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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Swiss_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Swiss_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Old Swiss Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Swiss_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquired_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquired_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Acquired districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquired_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_changes_in_Early_Modern_Bern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_changes_in_Early_Modern_Bern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Social changes in Early Modern Bern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_changes_in_Early_Modern_Bern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Napoleonic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bernese_Mittelland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bernese_Mittelland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bernese Mittelland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bernese_Mittelland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Lakes_Region_and_Bernese_Jura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Lakes_Region_and_Bernese_Jura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Three Lakes Region and Bernese Jura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Lakes_Region_and_Bernese_Jura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bernese_Oberland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bernese_Oberland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bernese Oberland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bernese_Oberland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historic population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Federal election results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canton of Bern</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="كانتون برن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانتون برن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%B3n_de_Berna" title="Cantón de Berna – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cantón de Berna" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenton_de_B%C3%A8rna" title="Quenton de Bèrna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Quenton de Bèrna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%B3n_de_Berna" title="Cantón de Berna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cantón de Berna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86)" title="برن (کانتون) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برن (کانتون)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_Chiu" title="Bern Chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bern Chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Бэрн (кантон) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%B3_de_Berna" title="Cantó de Berna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cantó de Berna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_Berne" title="Canton de Berne – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Canton de Berne" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berna" title="Berna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Berna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(canton)" title="Bern (canton) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bern (canton)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kantona)" title="Bern (kantona) – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bern (kantona)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berni_kanton" title="Berni kanton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berni kanton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Καντόνι της Βέρνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καντόνι της Βέρνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%B3n_de_Berna" title="Cantón de Berna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cantón de Berna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantono_Berno" title="Kantono Berno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantono Berno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berna_kantonamendua" title="Berna kantonamendua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berna kantonamendua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کانتون برن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانتون برن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_Berne" title="Canton de Berne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canton de Berne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(Kanton)" title="Bern (Kanton) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bern (Kanton)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%B3n_de_Berna" title="Cantón de Berna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cantón de Berna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B8%EC%A3%BC" title="베른주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베른주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6_(%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6)" title="Բեռն (կանտոն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռն (կանտոն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्न कैन्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्न कैन्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_ti_Berna" title="Kanton ti Berna – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kanton ti Berna" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_Bern" title="Canton de Bern – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Canton de Bern" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kant%C3%B3na)" title="Bern (kantóna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bern (kantóna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Berna" title="Canton Berna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canton Berna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9F_(%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F)" title="ברן (קנטון) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברן (קנטון)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბერნის კანტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერნის კანტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbo_la_Bern" title="Jimbo la Bern – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jimbo la Bern" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianton_de_Bern" title="Cianton de Bern – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cianton de Bern" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berna_(pagus)" title="Berna (pagus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Berna (pagus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernes_kantons" title="Bernes kantons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bernes kantons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berno_kantonas" title="Berno kantonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berno kantonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_ya_Bern" title="Kanton ya Bern – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kanton ya Bern" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Berna" title="Canton Berna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Canton Berna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_kanton" title="Bern kanton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bern kanton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="बर्न (राज्य) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्न (राज्य)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="كانتون بيرن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانتون بيرن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="برن کانتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برن کانتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="ベルン州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(Kantoon)" title="Bern (Kantoon) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bern (Kantoon)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonen_Bern" title="Kantonen Bern – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kantonen Bern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_B%C3%A8rna" title="Canton de Bèrna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canton de Bèrna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86" title="برن کینٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برن کینٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_%C3%ABd_Berna" title="Canton ëd Berna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Canton ëd Berna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berno_(kanton)" title="Berno (kanton) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berno (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berna_(cant%C3%A3o)" title="Berna (cantão) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berna (cantão)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonul_Berna" title="Cantonul Berna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cantonul Berna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantun_Berna" title="Chantun Berna – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Chantun Berna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_o_Bern" title="Canton o Bern – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Canton o Bern" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoni_Bern" title="Kantoni Bern – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kantoni Bern" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Berna" title="Canton Berna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canton Berna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canton of Bern" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kant%C3%B3n)" title="Bern (kantón) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bern (kantón)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_Bern" title="Kanton Bern – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanton Bern" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Кантон Берн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кантон Берн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kantoni)" title="Bern (kantoni) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bern (kantoni)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐแบร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐแบร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bern (kanton)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Берн (кантон) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берн (кантон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" 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lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bern (canton)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%B7%9E" title="伯尔尼州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伯尔尼州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="伯恩州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伯恩州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="伯恩州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canton_of_Bern&params=46.84_N_7.60_E_region:CH-BE_type:city(1043132)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.84°N 7.60°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.84; 7.60</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canton of Switzerland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canton in Switzerland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Canton of Bern</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kanton Bern</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canton de Berne</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Canton</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Canton of Bern"><img alt="Flag of Canton of Bern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg/100px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg/150px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg/200px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Canton of Bern"><img alt="Coat of arms of Canton of Bern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/66px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/99px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/132px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Canton of Bern"><img alt="Official logo of Canton of Bern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg/120px-Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg/180px-Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg/240px-Logo_Kanton_Bern_Canton_de_Berne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="134" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 275px; height: 175px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="275" data-height="175" data-zoom="6" data-lat="46.7" data-lon="8.25" data-overlays="["_15c917bd460b24fa2bc0a1966e6d5b0845dca0ff"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/46.7/8.25/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,46.7,8.25,275x175.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Canton_of_Bern&revid=1252413043&groups=_15c917bd460b24fa2bc0a1966e6d5b0845dca0ff" width="275" height="175" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,46.7,8.25,275x175@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Canton_of_Bern&revid=1252413043&groups=_15c917bd460b24fa2bc0a1966e6d5b0845dca0ff 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Switzerland <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px solid grey;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:left;">Map of Bern</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png/250px-Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png/375px-Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png/500px-Karte_Kanton_Bern_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1878" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canton_of_Bern&params=46.84_N_7.60_E_region:CH-BE_type:city(1043132)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.84°N 7.60°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.84; 7.60</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Switzerland</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Municipalities of the canton of Bern">388 municipalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland#Bern" title="Districts of Switzerland">10 districts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evi_Allemann" title="Evi Allemann">Evi Allemann</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Bern" title="Executive Council of Bern">Regierungsrat, Conseil exécutif</a> (7)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">Legislative</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Bern" title="Grand Council of Bern">Grosser Rat, Grand conseil</a> (160)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Area_Canton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area_Canton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,959.59 km<sup>2</sup> (2,301.01 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(December 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Stat2020_BE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat2020_BE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,043,132</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">180/km<sup>2</sup> (450/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a> 80.209 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CHF 77,027 (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CH-BE</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantons_of_Switzerland_by_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation">Highest point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,274 m (14,022 ft): <a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantons_of_Switzerland_by_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation">Lowest point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">401.5 m (1,317 ft): <a href="/wiki/Aar_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aar (river)">Aare</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wynau" title="Wynau">Wynau</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland#Order_of_accession_of_the_cantons" title="History of Switzerland">Joined</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1353</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">German, French</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.BE.ch">www<wbr />.be<wbr />.ch</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>canton of Bern</b>, or <b>Berne</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kanton Bern</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">canton de Berne</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Chantun Berna</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Canton Berna</i>), is one of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Switzerland">26 cantons</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss Confederation</a>. Its capital city, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, is also the <i>de facto</i> capital of Switzerland. The bear is the heraldic symbol of the canton, displayed on a red-yellow background. </p><p>Comprising <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Subdivisions of the canton of Bern">ten districts</a>, Bern is the second-largest canton by both surface area and population. Located in west-central Switzerland, it is surrounded by eleven cantons. It borders the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a> to the north. To the west lie the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">Vaud</a>. To the south lies the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais</a>. East of the canton of Bern lie the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Nidwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Obwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Obwalden">Obwalden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Aargau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Aargau">Aargau</a>. The geography of the canton includes a large share of all three natural regions of Switzerland: the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Jura" title="Bernese Jura">Bernese Jura</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a> (the Bernese Mittelland) and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Oberland" title="Bernese Oberland">Bernese Oberland</a>). </p><p>The canton of Bern is <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, officially <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>- and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-speaking, and has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 1,043,132.<sup id="cite_ref-Stat2020_BE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat2020_BE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest city, Bern, is also the seat of the federal government of Switzerland. Other major cities are <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a>. The canton is also renowned for its numerous Alpine resort towns, notably <a href="/wiki/Interlaken" title="Interlaken">Interlaken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gstaad" title="Gstaad">Gstaad</a>. </p><p>Formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the canton of Bern entered an alliance with the Swiss Forest Cantons in 1323 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> in 1353. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bern" title="History of Bern">History of Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bern" title="Coat of arms of Bern">Coat of arms of Bern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_property_of_national_significance_in_Switzerland:_Bern" title="List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Bern">List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Bern</a></div> <p>Bern joined the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Swiss Confederation">Old Swiss Confederation</a> in 1353. Between 1803 and 1814 it was one of the six <i>directorial cantons</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Swiss Confederation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_prehistory">Early prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest traces of a human presence in the area of the modern Canton is found in three caves in the <a href="/wiki/Simmental" title="Simmental">Simmental</a> region; Schnurenloch near <a href="/wiki/Oberwil_im_Simmental" title="Oberwil im Simmental">Oberwil</a>, Ranggiloch above <a href="/wiki/Boltigen" title="Boltigen">Boltigen</a> and Chilchlihöhle above <a href="/wiki/Erlenbach_im_Simmental" title="Erlenbach im Simmental">Erlenbach</a>. These caves were used at various times during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>. The first open-air settlement in the area is an upper <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> settlement at Moosbühl in Moosseedorf. During the warmer climate of the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> period, increasing forest cover restricted the movement of hunters, fishers and gatherers. Their temporary settlements were built along lake and marsh edges, which remained free of trees due to fluctuations in water level. Important mesolithic sites in the Canton are at Pieterlenmoos and Burgäschisee lake along with alpine valleys at Diemtig and Simmental. During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> period, there were a number of settlements on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Biel" title="Lake Biel">Lake Biel</a>, the Toteisbecken (Lobsigensee, Moossee, Burgäschisee and Inkwilersee) and along rivers (<a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zihl" class="mw-redirect" title="Zihl">Zihl</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these sites are part of the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best explored neolithic sites is at <a href="/wiki/Twann" title="Twann">Twann</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Twann-T%C3%BCscherz" title="Twann-Tüscherz">Twann-Tüscherz</a>). In the Twannbach delta there were about 25 <a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horgen_culture" title="Horgen culture">Horgen culture</a> villages that existed between 3800 and 2950 BC. One of the oldest examples of bread from Switzerland, a <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough</a> from 3560 to 3530 BC, came from one of these villages.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A preserved <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Dugout_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout boat">dugout boat</a> has been found on the dried out lake bed, it was part of lake village near Twann, a stone-lined <a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">well</a> had been dug near the preserved boat in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brenodor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brenodor.jpg/220px-Brenodor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brenodor.jpg/330px-Brenodor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Brenodor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Helveto-Roman settlement Bern-Engehalbinsel</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a> changes in climate forced the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (800–450 BCE) to abandon settlements along many waterways and in the valley floors and move to the plateaus and hills. With increased trade contacts across the Alps, the cultural influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a> grew in the area. Evidence of this trade include a <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a> which was discovered in Grächwil. Burial rituals and social classes became more developed during this time. The so-called <i>princely graves</i> became more common, many of the burial mounds were over 30 m (98 ft) in diameter and 4 m (13 ft) high and richly outfitted with grave goods. In a grave mound in Bützberg the first burial in the mound was followed by several later burials. Often, several grave mounds combined to become a necropolis, such as at <a href="/wiki/Grossaffoltern" title="Grossaffoltern">Grossaffoltern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ins,_Switzerland" title="Ins, Switzerland">Ins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bannwil" title="Bannwil">Bannwil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langenthal" title="Langenthal">Langenthal</a> and Bützberg. Most of the knowledge about the Hallstatt culture in the Canton comes from graves. The only discovered settlement is around Blanche Church in <a href="/wiki/La_Neuveville" title="La Neuveville">La Neuveville</a>. </p><p>The grave goods show that iron was forged into swords, daggers, spearheads, knives and wagon accessories. Gold, which was probably collected from river sand, was made into diadems, rings and pendants. Thin bronze arm, leg and neck plates with geometric designs were often buried, especially in the graves at Allenlüften in Mühleberg, at Ins and at Bützberg. The jewelry that was buried included bracelets and rings which were also made of <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">jet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> coal. At Münchringen, the grave pottery was both shaped by hand or thrown on a potter's wheel, and was painted with multi-colored ornamentation. </p><p>The transition to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Iron Age">Late Iron Age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (450−1st century BCE) is indicated by a sudden change of style in the metalworking and ceramic industries. Numerous graves (from unknown settlements), along with the two <i><a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a></i> at Bern-Engehalbinsel and Jensberg by <a href="/wiki/Studen,_Bern" title="Studen, Bern">Studen</a>, mark the population centers during the late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Gold coins (from <a href="/wiki/Melchnau" title="Melchnau">Melchnau</a>) along with silver and bronze coins first start to appear during this era. A sword with <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek characters</a> that said <i>Korisios</i> was found at the Port site. At the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> at Bern-Engehalbinsel, there were studios for glass and ceramic production, and iron working achieved a high level of skill, along with craftsmen who worked in wood, leather and goldsmithing. There was a nearby place of worship in the Bremgarten wood, and cemeteries at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnsingen" title="Münsingen">Münsingen</a> and Bern-Engehalbinsel.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg/220px-Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg/330px-Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg/440px-Engehalbinsel_R%C3%B6merbad1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Baths at Engehalbinsel near Bern</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Switzerland in the Roman era</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a> victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Battle of Bibracte</a> in 58 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> were forced to return to their homes as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a> of the Romans. Under increasing Roman influence, the local economy and trade flourished. The main settlements lay at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plateau_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plateau (Switzerland)">Central Plateau</a>. </p><p>The existing roads were expanded, especially the <a href="/wiki/Aventicum" title="Aventicum">Aventicum</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vindonissa" title="Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Petinesca" title="Petinesca">Petinesca</a>-<a href="/wiki/Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> roads. A fourth alpine pass, the <a href="/wiki/Rawil_Pass" title="Rawil Pass">Rawil pass</a>, was added to the traditional three; the <a href="/wiki/Grimsel_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimsel pass">Grimsel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCnig_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brünig pass">Brünig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susten_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Susten pass">Susten</a> passes. In the Bernese Jura the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Raimeux" title="Mont Raimeux">Mont Raimeux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Pierre_Pertuis" title="Col de Pierre Pertuis">Pierre Pertuis</a> passes opened. </p><p>Under the Romans, many of the old fortified places were expanded and refortified. The old Helvetii oppidum at the Engehalbinsel became a Roman <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a>, which was probably known as Brenodor or Brenodurum. At the foot of the Jens mountain, the fort Petinesca was built to guard the roads over the Jura Mountains. This was reinforced in the late-Roman era (368–369 CE) by a fortified bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Thielle" title="Thielle">Thielle/Zihl</a> river between Aegerten and Brügg. </p><p>A number of Roman villas were built around the Canton. At <a href="/wiki/Wichtrach" title="Wichtrach">Oberwichtrach</a> both the main building (<i>pars urbana</i>) and the industrial section (<i>pars rustica</i>) of a Roman villa have been discovered. The villas at Münsingen, <a href="/wiki/Toffen" title="Toffen">Toffen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herzogenbuchsee" title="Herzogenbuchsee">Herzogenbuchsee</a> have richly detailed <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaics</a> that are still partly visible. </p><p>The religious practices of the local population merged with Roman beliefs and the Canton of Bern is home to a number of unique cult centers. They include the larger than life statues of gods (including enthroned Jupiter) at Petinesca, Engehalbinsel, and Thun-Allmendingen; and a number of stone inscriptions. At the beginning of the 5th century CE, Rome withdrew its troops from the Rhine garrisons, but allowed the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> to settle on Helvetii lands in 443 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png/220px-Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png/330px-Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png/440px-Map_Burgundian_Kingdom_2_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Burgundian and Allamanni lands between 534 and 843</figcaption></figure> <p>East of the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>, the transition from the Gallo-Roman dominated population to a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> population in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> happened relatively peacefully. One exception was the Battle of Wangen in 610, but elsewhere it generally was a slow process of cultural infiltration. By the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamannic</a> settlers had already taken most of the good locations southeast of the Aare and they began moving up the Aare to the regions of Lake Thun and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Brienz" title="Lake Brienz">Lake Brienz</a>. All areas west of the Aare belonged to the romanised Burgundian kingdom, which became part of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> kingdom in the 534. During the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian era</a>, the political structure of the Franks had spread into parts of what became Switzerland. In 762/778 the County of Aargau was founded, followed in 861 by the County of Oberaargau and in 965 the County of Bargen. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843 put the border between Central and Eastern Frankish Empires at the Aare, and divided the Aare region in half. The population west of the Aare generally spoke a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>, while those to the east spoke a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>. The region between the rivers Saane and Aare became the language border. </p><p>Christianity spread slowly into the Aare valley. The dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lausanne" title="Bishop of Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basel" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sion" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion">Sion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chur" title="Bishop of Chur">Chur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Constance">Constance</a> were all established before the new faith made inroads into the valley. The Aare valley was bordered by three dioceses; Lausanne, Constance and Basel. However, the first Christian missionaries came into the valley from <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and other western areas. In 630 the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Luxeuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Luxeuil">Abbey of Luxeuil</a> established the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Moutier-Grandval" class="mw-redirect" title="Moutier-Grandval">Moutier-Grandval</a> along the old transit route through the Pierre Pertuis Pass. By the 9th or 10th century, this abbey had property and influence all the way to Lake Biel and into the Balsthal valley. The first monastic cells of what would become the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Imier" title="Saint-Imier">Saint-Imier</a> was also founded in 600. In the Seeland and Aare valleys, wooden churches were first built during the Merovingian period. The current churches in Kirchlindach, Oberwil bei Buren and Bleibach were all built above the ruins of these early churches. About 30 churches in the Bern and Solothurn portions of the Aare valley were created over ruins of Roman villas and subsequent burial grounds in the 7th century (including Meikirch and Oberbipp). In Mett, the church was built over a 5th-century mausoleum, which was built over a 4th-century tomb. In 700, six sarcophagi were buried on <a href="/wiki/St._Petersinsel" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersinsel">St. Peter's Island</a> next to a Roman temple complex. A wooden monastery was built over the complex in the 8th–9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweiz_um_1200.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schweiz_um_1200.png/220px-Schweiz_um_1200.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schweiz_um_1200.png/330px-Schweiz_um_1200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schweiz_um_1200.png/440px-Schweiz_um_1200.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Lands held by the main noble families around 1200</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Switzerland">Medieval Switzerland</a></div> <p>During the 10th century, the Aare valley came fully under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Kingdom_of_Burgundy#Second_Kingdom_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kingdom of Burgundy">Second Kingdom of Burgundy</a>. Under King <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph I of Burgundy">Rudolph I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph II</a> Burgundy's influence reached across most of modern Switzerland. They established royal courts at Bümpliz, Münsingen, Uetendorf, Wimmis, Kirchberg and Utzenstorf to allow them to govern the Aare valley. Later, the Aare valley moved toward closer ties with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian</a> dynasties. </p><p>The succession dispute following the death of <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_III_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph III of Burgundy">Rudolph III</a> in 1032 allowed the Salian kings to acquire the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy and with it the Aare valley. As a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the valley was involved when the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> broke out in 1056. In 1077, the Regent of Burgundy, Count <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a>, declared himself as an anti-king against King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>. The Bishops of Basel and Lausanne remained loyal to King Henry IV, and took the Rheinfelden lands in Oberaargau and the upper Aare valley. After Rudolf's death in 1090, his lands went to his son, <a href="/wiki/Berchtold_II_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berchtold II of Zähringen">Berchtold II of Zähringen</a>. He and his son, Berchtold III, tried to use these lands to expand their power. In 1127 the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A4hringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zähringer">Zähringer</a> were appointed Rector or delegate of the king in Burgundy. Their hopes for a new, independent Burgundy were dashed in 1156, and the last Zähringen count, Berchtold V, embarked on a program of city founding. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Switzerland" title="Burgdorf, Switzerland">Burgdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murten" title="Murten">Murten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a> and Bern were all founded by Berchtold V. When he died without an heir, the Zähringen lands went to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">House of Kyburg</a>, while the offices and <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> reverted to the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> both the Aare valley and the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Oberland" title="Bernese Oberland">Bernese Oberland</a> were divided into a number of small counties, each with their own <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">baron</a>. Nobles from the Holy Roman Empire began to marry into the local noble families and a number of the Zähringen <a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">Ministerialis</a> families (unfree knights in the service of a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> overlord) moved into the Oberland. The nobles also began to found monasteries to spread their power into the Oberland. During the period between 1070 and 1150, at least ten large monasteries were founded by local nobles. These include; the <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluniac</a> <a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Priory</a> of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCeggisberg_Priory" title="Rüeggisberg Priory">Rüeggisberg</a> (Lords of Rümligen in 1072), Münchenwiler (Wiler family in 1080), <a href="/wiki/St._Petersinsel" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersinsel">St. Peter's Island</a> (Count of Hochburgund-Mâcon in the late 11th century), Hettiswil (1107), Röthenbach im Emmental (Lords of Rümligen or Signau), the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monastery at <a href="/wiki/Erlach_Abbey" title="Erlach Abbey">St. Johannsen</a> in Erlach (Fenis family in 1100), Trub (Lords of Lützelflüh before 1130) and Rüegsau (possibly also the Lords of Lützelflüh in first half of the 12th century), the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a> in Interlaken (Oberhofen family in 1130) and the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> <a href="/wiki/Frienisberg_Abbey" title="Frienisberg Abbey">Frienisberg Abbey</a> (Count Saugern around 1130). However, in 1191 the Oberland barons revolted against Berchtold V of Zähringen and many of the Oberland barons were killed in the battle of Grindelwald. </p><p>During the 13th century a number of the cities near Bern were granted the <a href="/wiki/City_right" class="mw-redirect" title="City right">city right</a> and appointed mayors and city councils. Bern became an <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">imperial city</a>. During the mid-13th century, the Empire's presence weakened in the Aare valley, forcing the local nobles to find allies to protect themselves. Bern entered into a number of treaties with its neighbors in the 13th century. In 1274, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph I of Habsburg</a>, confirmed Bern's imperial immediacy. However, in 1285 he imposed an imperial tax which drove the city to support Rudolph's enemies. Although it withstood two sieges by the Emperor in 1288, after the defeat at Schosshalde in 1289 it had to pay taxes and a penalty. </p><p>In 1298 Bernese forces won a victory at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oberwangen_(K%C3%B6niz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oberwangen (Köniz) (page does not exist)">Oberwangen</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niz" title="Köniz">Köniz</a> against the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a> and the Habsburg Austrian nobility. In 1300, the city acquired the four surrounding parishes of Bolligen, Vechigen, Stettlen and Muri, destroyed the threatening castles of Bremgarten and Belp and gave the Baron of Montenach Bernese citizenship. After the victory of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV of Bavaria</a> over the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick the Fair</a> in the battle of Mühldorf (Bavaria) in 1322, Bern entered an alliance with the anti-Habsburg Swiss <a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Forest Cantons</a> in 1323. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Swiss_Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Old Swiss Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png/220px-Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png/330px-Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png/440px-Historische_Karte_CH_1385.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss Confederacy before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a> (1387)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png/220px-Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png/330px-Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png/440px-Historische_Karte_CH_1416.png 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss Confederacy in 1416</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bernensis.jpg/220px-Bernensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bernensis.jpg/330px-Bernensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bernensis.jpg/440px-Bernensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7203" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Bernese territory from 1638</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png/220px-Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png/330px-Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png/440px-Karte_13_Alte_Orte.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss Confederacy in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berner_Aargau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Berner_Aargau.png/220px-Berner_Aargau.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Berner_Aargau.png/330px-Berner_Aargau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Berner_Aargau.png/440px-Berner_Aargau.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption>The districts of the Bernese Aargau before the creation of the Canton of Aargau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg/220px-Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg/330px-Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg/440px-Karte_Stadtstaat_Bern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Districts of the Canton of Bern in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></div> <p>Bern joined the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Swiss Confederation">Old Swiss Confederation</a> in 1353. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="14th_century">14th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1310 <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Pledge_(law)" title="Pledge (law)">pledged</a> <a href="/wiki/Laupen_Castle" title="Laupen Castle">Laupen Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laupen" title="Laupen">Laupen</a> and the surrounding lands as collateral for a loan. In 1324, Bern acquired the pledged castle and lands. When the Emperor was unable to repay the loan, Laupen became the first <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwick</a> of Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Laupen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Laupen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1322, the brothers Eberhard II of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg#Neu-Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Neu-Kyburg</a> and Hartmann II of Neu-Kyburg started fighting with each other over who would inherit the family's lands around Thun. The fighting led to the "<a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">fratricide</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thun_Castle" title="Thun Castle">Thun Castle</a>" where Eberhard killed his brother Hartmann. To avoid punishment by his Habsburg overlords, Eberhard fled to <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. In the following year, he sold the town of <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a>, its castle and the land surrounding Thun to Bern. Bern then granted the land back to Eberhard as a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Kyburg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Kyburg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bern's support of Eberhard, their resulting expansion into the Oberland and their alliance with the Forest Cantons brought the city into conflict with the Habsburgs during the 14th century. The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCmmenenkrieg" title="Gümmenenkrieg">Gümmenenkrieg</a> in 1333 between Bern and <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> over rights and influence in the <a href="/wiki/Sense_District" title="Sense District">Sense/Singine</a> area ended without resolving anything. </p><p>In 1334, Bern fought with the Barons of Weissenburg and occupied <a href="/wiki/Wimmis" title="Wimmis">Wimmis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unspunnen_Castle" title="Unspunnen Castle">Unspunnen</a> in the Oberland. Bern's victory allowed them to bring the <a href="/wiki/Oberhasli" title="Oberhasli">Oberhasli</a> region, its capital of <a href="/wiki/Meiringen" title="Meiringen">Meiringen</a> and Weissenburg under their control. Bern's continued expansion was at the expense of the feudal lords in the surrounding lands. In 1339 the Habsburgs, Kyburgs and Fribourg, marched against Bern with 17,000 men and besieged the border town of Laupen. To raise the siege, Bern raised a force of 6,000, consisting of Bernese, supported by the Forest Cantons, and other allies (<a href="/wiki/Simmental" title="Simmental">Simmental</a>, Weissenbur and Oberhasli).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allied Bernese forces were victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laupen" title="Battle of Laupen">Battle of Laupen</a> and Bern drew closer to the Swiss Forest Cantons. It entered into a permanent or eternal alliance with Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden in 1353. This date is usually considered the date of Bern's entrance into the Swiss Confederation; however, the alliance only indirectly tied Bern to Zürich and Lucerne. </p><p>In 1358 the cash-strapped Count Peter II of Aarberg pawned the County of <a href="/wiki/Aarberg" title="Aarberg">Aarberg</a> to Bern. However, in 1367 he sold it, without repaying Bern, to his cousin Rudolf IV of Nidau. After Rudolf's death (1375) Bern acquired clear right to the Aarberg lands from the other heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 14th century, Bern entered into alliances and treaties with many of its neighbors, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederation</a>. Bern entered into a series of agreements with <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a>, which led to a conflict with Biel's ruler, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Vienne_(archbishop,_died_1382)" title="Jean de Vienne (archbishop, died 1382)">Jean de Vienne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basel" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Basel">Prince-Bishop of Basel</a>, in 1367–68. The bishop marched south and destroyed Biel along with a number of towns in the southern <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Gugler" title="Gugler">Gugler war</a> in 1375, there were several battles between Bernese troops and English mercenaries under <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_VII,_Lord_of_Coucy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy">Enguerrand de Coucy</a>. </p><p>By the 1370s, the Kyburgs (which still held Thun as a fief for Bern) were deeply in debt to Bern. On 11 November 1382, Rudolf II of Neu-Kyburg made an unsuccessful raid on <a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>. The ensuing conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> (known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Burgdorferkrieg" title="Burgdorferkrieg">Burgdorferkrieg</a></i> or <i>Kyburgerkrieg</i>) allowed Bern to move against the Habsburgs in Aargau. After the Bernese laid siege to Burgdorf, Neu-Kyburg was forced to concede an unfavourable peace.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bern bought Thun and Burgdorf, the most important cities of Neu-Kyburg, and their remaining towns passed to Bern and Solothurn by 1408. The last of the Neu-Kyburgs, Berchtold, died destitute in Bern in 1417.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Kyburg_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Kyburg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1386, the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austrians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold of Habsburg</a> invaded eastern Switzerland. When they besieged the city of <a href="/wiki/Sempach" title="Sempach">Sempach</a>, troops from Zürich, Lucerne and the Forest Cantons marched out and defeated the Austrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a>. While Bern was not involved at Sempach they took advantage of the Austrian weakness to march into the Oberland in 1386, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Seeland_(Switzerland)" title="Seeland (Switzerland)">Seeland</a> (the region south of the Jura Mountains containing the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Murten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Murten">Morat (Murten)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Biel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Biel">Bienne (Biel)</a> lakes) in 1388 and the <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> in 1389. In the peace agreement of 1389 Bern got <a href="/wiki/Unterseen" title="Unterseen">Unterseen</a> and the Upper Simme valley (<a href="/wiki/Simmental" title="Simmental">Simmental</a>) from the Habsburgs. In the same year, Fribourg accepted Berns acquisition of the Iselgaus, i.e. the area between Lake Biel and the Seeland. Over the next several decades Bern continued to expand to the detriment of the Habsburgs and Fribourg. They acquired the following towns: 1391 Simmenegg, 1399 <a href="/wiki/Signau" title="Signau">Signau</a>, 1400 <a href="/wiki/Frutigen" title="Frutigen">Frutigen</a>, 1407 <a href="/wiki/Wangen_an_der_Aare" title="Wangen an der Aare">Wangen</a>, 1408 <a href="/wiki/Trachselwald" title="Trachselwald">Trachselwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huttwil" title="Huttwil">Huttwil</a>, 1412 Oltigen and in 1413 (together with Solothurn) Bipp and Bechburg.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th_century">15th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1400, Bern controlled the entire Bernese Oberland. Under their control, the five valleys of the Oberland enjoyed extensive rights and far-reaching autonomy in the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4uert" title="Bäuert">Bäuerten</a> (farming cooperative municipalities) and <i>Talverbänden</i> (rural alpine communities). However, throughout the Late Middle Ages, the Oberland, as a whole or in part, revolted several times against Bernese authority. The Evil League (<i>Böser Bund</i>) in 1445 fought against Bernese military service and taxes following the <a href="/wiki/Old_Z%C3%BCrich_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zürich War">Old Zürich War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_BB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_BB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1528 the Oberland rose up in resistance to the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and in 1641 <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a> revolted.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_BO_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_BO-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Bernese Oberland during the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Interlaken_Monastery" title="Interlaken Monastery">Interlaken Monastery</a> grew to become the largest landholder in the region. The Monastery controlled the towns of <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald" title="Grindelwald">Grindelwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnen" title="Lauterbrunnen">Lauterbrunnen</a> and numerous farms along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Brienz" title="Lake Brienz">Lake Brienz</a>. However, in 1350 a period of crises and conflicts led to a decline in the number of monks and nuns and increasing debt. In 1348, the people of <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald" title="Grindelwald">Grindelwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilderswil" title="Wilderswil">Wilderswil</a> joined a mutual defense league with <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>. Bern responded with a military expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Oberland" title="Bernese Oberland">Bernese Oberland</a>, which ended in defeat for Unterwalden and its allies. By 1472, Bern was the patron of the Monastery. During the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the Monastery was secularized in 1528. The <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a> received a financial settlement and the properties were now managed by a Bernese <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a>. The tenants of the Monastery who had expected the abolition of all owed debts, responded by rioting, which was suppressed by Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Monastery_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Monastery-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png/220px-Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png/330px-Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png/440px-Karte_Kanton_Waadt_Bezirke_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Map of the modern Canton of Vaud, which was annexed by Bern from 1536 until 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>The lands around the northern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Lake Neuchâtel</a> were the next area into which Bern expanded. The region had originally been part of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. Then, in 1032 the Zähringens of Germany defeated the Burgundians, who were then replaced by the counts of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> in 1218. Under the counts of Savoy the area was given political unity, and established as the <a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Vaud" title="Barony of Vaud">Barony of Vaud</a>. However, as the power of the Savoys declined at the beginning of the 15th century the land was occupied by troops from <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. By 1536 the area was completely annexed. Reformation was started by co-workers of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Viret" title="Pierre Viret">Viret</a>, who engaged in a famous debate at the cathedral of Lausanne; but it was only decisively implemented when Bern put its full force behind it. Vaud was another French-speaking region in the mostly German-speaking canton, which caused several uprisings. </p><p>Both Château-d'Œx and Saanen were part of the county of <a href="/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8res" title="Gruyères">Gruyère</a>. Both districts had quite a bit of independence and often entered into treaties against the will and best interests of the Counts. In 1340 the Saanen valley concluded a peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Simmental" title="Simmental">Simmental</a>, which provided for arbitration in disputes. They entered into another treaty in 1393 with the Valais. In 1401, Count Rudolph of Gruyère entered into a treaty with Bern which included Saanen. Two years later Saanen<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_SD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_SD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Château-d'Œx<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_CDO_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_CDO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> negotiated their own alliances with Bern. Due to the Bernese alliance, Saanen sent troops, under their own banner, to support the Bernese invasions of Aargau in 1415 and Valais in 1418. The military losses and taxes following the Old Zürich War led Saanen to support the Evil League (<i>Böser Bund</i>) in 1445 against Bern. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belagerung_Grandson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Belagerung_Grandson.jpg/220px-Belagerung_Grandson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Belagerung_Grandson.jpg/330px-Belagerung_Grandson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Belagerung_Grandson.jpg/440px-Belagerung_Grandson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>Siege and execution of the garrison at Grandson</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1475, during the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars</a>, the mountain regions of <a href="/wiki/Saanen" title="Saanen">Saanen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pays-d%27Enhaut_District" title="Pays-d'Enhaut District">Pays-d'Enhaut</a>, who were allied with Bern, attacked and burned the tower of <a href="/wiki/Aigle_Castle" title="Aigle Castle">Aigle Castle</a>. They then gave <a href="/wiki/Aigle" title="Aigle">Aigle</a> town and the surrounding district to Bern in exchange for not having to pay one-third of their income to Bern. In the treaty of Fribourg from 1476, Fribourg received rights over the Aigle district, which they gave up to Bern in 1483. Bern rebuilt Aigle Castle in 1489 and made it the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwick</a> of Aigle.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Aigle_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Aigle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1475, the Confederation attacked and captured <a href="/wiki/Grandson_Castle" title="Grandson Castle">Grandson Castle</a>. In the next year, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> retook the castle and executed the Bernese garrison. In 1476, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a>, Charles' forces retreated and the Bernese retook Grandson. After Charles' defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murten" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Murten">Battle of Murten</a>, Grandson became a shared territory between Bern and Fribourg. Each city appointed a <a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">vogt</a> for five-year periods.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Grandson_District_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Grandson_District-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aigle and Grandson were the first French speaking regions in the Canton of Bern. </p><p>During the Burgundian War in 1475, Saanen, together with troops from Château-d'Œx and the Simmental captured the Savoy district of Aigle for Bern. Saanen and the surrounding district enjoyed a great deal of independence during the 16th century. However, in 1555 the last <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gruy%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Gruyère">Count of Gruyère</a> lost both districts to Bern when his county went bankrupt. Bern took over the entire Saanen valley in the following year and introduced the Protestant Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_SD_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_SD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Pays-d%27Enhaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays-d'Enhaut">Pays-d'Enhaut</a> with Château-d'Œx into the new Bernese district of Saanen.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_CDO_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_CDO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquired_districts">Acquired districts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acquired districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of the canton of Bern consists of lands acquired by the city of Bern mostly between the 14th and the 16th century during the original <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederacy period</a>, both by conquest and purchase.<br />Acquired districts, with dates of acquisition, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laupen" title="Laupen">Laupen</a> (1324)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhasli" title="Oberhasli">Oberhasli</a> (1334)</li> <li>Aarberg (1375)</li> <li>Thun and Burgdorf (1384)</li> <li>Unterseen and the Upper Simme valley (1386)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frutigen" title="Frutigen">Frutigen</a> and other towns in the Bernese Oberland (1400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> (1415)</li> <li>Lower Simme valley (1439–1449)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigle" title="Aigle">Aigle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grandson,_Switzerland" title="Grandson, Switzerland">Grandson</a> (1475)</li> <li>Interlaken, with Grindelwald, <a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnen" title="Lauterbrunnen">Lauterbrunnen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brienz" title="Brienz">Brienz</a> (1528, all the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Canons">Augustinian Canons</a> at <a href="/wiki/Interlaken_Monastery" title="Interlaken Monastery">Interlaken Monastery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> (1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanen" title="Saanen">Saanen</a> or Gessenay (1555)</li> <li>the <i>Pays d'En-Haut</i> including <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-d%27%C5%92x" title="Château-d'Œx">Château-d'Œx</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niz" title="Köniz">Köniz</a> (1729).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_changes_in_Early_Modern_Bern">Social changes in Early Modern Bern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social changes in Early Modern Bern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern Switzerland</a></div> <p>In the Middle Ages, upwards mobility and access to public offices was relatively easy for successful traders and craftsmen, but Bernese society became ever more stratified and aristocratic as the power and wealth of the city grew. </p><p>By the 17th century in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern period</a>, citizenship had become an inherited prerogative, all political bodies elected one another and officials were elected for life.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, public offices were now the exclusive prerogative of the <i>gnädige Herren</i>, the "merciful lords", as the small number of noble families now ruling Bern came to be called. In 1605 there were 152 families that were qualified to rule, by 1691 that number was only 104, while towards the end of the 18th century there were only 69 such families. Meanwhile, the land ruled by the town was extending over more and more territory, so that finally it governed 52 bailiwicks.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These offices became very lucrative as the Bernese territories grew. Patrician <i>Landvögte</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a>, ruled the politically powerless countryside, often using armed force to put down <a href="/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late_medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolt in late medieval Europe">peasant revolts</a>. </p><p>In Vaud the Bernese occupation was not popular amongst the population. In 1723, Major <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Davel" title="Abraham Davel">Abraham Davel</a> led a revolt against Bern, in protest at what he saw as the denial of political rights of the French-speaking Vaudois by the German-speaking Bernese, and was subsequently beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoiredelaSuisse_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoiredelaSuisse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_period">Napoleonic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Napoleonic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Helvetik_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Karte_Helvetik_3.png/220px-Karte_Helvetik_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Karte_Helvetik_3.png/330px-Karte_Helvetik_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Karte_Helvetik_3.png/440px-Karte_Helvetik_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>The Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1801</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)">Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)</a></div> <p>Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the Vaudois drove out the Bernese governor in 1798 and declared the <a href="/wiki/Lemanic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemanic Republic">Lemanic Republic</a>. Vaud nationalists like <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Harpe" title="Frédéric-César de La Harpe">Frédéric-César de La Harpe</a> had called for French intervention in liberating the area and French Revolutionary troops moved in, taking over the whole of Switzerland itself in the process and setting up the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>. </p><p>In 1798, with the establishment of the Helvetic Republic, Bern was divided, the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Oberland" title="Canton of Oberland">canton of Oberland</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a> as its capital and the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">canton of Léman</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> as its capital were detached from what was left of the Canton of Bern. </p><p>Within the new canton of Oberland, historic borders and traditional rights were not considered. As there had been no previous separatist feeling amongst the conservative population, there was little enthusiasm for the new order.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_BO_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_BO-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation in the canton of Léman was quite different. The French-speaking Vaudois had never felt like part of the German-speaking Canton of Bern. When they joined the Swiss Confederation in 1803, it was as the Canton of Vaud. </p><p>Under the Helvetic Republic, Pays-d'Enhaut with Château-d'Œx became part of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Canton of Léman</a> while Saanen and the rest of the district became part of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Oberland" title="Canton of Oberland">Canton of Oberland</a>. When the Helvetic Republic collapsed in 1803, Saanen and its district became a district in the new Canton of Bern<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_SD_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_SD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Château-d'Oex and its district joined Vaud. </p><p>The 1801 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malmaison_Constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malmaison Constitution (page does not exist)">Malmaison Constitution</a> proposed reuniting the Oberland with Bern, but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a>, two years later, with the abolition of the Helvetic Republic and the partial restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime of Switzerland"><i>ancien régime</i></a>, that the two cantons were reunited.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Oberland_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Oberland-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1803 and 1814 Bern was one of the six <i>directorial cantons</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Swiss Confederation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jura_separatism" title="Jura separatism">Jura separatism</a></div> <p>With the post−Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Switzerland)">Restoration of 1815</a>, Bern acquired the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Jura" title="Bernese Jura">Bernese Jura</a> with <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Basel">bishopric of Basel</a>, while the canton of Léman became the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">canton of Vaud</a> and remained separate from Bern. </p><p>Bern still remained the largest canton of the confederacy from 1815 to 1979, when parts of the Bernese Jura broke away to form the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">canton of Jura</a>. In 1994 the <a href="/wiki/Laufen_District" title="Laufen District">Laufen District</a> was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-Landschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Landschaft">canton of Basel-Landschaft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg/220px-Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg/330px-Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg/440px-Bernese_Alps_from_Chasseral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="2895" /></a><figcaption>View from the <a href="/wiki/Chasseral" title="Chasseral">Chasseral</a> across the Mittelland to the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Alps" title="Bernese Alps">Bernese Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The canton of Bern is mainly drained by the river <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a> and its tributaries. The area of the canton is commonly divided into six regions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most populated area is the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Mittelland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernese Mittelland">Bernese Mittelland</a> on the plateau north of the Alps, with the capital city of Bern. The northmost part of the canton is the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Jura" title="Bernese Jura">Bernese Jura</a> bordering the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Canton of Jura</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Oberland" title="Bernese Oberland">Bernese Oberland</a> is the mountainous region which lies in the south of the canton. </p><p>The area of the canton is 5,959 km<sup>2</sup> (2,301 sq mi). Of this area, 6.9% is occupied with houses, businesses or roads. 42.6% of the canton is agricultural land, and 31.3% is forested. Less than 19.2% is considered non-productive, which includes glaciers, cliffs and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-BFS_Canton_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFS_Canton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bernese_Mittelland">Bernese Mittelland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bernese Mittelland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Mittelland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernese Mittelland">Bernese Mittelland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></div> <p>The Bernese Mittelland (Bernese Midlands) is made up of the valley of the rivers Aare, the <a href="/wiki/Emme_(river)" title="Emme (river)">(Grosse) Emme</a>, some of the foothills of the Bernese Alps, as well as the plain around the capital Bern, and has many small farms and hilly forested regions with small to mid-sized towns scattered throughout. It is perhaps best known by foreigners and visitors for the <a href="/wiki/Emmental" title="Emmental">Emmental</a>. The classic Swiss cheese with holes <a href="/wiki/Emmentaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmentaler">Emmentaler</a> comes from this region's forests and pastures, of hilly and low mountainous countryside in the 1,000 to 2,000 m (3,300 to 6,600 ft) range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Lakes_Region_and_Bernese_Jura">Three Lakes Region and Bernese Jura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Three Lakes Region and Bernese Jura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the north of the canton lies the predominantly French-speaking Three Lakes Region (<a href="/wiki/Seeland_(Switzerland)" title="Seeland (Switzerland)">Seeland</a>), concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Biel" title="Lake Biel">Lake Biel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Murten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Murten">Murten</a>, which rises from the plain up to the northernmost Swiss mountain chain of the <a href="/wiki/Jura_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura mountains">Jura</a>. This area, culminating at the <a href="/wiki/Chasseral" title="Chasseral">Chasseral</a>, has more relaxed geography, although still some lower mountains and some waterfalls, and large lakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bernese_Oberland">Bernese Oberland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bernese Oberland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg/220px-Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg/330px-Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg/440px-Lauterbrunnen_-_Staubbachfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3812" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Staubbachfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Staubbachfall">Staubbachfall</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></div> <p>The Bernese Oberland (German: <i lang="de">Berner Oberland</i>) constitute the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Alps" title="Bernese Alps">Bernese Alps</a> and the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Urner_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Urner Alps">Urner Alps</a> within the canton of Bern. The highest mountain in the Bernese Alps is the <a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a> at 4,274 m (14,022 ft), but the best known mountains are <a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch">Mönch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a>. </p><p>The well known hiking and ski resorts in the eastern Oberland are located around <a href="/wiki/Interlaken" title="Interlaken">Interlaken</a> and the Jungfrau, such as car-free <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrren" title="Mürren">Mürren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wengen" title="Wengen">Wengen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnen" title="Lauterbrunnen">Lauterbrunnen</a> valley, and <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald" title="Grindelwald">Grindelwald</a>. Further east, in the <a href="/wiki/Haslital" class="mw-redirect" title="Haslital">Haslital</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Aareschlucht" class="mw-redirect" title="Aareschlucht">Aareschlucht</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Meiringen" title="Meiringen">Meiringen</a>, famous for the fateful scene of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>'s 'death' at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Professor_Moriarty" title="Professor Moriarty">Professor Moriarty</a> on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Reichenbach_Falls" title="Reichenbach Falls">Reichenbach Falls</a>. In the Western Bernese Oberland there are many other resorts and small villages catering to visitors. These are accessed from the lake town of <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a>, and the most notable of them are <a href="/wiki/Kandersteg" title="Kandersteg">Kandersteg</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Oeschinensee" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeschinensee">Oeschinensee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelboden" title="Adelboden">Adelboden</a>. Further west is the <a href="/wiki/Simmental" title="Simmental">Simmental</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenk">Lenk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zweisimmen" title="Zweisimmen">Zweisimmen</a> and the Saanenland with the famous resorts <a href="/wiki/Gstaad" title="Gstaad">Gstaad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saanen" title="Saanen">Saanen</a>. </p><p>The whole area is very mountainous, with steep cliffs, many glaciers, and countless waterfalls. It is renowned for its scenic beauty and the charm of the small Swiss villages that dot the area. As a result of this, tourism is one of the main sources of income in the Bernese Oberland. The region also has an extensive train network as well as many <a href="/wiki/Aerial_lift" title="Aerial lift">cable cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funiculars</a>, with the highest train station in Europe at the <a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch" title="Jungfraujoch">Jungfraujoch</a> and the longest <a href="/wiki/Gondelbahn_Grindelwald-M%C3%A4nnlichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondelbahn Grindelwald-Männlichen">gondola cableway</a> in the world from Grindelwald to the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnlichen" title="Männlichen">Männlichen</a>. </p><p>Mountains in the Bernese Oberland include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg/170px-Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg/255px-Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg/340px-Joseph_Anton_Koch_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4408" data-file-height="4984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wetterhorn" title="Wetterhorn">Wetterhorn</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Joseph Anton Koch</a>, 1824</figcaption></figure> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td width="33%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a> – 4,274 m (14,022 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> – 4,158 m (13,642 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch">Mönch</a> – 4,107 m (13,474 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckhorn" title="Schreckhorn">Schreckhorn</a> – 4,078 m (13,379 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a> – 3,969 m (13,022 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetterhorn" title="Wetterhorn">Wetterhorn</a> – 3,698 m (12,133 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCmlisalp" class="mw-redirect" title="Blümlisalp">Blümlisalp</a> – 3,664 m (12,021 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustenhorn" title="Sustenhorn">Sustenhorn</a> – 3,503 m (11,493 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildhorn" title="Wildhorn">Wildhorn</a> – 3,248 m (10,656 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilthorn" title="Schilthorn">Schilthorn</a> – 2,971 m (9,747 ft)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg/220px-Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg/330px-Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg/440px-Rathaus_Bern_-_Session_des_Grossen_Rates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Council, the cantonal parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Bern" title="Grand Council of Bern">Grand Council of Bern</a> (German: <i lang="de">Grosser Rat</i>/French: <i lang="fr">Grand conseil</i>) is the parliament of the canton of Bern. It consists of 160 representatives elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> for four-year terms of office. The French-speaking part of the canton, the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Jura" title="Bernese Jura">Bernese Jura</a>, has 12 seats guaranteed and 3 seats are guaranteed for the French-speaking minority of the bilingual district of Biel/Bienne. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Bern" title="Executive Council of Bern">Executive Council of Bern</a> (German: <i lang="de">Regierungsrat</i>/French: <i lang="fr">Conseil-éxecutif</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">government</a> of the canton of Bern. This seven-member collegial body is elected by the people for a period of four years. The cantonal constitution reserves one seat in the Executive Council for a French-speaking citizen from the Bernese Jura. </p><p>The canton has a two-tiered court system, consisting of district courts and a cantonal Supreme Court (German: <i lang="de">Obergericht</i>, French: <i lang="fr">Cour suprême</i>). There is also an administrative court (German: <i lang="de">Verwaltungsgericht</i>; French: <i lang="fr">Tribunal administratif</i>) as well as other specialised courts and judicial boards.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_subdivisions">Political subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png/220px-Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png/330px-Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png/440px-Karte_Kanton_Bern_Verwaltungskreise_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>Districts of the canton of Bern</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Subdivisions of the canton of Bern">Subdivisions of the canton of Bern</a></div> <p>On 1 January 2010, the 26 districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Amtsbezirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtsbezirke">Amtsbezirke</a></i>) were combined into 10 new districts (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verwaltungskreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verwaltungskreis (page does not exist)">Verwaltungskreise</a></i>):<sup id="cite_ref-fusion_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fusion-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bern-Mittelland_(administrative_district)" title="Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)">Bern-Mittelland</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Ostermundigen" title="Ostermundigen">Ostermundigen</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Bern_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bern (district)">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraubrunnen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraubrunnen (district)">Fraubrunnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konolfingen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Konolfingen (district)">Konolfingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laupen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laupen (district)">Laupen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenburg_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzenburg (district)">Schwarzenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seftigen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seftigen (district)">Seftigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne_(administrative_district)" title="Biel/Bienne (administrative district)">Biel/Bienne</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a>, made up of all of the former district of <a href="/wiki/Biel_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biel (district)">Biel</a> and about half of the former district of <a href="/wiki/Nidau_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidau (district)">Nidau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmental_(administrative_district)" title="Emmental (administrative district)">Emmental</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Langnau_im_Emmental" title="Langnau im Emmental">Langnau im Emmental</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Burgdorf_District" title="Burgdorf District">Burgdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signau_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signau (district)">Signau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trachselwald_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachselwald (district)">Trachselwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frutigen-Niedersimmental_(administrative_district)" title="Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district)">Frutigen-Niedersimmental</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Frutigen" title="Frutigen">Frutigen</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Frutigen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frutigen (district)">Frutigen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niedersimmental_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersimmental (district)">Niedersimmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaken-Oberhasli_(administrative_district)" title="Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)">Interlaken-Oberhasli</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Interlaken" title="Interlaken">Interlaken</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Interlaken_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaken (district)">Interlaken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberhasli_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberhasli (district)">Oberhasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_bernois_(administrative_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura bernois (administrative district)">Jura bernois</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Courtelary" title="Courtelary">Courtelary</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Courtelary_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtelary (district)">Courtelary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moutier_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moutier (district)">Moutier</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Neuveville_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Neuveville (district)">La Neuveville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberaargau_(administrative_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberaargau (administrative district)">Oberaargau</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Wangen_an_der_Aare" title="Wangen an der Aare">Wangen an der Aare</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Aarwangen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarwangen (district)">Aarwangen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wangen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangen (district)">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obersimmental-Saanen_(administrative_district)" title="Obersimmental-Saanen (administrative district)">Obersimmental-Saanen</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Saanen" title="Saanen">Saanen</a>, made up of all of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Obersimmental_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obersimmental (district)">Obersimmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saanen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saanen (district)">Saanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeland_(administrative_district)" title="Seeland (administrative district)">Seeland</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Aarberg" title="Aarberg">Aarberg</a>, made up of all or part of the former districts of <a href="/wiki/Aarberg_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarberg (district)">Aarberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCren_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Büren (district)">Büren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlach_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlach (district)">Erlach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nidau_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidau (district)">Nidau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thun_(administrative_district)" title="Thun (administrative district)">Thun</a> with capital <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a>, made up of all of the former district of <a href="/wiki/Thun_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thun (district)">Thun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Jura" title="Bernese Jura">Bernese Jura</a></div> <p>The canton of Bern is <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>: (as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) both German (85.1% of the population) and French (10.4%) are spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German-speaking majority speaks <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> dialect. French-speakers live in the western and northern part of the canton, the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Jura" title="Bernese Jura">Bernese Jura</a>. Both German and French are spoken in the bilingual district of <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a>. In the cantonal government and administration, both languages are official languages of equal standing. </p><p>In December 2020, Bern had a population of 1,043,132.<sup id="cite_ref-Stat2020_BE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat2020_BE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, 15.0% of the population were resident foreign nationals. From 2010 to 2014, the population increased at a rate of 3.0% annually. In 2000, most of the population spoke German (804,190 or 84.0%) as their first language; French was the second most common (72,646 or 7.6%) native language and Italian was the third (18,908 or 2.0%). There were 688 people who speak <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-STAT2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using different methodology, the <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Switzerland" title="Census in Switzerland">2014 census</a> found that the proportion of German native speakers to be 85.1%, that of French speakers 10.4%, and that 3.1% were Italian speakers. The number of Romansh speakers was too small to accurately estimate, but was around 0.1%. The census also reported that 2.9% of the population spoke English as their native language. Respondents could choose up to three native languages, leading to a total above 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women.<sup id="cite_ref-BE_Stat_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE_Stat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the population in the canton, 292,559 or about 30.6% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 339,659 or 35.5% who were born in the same canton, while 154,709 or 16.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 129,864 or 13.6% were born outside of Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-STAT2000_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The age distribution of the canton in 2014 was as follows: those from 0–19 years old made up 19.1% of the population, while those aged 20–64 years old were 60.9%, and those 65 and older comprised.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2000 census had found these groups to represent 22%, 60.9% and 17.1% of the total, respectively. </p><p>In 2000, there were 397,095 people who were single and never married in the canton. There were 449,014 married individuals, 61,206 widows or widowers and 49,882 individuals who are divorced.<sup id="cite_ref-STAT2000_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 454,000 private households in the canton in 2014, and an average of 2.2 persons per household.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the construction rate of new housing units was 4.4 new units per 1000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern city was 1108.92 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss francs</a> (CHF) per month (US$890, £500, €710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a two-room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, £940, €1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF.<sup id="cite_ref-BFS_rent_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFS_rent-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vacancy rate for the canton, in 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, was 1.19%.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_population">Historic population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historic population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical population is given in the following chart:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_s74qm59g82tnil1j66h4983t89h5s6d"></map><img usemap="#timeline_s74qm59g82tnil1j66h4983t89h5s6d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/s74qm59g82tnil1j66h4983t89h5s6d.png" /></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12">Historic Population Data<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total Population </th> <th>German Speaking </th> <th>French Speaking </th> <th>Protestant </th> <th>Catholic </th> <th>Other </th> <th>Jewish </th> <th>Christian Catholic </th> <th>No religion given </th> <th>Swiss </th> <th>Non-Swiss </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1850 </th> <td align="center">458,301</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">403,768</td> <td align="center">54,045</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">488</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1860 </th> <td align="center">413,887</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1870 </th> <td align="center">444,430</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1880 </th> <td align="center">471,991</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1888 </th> <td align="center">476,564</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1900 </th> <td align="center">589,433</td> <td align="center">483,388</td> <td align="center">97,789</td> <td align="center">506,699</td> <td align="center">80,489</td> <td align="center">970</td> <td align="center">1,543</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1910 </th> <td align="center">578,381</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1920 </th> <td align="center">607,107</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1930 </th> <td align="center">623,665</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1941 </th> <td align="center">662,683</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1950 </th> <td align="center">801,943</td> <td align="center">665,702</td> <td align="center">120,566</td> <td align="center">671,817</td> <td align="center">122,971</td> <td align="center">3,189</td> <td align="center">1,403</td> <td align="center">3,256</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1960 </th> <td align="center">813,601</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1970 </th> <td align="center">901,706</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1980 </th> <td align="center">898,397</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1990 </th> <td align="center">958,192</td> <td align="center">802,740</td> <td align="center">74,338</td> <td align="center">691,812</td> <td align="center">172,906</td> <td align="center">53,880</td> <td align="center">802</td> <td align="center">1,263</td> <td align="center">41,350</td> <td align="center">860,655</td> <td align="center">97,537 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2000 </th> <td align="center">957,197</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_federal_election" title="2011 Swiss federal election">2011 federal election</a>, the most popular party was the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> which received 29.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SP/PS</a> (19.3%), the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland">BDP</a> (14.9%) and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party</a> (9.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SVP received about the same percentage of the vote as they did in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election" title="2007 Swiss federal election">2007 Federal election</a> (33.6% in 2007 vs 29.0% in 2011). The SPS retained about the same popularity (21.2% in 2007), the BDP moved from below fourth place in 2007 to third and the GPS moved from below fourth place in 2007 to fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_election_results">Federal election results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Federal election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="16">Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the federal elections, 1971–2019<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party</th> <th class="unsortable">Ideology</th> <th>1971</th> <th>1975</th> <th>1979</th> <th>1983</th> <th>1987</th> <th>1991</th> <th>1995</th> <th>1999</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP.The Liberals</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">a</a></sup> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0E52A0"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></td> <td>17.3</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>15.6</td> <td>17.2</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>8.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EF7D00"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></td> <td>5.3</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SP/PS</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E4002B"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></td> <td>31.0</td> <td>31.0</td> <td>30.5</td> <td>28.3</td> <td>22.3</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>24.7</td> <td>27.6</td> <td>27.9</td> <td>21.2</td> <td>19.3</td> <td>19.7</td> <td>16.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP/UDC</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#009F4F"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></td> <td>29.2</td> <td>27.1</td> <td>31.5</td> <td>29.0</td> <td>27.8</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>26.0</td> <td>28.6</td> <td>29.6</td> <td>33.6</td> <td>29.0</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>30.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Liberal Party of Switzerland">LPS/PLS</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#134B94"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></td> <td>*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">b</a></sup></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Independents" title="Alliance of Independents">Ring of Independents</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></td> <td>6.3</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">EVP/PEV</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EFDA18"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Switzerland)" title="Christian Social Party (Switzerland)">CSP/PCS</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0F95A7"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">GLP/PVL</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#b4dc00"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>9.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland">BDP/PBD</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FBD918"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>14.9</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labour" title="Swiss Party of Labour">PdA/PST-POP/PC/PSL</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E93C1A"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Socialist_Party_(Jura)" title="Autonomous Socialist Party (Jura)">PSA</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">c</a></sup></td> <td><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">c</a></sup></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Organizations_of_Switzerland" title="Progressive Organizations of Switzerland">POCH</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.6</td> <td><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">d</a></sup></td> <td><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">e</a></sup></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">GPS/PES</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#84B414"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>13.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>FGA </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.5</td> <td><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_f"><a href="#endnote_f">f</a></sup></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Democrats" title="Swiss Democrats">SD/DS</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#CD5B45"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Union_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland">EDU/UDF</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#C71585"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Freedom Party of Switzerland">FPS/PSL</a> </th> <td style="color:inherit;background:#8D1919"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jura_separatism" title="Jura separatism">Separatist parties</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>*</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>*</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voter participation %</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>58.0</th> <th>54.3</th> <th>49.8</th> <th>49.9</th> <th>45.7</th> <th>46.2</th> <th>40.4</th> <th>41.1</th> <th>42.1</th> <th>46.4</th> <th>50.4</th> <th>49.1</th> <th>47.3 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^a</a></b></span> FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^b</a></b></span> "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^c</a></b></span> Part of a coalition with Separatist Party</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_d"><b><a href="#ref_d">^d</a></b></span> Part of a coalition with the FGA</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_e"><b><a href="#ref_e">^e</a></b></span> Party fragmented, part remained in a coalition with the FGA and the remainder formed the Green Party of Bern</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_f"><b><a href="#ref_f">^f</a></b></span> Part of a coalition with the Green Party</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bern" title="Coat of arms of Bern">Coat of arms of Bern</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> is <i>Gules, on a bend or, a bear passant sable, langued, armed and vilené of the field.</i> The official blazon specifies that the tongue, claws and penis are red—and by extension it is important to always depict the bear as male.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernriver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bernriver.jpg/220px-Bernriver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bernriver.jpg/330px-Bernriver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bernriver.jpg/440px-Bernriver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Capital city of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nydeggkirche" title="Nydeggkirche">Nydeggkirche</a> on left</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Bernese are Protestant (as of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 67%),<sup id="cite_ref-BFS_Religion_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFS_Religion-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most Protestants belong to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>, which is officially recognised as a <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a> (German: <i lang="de">Landeskirche</i>), although it is autonomous in its governance and is organised along democratic principles. The canton is also home to a great number of small <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Christian denominations unaffiliated with the state church. Bernese evangelical groups are mostly found in the <a href="/wiki/Emmental" title="Emmental">Emmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berner_Oberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Berner Oberland">Berner Oberland</a>, where they have a long tradition; several contemporary North American religious groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, were founded or co-founded by Bernese emigrants to the United States. Two small Evangelical political parties are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Bern" title="Grand Council of Bern">Bernese cantonal parliament</a>. </p><p>Bern features substantial Roman Catholic (16%)<sup id="cite_ref-BFS_Religion_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFS_Religion-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic</a> minorities. These churches also have state church status, and the small Jewish community is similarly recognised by law. As everywhere in Switzerland, there are also significant religious communities of immigrants, including <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> (who have a prominent <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a>, or temple, in <a href="/wiki/Langenthal,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Langenthal, Switzerland">Langenthal</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (who have built the <a href="/wiki/Bern_Switzerland_Temple" title="Bern Switzerland Temple">Bern Switzerland Temple</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>. As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the plans to expand a backyard mosque in Langenthal with a symbolic <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> have, as elsewhere in Switzerland, caused a public stir due to vocal opposition from local conservative and evangelical leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 2000 census<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 607,358 or 63.5% belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>, while 153,357 or 16.0% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 9,153 <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">members of an Orthodox church</a> (or about 0.96% of the population), there were 1,064 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic Church</a>, and there were 71,233 individuals (or about 7.44% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 807 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who were Jewish, and 28,377 (or about 2.96% of the population) who were Muslims. There were 2,662 individuals who were <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, 5,991 individuals who were <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and 913 individuals who belonged to another church. 74,162 (or about 7.75% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, and 37,059 individuals (or about 3.87% of the population) did not answer the question.<sup id="cite_ref-STAT2000_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmentaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emmentaler.jpg/220px-Emmentaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emmentaler.jpg/330px-Emmentaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emmentaler.jpg/440px-Emmentaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emmentaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmentaler">Emmentaler</a> cheese</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism is the main source of income in the Bernese Oberland. Other important sectors are agriculture (especially cattle breeding), cheese making, and hydroelectric power generation. The Bernese cheese <a href="/wiki/Emmentaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmentaler">Emmentaler</a> is known around the world. In the Bernese Midlands the lands are more fertile. Agriculture is of great importance, but this part of the canton is also the most industrialized. Small and middle-sized businesses are important employers in this part of the canton of Bern. There is a nuclear power plant at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChleberg" title="Mühleberg">Mühleberg</a>; however, it is no longer operational. </p><p>The area around Lake Biel is renowned for its wine production. The 3 French-speaking districts of the Bernese Jura and the bilingual district of <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a> are renowned for their watch industry and its mechanical industry (high precision machine tools, automation and machining). </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Bern had an unemployment rate of 2.58%, compared to the Swiss national average of 3.3%. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 34,200 people employed in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary economic sector</a> and about 11,563 businesses involved in this sector. About 132,800 people were employed in the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> and there were 11,925 businesses in this sector. Approximately 453,800 people were employed in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a>, with 55,347 businesses in this sector.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the working population, 31.0% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.0% used a private car.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bern about 385,640 or (40.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary" title="Education in Switzerland">upper secondary education</a>, and 121,749 or (12.7%) have completed additional higher education (either <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland" title="List of universities in Switzerland">university</a> or a <i><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></i>). Of the 121,749 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.0% were Swiss men, 24.8% were Swiss women, 6.2% were non-Swiss men and 4.0% were non-Swiss women.<sup id="cite_ref-STAT2000_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Municipalities of the canton of Bern">Municipalities of the canton of Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_and_fortresses_in_Switzerland" title="List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland">Canton of Bern castles and fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="List of mountains of the canton of Bern">List of mountains of the canton of Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berner_Zeitung" title="Berner Zeitung">Berner Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_March" title="Bernese March">Bernese March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieler_Tagblatt" title="Bieler Tagblatt">Bieler Tagblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Bund" title="Der Bund">Der Bund</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Area_Canton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Area_Canton_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/Kantone.assetdetail.1420913.html">Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen</a> accessed 27 October 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat2020_BE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stat2020_BE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stat2020_BE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stat2020_BE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201">"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit"</a>. <i>bfs.admin.ch</i> (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bfs.admin.ch&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4ndige+und+nichtst%C3%A4ndige+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+institutionellen+Gliederungen%2C+Geburtsort+und+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch%2Fpxweb%2Fde%2Fpx-x-0102020000_201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistik2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle"</a>. <i>Bundesamt für Statistik</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt+%28BIP%29+nach+Grossregion+und+Kanton+-+2008-2018+%7C+Tabelle&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Statistik&rft.aufirst=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fasset%2Fde%2F15304856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Canton of Bern</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7383.php"><span title="Canton of Bern in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7383.php"><span title="Canton of Bern in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7383.php"><span title="Canton of Bern in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/">"Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Pile+Dwellings+around+the+Alps&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1363%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Oswald_Hugh_Carver2016" class="citation book cs1">Martin Oswald Hugh Carver (2016). <i>Making Archaeology Happen: Design Versus Dogma</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315425047" title="Special:BookSources/9781315425047"><bdi>9781315425047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Archaeology+Happen%3A+Design+Versus+Dogma&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315425047&rft.au=Martin+Oswald+Hugh+Carver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Laupen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Laupen_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Laupen</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8447.php"><span title="Laupen in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8447.php"><span title="Laupen in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8447.php"><span title="Laupen in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Kyburg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Kyburg_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Kyburg_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>von Kyburg</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D19520.php"><span title="von Kyburg in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F19520.php"><span title="von Kyburg in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I19520.php"><span title="von Kyburg in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a> (1991) [1924]. <i>A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages Vol.2</i>. London: Greenhill. pp. 241–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-105-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-105-3"><bdi>1-85367-105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Art+of+War+in+the+Middle+Ages+Vol.2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=241-5&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-85367-105-3&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aarberg (Herrschaft, Amtsbezirk)</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8434.php"><span title="Aarberg (Herrschaft, Amtsbezirk) in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8434.php"><span title="Aarberg (Herrschaft, Amtsbezirk) in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8434.php"><span title="Aarberg (Herrschaft, Amtsbezirk) in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Burgdorferkrieg</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8733.php"><span title="Burgdorferkrieg in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8733.php"><span title="Burgdorferkrieg in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8733.php"><span title="Burgdorferkrieg in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_BB-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDS_BB_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Böser Bund in Berner Oberland</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D26842.php"><span title="Böser Bund in Berner Oberland in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F26842.php"><span title="Böser Bund in Berner Oberland in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I26842.php"><span title="Böser Bund in Berner Oberland in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_BO-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_BO_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_BO_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bernese Oberland</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10296.php"><span title="Bernese Oberland in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10296.php"><span title="Bernese Oberland in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10296.php"><span title="Bernese Oberland in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Monastery-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Monastery_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Interlaken Monastery and District</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8506.php"><span title="Interlaken Monastery and District in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8506.php"><span title="Interlaken Monastery and District in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8506.php"><span title="Interlaken Monastery and District in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_SD-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_SD_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_SD_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_SD_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saanen district</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8508.php"><span title="Saanen district in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8508.php"><span title="Saanen district in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8508.php"><span title="Saanen district in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_CDO-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_CDO_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_CDO_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Château-d'Oex</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D2593.php"><span title="Château-d'Oex in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F2593.php"><span title="Château-d'Oex in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I2593.php"><span title="Château-d'Oex in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Aigle-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Aigle_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aigle</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D2276.php"><span title="Aigle in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F2276.php"><span title="Aigle in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I2276.php"><span title="Aigle in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Grandson_District-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Grandson_District_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Grandson district</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7574.php"><span title="Grandson district in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7574.php"><span title="Grandson district in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7574.php"><span title="Grandson district in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. A. B. Coolidge">Coolidge, Rev. William Augustus Brevoort</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bern (city)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bern_(city)">"Bern" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 795.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bern&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=795&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Rev.+William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoiredelaSuisse-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoiredelaSuisse_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire de la Suisse</i>, Éditions Fragnière, Fribourg, Switzerland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Oberland-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Oberland_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Canton of Oberland</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8633.php"><span title="Canton of Oberland in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8633.php"><span title="Canton of Oberland in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8633.php"><span title="Canton of Oberland in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vol.be.ch/site/wkb/wkb-regionen.htm">Kanton Bern, Regionen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101070657/http://www.vol.be.ch/site/wkb/wkb-regionen.htm">Archived</a> 1 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (german). Retrieved 30 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFS_Canton-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFS_Canton_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/regional-statistics/regional-portraits-key-figures/cantons/bern.html">Swiss Federal Statistical Office</a> – Key Data. Retrieved 18 August 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901011010/http://www.jgk.be.ch/site/index/g_gerichte.htm">"Gerichte und Strafverfolgungsbehörden des Kantons Bern"</a>. <i>Kanton Bern</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jgk.be.ch/site/index/g_gerichte.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kanton+Bern&rft.atitle=Gerichte+und+Strafverfolgungsbeh%C3%B6rden+des+Kantons+Bern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jgk.be.ch%2Fsite%2Findex%2Fg_gerichte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fusion-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fusion_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118021059/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.128095.pdf">Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz, Mutationsmeldungen 2009 / Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse, Mutations 2009 / Elenco ufficiale dei Comuni della Svizzera, Mutazione 2009</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Federal Statistical Office. 2009. nden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.128095.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Amtliches+Gemeindeverzeichnis+der+Schweiz%2C+Mutationsmeldungen+2009+%2F+R%C3%A9pertoire+officiel+des+communes+de+Suisse%2C+Mutations+2009+%2F+Elenco+ufficiale+dei+Comuni+della+Svizzera%2C+Mutazione+2009&rft.pub=Federal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Finfothek%2Fnomenklaturen%2Fblank%2Fblank%2Fgem_liste%2F03.Document.128095.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFSO-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214065846/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/daten.html">"Regional comparison of selected indicators (Cantons)Kanton"</a>. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/daten.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+comparison+of+selected+indicators+%28Cantons%29Kanton&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fen%2Findex%2Fregionen%2Fkantone%2Fdaten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STAT2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STAT2000_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STAT2000_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STAT2000_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STAT2000_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STAT2000_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true">STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409212530/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true">Archived</a> 9 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 2 February 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BE_Stat-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BE_Stat_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fin.be.ch/de/index/finanzen/finanzen/publikationen/wohnbevoelkerung.html">Statistical office of the Canton of Bern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215012157/http://www.fin.be.ch/de/index/finanzen/finanzen/publikationen/wohnbevoelkerung.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 4 January 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFS_rent-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFS_rent_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/05/06/blank/key/einfuehrung.html">Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423161803/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/05/06/blank/key/einfuehrung.html">Archived</a> 23 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2003 data <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 26 May 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=true">Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850–2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930162751/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=true">Archived</a> 30 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 29 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portal-stat.admin.ch/nrw/files/de/01.xml">Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Elections in Switzerland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155432/http://www.portal-stat.admin.ch/nrw/files/de/01.xml">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 5 January 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/data/04/03.html">Swiss Federal Statistical Office, <i>Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514211354/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/data/04/03.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 28 May 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/tabellen.assetdetail.331753.html">Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)</a> (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nationalratswahlen%3A+St%C3%A4rke+der+Parteien+nach+Kantonen+%28Schweiz+%3D+100%25%29&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fkataloge-datenbanken%2Ftabellen.assetdetail.331753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/eidg-wahlen-2019">"Eidgenössische Wahlen 2019"</a>. <i>opendate.swiss</i>. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendate.swiss&rft.atitle=Eidgen%C3%B6ssische+Wahlen+2019&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.swiss%2Fde%2Fdataset%2Feidg-wahlen-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ch-be.html">Flags of the World.com</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFS_Religion-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BFS_Religion_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFS_Religion_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Department_of_Statistics2004" class="citation web cs1">Federal Department of Statistics (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924182116/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html">"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Interactive Map)</span> on 24 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Religion&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Federal+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F05%2Fblank%2Fkey%2Freligionen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/search/detail/Minaret_row_rumbles_on_in_Switzerland.html?siteSect=881&sid=7038135">"Minaret row rumbles on in Switzerland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a>. 5 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minaret+row+rumbles+on+in+Switzerland&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.org%2Feng%2Fsearch%2Fdetail%2FMinaret_row_rumbles_on_in_Switzerland.html%3FsiteSect%3D881%26sid%3D7038135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanton+of+Bern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Bern&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canton_of_Bern" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canton of Bern">Canton of Bern</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Bern" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Bern">Bern</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.be.ch/de/start.html">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Cantons of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Cantons of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantons of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cantons_and_capitals_of_Switzerland_Three_CantonsEight_CantonsThirteen_CantonsFlags_and_coats_of_arms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons and capitals of Switzerland</a><br /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Three Cantons</a></i></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Cantons">Eight Cantons</a></i></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Cantons">Thirteen Cantons</a></i></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland">Flags and coats of arms</a></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present-day cantons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau (AG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft (BL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt (BS)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bern (BE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons (GR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura (JU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden (OW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau (TG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino (TI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri (UR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais (VS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud (VD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug (ZG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich (ZH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau (AG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf (UR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell (AI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel (BS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona (TI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern (BE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur (GR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont (JU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld (TG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne (VD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal (BL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen (OW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion (VS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug (ZG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich (ZH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cantons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell (-1597)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel (-1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Schwyz" title="Outer Schwyz">Outer Schwyz (-1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden (-15th century)</a></li> <li><i>Helvetic Republic</i> (-1803): <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Baden" title="Canton of Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bellinzona" title="Canton of Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fricktal" title="Canton of Fricktal">Fricktal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Léman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Linth" title="Canton of Linth">Linth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lugano" title="Canton of Lugano">Lugano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Oberland" title="Canton of Oberland">Oberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Raetia" title="Canton of Raetia">Raetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_S%C3%A4ntis" title="Canton of Säntis">Säntis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Waldst%C3%A4tten" title="Canton of Waldstätten">Waldstätten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">Executives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_GRP" title="List of Swiss cantons by GRP">By gross regional product (GRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_elevation" title="List of Swiss cantons by elevation">By elevation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11911#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11911#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11911#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114217081">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158074156">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjth3dJVB49Cg3Tp9Y6CXq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005765-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80097433">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119802858">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119802858">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bern (Švýcarsko : kanton)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge663871&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554918705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/df44433e-f5a3-4b06-9518-fb6841c72819">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01517431?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007383">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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