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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_and_Poland_(Pius_IX_-_Pius_XII)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatican and Poland (Pius IX - Pius XII) (page does not exist)">Vatican and Poland (Pius IX - Pius XII)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XII and Poland">Pope Pius XII and Poland</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The 1925 <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> (agreement) between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> had 27 articles, which guaranteed the freedom of the Church and the faithful. It regulated the usual points of interests, Catholic instruction in primary schools and secondary schools, nomination of bishops, establishment of <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a>, a permanent <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, who also represents the interests of the Holy See in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-concordata_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Concordata_8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concordata_8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was considered one of the most favorable concordats for the Holy See, and would become a basis for many future concordats. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski_1925-1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski_1925-1926.jpg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski_1925-1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski_1925-1926.jpg/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski_1925-1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski_1925-1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Stanisław Grabski, one of the principal Polish negotiators</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman Catholic religion was the religion of majority of the citizens in the Second Polish Republic (see also <a href="/wiki/Historical_demographics_of_Poland#Second_Polish_Republic_.281918–1939.29" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical demographics of Poland">demographics of the Second Republic</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Polish_constitution_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish constitution of 1921">Polish constitution of 1921</a> stipulated in Article 114 that the "Roman Catholic faith, the religion of majority of the nation, takes first place among the equally important faiths in the country. The Roman Catholic Church governs itself. Relation to the Church will be determined based on the treaty with the Holy See, upon ratification by the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> (Polish parliament)."<sup id="cite_ref-Dz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations started in 1921, and the Polish side (Minister of Religion and Education, <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Maciej Rataj</a>, lawyer <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Abraham" title="Władysław Abraham">Władysław Abraham</a> and bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Szel%C4%85%C5%BCek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Szelążek (page does not exist)">Adolf Szelążek</a>) drafted a proposal by 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Dz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the negotiations were taken over by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Stanisław Grabski">Stanisław Grabski</a>, who represented the <i><a href="/wiki/Endecja" class="mw-redirect" title="Endecja">endecja</a></i> faction, then dominant in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Dz_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations between Grabski and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borgongini_Duca" title="Francesco Borgongini Duca">Francesco Borgongini Duca</a> spanned four months and 23 meetings in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Rome's_most_faithful_daughter:_the_Catholic_Church_and_independent_Poland,_1914-1939_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome's_most_faithful_daughter:_the_Catholic_Church_and_independent_Poland,_1914-1939-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concordat was signed on 10 February by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> for the Holy See and Stanisław Grabski and Wladyslaw Skrzyński for Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Dz_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universitas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universitas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text concordat was published in Poland in <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Ustaw" title="Dziennik Ustaw">Dziennik Ustaw</a></i>. It was presented to Sejm for ratification on 24 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Dz_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was criticized by the representatives of non-Catholic minorities (such as the Ukrainians), as well as by the socialist and communist members of the parliament, but the center-right conservatives and Catholic representatives had the majority and were supportive of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Dz_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ratified on 27 March.<sup id="cite_ref-faithful_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faithful-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the concordat, the Church enjoyed full protection of the State and prayed for the leaders of Poland during Sunday mass and on 3 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Concordata_8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concordata_8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clerics made a solemn oath of allegiance to the Polish State.<sup id="cite_ref-concordata1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If clergy were under accusation, trial documents would be forwarded to ecclesiastical authorities if clergy were accused of crimes. If convicted, they would not serve incarceration in jails but would be handed over to Church authorities for internment in a monastery or convent.<sup id="cite_ref-concordata2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concordat extended to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> in five ecclesiastical provinces: <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Warsaw, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Wilno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. It applied as well to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> in Lwów, and <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> in Lwów.<sup id="cite_ref-concordata3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For religious celebration in the specific rites, Canon law was required to be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-concordata4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic instruction was mandatory in all public schools, except universities.<sup id="cite_ref-concordata5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Article 24, the Church and State recognized each other's property rights seeming in part from the time of partition before 1918. This meant that property rights and real estate titles of the Church were respected. A later agreement was to define the status of expropriated Church properties, and until that time, the State would pay Church dotations for its clergy. The concordat stipulated that no part of Polish territory could be placed under the jurisdiction of a bishop outside of Poland<sup id="cite_ref-concordata6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concordata6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or not of Polish citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-WIEM_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On paper, the concordat seemed to be a victory for the church. But Polish bishops felt forced to take measures against early violations, in the area of marriage legislation and property rights. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> was supportive of this and of episcopal initiatives to have their own plenary meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-Papstgeschichte_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papstgeschichte-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concordat caused a severe conflict between Holy See and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. The concordat established an ecclesiastical province in Wilno, thereby acknowledging Poland's claims to the city despite Lithuanian requests to govern the province directly from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-gerutis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerutis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithuania and Poland had been in a bitter struggle for the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">city and the surrounding area</a> since 1920 when the city was taken over by pro-Polish forces during <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBeligowski%27s_Mutiny" title="Żeligowski's Mutiny">Żeligowski's Mutiny</a>. Lithuanians submitted a protest to the Holy See and recalled its representative there; the Holy See responded in kind and all diplomatic relations between Lithuania and the Holy See were terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-gerutis_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerutis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1926, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> unilaterally established and reorganized the Lithuanian ecclesiastical province without regard to Lithuanian demands and proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-eid_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular outrage in response to the concordat was one of the reasons that the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party">Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party</a>, the leading pro-Catholic party in Lithuania, lost the majority in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Seimas_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Seimas of Lithuania">1926 parliamentary elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eid_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, a weak coalition government was formed, which, in turn, inspired the <a href="/wiki/1926_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1926 Lithuanian coup d'état">1926 Lithuanian coup d'état</a>. Lithuanian relations with the Holy See were normalized a few months later, on 4 June 1927, when a concordat was signed between <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a> for the Holy See and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jurgis_%C5%A0aulys" title="Jurgis Šaulys">Jurgis Šaulys</a> for Lithuania. The improvements in 1927 were mostly due to the efforts of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Augustinas_Voldemaras" title="Augustinas Voldemaras">Augustinas Voldemaras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lithuania_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithuania-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annulment">Annulment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Annulment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_of_occupied_dioceses_during_World_War_II" title="Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II">Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II</a></div> <p>During World War II, the Holy See had <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_of_dioceses_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization of dioceses during World War II">appointed German and Slovak priests to Polish parishes</a>, violating the concordat.<sup id="cite_ref-WIEM_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actions were condemned by <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>, which considered it a betrayal: "Pius XII's decision is tantamount to the acceptance of illegal German demands and comprises an unfriendly act towards the Polish people".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Seeds_of_Triumph:_Church_and_State_in_Gomułka's_Poland_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Seeds_of_Triumph:_Church_and_State_in_Gomułka's_Poland-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Polish_Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Provisional Government">Polish Provisional Government</a> issued declaration that concordat is no longer valid, citing the violations by the Church. The view was not shared by the Holy See and many Polish priests, such as <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a>, who considered the concordat to have been ended by only the Polish side by a declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only Poland but also the other Eastern European countries under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> control cancelled their concordats with the Holy See after 1945, which can be seen as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Persecutions_against_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecutions against the Catholic Church and Pope Pius XII">Persecutions against the Catholic Church during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pope, according to Wyszynski, never ceased to recognize Polish sovereignty and did not make any personal or territorial changes, and the frequent Holy See press reports continued to report about Poland "as a country standing with the free states fighting for a better future". (Micewski, <i>Cardinal Wyszinski</i>, NY, 1984, p. 34) Still, state authorities tried to discredit Pope Pius XII in the eyes of Polish society. His actual speeches and messages to the people of Poland were not known in Poland. (Micewski, 418)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-concordata-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concordata_8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concordata_8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concordata_8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dz_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dz_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dz_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dz_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dz_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dz_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Stanisław Dzięciołowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,2896/q,Ratyfikacja.Konkordatu..III.i.IV.1925">Ratyfikacja Konkordatu – III i IV 1925</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rome's_most_faithful_daughter:_the_Catholic_Church_and_independent_Poland,_1914-1939-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rome's_most_faithful_daughter:_the_Catholic_Church_and_independent_Poland,_1914-1939_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPease2009" class="citation book cs1">Pease, Neal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8sj8LntVV0C&pg=PA68"><i>Rome's most faithful daughter: the Catholic Church and independent Poland, 1914–1939</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1856-7"><bdi>978-0-8214-1856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+most+faithful+daughter%3A+the+Catholic+Church+and+independent+Poland%2C+1914%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1856-7&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8sj8LntVV0C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordat+of+1925" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-universitas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-universitas_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne M Restrepo Restrepo SJ, Concordata Regnante Sancissimo Domino Pio XI Inita, Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, Romae, 1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faithful-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faithful_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pease, Neal. <i>Rome's most faithful daughter</i>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordata1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordata2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordata3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordata4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordata5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordata6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concordata6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordata 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIEM-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIEM_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIEM_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/7596,,,,konkordat,haslo.html">Konkordat</a> in Encyklopedia WIEM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papstgeschichte-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Papstgeschichte_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidlin1922–1939" class="citation book cs1">Schmidlin, Josef (1922–1939). <i>Papstgeschichte</i>. Vol. IV. München: Köstel-Pusztet. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4533637">4533637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papstgeschichte&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=K%C3%B6stel-Pusztet&rft.date=1922%2F1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4533637&rft.aulast=Schmidlin&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordat+of+1925" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerutis-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gerutis_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerutis_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerutis1984" class="citation book cs1">Gerutis, Albertas (1984). "Independent Lithuania". In Ed. Albertas Gerutis (ed.). <i>Lithuania: 700 Years</i>. Translated by Algirdas Budreckis (6th ed.). New York: Manyland Books. pp. 218–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87141-028-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87141-028-1"><bdi>0-87141-028-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75-80057">75-80057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Independent+Lithuania&rft.btitle=Lithuania%3A+700+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=218-219&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Manyland+Books&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75-80057&rft.isbn=0-87141-028-1&rft.aulast=Gerutis&rft.aufirst=Albertas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordat+of+1925" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eid-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eid_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eid_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidintasVytautas_ŽalysAlfred_Erich_Senn1999" class="citation book cs1">Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.). <i>Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940</i> (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22458-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22458-3"><bdi>0-312-22458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+in+European+Politics%3A+The+Years+of+the+First+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=51-52&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=0-312-22458-3&rft.aulast=Eidintas&rft.aufirst=Alfonsas&rft.au=Vytautas+%C5%BDalys&rft.au=Alfred+Erich+Senn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordat+of+1925" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lithuania-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lithuania_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eidintas, Alfonsas. <i>Lithuania in European Politics</i>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Seeds_of_Triumph:_Church_and_State_in_Gomułka's_Poland-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Seeds_of_Triumph:_Church_and_State_in_Gomułka's_Poland_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiskin2004" class="citation book cs1">Diskin, Hanna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed-qJqFp56kC&pg=PA29"><i>The Seeds of Triumph: Church and State in Gomułka's Poland</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-16-9"><bdi>978-963-9241-16-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seeds+of+Triumph%3A+Church+and+State+in+Gomu%C5%82ka%27s+Poland&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-16-9&rft.aulast=Diskin&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEd-qJqFp56kC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordat+of+1925" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Łukomski Stanisław, <i>Konkordat zawarty dnia 10 lutego 1925 roku pomiędzy Stolicą Apostolską i Rzecząpospolitą Polską</i>, Łomża 1934.</li> <li>Wisłocki Jerzy, <i>Konkordat polski z 1925 roku: Zagadnienia prawno-polityczne</i>, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza 1977.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordat_of_1925&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Konkordat_Polski_ze_Stolic%C4%85_Apostolsk%C4%85_1925">Text of the concordat</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,1369/q,Konkordat.polski.z.z.10.lutego.1925.roku">mirror</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911181348/http://www.bogitor.eu/miedzywojenny/konkordat.html">Ramy prawne funkcjonowania Kościoła – Konkordat 1925 r.</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Dawid Ropuszyński, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,1817/q,Konkordat.polski.z.1925.r.">Konkordat polski z 1925 r.</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Michał Horoszewicz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,4968/q,Klopoty.z.poprzednim.konkordatem">Kłopoty z poprzednim konkordatem</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Stanisław Piotrowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,2898/q,Konkordat.z.1925.roku.przestal.obowiazywac">Konkordat z 1925 roku przestał obowiązywać</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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