman & Ferstler 2004</a>, p. 1135. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/new-wave-post-punk-revival-ma0000012020">"New Wave/Post-Punk Revival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501095257/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13761">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=New+Wave%2FPost-Punk+Revival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fnew-wave-post-punk-revival-ma0000012020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMPostpunkrevival2-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMPostpunkrevival2_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMPostpunkrevival2_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wXTJhkeb?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13761">"New Wave/Post-Punk Revival"</a>. AllMusic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13761">the original</a> on 16 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Wave%2FPost-Punk+Revival&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd13761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhares" class="citation web cs1">Phares, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wXTt4hOr?url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/franz-ferdinand-australia-bonus-cd-r690093/review">"Franz Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand (Australia Bonus CD)"</a>. AllMusic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r690093">the original</a> on 15 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franz+Ferdinand%3A+Franz+Ferdinand+%28Australia+Bonus+CD%29&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.aulast=Phares&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr690093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRogatis2003p373-4-116"><a href="#cite_ref-DeRogatis2003p373-4_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRogatis2003" class="citation book cs1">DeRogatis, J. (2003). Turn on your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-05548-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-05548-8"><bdi>0-634-05548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turn+on+your+Mind%3A+Four+Decades+of+Great+Psychedelic+Rock&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-634-05548-8&rft.aulast=DeRogatis&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2003" class="citation book cs1">Roach, M. (2003). This Is It: the First Biography of the Strokes. London: <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6"><bdi>0-7119-9601-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+It%3A+the+First+Biography+of+the+Strokes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Omnibus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7119-9601-6&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borthwick&Moy2004-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borthwick&Moy2004_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borthwick&Moy2004_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorthwickMoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Borthwick, S.; Moy, R. (2004). Popular Music Genres: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0"><bdi>0-7486-1745-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+Genres%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7486-1745-0&rft.aulast=Borthwick&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Moy%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbey2006pp105-12-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbey2006pp105-12_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbey2006" class="citation book cs1">Abbey, E. J. (2006). Garage Rock and its Roots: Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 105–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2564-4"><bdi>0-7864-2564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garage+Rock+and+its+Roots%3A+Musical+Rebels+and+the+Drive+for+Individuality&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=105-112&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7864-2564-4&rft.aulast=Abbey&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitz2010-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Spitz2010_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Spitz, M. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmlNOuYQdEC&dq=Spitz+%22The+New+Rock+Revolution%22&pg=PA95">"The 'New Rock Revolution' fizzles"</a>. Spin. Vol. 26, no. 4. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032">0886-3032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004159/https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmlNOuYQdEC&dq=Spitz+%22The+New+Rock+Revolution%22&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=The+%27New+Rock+Revolution%27+fizzles&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=95&rft.date=2010-05&rft.issn=0886-3032&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqmlNOuYQdEC%26dq%3DSpitz%2B%2522The%2BNew%2BRock%2BRevolution%2522%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2003" class="citation book cs1">Roach, M. (2003). This Is It: The First Biography of the Strokes. London: Omnibus. pp. 42, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6"><bdi>0-7119-9601-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+It%3A+The+First+Biography+of+the+Strokes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42%2C+45&rft.pub=Omnibus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7119-9601-6&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipshutz2011-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipshutz2011_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipshutz2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Lipshutz, J. 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Retrieved 23 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Top+10+garage+rock+revival+bands%3A+where+are+they+now%3F&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.aulast=Lipshutz&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F472408%2Ftop-10-garage-rock-revival-bands-where-are-they-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2010" class="citation news cs1">Walker, T. (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304122059/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/does-the-world-need-another-indie-band-870520.html">"Does the world need another indie band?"</a>. Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/does-the-world-need-another-indie-band-870520.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Does+the+world+need+another+indie+band%3F&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fdoes-the-world-need-another-indie-band-870520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2010" class="citation episode cs1">Cochrane, G. (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125173050/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10004881">"2009: 'The year British indie guitar music died'"</a>. Newsbeat. BBC Radio 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10004881">the original</a> on 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsbeat&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsbeat%2F10004881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/is-the-post-punk-revival-over/">"Is the new post-punk revival over?"</a>. faroutmagazine.co.uk. 14 January 2022. 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NME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232608/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/mark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Mark%2C+My+Words%3A+I+give+you+crank+wave%2C+the+start+of+the+subculture+revival&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fblogs%2Fnme-blogs%2Fmark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation">"Black Sky Thinking | Idle Threat: Who Are The True Champions Of DIY Rock In 2020?"</a>. The Quietus. 26 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030002/https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=Black+Sky+Thinking+%7C+Idle+Threat%3A+Who+Are+The+True+Champions+Of+DIY+Rock+In+2020%3F&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerpetua2021" class="citation news cs1">Perpetua, Matthew (6 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/05/06/993931617/new-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road">"The Post-Brexit New Wave"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Post-Brexit+New+Wave&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Perpetua&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F05%2F06%2F993931617%2Fnew-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Damian (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/idles-score-their-first-uk-number-one-album-and-fasting-selling-vinyl-release-of-2020-with-ultra-mono-2768314">"IDLES score their first UK Number One album and fastest selling vinyl release of 2020 with 'Ultra Mono'"</a>. NME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226074818/https://www.nme.com/news/music/idles-score-their-first-uk-number-one-album-and-fasting-selling-vinyl-release-of-2020-with-ultra-mono-2768314">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. 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NME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502170400/https://www.nme.com/news/music/fontaines-d-c-score-first-uk-irish-number-one-album-skinty-fia-3215793">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Fontaines+D.C.+score+first+UK+and+Irish+Number+One+album+with+%27Skinty+Fia%27&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Rhian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Fmusic%2Ffontaines-d-c-score-first-uk-irish-number-one-album-skinty-fia-3215793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/wet-leg-soar-to-number-1-on-official-albums-chart-with-eponymous-debut-thank-you-for-this-__35803/">"Wet Leg land Number 1 debut and lead an indie label chart takeover"</a>. www.officialcharts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705115810/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/wet-leg-soar-to-number-1-on-official-albums-chart-with-eponymous-debut-thank-you-for-this-__35803">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.officialcharts.com&rft.atitle=Wet+Leg+land+Number+1+debut+and+lead+an+indie+label+chart+takeover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fchart-news%2Fwet-leg-soar-to-number-1-on-official-albums-chart-with-eponymous-debut-thank-you-for-this-__35803%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonfeld2021" class="citation web cs1">Schonfeld, Zach (13 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theringer.com/music/2021/10/13/22723195/talk-singing-dry-cleaning-rock-black-country-new-roads">"The Eternal Cool of Talk Singing"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ringer&rft.atitle=The+Eternal+Cool+of+Talk+Singing&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft.aulast=Schonfeld&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theringer.com%2Fmusic%2F2021%2F10%2F13%2F22723195%2Ftalk-singing-dry-cleaning-rock-black-country-new-roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation">"The Quietus | Opinion | Black Sky Thinking | Idle Threat: Who Are The True Champions Of DIY Rock In 2020?"</a>. The Quietus. 26 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030002/https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=The+Quietus+%7C+Opinion+%7C+Black+Sky+Thinking+%7C+Idle+Threat%3A+Who+Are+The+True+Champions+Of+DIY+Rock+In+2020%3F&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannister2007" class="citation book cs1">Bannister, Matthew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ckLKGTXRwQC&pg=PA38">White Boys, White Noise: Masculinities and 1980s Indie Guitar Rock</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-8803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-8803-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-8803-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030001/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ckLKGTXRwQC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Boys%2C+White+Noise%3A+Masculinities+and+1980s+Indie+Guitar+Rock&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-8803-7&rft.aulast=Bannister&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ckLKGTXRwQC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bogdanov_(editor)" title="Vladimir Bogdanov (editor)">Bogdanov, Vladimir</a>; Woodstra, Chris; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas</a>, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-pH4i3jXvAC">All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul</a>. Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-653-3"><bdi>978-0-87930-653-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030133/https://books.google.com/books?id=1-pH4i3jXvAC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Rock%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+and+Soul&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-653-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-pH4i3jXvAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCateforis2011" class="citation book cs1">Cateforis, Theo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MVrM3zKrHQC">Are We Not New Wave: Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03470-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03470-3"><bdi>978-0-472-03470-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+We+Not+New+Wave%3A+Modern+Pop+at+the+Turn+of+the+1980s&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03470-3&rft.aulast=Cateforis&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MVrM3zKrHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanagh2015" class="citation book cs1">Cavanagh, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxmLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193">Good Night and Good Riddance: How Thirty-Five Years of John Peel Helped to Shape Modern Life</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30248-2"><bdi>978-0-571-30248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Night+and+Good+Riddance%3A+How+Thirty-Five+Years+of+John+Peel+Helped+to+Shape+Modern+Life&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-571-30248-2&rft.aulast=Cavanagh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxmLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieślakRasmus2012" class="citation book cs1">Cieślak, Magdalena; Rasmus, Agnieszka (2012). Against and Beyond: Subversion and Transgression in Mass Media, Popular Culture and Performance. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3773-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-3773-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+and+Beyond%3A+Subversion+and+Transgression+in+Mass+Media%2C+Popular+Culture+and+Performance&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-3773-6&rft.aulast=Cie%C5%9Blak&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft.au=Rasmus%2C+Agnieszka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2016" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Pete (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UYHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Anyone Can Do It: Empowerment, Tradition and the Punk Underground</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-18025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-18025-8"><bdi>978-1-317-18025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anyone+Can+Do+It%3A+Empowerment%2C+Tradition+and+the+Punk+Underground&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-18025-8&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UYHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittins2004" class="citation book cs1">Gittins, Ian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvhoZyTzspYC&pg=PA5">Talking Heads: Once in a Lifetime: the Stories Behind Every Song</a>. Hal Leonard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-08033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-08033-3"><bdi>978-0-634-08033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+Heads%3A+Once+in+a+Lifetime%3A+the+Stories+Behind+Every+Song&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-634-08033-3&rft.aulast=Gittins&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvhoZyTzspYC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2014" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Doyle (2014). The Rock Cover Song: Culture, History, Politics. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7809-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-7809-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock+Cover+Song%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7809-5&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Doyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoege1994" class="citation book cs1">Foege, Alec (October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sw6GE_5XTz4C&q=New+York%27s+last+stylistically+cohesive+avant-rock+movement">Confusion Is Next: The Sonic Youth Story</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-1369-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-1369-8"><bdi>978-0-3121-1369-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153100/https://books.google.com/books?id=sw6GE_5XTz4C&q=New+York%27s+last+stylistically+cohesive+avant-rock+movement">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confusion+Is+Next%3A+The+Sonic+Youth+Story&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994-10&rft.isbn=978-0-3121-1369-8&rft.aulast=Foege&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsw6GE_5XTz4C%26q%3DNew%2BYork%2527s%2Blast%2Bstylistically%2Bcohesive%2Bavant-rock%2Bmovement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2010" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Simon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mozipediaencyclo00godd_0">Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and the Smiths [Sioux, Siouxsie entry]</a>. Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0452296671" title="Special:BookSources/978-0452296671"><bdi>978-0452296671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozipedia%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+Morrissey+and+the+Smiths+%5BSioux%2C+Siouxsie+entry%5D&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0452296671&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmozipediaencyclo00godd_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeylin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Heylin" title="Clinton Heylin">Heylin, Clinton</a> (2008). Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102431-8"><bdi>978-0-14-102431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylon%27s+Burning%3A+From+Punk+to+Grunge&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102431-8&rft.aulast=Heylin&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanFerstler2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, F. W.; Ferstler, H. (2004). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X"><bdi>0-415-93835-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Recorded+Sound%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-93835-X&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft.au=Ferstler%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKootnikoff2010" class="citation book cs1">Kootnikoff, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9tw9vnZT4REC&pg=PA30">U2: A Musical Biography</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36523-2"><bdi>978-0-313-36523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U2%3A+A+Musical+Biography&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36523-2&rft.aulast=Kootnikoff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9tw9vnZT4REC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lester" title="Paul Lester">Lester, Paul</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8zNYQmaiZwC&pg=PT83">Gang of Four: Damaged Gods</a>. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-020-5"><bdi>978-0-85712-020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gang+of+Four%3A+Damaged+Gods&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85712-020-5&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ8zNYQmaiZwC%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1994" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Greil (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=linaAAAAMAAJ">Ranters & Crowd Pleasers</a>. Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-38541-721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-38541-721-1"><bdi>978-0-38541-721-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030003/https://books.google.com/books?id=linaAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranters+%26+Crowd+Pleasers&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-38541-721-1&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Greil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlinaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2008" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Marc (2008). No Wave. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Black Dog Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906155-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906155-02-5"><bdi>978-1-906155-02-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Wave&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Black+Dog+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906155-02-5&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalacios2010" class="citation book cs1">Palacios, Julian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DvgH58uEPFAC&pg=PA418">Syd Barrett & Pink Floyd: Dark Globe</a>. Plexus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85965-431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85965-431-9"><bdi>978-0-85965-431-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030041/https://books.google.com/books?id=DvgH58uEPFAC&pg=PA418#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syd+Barrett+%26+Pink+Floyd%3A+Dark+Globe&rft.pub=Plexus&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85965-431-9&rft.aulast=Palacios&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDvgH58uEPFAC%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Reynolds, Simon</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexrevoltsgender00reyn">The Sex Revolts: Gender, Rebellion, and Rock 'n' Roll</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674802735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674802735"><bdi>978-0674802735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sex+Revolts%3A+Gender%2C+Rebellion%2C+and+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0674802735&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexrevoltsgender00reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Reynolds, Simon</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Rip_It_Up_and_Start_Again:_Postpunk_1978%E2%80%931984" class="mw-redirect" title="Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984">Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303672-2"><bdi>978-0-14-303672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rip+It+Up+and+Start+Again%3A+Postpunk+1978%E2%80%931984&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303672-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Reynolds, Simon</a> (2009). Totally Wired: Postpunk Interviews and Overviews. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571235490" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571235490"><bdi>978-0571235490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totally+Wired%3A+Postpunk+Interviews+and+Overviews&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0571235490&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Reynolds, Simon</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7o5Wj9-EGYC&pg=PA210">"Post-Punk's Radical Dance Fictions"</a>. In Cateforis, Theo (ed.). The Rock History Reader. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-89212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-89212-4"><bdi>978-0-415-89212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-Punk%27s+Radical+Dance+Fictions&rft.btitle=The+Rock+History+Reader&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-89212-4&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7o5Wj9-EGYC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojek2013" class="citation book cs1">Rojek, Chris (2013). Pop Music, Pop Culture. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74564263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74564263-5"><bdi>978-0-74564263-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Music%2C+Pop+Culture&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-74564263-5&rft.aulast=Rojek&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Steven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1Eh5xbEw7EC">False Prophet: Field Notes from the Punk Underground</a>. Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6668-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False+Prophet%3A+Field+Notes+from+the+Punk+Underground&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6668-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1Eh5xbEw7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3B_0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Post-Punk, Politics and Pleasure in Britain</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49780-2"><bdi>978-1-137-49780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Punk%2C+Politics+and+Pleasure+in+Britain&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49780-2&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3B_0DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">Young, Rob (2006). Rough Trade. Black Dog Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904772-47-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-904772-47-1"><bdi>1-904772-47-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Trade&rft.pub=Black+Dog+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904772-47-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Coley" title="Byron Coley">Byron Coley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurston_Moore" title="Thurston Moore">Thurston Moore</a>, (2008) No Wave: Post-Punk. Underground. New York 1976–1980, Abrams</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeilMcCain1997" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Legs; McCain, Gillian (1997). Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk. London: Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10880-3"><bdi>978-0-349-10880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Please+Kill+Me%3A+The+Uncensored+Oral+History+of+Punk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-349-10880-3&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Legs&rft.au=McCain%2C+Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Reynolds, Simon</a> (2010). Totally Wired: Postpunk Interviews and Overviews. <a href="/wiki/Soft_Skull_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Skull Press">Soft Skull Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593763947" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593763947"><bdi>978-1593763947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totally+Wired%3A+Postpunk+Interviews+and+Overviews&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1593763947&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-punk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Walker" title="Clinton Walker">Walker, Clinton</a> (1982) Inner City Sound: Punk and Post-Punk in Australia, 1976-1985 Sydney: Wild & Woolley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9093-3148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9093-3148-1">978-0-9093-3148-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Walker" title="Clinton Walker">Walker, Clinton</a> (1996) <a href="/wiki/Stranded:_The_Secret_History_of_Australian_Independent_Music_1977%E2%80%931991" title="Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977–1991">Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977-1991</a>, Sydney: Pan Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7329-0883-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7329-0883-3">0-7329-0883-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-punk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punk" title="Template:Punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punk" title="Template talk:Punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punk_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crack_rock_steady" title="Crust punk">Crack rock steady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crustcore" title="Crust punk">Crustcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Latino punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Progressive punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres#Punk_metal" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_pathetique" title="Punk pathetique">Punk pathetique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf punk (music genre)">Surf punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Synth-punk" title="Electronic rock">Synth-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_punk" title="Estonian punk">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_punk_bands" title="List of Estonian punk bands">List of bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Sweden" title="Punk in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nsrock" title="Könsrock">Könsrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of punk bands from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scottish Gaelic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Rock,_metal,_and_punk" title="Music of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_punk_rock_musicians" title="List of 1970s punk rock musicians">First wave punk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">Second wave punk musicians</a></li> <li>List of punk bands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">#–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">L–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_filmmakers" title="List of punk filmmakers">Punk filmmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_compilation_albums" title="List of punk rock compilation albums">List of punk compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">List of punk rock festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Punk" title="Conservative Punk">Conservative Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Deneke" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Brian Deneke">Death of Brian Deneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">Punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntala-rock" title="Puntala-rock">Puntala-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">Punk films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_wave_and_post-punk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_wave_and_post-punk" title="Template:New wave and post-punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_wave_and_post-punk" title="Template talk:New wave and post-punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_wave_and_post-punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New wave and post-punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_wave_and_post-punk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">post-punk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated genres or scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Coldwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereal_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethereal Wave">Ethereal Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_darkwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical darkwave">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropunk">Electropunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage rock revival">Garage rock revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_wave" title="Minimal wave">Minimal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_sound" title="Minneapolis sound">Minneapolis sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">Mod revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">New pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave" title="New wave of new wave">New wave of new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romo" title="Romo">Romo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropunk">Electropunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_wave_artists" title="List of new wave artists">New wave artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-punk_bands" title="List of post-punk bands">Post-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synth-pop_artists" title="List of synth-pop artists">Synth-pop artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C86" title="C86">C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBGB" title="CBGB">CBGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_Theatre" title="New Wave Theatre">New Wave Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Movida_Madrile%C3%B1a" title="La Movida Madrileña">La Movida Madrileña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_band_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Little band scene">Little band scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_It_Up_and_Start_Again" title="Rip It Up and Start Again">Rip It Up and Start Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_British_Invasion" title="Second British Invasion">Second British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)" title="Sounds (magazine)">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthwave" title="Synthwave">Synthwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian new wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_rock" title="Template talk:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_genres" title="Category:Alternative rock genres">Styles and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">College rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolewave" title="Dolewave">Dolewave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek_rock" title="Geek rock">Geek rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_rock" title="Wizard rock">Wizard rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">Indie folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin Sound">Dunedin Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowcore" title="Slowcore">Slowcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Latin alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangue_bit" title="Mangue bit">Mangue bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_gaze" title="Nu gaze">Nu gaze</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave" title="New wave of new wave">New wave of new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pop" title="Noise pop">Noise pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_rock" title="Pagan rock">Pagan rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alternative_metal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Airplay" title="Alternative Airplay">Alternative Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists" title="List of alternative rock artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C86" title="C86">C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_music" title="Outsider music">Outsider music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock" title="Category:Alternative rock">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progressive_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressive_music" title="Template:Progressive music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressive_music" title="Template talk:Progressive music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressive_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressive music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progressive_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style and subgenre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_country" title="Progressive country">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music#Progressive_bluegrass" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Electronic" title="Progressive music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_folk" title="Progressive folk">Folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Jazz" title="Progressive music">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Hip_hop" title="Progressive music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_pop" title="Progressive pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Avant-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">Metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djent" title="Djent">Djent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">Neo-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock#New_prog" title="Progressive rock">New prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progression-based EDM genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat#Progressive_breaks" title="Breakbeat">Breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive trance">Trance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_psytrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive psytrance">Psytrance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres/scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_scene" title="Canterbury scene">Canterbury scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental metal">Experimental metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">New pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-prog" title="Proto-prog">Proto-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuhl" title="Zeuhl">Zeuhl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auteur#Popular_music" title="Auteur">Auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_music" title="Eclecticism in music">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_Progressive_Albums_Chart" title="Official Progressive Albums Chart">Official Progressive Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prog_(magazine)" title="Prog (magazine)">Prog (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">Concept album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concept_albums" title="List of concept albums">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock" title="Timeline of progressive rock">Timeline of progressive rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock_(1960%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of progressive rock (1960–69)">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock_(1970%E2%80%9379)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of progressive rock (1970–79)">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock_(1980%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of progressive rock (1980–89)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock_(1990%E2%80%9399)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of progressive rock (1990–99)">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock_(2000%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of progressive rock (2000–09)">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock_(2010%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of progressive rock (2010–19)">2010s</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressive_music" title="Category:Progressive music">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Goth_subculture" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Goth_subculture" title="Template talk:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Goth_subculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">Goth subculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Associated music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereal_wave" title="Ethereal wave">Ethereal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Death" title="Christian Death">Christian Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">The Sisters of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">The Damned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Sex_Fiend" title="Alien Sex Fiend">Alien Sex Fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocteau_Twins" title="Cocteau Twins">Cocteau Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_of_the_Nephilim" title="Fields of the Nephilim">Fields of the Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_rock_artists" title="List of gothic rock artists">List of gothic rock artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)" title="Robert Smith (musician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murphy_(musician)" title="Peter Murphy (musician)">Peter Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Curtis" title="Ian Curtis">Ian Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Eldritch" title="Andrew Eldritch">Andrew Eldritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson/Elvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_O" title="Eva O">Eva O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinah_Cancer" title="Dinah Cancer">Dinah Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Richards" title="Monica Richards">Monica Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hammer" title="Lisa Hammer">Lisa Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozz_Williams" title="Rozz Williams">Rozz Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitane_DeMone" title="Gitane DeMone">Gitane DeMone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Morrison" title="Patricia Morrison">Patricia Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_McCoy" title="Carl McCoy">Carl McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fraser" title="Elizabeth Fraser">Elizabeth Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Hammer" title="Doc Hammer">Doc Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Perry" title="Brendan Perry">Brendan Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Black" title="Bethany Black">Bethany Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Mourning" title="Wednesday Mourning">Wednesday Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(nightclub)" title="Neo (nightclub)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Theater" title="Phantasy Theater">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Dark_Alternative_Movement" title="Singapore Dark Alternative Movement">Singapore Dark Alternative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_goth_scene" title="Toronto goth scene">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable club nights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Club" title="F Club">F Club (1977–1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Phonographique" title="Le Phonographique">Le Phonographique (1979–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave_(club)" title="Batcave (club)">Batcave (1982–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrowerkz#Slimelight" title="Electrowerkz">Slimelight (1987–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Guild" title="Death Guild">Death Guild (1993–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmortis" title="Xmortis">Xmortis (2004–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27era_Luna_Festival" title="M'era Luna Festival">M'era Luna Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Festival" title="Drop Dead Festival">Drop Dead Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumous_Gothic_Festival" title="Lumous Gothic Festival">Lumous Gothic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Goth_Weekend" title="Whitby Goth Weekend">Whitby Goth Weekend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(goth_festival)" title="Convergence (goth festival)">Convergence (goth festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_Day_in_the_Fun_Park" title="Bats Day in the Fun Park">Bats Day in the Fun Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Goth_Day" title="World Goth Day">World Goth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Art and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic" title="New Gothic">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Bernstein" title="Drew Bernstein">Lip Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Beauty" title="Gothic Beauty">Gothic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mortem" title="Rose Mortem">Rose Mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">Big hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathhawk">Deathhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcombing" title="Backcombing">Backcombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winklepickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Winklepickers">Winklepickers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Film and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family" title="The Addams Family">The Addams Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triana_Orpheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triana Orpheus">Triana Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crow" title="The Crow">The Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodbye_Family" title="The Goodbye Family">The Goodbye Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(comic_book)" title="The Sandman (comic book)">The Sandman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_83" title="Gypsy 83">Gypsy 83</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_goth" title="Mall goth">Mall goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-disco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-disco" title="Template:Post-disco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-disco" title="Template talk:Post-disco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-disco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-disco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-disco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a> connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-punk</a> connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">EBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a> connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro-cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-disco_artists_and_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post-disco artists and songs">Post-disco artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance-rock_artists" title="List of dance-rock artists">dance-rock artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance-pop_artists" title="List of dance-pop artists">dance-pop artists</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Levan" title="Larry Levan">Larry Levan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/P-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Funk">P-Funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Not_Disco" title="Disco Not Disco">Disco Not Disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school hip hop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Future funk</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Dance-rock" title="Category:Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Boogie_(genre)" title="Category:Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_rock" title="Template:Electronic rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_rock" title="Template talk:Electronic rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Baggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropunk">Electropunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indietronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indietronica">Indietronica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch pop">Glitch pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_wave" title="Minimal wave">Minimal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_romantic" class="mw-redirect" title="New romantic">New romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_deutsche_welle" class="mw-redirect" title="Neue deutsche welle">Neue deutsche welle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coldwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Coldwave">Coldwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Subgenres_and_other_terms" title="Electronic rock">Synth-metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">Dungeon synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore#Electrogrind" title="Grindcore">Electrogrind</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_beat" title="Big beat">Big beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-Theremin" title="Electro-Theremin">Electro-Theremin</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations" title="Good Vibrations">Good Vibrations</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Meek" title="Joe Meek">Joe Meek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_(music)" title="Programming (music)">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched-On_Rock" title="Switched-On Rock">Switched-On Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isao_Tomita" title="Isao Tomita">Isao Tomita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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